*Tunisia, Defense Forces

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,164,686; fit for military service 1,244,683; reach military age (20) annually 90,349 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $618 million, 3.7% of GDP (1993 est.)

*Turkey, Geography

Location: Southeastern Europe/Southwest Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Iran Map references: Africa, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 780,580 km2 land area: 770,760 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Texas Land boundaries: total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km Coastline: 7,200 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea International disputes: complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia) Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore Land use: arable land: 30% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 12% forest and woodland: 26% other: 28% Irrigated land: 22,200 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; air pollution; desertification Note: strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas

*Turkey, People

Population: 60,897,841 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.07% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 26.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 5.97 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.41 years male: 68.11 years female: 72.82 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Turk(s) adjective: Turkish Ethnic divisions: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (est.) Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews) Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 81% male: 90% female: 71% Labor force: 20.7 million by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 35%, industry 15% note: about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1991)

*Turkey, Government

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Turkey conventional short form: Turkey local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti local short form: Turkiye Digraph: TU Type: republican parliamentary democracy Capital: Ankara Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire) Constitution: 7 November 1982 Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923) Political parties and leaders: Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP), Ahmet TURK; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), Saden AREN; Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Republican People's Party (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL; Workers' Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; National Party (MP), Aykut EDIBALI Other political or pressure groups: Turkish Confederation of Labor (TURK-IS), Sevket YILMAZ Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal Elections: Grand National Assembly: last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5 Executive branch: president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi) Judicial branch: Court of Cassation

*Turkey, Government

Leaders: Chief of State: President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993) Head of Government: Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since NA June 1993) Member of: AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR chancery: 1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 659-8200 consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara mailing address: PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823 telephone: [90] (4) 426 54 70 FAX: [90] (4) 467-0057 and 0019 consulates general: Istanbul and Izmir consulate: Adana Flag: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening

*Turkey, Economy

Overview: After an impressive economic performance through most of the 1980s, Turkey has experienced erratic rates of economic growth since 1988 - ranging from a high of 9.2% in 1990 to a low of 0.9% in 1991. Strong consumer demand and increased public investment led the way to a strong 5.9% growth in 1992. Chronic high inflation is Turkey's most serious economic problem, leading to high interest rates and the rapid depreciation of the Turkish lira. The huge public sector deficit - about 12% of GDP - and the Treasury's heavy reliance on Central Bank financing of the deficit are the major causes of Turkish inflation. Meanwhile, wage increases in both the public and private sector have outpaced productivity gains, limited the government's ability to reduce current expenditures, and hindered the return to profitability of many private companies. Agriculture remains an important economic sector, employing about half of the work force, contributing 18% to GDP, and accounting for about 20% of exports. The government has launched a multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The Turkish economy will probably continue to grow faster than the West European average in 1993, but the shaky coalition government of Prime Minister DEMIREL - which has seen its parliamentary majority shrink from 36 to 11 seats during its first year in power - is unlikely to risk further erosion of its support by implementing the belt-tightening measures necessary to substantially reduce inflation. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $219 billion (1992) National product real growth rate: 5.9% (1992) National product per capita: $3,670 (1992) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1992) Unemployment rate: 11.1% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues $40.5 billion; expenditures $46.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.5 billion (1993) Exports: $13.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 69%, foodstuffs 22%, fuels 2% partners: EC countries 51%, US 7%, Iran 5%, former USSR 5% Imports: $21.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 61%, foodstuffs 8%, fuels 21% partners: EC countries 44%, US 12%, former USSR 5% External debt: $48.7 billion (1991) Industrial production: growth rate 3.2% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP Electricity: 14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

*Turkey, Economy

Agriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years Illicit drugs: major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin have sprung up in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion Currency: 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 8,814.3 (January 1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Turkey, Communications

Railroads: 8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified) Highways: 320,611 km total; 138 km limited access expressways, 31,062 km national (main) roads, 27,853 km regional (secondary) roads, 261,558 km local and municipal roads; 45,526 km of hard surfaced roads (of which about 27,000 km are paved and about 18,500 km are surfaced with gravel or crushed stone) (1988 est.) Inland waterways: about 1,200 km Pipelines: crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km Ports: Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir Merchant marine: 353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,825,274 GRT/6,628,207 DWT; includes 7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 189 cargo, 1 container, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 39 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 9 combination ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 3 combination bulk Airports: total: 110 usable: 102 with permanent-surface runways: 65 with runways over 3,659 m: 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26 Telecommunications: fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay microwave network; limited open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean antennas) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable

*Turkey, Defense Forces

Branches: Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie Manpower availability: males age 15-49 15,691,874; fit for military service 9,579,453; reach military age (20) annually 604,816 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, 3.9% of GDP (1992)

*Turkmenistan, Geography

Location: South Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Uzbekistan Map references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 488,100 km2 land area: 488,100 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than California Land boundaries: total 3,736 km, Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km Coastline: 0 km note: Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) Maritime claims: landlocked, but boundaries in the Caspian Sea with Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Iran will have to be negotiated International disputes: none Climate: subtropical desert Terrain: flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in west Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt Land use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 69% forest and woodland: 0% other: 28% Irrigated land: 12,450 km2 (1990) Environment: contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salinization, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods Note: landlocked

*Turkmenistan, People

Population: 3,914,997 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.04% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 30.91 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 7.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -2.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 71.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 64.93 years male: 61.4 years female: 68.62 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.82 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Turkmen(s) adjective: Turkmen Ethnic divisions: Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazakhs 2%, other 5.9% Religions: Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2% Languages: Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% Labor force: 1.542 million by occupation: agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%, other 37% (1990)

*Turkmenistan, Government

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Turkmenistan conventional short form: Turkmenistan local long form: Tiurkmenostan Respublikasy local short form: Turkmanistan former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Digraph: TX Type: republic Capital: Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) Administrative divisions: 5 velayets: Balkan (Nebit Dag), Doshkhovuz (formerly Tashauz), Lebap (Charjev), Mary, Akhal (Ashgabat) note: all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center except Balkan Oblast, centered at Nebit-Dag Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992 Legal system: based on civil law system National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991) Political parties and leaders: ruling party: Democratic Party (formerly Communist), chairman vacant opposition: Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat HOJA-MUHAMMET, chairman



; Agzybirlik, Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV, cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV, cochairman Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

*Turkmenistan, Government

Elections: President: last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed) Majlis: last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats; note - seats to be reduced to 50 at next election Executive branch: president, prime minister, nine deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers Legislative branch: under 1992 constitution there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100 members and meeting infrequently) and a 50-member unicameral Assembly (Majlis) Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Valery G. OCHERTSOV, Orazgeldi AYDOGDYEV, Yagmur OVEZOV, Jourakuli BABAKULIYEV, Matkarim RAJAPOV, Rejep SAPAROV, Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA); Chairman of the People's Council Sakhat MURADOV (since NA) Member of: CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: NA chancery: NA telephone: NA US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph S. HULINGS III embassy: Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: [7] 36320 24-49-08 Flag: green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a claret veritcal stripe in between containing five white, black, and orange carpet guls (an assymetrical design used in producing rugs) associated with five different tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper left corner to the right of the carpet guls

*Turkmenistan, Economy

Overview: Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormous problems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based central planning toward a system of decisionmaking by private entrepreneurs, local government authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This process requires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, and monetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavily weighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gas and 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Soviet republics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region, where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya. The general decline in national product accelerated in 1992, principally because of inability to obtain spare parts and disputes with customers over the price of natural gas. National product: GDP $NA National product real growth rate: -10% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $NA Inflation rate (consumer prices): 53% per month (first quarter 1993) Unemployment rate: 15%-20% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets partners: Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Imports: $100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles partners: mostly other than former Soviet Union External debt: $650 million (end 1991 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -17% (1992 est.) Electricity: 2,920,000 kW capacity; 13,100 million kWh produced, 3,079 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textiles Agriculture: cotton, fruits, vegetables Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe Economic aid: $280 million offical aid commitments by foreign donors (1992) Currency: retaining Russian ruble as currency; planning to establish own currency, the manat, but no date set (May 1993)

*Turkmenistan, Economy

Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations Fiscal year: calendar year

*Turkmenistan, Communications

Railroads: 2,120 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) Highways: 23,000 km total; 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth (1990) Pipelines: crude oil 250 km, natural gas 4,400 km Ports: inland - Krasnovodsk (Caspian Sea) Airports: total: 7 useable: 7 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4 Telecommunications: poorly developed; only 65 telephones per 1000 persons (1991); linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new direct telephone link from Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) to Iran has been established; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 INTELSAT for TV receive-only service; a newly installed satellite earth station provides TV receiver-only capability for Turkish broadcasts

*Turkmenistan, Defense Forces

Branches: National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), Joint Command Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Navy or Caspian Sea Flotilla, Air, and Air Defense) Manpower availability: males age 15-49 933,285; fit for military service 765,824; reach military age (18) annually 39,254 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Header

Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Geography

Location: in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 190 km north of the Dominican Republic and southeast of The Bahamas Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total area: 430 km2 land area: 430 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 389 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch Land use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 98% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes

*Turks and Caicos Islands, People

Population: 13,137 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.97% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 14.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 5.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 20.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.34 years male: 73.41 years female: 77.02 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.17 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: none adjective: none Ethnic divisions: African Religions: Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, other 19.9% (1980) Languages: English (official) Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1970) total population: 98% male: 99% female: 98% Labor force: NA by occupation: majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence agriculture

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Government

Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Turks and Caicos Islands Digraph: TK Type: dependent territory of the UK Capital: Grand Turk Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional Commission is currently reviewing its contents Legal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas National holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976) Political parties and leaders: Progressive National Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel MISSICK Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: Legislative Council: last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5 Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief minister Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael J. BRADLEY (since NA 1987) Head of Government: Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991) Member of: CARICOM (associate), CDB Diplomatic representation in US: as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos Islands are represented in the US by the UK US diplomatic representation: none Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Economy

Overview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only subsistence farming - corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - exists on the Caicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be imported. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $68.5 million (1989 est.) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $5,000 (1989 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Unemployment rate: 12% (1992) Budget: revenues $20.3 million; expenditures $44.0 million, including capital expenditures of $23.9 million (1989) Exports: $4.1 million (f.o.b., 1987) commodities: lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells partners: US, UK Imports: $33.2 million (c.i.f., FY84) commodities: foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials partners: US, UK External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: 9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 860 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial services Agriculture: subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more important than farming; not self-sufficient in food Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $110 million Currency: US currency is used Exchange rates: US currency is used Fiscal year: calendar year

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Communications

Highways: 121 km, including 24 km tarmac Ports: Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour Airports: total: 7 usable: 7 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4 Telecommunications: fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

*Tuvalu, Geography

Location: Oceania, 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean Map references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 26 km2 land area: 26 km2 comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 24 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March) Terrain: very low-lying and narrow coral atolls Natural resources: fish Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: severe tropical storms are rare

*Tuvalu, People

Population: 9,666 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 1.74% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 26.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 9.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 26.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62.64 years male: 61.27 years female: 63.82 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.11 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Tuvaluans(s) adjective: Tuvaluan Ethnic divisions: Polynesian 96% Religions: Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.6% Languages: Tuvaluan, English Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: NA by occupation: NA

*Tuvalu, Government

Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Tuvalu former: Ellice Islands Digraph: TV Type: democracy; began debating republic status in 1992; referendum expected in 1993 Capital: Funafuti Administrative divisions: none Independence: 1 October 1978 (from UK) Constitution: 1 October 1978 Legal system: NA National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1978) Political parties and leaders: none Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: Parliament: last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total) Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Palamene) Judicial branch: High Court Leaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Toaripi LAUTI (since NA 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989) Member of: ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant) US diplomatic representation: none Flag: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands

*Tuvalu, Economy

Overview: Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea. National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million (1989 est.) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $530 (1989 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1984) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989) Exports: $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.) commodities: copra partners: Fiji, Australia, NZ Imports: $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.) commodities: food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods partners: Fiji, Australia, NZ External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: 2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990) Industries: fishing, tourism, copra Agriculture: coconuts Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 million Currency: 1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents Exchange rates: Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) Fiscal year: NA

*Tuvalu, Communications

Highways: 8 km gravel Ports: Funafuti, Nukufetau Merchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 33,220 GRT/58,518 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 1 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker Airports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 0 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1 Telecommunications: broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios; 108 telephones

*Tuvalu, Defense Forces

Branches: Police Force Manpower availability: NA Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP

*Uganda, Geography

Location: Eastern Africa, between Kenya and Zaire Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 236,040 km2 land area: 199,710 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon Land boundaries: total 2,698 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km, Zaire 765 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none; landlocked International disputes: none Climate: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast Terrain: mostly plateau with rim of mountains Natural resources: copper, cobalt, limestone, salt Land use: arable land: 23% permanent crops: 9% meadows and pastures: 25% forest and woodland: 30% other: 13% Irrigated land: 90 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion Note: landlocked

*Uganda, People

Population: 19,344,181 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.69% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 49.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 22.98 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 112.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 38.4 years male: 38.09 years female: 38.71 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 7.15 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Ugandan(s) adjective: Ugandan Ethnic divisions: African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1% Religions: Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs 18% Languages: English (official), Luganda, Swahili, Bantu languages, Nilotic languages Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 48% male: 62% female: 35% Labor force: 4.5 million (est.) by occupation: agriculture over 80% note: 50% of population of working age (1983)

*Uganda, Government

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Uganda conventional short form: Uganda Digraph: UG Type: republic Capital: Kampala Administrative divisions: 10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda, Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western Independence: 9 October 1962 (from UK) Constitution: 8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision Legal system: government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October (1962) Political parties and leaders: only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM), Yoweri MUSEVENI note: the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM); Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Milton OBOTE; Democratic Party (DP), Paul SSEMOGEERE; and Conservative Party (CP), Jeshua NIKHGI continue to exist but are all proscribed from conducting public political activities Other political or pressure groups: Uganda People's Front (UPF); Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army (UPCDA); Ruwenzori Movement Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: National Resistance Council: last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results - NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210 members elected without party affiliation Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral National Resistance Council Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court Leaders: Chief of State: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991) Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

*Uganda, Government

Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI chancery: 5909 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 telephone: (202) 726-7100 through 7102 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Johnnie CARSON embassy: Parliament Avenue, Kampala mailing address: P. O. Box 7007, Kampala telephone: [256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795 Flag: six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side

*Uganda, Economy

Overview: Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has been devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, and civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, and boosting production and export earnings. In 1990-92, the economy has turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports, and gradually improving domestic security. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 4% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $300 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 41.5% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.) Exports: $170 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: coffee 97%, cotton, tea partners: US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10% Imports: $610 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation equipment, food partners: Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13% External debt: $1.9 billion (1991 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDP Electricity: 200,000 kW capacity; 610 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement Agriculture: mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force; cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes, corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry; self-sufficient in food

*Uganda, Economy

Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169 million Currency: 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents Exchange rates: Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,217.1 (January 1993), 1.133.8 (1992), 734.0 (1991), 428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988) Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

*Uganda, Communications

Railroads: 1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track Highways: 26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell, both on Lake Victoria Merchant marine: 3 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,091 GRT Airports: total: 31 usable: 23 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 11 Telecommunications: fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcast stations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

*Uganda, Defense Forces

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,137,983; fit for military service 2,250,793 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, 15% of budget (FY89/90)

*Ukraine, Geography

Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and Russia Map references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 603,700 km2 land area: 603,700 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas Land boundaries: total 4,558 km, Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km, Slovakia 90 km Coastline: 2,782 km Maritime claims: NA International disputes: potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina and southern Odes'ka Oblast'; potential dispute with Moldova over former southern Bessarabian areas; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation Climate: temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south Terrain: most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south Natural resources: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber Land use: arable land: 56% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 12% forest and woodland: 0% other: 30% Irrigated land: 26,000 km2 (1990) Environment: air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination around Chornobyl' nuclear power plant Note: strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest country in Europe

*Ukraine, People

Population: 51,821,230 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.06% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 12.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 12.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.87 years male: 65.32 years female: 74.65 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Ukrainian(s) adjective: Ukrainian Ethnic divisions: Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4% Religions: Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish Languages: Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% Labor force: 25.277 million by occupation: industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%, health, education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and communication 7%, other 7% (1990)

*Ukraine, Government

Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Ukraine local long form: none local short form: Ukrayina former: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Digraph: UP Type: republic Capital: Kiev (Kyyiv) Administrative divisions: 24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtomnaya, respublika), and 2 municipalites (singular - misto) with oblast status**;, Chernihivs'ka, Cherkas'ka, Chernivets'ka, Dnipropetrovs'ka, Donets'ka, Ivano-Frankivs'ka, Kharkivs'ka, Khersons'ka, Khmel'nyts'ka, Kirovohrads'ka, Kyyiv (Kiev)**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka, L'vivs'ka, Mykolayivs'ka,, Odes'ka, Poltavs'ka, Respublika Krym*, Rivnens'ka, Sevastopol'**,Sums'ka,, Ternopil's'ka, Vinnyts'ka, Volyns'ka, Zakarpats'ka, Zaporiz'ka, Zhytomyrs'ka Independence: 1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union) Constitution: using 1978 pre-independence constitution; new consitution currently being drafted Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts National holiday: Independence Day, 24 August (1991) Political parties and leaders: Green Party of Ukraine, Vitaliy KONONOV, leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine, Ihor MERKULOV, chairman; Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr KLYMCHUK, chairman; Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych YAVORIVSKIY, chairman; People's Party of Ukraine, Leopol'd TABURYANSKYY, chairman; Peasants' Party of Ukraine, Serhiy DOVGRAN', chairman; Party of Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine, Volodymyr FILENKO, chairman; Social Democratic Party of Ukraine, Yuriy ZBITNEV, chairman; Socialist Party of Ukraine, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman; Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party, Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY, chairman; Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party, Stepan KHMARA, chairman; Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDIK, chairman; Ukrainian Party of Justice, Mykhaylo HRECHKO, chairman; Ukrainian Peasants' Democratic Party, Serhiy PLACHINDA, chairman; Ukrainian Republican Party, Mykhaylo HORYN', chairman; Ukrainian National Conservative Party, Viktor RADIONOV, chairman Other political or pressure groups: Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh); New Ukraine (Nova Ukrayina); Congress of National Democratic Forces Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

*Ukraine, Government

Elections: President: last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Leonid KRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%, Volodymyr HRYNYOV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKYY 0.57%, other 4.17% Supreme Council: last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450 total) number of seats by party NA Executive branch: president, prime minister, cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral Supreme Council Judicial branch: being organized Leaders: Chief of State: President Leonid Makarovych KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister Leonid Danilovych KUCHMA (since 13 October 1992); Acting First Deputy Prime Minister Yukhym Leonidovych ZVYAHIL'SKYY (since 11 June 1993) and five deputy prime ministers Member of: BSEC, CBSS (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Oleh Hryhorovych BILORUS chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: (202) 333-0606 FAX: (202) 333-0817 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Roman POPADIUK embassy: 10 Vul. Yuria Kotsyubinskovo, 252053 Kiev 53 mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: [7] (044) 244-7349 FAX: [7] (044) 244-7350 Flag: two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grainfields under a blue sky

*Ukraine, Economy

Overview: After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union producing more than three times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its well-developed and diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR. In 1992 the Ukrainian government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatizing state enterprises while retaining many central economic controls and continuing subsidies to state production enterprises. In November 1992 the new Prime Minister KUCHMA launched a new economic reform program promising more freedom to the agricultural sector, faster privatization of small and medium enterprises, and stricter control over state subsidies. Even so, the magnitude of the problems and the slow pace in building new market-oriented institutions preclude a near-term recovery of output to the 1990 level. National product: GDP $NA National product real growth rate: -13% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $NA Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20%-30% per month (first quarter 1993) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $13.5 billion to outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990) commodities: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, grain, meat partners: NA Imports: $16.7 billion from outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990) commodities: machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles partners: NA External debt: $12 billion (1992 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -9% (1992) Electricity: 55,882,000 kW capacity; 281,000 million kWh produced, 5,410 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food-processing (especially sugar) Agriculture: grain, vegetables, meat, milk, sugar beets Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs to Western Europe

*Ukraine, Economy

Economic aid: $NA Currency: Ukraine withdrew the Russian ruble from circulation on 12 November 1992 and declared the karbovanets (plural karbovantsi) sole legal tender in Ukrainian markets; Ukrainian officials claim this is an interim move toward introducing a new currency - the hryvnya - possibly in late 1993 Exchange rates: Ukrainian karbovantsi per $US1 - 3,000 (1 April 1993) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Ukraine, Communications

Railroads: 22,800 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) Highways: 273,700 km total (1990); 236,400 km hard surfaced, 37,300 km earth Inland waterways: 1,672 km perennially navigable (Pripyat and Dnipro River) Pipelines: crude oil 2,010 km, petroleum products 1,920 km, natural gas 7,800 km (1992) Ports: coastal - Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol' (formerly Zhdanov), Mykolayiv, Odesa, Sevastopol', Pirdenne; inland - Kiev (Kyyiv) Merchant marine: 394 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,952,328 GRT/5,262,161 DWT; includes 234 cargo, 18 container, 7 barge carriers, 55 bulk cargo, 10 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 12 passenger, 5 passenger cargo, 9 short-sea passenger, 33 roll-on/roll-off, 2 railcar carrier, 1 multi-function-large-load-carrier, 5 refrigerated cargo Airports: total: 694 useable: 100 with permanent-surface runways: 111 with runways over 3,659 m: 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 81 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 78 Telecommunications: international electronic mail system established in Kiev; Ukraine has about 7 million telephone lines (135 telephones for each 1000 persons); as of mid-1992, 650 telephone lines per 1000 persons in Kiev with 15-20 digital switches as of mid-1991; NMT-450 analog cellular network under construction in Kiev; 3.56 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied as of January 1990; international calls can be made via satellite, by landline to other CIS countries, and through the Moscow international switching center on 150 international lines; satellite earth stations employ INTELSAT, INMARSAT, and Intersputnik; fiber optic cable installation (intercity) remains incomplete; new international digital telephone exchange operational in Kiev for direct communication with 167 countries

*Ukraine, Defense Forces

Branches: Army, Navy, Airspace Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard Manpower availability: males age 15-49 12,070,775; fit for military service 9,521,697; reach military age (18) annually 365,534 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: 544,256 million karbovantsi, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results

*United Arab Emirates, Geography

Location: Middle East, along the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia Map references: Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 75,581 km2 land area: 75,581 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Maine Land boundaries: total 867 km, Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km Coastline: 1,318 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm assumed for most of country, 12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah) International disputes: location and status of boundary with Saudi Arabia is not final; no defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; claims two islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims island in the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu Musa); in 1992, the dispute over Abu Musa and the Tumb islands became more acute when Iran unilaterally tried to control the entry of third country nationals into the UAE portion of Abu Musa island, Tehran subsequently backed off in the face of significant diplomatic support for the UAE in the region Climate: desert; cooler in eastern mountains Terrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in east Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 2% forest and woodland: 0% other: 98% Irrigated land: 50 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being overcome by desalination plants; desertification

*United Arab Emirates, Geography

Note: strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil

*United Arab Emirates, People

Population: 2,657,013 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 5.06% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 28.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 3.07 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 25.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72 years male: 69.91 years female: 74.2 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 4.67 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Emirian(s) adjective: Emirian Ethnic divisions: Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982) note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982) Religions: Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4% Languages: Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu Literacy: age 10 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 68% male: 70% female: 63% Labor force: 580,000 (1986 est.) by occupation: industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 5% note: 80% of labor force is foreign

*United Arab Emirates, Government

Names: conventional long form: United Arab Emirates conventional short form: none local long form: Al Imarata al Arabiyah al Muttahidah local short form: none former: Trucial States Abbreviation: UAE Digraph: TC Type: federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and other powers reserved to member emirates Capital: Abu Dhabi Administrative divisions: 7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy, Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn Independence: 2 December 1971 (from UK) Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional) Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several member emirates; Islamic law remains influential National holiday: National Day, 2 December (1971) Political parties and leaders: none Other political or pressure groups: a few small clandestine groups may be active Suffrage: none Elections: none Executive branch: president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers Legislative branch: unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad) Judicial branch: Union Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: President Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971), ruler of Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy Head of Government: Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since 20 November 1990)

*United Arab Emirates, Government

Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn Al SHAALI chancery: Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 338-6500 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador William RUGH embassy: Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi mailing address: P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi telephone: [971] (2) 336691, afterhours 338730 FAX: [971] (2) 318441 consulate general: Dubayy (Dubai) Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker vertical red band on the hoist side

*United Arab Emirates, Economy

Overview: The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since 1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of production, crude oil reserves should last for over 100 years. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $34.9 billion (1992) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $13,800 (1992) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1990 est.) Unemployment rate: NEGL% (1988) Budget: revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $4.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993) Exports: $21.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: crude oil 66%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates partners: Japan 39%, Singapore 5%, Korea 4%, Iran 4%, India Imports: $13.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: capital goods, consumer goods, food partners: Japan 15%, US 10%, UK 9%, Germany 7%, Korea 4% External debt: $11 billion (December 1989 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 30% (1990 est.); accounts for 56% of GDP, including petroleum Electricity: 6,090,000 kW capacity; 17,850 million kWh produced, 6,718 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat building, handicrafts, pearling Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; food products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25% self-sufficient in food Economic aid: donor - pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries (1979-89) Currency: 1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils Exchange rates: Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate) Fiscal year: calendar year

*United Arab Emirates, Communications

Highways: 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth Pipelines: crude oil 830 km, natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km Ports: Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal 'Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid, Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid Merchant marine: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,197,306 GRT/2,153,673 DWT; includes 15 cargo, 8 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 23 oil tanker, 4 bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 liquified gas, 1 chemical tanker Airports: total: 37 usable: 34 with permanent-surface runways: 20 with runways over 3,659 m: 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 5 Telecommunications: modern system consisting of microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV

*United Arab Emirates, Defense Forces

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police Force Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,008,076; fit for military service 550,965; reach military age (18) annually 15,499 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.47 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1989 est.)

*United Kingdom, Geography

Location: Western Europe, bordering on the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, between Ireland and France Map references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 244,820 km2 land area: 241,590 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon note: includes Rockall and Shetland Islands Land boundaries: total 360 km, Ireland 360 km Coastline: 12,429 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain; Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) Climate: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than half of the days are overcast Terrain: mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast Natural resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica Land use: arable land: 29% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 48% forest and woodland: 9% other: 14% Irrigated land: 1,570 km2 (1989)

*United Kingdom, Geography

Environment: pollution control measures improving air and water quality; because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters Note: lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now being linked by tunnel under the English Channel

*United Kingdom, People

Population: 57,970,200 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.29% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 13.58 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 10.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.5 years male: 73.71 years female: 79.43 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Briton(s), British (collective pl.) adjective: British Ethnic divisions: English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8% Religions: Anglican 27 million, Roman Catholic 9 million, Muslim 1 million, Presbyterian 800,000, Methodist 760,000, Sikh 400,000, Hindu 350,000, Jewish 300,000 (1991 est.) note: the UK does not include a question on religion in its census Languages: English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1978) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: 28.048 million by occupation: services 62.8%, manufacturing and construction 25.0%, government 9.1%, energy 1.9%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1992)

*United Kingdom, Government

Names: conventional long form: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland conventional short form: United Kingdom Abbreviation: UK Digraph: UK Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: London Administrative divisions: 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands areas England: 39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire, Buckingham,, Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater, Manchester*, Hampshire,, Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk,, Northampton, Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, Shropshire, Somerset, South Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and, Wear*, Warwick,, West Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire, Northern Ireland: 26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge, Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt, Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane Scotland: 9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife,, Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside,, Western Isles*, Wales: 8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, South Glamorgan, West Glamorgan Dependent areas: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China on 1 July 1997), Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands Independence: 1 January 1801 (United Kingdom established) Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice Legal system: common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June)

*United Kingdom, Government

Political parties and leaders: Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, John SMITH; Liberal Democrats (LD), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party, Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd Iwan WIGLEY; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party (SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry ADAMS Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress; Confederation of British Industry; National Farmers' Union; Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: House of Commons: last held 9 April 1992 (next to be held by NA April 1997); results - Conservative 41.9%, Labor 34.5%, Liberal Democratic 17.9%, other 5.7%; seats - (651 total) Conservative 336, Labor 271, Liberal Democratic 20, other 24 Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a lower house or House of Commons Judicial branch: House of Lords Leaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948) Head of Government: Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990) Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTRC, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Sir Robin RENWICK chancery: 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 462-1340 FAX: (202) 898-4255 consulates general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco, consulates: Dallas, Miami, and Seattle US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Raymond G. H. SEITZ embassy: 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W.1A1AE

*United Kingdom, Government

mailing address: PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040 telephone: [44] (71) 499-9000 FAX: [44] (71) 409-1637 consulates general: Belfast and Edinburgh Flag: blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and others

*United Kingdom, Economy

Overview: The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is essentially capitalistic; over the past thirteen years the ruling Tories have greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves, and primary energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP while industry continues to decline in importance, now employing only 25% of the work force and generating 21% of GDP. The economy is emerging out of its 3-year recession with only weak recovery expected in 1993. Unemployment is hovering around 10% of the labor force. The government in 1992 adopted a pro-growth strategy, cutting interest rates sharply and removing the pound from the European exchange rate mechanism. Excess industrial capacity probably will moderate inflation which for the first time in a decade is below the EC average. The major economic policy question for Britain in the 1990s is the terms on which it participates in the financial and economic integration of Europe. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $920.6 billion (1992) National product real growth rate: -0.6% (1992) National product per capita: $15,900 (1992) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (1992) Unemployment rate: 9.8% (1992) Budget: revenues $367.6 billion; expenditures $439.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $32.5 billion (FY92 est.) Exports: $187.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, transport equipment partners: EC countries 56.7% (Germany 14.0%, France 11.1%, Netherlands 7.9%), US 10.9% Imports: $210.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods partners: EC countries 51.7% (Germany 14.9%, France 9.3%, Netherlands 8.4%), US 11.6% External debt: $16.2 billion (June 1992) Industrial production: growth rate 0.4% (1992 est.) Electricity: 99,000,000 kW capacity; 317,000 million kWh produced, 5,480 kWh per capita (1992)

*United Kingdom, Economy

Industries: production machinery including machine tools, electric power equipment, equipment for the automation of production, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer goods Agriculture: accounts for only 1.5% of GDP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced; about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000 metric tons (1987) Illicit drugs: increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the European market Economic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billion Currency: 1 British pound () = 100 pence Exchange rates: British pounds () per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

*United Kingdom, Communications

Railroads: UK, 16,914 km total; Great Britain's British Railways (BR) operates 16,584 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge (including 4,545 km electrified and 12,591 km double or multiple track), several additional small standard-gauge and narrow-gauge lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) operates 330 km 1.600-meter gauge (including 190 km double track) Highways: UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved, 592 km gravel) Inland waterways: 2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port Authorities, 706 km; other, 979 km Pipelines: crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km, petroleum products 2,993 km, natural gas 12,800 km Ports: London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool, Dover, Sullom Voe, Southampton Merchant marine: 204 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,819,719 GRT/4,941,785 DWT; includes 7 passenger, 16 short-sea passenger, 37 cargo, 25 container, 14 roll-on/roll-off, 5 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 65 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 8 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 22 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 passenger cargo Airports: total: 496 usable: 385 with permanent-surface runways: 249 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 134 Telecommunications: technologically advanced domestic and international system; 30,200,000 telephones; equal mix of buried cables, microwave and optical-fiber systems; excellent countrywide broadcast systems; broadcast stations - 225 AM, 525 (mostly repeaters) FM, 207 (3,210 repeaters) TV; 40 coaxial submarine cables; 5 satellite ground stations operating in INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems; at least 8 large international switching centers

*United Kingdom, Defense Forces

Branches: Army, Royal Navy (including Royal Marines), Royal Air Force Manpower availability: males age 15-49 14,445,998; fit for military service 12,084,913 (1993 est.); no conscription Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $42.5 billion, 3.8% of GDP (FY92/93)

*United States, Geography

Location: North America, between Canada and Mexico Map references: North America, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 9,372,610 km2 land area: 9,166,600 km2 comparative area: about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the size of Africa; about one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times the size of Western Europe note: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia Land boundaries: total 12,248 km, Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Cuba 29 km (US naval base at Guantanamo), Mexico 3,326 km Coastline: 19,924 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m or depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca); US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Republic of Marshall Islands claims Wake Island Climate: mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida and arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains Terrain: vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii Natural resources: coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 26%

*United States, Geography

forest and woodland: 29% other: 25% Irrigated land: 181,020 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: pollution control measures improving air and water quality; agricultural fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of sparse natural water resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; permafrost in northern Alaska is a major impediment to development Note: world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China)

*United States, People

Population: 258,103,721 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 1.02% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 15.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 8.67 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 3.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 8.36 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.8 years male: 72.49 years female: 79.29 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.05 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: American(s) adjective: American Ethnic divisions: white 83.4%, black 12.4%, asian 3.3%, native american 0.8% (1992) Religions: Protestant 56%, Roman Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other 4%, none 10% (1989) Languages: English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority) Literacy: age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years of schooling (1991) total population: 97.9% male: 97.9% female: 97.9% Labor force: 128.548 million (includes armed forces and unemployed; civilian labor force 126.982 million) (1992) by occupation: NA

*United States, Government

Names: conventional long form: United States of America conventional short form: United States Abbreviation: US or USA Digraph: US Type: federal republic; strong democratic tradition Capital: Washington, DC Administrative divisions: 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California,, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia,, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming Dependent areas: American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island note: since 18 July 1947, the US has administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with three of the four political units; the Northern Mariana Islands is a Commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US that was approved by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has not been completed in Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986) Independence: 4 July 1776 (from England) Constitution: 17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789 Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July (1776) Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Haley BARBOUR, national committee chairman; Jeanie AUSTIN, co-chairman; Democratic Party, David C. WILHELM, national committee chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significance Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 5 November 1996); results - William Jefferson CLINTON (Democratic Party) 43.2%, George BUSH (Republican Party) 37.7%, Ross PEROT (Independent) 19.0%, other 0.1%

*United States, Government

Senate: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 8 November 1994); results - Democratic Party 53%, Republican Party 47%, other NEGL%; seats - (100 total) Democratic Party 57, Republican Party 43 House of Representatives: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 8 November 1994); results - Democratic Party 52%, Republican Party 46%, other 2%; seats - (435 total) Democratic Party 258, Republican Party 176, Independent 1 Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet Legislative branch: bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, ESCAP, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Flag: thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico

*United States, Economy

Overview: The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically advanced economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $23,400, the largest among major industrial nations. The economy is market oriented with most decisions made by private individuals and business firms and with government purchases of goods and services made predominantly in the marketplace. In 1989 the economy enjoyed its seventh successive year of substantial growth, the longest in peacetime history. The expansion featured moderation in wage and consumer price increases and a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of the labor force. In 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a combination of factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates, Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and a general decline in business and consumer confidence. In 1991 output fell by 1%, unemployment grew, and signs of recovery proved premature. Growth picked up to 2.1% in 1992. Unemployment, however, remained at nine million, the increase in GDP being mainly attributable to gains in output per worker. Ongoing problems for the 1990s include inadequate investment in economic infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs, and sizable budget and trade deficits. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $5.951 trillion (1992) National product real growth rate: 2.1% (1992) National product per capita: $23,400 (1992) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1992) Unemployment rate: 7% (April 1993) Budget: revenues $1,092 billion; expenditures $1,382 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92) Exports: $442.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer goods, agricultural products partners: Western Europe 27.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 12.1% (1989) Imports: $544.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: crude oil and refined petroleum products, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods, industrial raw materials, food and beverages partners: Western Europe 21.5%, Japan 19.7%, Canada 18.8% (1989) External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate 1.5% (1992 est.); accounts for NA% of GDP Electricity: 780,000,000 kW capacity; 3,230,000 million kWh produced, 12,690 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining