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*Romania, Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,846,332; fit for military service 4,942,746; reach military age (20) annually 185,714 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: 137 billion lei, 3% of GDP (1993); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results
*Russia, Geography
Location: Europe/North Asia, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean Map references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 17,075,200 km2 land area: 16,995,800 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US Land boundaries: total 20,139 km, Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km Coastline: 37,653 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with China; boundary with Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions Natural resources: wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources Land use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA%
*Russia, Geography
other: NA% note: agricultural land accounts for 13% of the total land area Irrigated land: 61,590 km2 (1990) Environment: despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is too far north for cultivation; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water, including both inland waterways and sea coasts Note: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world
*Russia, People
Population: 149,300,359 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.21% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 12.73 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 11.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 27.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.69 years male: 63.59 years female: 74.04 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian Ethnic divisions: Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%, Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% Religions: Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other Languages: Russian, other Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% Labor force: 75 million (1993 est.) by occupation: production and economic services 83.9%, government 16.1%
*Russia, Government
Names: conventional long form: Russian Federation conventional short form: Russia local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya local short form: Rossiya former: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Digraph: RS Type: federation Capital: Moscow Administrative divisions: 21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - avtomnaya respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Chechenia, Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal'chik), Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordvinia (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod (formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly Kalinin), Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol' note: the autonomous republics of Chechenia and Ingushetia were formerly the automous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechenia and Ingushetia has yet to be determined); the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); 4 more administrative divisions may be added Independence: 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) Constitution: adopted in 1978; a new constitution is in the process of being drafted Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, June 12
*Russia, Government
Political parties and leaders: proreformers: Christian Democratic Party, Aleksandr CHUYEV; Christian Democratic Union of Russia, Aleksandr OGORODNIKOV; Democratic Russia Movement, pro-government faction, Lev PONOMAREV, Gleb YAKUNIN, Vladimir BOKSER; Democratic Russia Movement, radical-liberal faction, Yuriy AFANAS'YEV, Marina SAL'YE; Economic Freedom Party, Konstantin BOROVOY, Svyatoslav FEDOROV; Free Labor Party, Igor' KOROVIKOV; Party of Constitutional Democrats, Viktor ZOLOTAREV; Republican Party of Russia, Vladimir LYSENKO, Vyacheslav SHOSTAKOVSKIY; Russian Democratic Reform Movement, Gavriil POPOV; Social Democratic Party, Boris ORLOV; Social Liberal Party, Vladimir FILIN moderate reformers: All-Russian Renewal Union (member Civic Union), Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr VLADISLAVLEV; Democratic Party of Russia (member Civic Union), Nikolay TRAVKIN, Valeriy KHOMYAKOV; People's Party of Free Russia (member Civic Union), Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Vasiliy LIPITSKIY; Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr VLADISLAVLEV antireformers: Communists and neo-Communists have 7 parties - All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Nina ANDREYEVA; Labor Party, Boris KAGARLITSKIY; Russian Communist Worker's Party, Viktor ANPILOV, Gen. Albert MAKASHOV; Russian Party of Communists, Anatoliy KRYUCHKOV; Socialist Party of Working People, Roy MEDVEDEV; Union of Communists, Aleksey PRIGARIN; Working Russia Movement, Viktor ANPILOV; National Patriots have 6 parties - Constitutional Democratic Party, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV; Council of People and Patriotic Forces of Russia, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV; National Salvation Front, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV, Sergey BABURIN, Vladimir ISAKOV, Il'ya KONSTANTINOV, Aleksandr STERLIGOV; Russian Christian Democratic Movement, Viktor AKSYUCHITS; Russian National Assembly, Aleksandr STERLIGOV; Russian National Union, Sergey BABURIN, Nikolay PAVLOV; extremists have 5 parties - Liberal Democratic Party, Vladimir ZHIRNOVKSKIY; Nashi Movement, Viktor ALKSNIS; National Republican Party of Russia, Nikolay LYSENKO; Russian Party, Viktor KORCHAGIN; Russian National Patriotic Front (Pamyat), Dmitriy VASIL'YEV Other political or pressure groups: Civic Union, Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Nikolay TRAVKIN, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, chairmen Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA% Congress of People's Deputies: last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NA; election held before parties were formed Supreme Soviet: last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party NA; elected from Congress of People's Deputies Executive branch: president, vice president, Security Council, Presidential Administration, Council of Ministers, Group of Assistants, Council of Heads of Republics Legislative branch: unicameral Congress of People's Deputies, bicameral Supreme Soviet Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, Supreme Court
*Russia, Government
Leaders: Chief of State: President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991); Vice President Aleksandr Vladimirovich RUTSKOY (since 12 June 1991); Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Ruslan KHASBULATOV (28 October 1991) Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Viktor Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN (since NA December 1992); First Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers Vladimir SHUMEYKO (since 9 June 1992), Oleg LOBW (since NA April 1993), Oleg SOSKOVETS (since NA April 1993) Member of: BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CERN (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NSG, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Vladimir Petrovich LUKIN chancery: 1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 628-7551 and 8548 consulates general: New York and San Francisco US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23, Moscow mailing address: APO AE 09721 telephone: [7] (095) 252-2450 through 2459 FAX: [7] (095) 255-9965 consulates: St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), Vladivostok Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
*Russia, Economy
*Russia, Economy
Overview: Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources and a diverse industrial base, continues to experience great difficulties in moving from its old centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. President YEL'TSIN's government made significant strides toward a market economy in 1992 by freeing most prices, slashing defense spending, unifying foreign exchange rates, and launching an ambitious privatization program. At the same time, GDP fell 19%, according to official statistics, largely reflecting government efforts to restructure the economy, shortages of essential imports caused by the breakdown in former Bloc and interstate trade, and reduced demand following the freeing of prices in January. The actual decline, however, may have been less steep, because industrial and agricultural enterprises had strong incentives to understate output to avoid taxes, and official statistics may not have fully captured the output of the growing private sector. Despite the large drop in output, unemployment at yearend stood at an estimated 3%-4% of Russia's 74-million-person labor force; many people, however, are working shortened weeks or are on forced leave. Moscow's financial stabilization program got off to a good start at the beginning of 1992 but began to falter by midyear. Under pressure from industrialists and the Supreme Soviet, the government loosened fiscal policies in the second half. In addition, the Russian Central Bank relaxed its tight credit policy in July at the behest of new Acting Chairman, Viktor GERASHCHENKO. This loosening of financial policies led to a sharp increase in prices during the last quarter, and inflation reached about 25% per month by yearend. The situation of most consumers worsened in 1992. The January price liberalization and a blossoming of private vendors filled shelves across the country with previously scarce food items and consumer goods, but wages lagged behind inflation, making such goods unaffordable for many consumers. Falling real wages forced most Russians to spend a larger share of their income on food and to alter their eating habits. Indeed, many Russians reduced their consumption of higher priced meat, fish, milk, vegetables, and fruit, in favor of more bread and potatoes. As a result of higher spending on food, consumers reduced their consumption of nonfood goods and services. Despite a slow start and some rough going, the Russian government by the end of 1992 scored some successes in its campaign to break the state's stranglehold on property and improve the environment for private businesses. More peasant farms were created than expected; the number of consumers purchasing goods from private traders rose sharply; the portion of the population working in the private sector increased to nearly one-fifth; and the nine-month-long slump in the privatization of small businesses was ended in the fall. Although the output of weapons fell sharply in 1992, most defense enterprises continued to encounter numerous difficulties developing and marketing consumer products, establishing new supply links, and securing resources for retooling. Indeed, total civil production by the defense sector fell in 1992 because of shortages of inputs and lower consumer demand caused by higher prices. Ruptured ties with former trading partners, output declines, and sometimes erratic efforts to move to world prices and decentralize trade - foreign and interstate - took a heavy toll on Russia's commercial relations with other countries. For the second year in a row, foreign trade was down sharply, with exports falling by as much as 25% and imports by 21%. The drop in imports would have been much greater if foreign aid - worth an estimated $8 billion - had not allowed the continued inflow of essential products. Trade with the other former Soviet republics continued to decline, and support for the ruble as a common currency eroded in the face of Moscow's loose monetary policies and rapidly rising prices throughout the region. At the same time, Russia paid only a fraction of the $20 billion due on the former USSR's roughly $80 billion debt; debt rescheduling remained hung up because of a dispute between Russia and Ukraine over division of the former USSR's assets. Capital flight also remained a serious problem in 1992. Russia's economic difficulties did not
*Russia, Economy
abate in the first quarter of 1993. Monthly inflation remained at double-digit levels and industrial production continued to slump. To reduce the threat of hyperinflation, the government proposed to restrict subsidies to enterprises; raise interest rates; set quarterly limits on credits, the budget deficit, and money supply growth; and impose temporary taxes and cut spending if budget targets are not met. But many legislators and Central Bank officials oppose various of these austerity measures and failed to approve them in the first part of 1993. National product: GDP $NA National product real growth rate: -19% (1992) National product per capita: $NA Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% per month (December 1992) Unemployment rate: 3%-4% of labor force (1 January 1993 est.) Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $39.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures partners: Europe Imports: $35.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat, sugar, semifinished metal products partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba External debt: $80 billion (yearend 1992 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -19% (1992) Electricity: 213,000,000 KW capacity; 1,014.8 billion kWh produced, 6,824 kWh per capita (1 January 1992) Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables Agriculture: grain, sugar beet, sunflower seeds, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because of its northern location does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate products Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-92), $9.0 billion; other countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1988-92), $91 billion
*Russia, Economy
Currency: 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations Fiscal year: calendar year
*Russia, Communications
Railroads: 158,100 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge; 86,800 km in common carrier service, of which 48,900 km are diesel traction and 37,900 km are electric traction; 71,300 km serves specific industry and is not available for common carrier use (31 December 1991) Highways: 893,000 km total, of which 677,000 km are paved or gravelled and 216,000 km are dirt; 456,000 km are for general use and are maintained by the Russian Highway Corporation (formerly Russian Highway Ministry); the 437,000 km not in general use are the responsibility of various other organizations (formerly ministries); of the 456,000 km in general use, 265,000 km are paved, 140,000 km are gravelled, and 51,000 km are dirt; of the 437,000 km not in general use, 272,000 km are paved or gravelled and 165,000 are dirt (31 December 1991) Inland waterways: total navigable routes 102,000 km; routes with navigation guides serving the Russian River Fleet 97,300 km (including illumination and light reflecting guides); routes with other kinds of navigational aids 34,300 km; man-made navigable routes 16,900 km (31 December 1991) Pipelines: crude oil 72,500 km, petroleum products 10,600 km, natural gas 136,000 km (1992) Ports: coastal - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Petropavlovsk, Arkhangel'sk, Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov, Magadan, Tiksi, Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan', Nizhniy Novgorod (Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara (Kuybyshev), Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd Merchant marine: 865 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,073,954 GRT/11,138,336 DWT; includes 457 cargo, 82 container, 3 multi-function large load carrier, 2 barge carrier, 72 roll-on/roll-off, 124 oil tanker, 25 bulk cargo, 9 chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 16 combination ore/oil, 5 passenger cargo, 18 short-sea passenger, 6 passenger, 28 combination bulk, 16 refrigerated cargo Airports: total: 2,550 useable: 964 with permanent surface runways: 565 with runways over 3,659 m: 19 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 275 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 426
*Russia, Communications
Telecommunications: NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are opertional in Moscow and St. Petersburg; expanding access to international E-mail service via Sprint networks; the inadequacy of Russian telecommunications is a severe handicap to the economy, especially with respect to international connections; total installed telephones 24,400,000, of which in urban areas 20,900,000 and in rural areas 3,500,000; of these, total installed in homes 15,400,000; total pay phones for long distant calls 34,100; telephone density is about 164 telephones per 1,000 persons; international traffic is handled by an inadequate system of satellites, land lines, microwave radio relay and outdated submarine cables; this traffic passes through the international gateway switch in Moscow which carries most of the international traffic for the other countries of the Confederation of Independent States; a new Russian Raduga satellite will soon link Moscow and St. Petersburg with Rome from whence calls will be relayed to destinations in Europe and overseas; satellite ground stations - INTELSAT, Intersputnik, Eutelsat (Moscow), INMARSAT, Orbita; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of population), 7,183 TV; receiving sets - 54,200,000 TV, 48,800,000 radio receivers; intercity fiberoptic cables installation remains limited
*Russia, Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Strategic Rocket Forces, Command and General Support, Security Forces note: strategic nuclear units and warning facilities are under joint CIS control; Russian defense forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, and sea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those still scheduled to be withdrawn from other countries Manpower availability: males age 15-49 37,092,361; fit for military service 29,253,668; reach military age (18) annually 1,082,115 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
*Rwanda, Geography
Location: Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 26,340 km2 land area: 24,950 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland Land boundaries: total 893 km, Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none; landlocked International disputes: none Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower Land use: arable land: 29% permanent crops: 11% meadows and pastures: 18% forest and woodland: 10% other: 32% Irrigated land: 40 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts Note: landlocked
*Rwanda, People
Population: 8,139,272 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.9% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 49.92 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 20.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 119.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 41.23 years male: 40.2 years female: 42.28 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 8.27 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Rwandan(s) adjective: Rwandan Ethnic divisions: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1% Religions: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other 25% Languages: Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili used in commercial centers Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 50% male: 64% female: 37% Labor force: 3.6 million by occupation: agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2% note: 49% of population of working age (1985)
*Rwanda, Government
Names: conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda conventional short form: Rwanda local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda local short form: Rwanda Digraph: RW Type: republic; presidential system note: a new, all-party transitional government is to assume office later this year, replacing the current MRND-dominated coalition Capital: Kigali Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA, singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, Ruhengeri Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration) Constitution: 18 June 1991 Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962) Political parties and leaders: Republican National Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), President HABYARIMANA's political movement, remains the dominant party; significant independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement (MDR), Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU; Liberal Party (PL), Justin MUGENZI; Democratic and Socialist Party (PSD), Frederic NZAMURAMBAHO; Coalition for the Defense of the Republic (CDR), Martin BUCYANA; Party for Democracy in Rwanda (PADER), Jean NTAGUNGIRA; Christian Democratic Party (PDL), Nayinzira NEPOMUSCENE note: formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized independent parties in mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political parties have registered Other political or pressure groups: since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved in a low-intensity conflict with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA) Suffrage: universal adult at age NA Elections: President: last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - President Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected National Development Council: last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - MRND was the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70 Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) Legislative branch: unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement)
*Rwanda, Government
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of State in joint session) Leaders: Chief of State: President Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973) Head of Government: Prime Minister Dismas NSENGIYAREMYE (since NA April 1992) Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 232-2882 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN embassy: Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali telephone: [250] 75601 through 75603 FAX: [250] 72128 Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band
*Rwanda, Economy
Overview: Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak international prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October 1990, has dampened prospects for economic improvement. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.35 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 1.3% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $290 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $350 million; expenditures $453.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA million (1992 est.) Exports: $66.6 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum partners: Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US Imports: $259.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material partners: US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan External debt: $911 million (1990 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDP Electricity: 30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes Agriculture: accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops - coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth in population
*Rwanda, Economy
Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58 million; note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment Program with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and the US $25 million in support of this program Currency: 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 146.34 (January 1993), 133.35 (1992), 125.14 (1991), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year
*Rwanda, Communications
Highways: 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700 km unimproved Inland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft Airports: total: 8 usable: 7 with permanent-surface runways: 3 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2 Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 (7 repeaters) FM, no TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
*Rwanda, Defense Forces
Branches: Army (including Air Wing), Gendarmerie Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,675,160; fit for military service 853,467 (1993 est.); no conscription Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.)
*Saint Helena, Header
Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)
*Saint Helena, Geography
Location: in the South Atlantic Ocean, 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way between South America and Africa Map references: Africa Area: total area: 410 km2 land area: 410 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, and Tristan da Cunha Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 60 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds Terrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains Natural resources: fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns, no minerals Land use: arable land: 7% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 7% forest and woodland: 3% other: 83% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: very few perennial streams Note: Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; harbors at least 40 species of plants unknown anywhere else in the world
*Saint Helena, People
Population: 6,720 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.32% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 9.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 6.67 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 38.39 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.43 years male: 72.36 years female: 76.27 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Saint Helenian(s) adjective: Saint Helenian Ethnic divisions: NA Religions: Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic Languages: English Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1987) total population: 98% male: 97% female: 98% Labor force: 2,516 by occupation: professional, technical, and related workers 8.7%, managerial, administrative, and clerical 12.8%, sales people 8.1%, farmer, fishermen, etc. 5.4%, craftspersons, production process workers 14.7%, others 50.3% (1987)
*Saint Helena, Government
Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Saint Helena Digraph: SH Type: dependent territory of the UK Capital: Jamestown Administrative divisions: 1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan, da Cunha*, Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) Constitution: 1 January 1989 Legal system: NA National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June 1989 (second Saturday in June) Political parties and leaders: Saint Helena Labor Party; Saint Helena Progressive Party note: both political parties inactive since 1976 Suffrage: NA Elections: Legislative Council: last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA Executive branch: British monarch, governor commander-in-chief, Executive Council (cabinet) Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: Governor A. N. HOOLE (since NA) Member of: ICFTU Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship
*Saint Helena, Economy
Overview: The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local population earns some income from fishing, the raising of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the work force has left to seek employment overseas. National product: GDP $NA National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $NA Inflation rate (consumer prices): -1.1% (1986) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1984) Exports: $23,900 (f.o.b., 1984) commodities: fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts partners: South Africa, UK Imports: $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984) commodities: food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts partners: UK, South Africa External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989) Industries: crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishing Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $198 million Currency: 1 Saint Helenian pound (S) = 100 pence Exchange rates: Saint Helenian pounds (S) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the British pound Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
*Saint Helena, Communications
Highways: 87 km paved roads and 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km paved roads on Ascension; 2.7 km paved roads on Tristan da Cunha Ports: Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension) Airports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0 Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550 telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial submarine cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
*Saint Helena, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Geography
Location: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about one-third of the way between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago Map references: Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 269 km2 land area: 269 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 135 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Terrain: volcanic with mountainous interiors Natural resources: negligible Land use: arable land: 22% permanent crops: 17% meadows and pastures: 3% forest and woodland: 17% other: 41% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: subject to hurricanes (July to October)
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, People
Population: 40,407 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.59% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 23.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 10.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -7.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 20.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.72 years male: 62.78 years female: 68.85 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.64 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s) adjective: Kittsian, Nevisian Ethnic divisions: black African Religions: Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic Languages: English Literacy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 98% male: 98% female: 98% Labor force: 20,000 (1981)
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government
Names: conventional long form: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis conventional short form: Saint Kitts and Nevis former: Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis Digraph: SC Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Basseterre Administrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John Capesterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capesterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point Independence: 19 September 1983 (from UK) Constitution: 19 September 1983 Legal system: based on English common law National holiday: Independence Day, 19 September (1983) Political parties and leaders: People's Action Movement (PAM), Dr. Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY Suffrage: universal adult at age NA Elections: House of Assembly: last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, NRP 2, CCM 1 Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981) Head of Government: Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy Prime Minister Sydney Earl MORRIS (since NA) Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTERPOL, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interim Aubrey Eric HART chancery: Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 833-3550 US diplomatic representation: no official presence since the Charge d'Affaires resides in Saint John's (Antigua and Barbuda) Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Economy
Overview: The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourism and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $142 million (1991) National product real growth rate: 6.8% (1991) National product per capita: $3,500 (1991) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.2% (1991) Unemployment rate: 12.2% (1990) Budget: revenues $85.7 million; expenditures $85.8 million, including capital expenditures of $42.4 million (1993) Exports: $24.6 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps partners: US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988) Imports: $103.2 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels partners: US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988) External debt: $37.2 million (1990) Industrial production: growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP Electricity: 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,120 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear, beverages Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GDP; cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops - rice, yams, vegetables, bananas; fishing potential not fully exploited; most food imported Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67 million Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) Fiscal year: calendar year
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Communications
Railroads: 58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved earth Ports: Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis) Airports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0 Telecommunications: good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard Manpower availability: NA Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Saint Lucia, Geography
Location: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about two-thirds of the way between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago Map references: Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 620 km2 land area: 610 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 158 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August Terrain: volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys Natural resources: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential Land use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 20% meadows and pastures: 5% forest and woodland: 13% other: 54% Irrigated land: 10 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion
*Saint Lucia, People
Population: 144,337 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.52% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 23.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 5.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -12.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 18.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.26 years male: 66.98 years female: 71.69 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.62 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Saint Lucian(s) adjective: Saint Lucian Ethnic divisions: African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8% Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3% Languages: English (official), French patois Literacy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1980) total population: 67% male: 65% female: 69% Labor force: 43,800 by occupation: agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 est.)
*Saint Lucia, Government
Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Saint Lucia Digraph: ST Type: parliamentary democracy Capital: Castries Administrative divisions: 11 quarters; Anse La Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux Fort Independence: 22 February 1979 (from UK) Constitution: 22 February 1979 Legal system: based on English common law National holiday: Independence Day, 22 February (1979) Political parties and leaders: United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: House of Assembly: last held 27 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 11, SLP 6 Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Assembly Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988) Head of Government: Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982) Member of: ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS chancery: Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 30037 telephone: (202) 463-7378 or 7379 consulate general: New York US diplomatic representation: no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados)
*Saint Lucia, Government
Flag: blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border
*Saint Lucia, Economy
Overview: Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate of almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Lucia also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investment in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. The economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agricultural sector is dominated by banana production, which is subject to periodic droughts and/or tropical storms. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $250 million (1991 est.) National product real growth rate: 2.5% (1991 est.) National product per capita: $1,650 (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.1% (1991) Unemployment rate: 16% (1988) Budget: revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capital expenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.) Exports: $105 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: bananas 58%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil partners: UK 56%, US 22%,CARICOM 19% Imports: $267 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation equipment 21%, food and live animals, chemicals, fuels partners: US 34%, CARICOM 17%, UK 14%, Japan 7%, Canada 4% External debt: $65.7 million (1991 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 12% of GDP Electricity: 32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut processing Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas, coconuts, vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the tourist industry Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $120 million Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
*Saint Lucia, Communications
Highways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved Ports: Castries, Vieux Fort Airports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439: 1 Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland troposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable)
*Saint Lucia, Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard Manpower availability: NA Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Header
Affiliation: (territorial collectivity of France)
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Geography
Location: in the North Atlantic Ocean, 25 km south of Newfoundland (Canada) Map references: North America Area: total area: 242 km2 land area: 242 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 120 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France Climate: cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy Terrain: mostly barren rock Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports Land use: arable land: 13% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 4% other: 83% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: vegetation scanty
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, People
Population: 6,652 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.79% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 13.44 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 6.14 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 12.73 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.19 years male: 73.56 years female: 77.16 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.73 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) adjective: French Ethnic divisions: Basques and Bretons (French fishermen) Religions: Roman Catholic 98% Languages: French Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% Labor force: 2,850 (1988) by occupation: NA
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government
Names: conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon conventional short form: Saint Pierre and Miquelon local long form: Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon local short form: Saint-Pierre et Miquelon Digraph: SB Type: territorial collectivity of France Capital: Saint-Pierre Administrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France) Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French control since 1763) Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) Legal system: French law National holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), Albert PEN; Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNON Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: French President: last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - (second ballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44% French Senate: last held NA September 1986 (next to be held NA September 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1 French National Assembly: last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA June 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) number of seats by party NA; note - Saint Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French Senate and the French National Assembly who are voting members General Council: last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA September 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19 total) Socialist and other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6 Executive branch: French president, commissioner of the Republic Legislative branch: unicameral General Council Judicial branch: Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) Leaders: Chief of State: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) Head of Government: Commissioner of the Republic Kamel KHRISSATE (since NA); President of the General Council Marc PLANTEGENET (since NA)
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government
Member of: FZ Diplomatic representation in US: as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented in the US by France US diplomatic representation: none (territorial collectivity of France) Flag: the flag of France is used
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Economy
Overview: The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping at Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, an agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre's trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years. The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish exports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports come primarily from Canada and France. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $60 million (1991 est.) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $9,500 (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Unemployment rate: 9.6% (1990) Budget: revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capital expenditures of $5.5 million (1989) Exports: $25.5 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts partners: US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal Imports: $87.2 million (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials partners: Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: 10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,840 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism Agriculture: vegetables, cattle, sheep, pigs for local consumption; fish catch of 20,500 metric tons (1989) Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 million Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Communications
Highways: 120 km total; 60 km paved (1985) Ports: Saint Pierre Airports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1 Telecommunications: 3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radio communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French domestic satellite system
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Geography
Location: in the eastern Caribbean Sea about three-fourths of the way between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago Map references: Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 340 km2 land area: 340 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 84 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Terrain: volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent Natural resources: negligible Land use: arable land: 38% permanent crops: 12% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 41% other: 3% Irrigated land: 10 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat Note: some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, People
Population: 114,562 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.76% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 20.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 5.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -7.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 18.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.72 years male: 70.21 years female: 73.28 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s) adjective: Saint Vincentian or Vincentian Ethnic divisions: black African descent, white, East Indian, Carib Indian Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist Languages: English, French patois Literacy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 96% male: 96% female: 96% Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.) by occupation: NA
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government
Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Digraph: VC Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Kingstown Administrative divisions: 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick Independence: 27 October 1979 (from UK) Constitution: 27 October 1979 Legal system: based on English common law National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1979) Political parties and leaders: New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor Party (SVLP), Stanley JOHN; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS; Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National Reform Party (NRP), Joel MIGUEL Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: House of Assembly: last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6 appointed senators) NDP 15 Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General David JACK (since 29 September 1989) Head of Government: Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984) Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Kingsley LAYNE chancery: 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 102, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: NA US diplomatic representation: no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados)
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government
Flag: three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Economy
Overview: Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist industry, is also important. The economy continues to have a high unemployment rate of 35%-40% because of an overdependence on the weather-plagued banana crop as a major export earner. Government progress toward diversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $171 million (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 3% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $1,500 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.3% (1991 est.) Unemployment rate: 35%-40% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capital expenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.) Exports: $65.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets partners: UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15% Imports: $110.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels partners: US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15% External debt: $50.9 million (1989) Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDP Electricity: 16,600 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 555 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starch Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports; products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81 million Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) Fiscal year: calendar year
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Communications
Highways: 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimproved (est.) Ports: Kingstown Merchant marine: 407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,388,427 GRT/5,511,325 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 222 cargo, 22 container, 19 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 24 oil tanker, 7 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 73 bulk, 13 combination bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 1 specialized tanker; note - China owns 3 ships; a flag of convenience registry Airports: total: 6 usable: 6 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1 Telecommunications: islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF interisland links from Saint Vincent to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF links to Grenada and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV (cable)
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard Manpower availability: NA Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*San Marino, Geography
Location: Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy Map references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 60 km2 land area: 60 km2 comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: total 39 km, Italy 39 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none; landlocked International disputes: none Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers Terrain: rugged mountains Natural resources: building stone Land use: arable land: 17% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 83% Irrigated land: NA Environment: dominated by the Appenines Note: landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco
*San Marino, People
Population: 23,855 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 1.01% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 11.32 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 7.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 6.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 81.18 years male: 77.09 years female: 85.27 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural) adjective: Sammarinese Ethnic divisions: Sammarinese, Italian Religions: Roman Catholic Languages: Italian Literacy: age 14 and over can read and write (1976) total population: 96% male: 96% female: 95% Labor force: 4,300 (est.) by occupation: NA
*San Marino, Government
Names: conventional long form: Republic of San Marino conventional short form: San Marino local long form: Repubblica di San Marino local short form: San Marino Digraph: SM Type: republic Capital: San Marino Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, Serravalle Independence: 301 AD (by tradition) Constitution: 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Piermarino MENICUCCI; San Marino Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party (PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI; Unitary Socialst Party (PSU); Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA; San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San Marino Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINI Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: Great and General Council: last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7 Executive branch: two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power is wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary of state for internal affairs Legislative branch: unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale) Judicial branch: Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII) Leaders: Co-Chiefs of State: Captain Regent Patricia BUSIGNANI and Captain Regent Salvatore TONELLI (for the period 1 April - 30 September 1993) Head of Government: Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986) Member of: CE, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO
*San Marino, Government
Diplomatic representation in US: honorary consulates general: Washington and New York honorary consulate: Detroit US diplomatic representation: no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) is accredited to San Marino Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
*San Marino, Economy
Overview: The tourist industry contributes over 50% of GDP. In 1991 over 3.1 million tourists visited San Marino, 2.7 million of whom were Italians. The key industries are wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main agricultural products are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to northern Italy. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $465 million (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $20,000 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: 3% (1991) Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $300 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991) Exports: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer manufactures Imports: see exports External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 42% of workforce Electricity: supplied by Italy Industries: wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourism Agriculture: employs 3% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, maize, olives, meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy for food imports Economic aid: NA Currency: Italian currency is used; note - also mints its own coins Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year
*San Marino, Communications
Highways: 104 km Telecommunications: automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system; 11,700 telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable links into Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities
*San Marino, Defense Forces
Branches: public security or police force Manpower availability: all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an army Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
*Sao Tome and Principe, Geography
Location: Western Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean, 340 km off the coast of Gabon straddling the equator Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 960 km2 land area: 960 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 209 km Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) Terrain: volcanic, mountainous Natural resources: fish Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 20% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 75% other: 3% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: deforestation; soil erosion
*Sao Tome and Principe, People
Population: 133,225 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.63% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 35.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 9.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.02 years male: 61.19 years female: 64.9 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Sao Tomean(s) adjective: Sao Tomean Ethnic divisions: mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese) Religions: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist Languages: Portuguese (official) Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1981) total population: 57% male: 73% female: 42% Labor force: 21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% of population of working age (1983)
*Sao Tome and Principe, Government
Names: conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe conventional short form: Sao Tome and Principe local long form: Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe local short form: Sao Tome e Principe Digraph: TP Type: republic Capital: Sao Tome Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome Independence: 12 July 1975 (from Portugal) Constitution: 5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982 Legal system: based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1975) Political parties and leaders: Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), leader NA; other small parties Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty presidential election National People's Assembly: last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held NA January 1996); results - PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.4%; seats - (55 total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty election in Sao Tome and Principe Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional) Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister Noberto Jose D'Alva COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992) Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
*Sao Tome and Principe, Government
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO chancery: (temporary) 801 Second Avenue, Suite 603, New York, NY 10017 telephone: (212) 697-4211 US diplomatic representation: ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands Flag: three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
*Sao Tome and Principe, Economy
Overview: The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has gradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987 output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-payments problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports by a ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts to roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented a Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and reschedule external debt service payments in cooperation with the International Development Association and Western lenders. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $41.4 million (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 1.5% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $315 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capital expenditures of $22.5 million (1989) Exports: $5.5 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oil partners: Germany, Netherlands, China Imports: $24.5 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23% partners: Portugal, Germany, Angola, China External debt: $163.6 million (1992) Industrial production: growth rate 7.1% (1986) Electricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing Agriculture: dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products - bananas, papaya, beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89 million
*Sao Tome and Principe, Economy
Currency: 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos Exchange rates: dobras (Db) per US$1 - 230 (1992), 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986) Fiscal year: calendar year
*Sao Tome and Principe, Communications
Highways: 300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in need of repair Ports: Sao Tome, Santo Antonio Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWT Airports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways : 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2 Telecommunications: minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Sao Tome and Principe, Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, National Police Manpower availability: males age 15-49 31,326; fit for military service 16,507 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Saudi Arabia, Geography
Location: Middle East, between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf Map references: Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 1,960,582 km2 land area: 1,960,582 km2 comparative area: slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US Land boundaries: total 4,415 km, Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km Coastline: 2,640 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; status of boundary with UAE not final; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia Climate: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature Terrain: mostly uninhabited, sandy desert Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 39% forest and woodland: 1% other: 59% Irrigated land: 4,350 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal seawater desalination facilities; desertification Note: extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal
*Saudi Arabia, People
Population: 17,615,310 (July 1993 est.) note: the population figure is consistent with a 3.3% growth rate; a 1992 census gives the number of Saudi citizens as 12,304,835 and the number of residents who are not citizens as 4,624,459 Population growth rate: 3.3% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 38.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 6.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 55.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.32 years male: 65.71 years female: 69.01 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Saudi(s) adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian Ethnic divisions: Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10% Religions: Muslim 100% Languages: Arabic Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 62% male: 73% female: 48% Labor force: 5 million by occupation: government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, agriculture 16%
*Saudi Arabia, Government
Names: conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia conventional short form: Saudi Arabia local long form: Al Mamlakah al 'Arabiyah as Su'udiyah local short form: Al 'Arabiyah as Su'udiyah Digraph: SA Type: monarchy Capital: Riyadh Administrative divisions: 14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, 'Asir, Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk Independence: 23 September 1932 (unification) Constitution: none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law) Legal system: based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932) Political parties and leaders: none allowed Suffrage: none Elections: none Executive branch: monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers Legislative branch: none Judicial branch: Supreme Council of Justice Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister 'ABDALLAH bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982) Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan chancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 342-3800
*Saudi Arabia, Government
consulates general: Houston, Los Angeles, and New York US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires C. David Welch embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh mailing address: American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307 telephone: [966] (1) 488-3800 FAX: Telex 406866 consulates general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah) Flag: green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of Islam
*Saudi Arabia, Economy
Overview: The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35% of GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends to encourage private economic activity and to foster the gradual process of turning Saudi Arabia into a modern industrial state that retains traditional Islamic values. Four million foreign workers play an important role in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $111 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 3.6% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $6,500 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: 6.5% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues $45.1 billion; expenditures $52.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) Exports: $48.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 92% partners: US 21%, Japan 18%, Singapore 6%, France 6%, Korea 5% Imports: $26.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: food stuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, chemical products, textiles partners: US 21%, UK 13%, Japan 12%, Germany 8%, France 6% External debt: $18.9 billion (December 1989 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleum Electricity: 28,554,000 kW capacity; 63,000 million kWh produced, 3,690 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, two small steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer, plastics Agriculture: accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; subsidized by government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching self-sufficiency in food Illicit drugs: death penalty for traffickers Economic aid: donor - pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89) Currency: 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas Exchange rates: Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033 (1986)
*Saudi Arabia, Economy
Fiscal year: calendar year
*Saudi Arabia, Communications
Railroads: 1390 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 448 km are double tracked Highways: 74,000 km total; 35,000 km paved, 39,000 km gravel and improved earth Pipelines: crude oil 6,400 km, petroleum products 150 km, natural gas 2,200 km, includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km Ports: Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu al Sinaiyah Merchant marine: 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 860,818 GRT/1,219,345 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 6 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 13 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 23 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulk Airports: total: 213 usable: 193 with permanent-surface runways: 71 with runways over 3,659 m: 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 36 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 107 Telecommunications: modern system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cable systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13 FM, 80 TV; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT
*Saudi Arabia, Defense Forces
Branches: Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Coast Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,650,492; fit for military service 3,128,620; reach military age (17) annually 140,283 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $16.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1993 budget)
*Senegal, Geography
Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 196,190 km2 land area: 192,000 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota Land boundaries: total 2,640 km, The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km Coastline: 531 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal - that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with Mauritania Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore Land use: arable land: 27% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 30% forest and woodland: 31% other: 12% Irrigated land: 1,800 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification Note: The Gambia is almost an enclave
*Senegal, People
Population: 8,463,225 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 3.1% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 43.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 12.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 77.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 56.01 years male: 54.59 years female: 57.48 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.15 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Senegalese (singular and plural) adjective: Senegalese Ethnic divisions: Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 2% Religions: Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic) Languages: French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 38% male: 52% female: 25% Labor force: 2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; 175,000 wage earners) by occupation: private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60% note: 52% of population of working age (1985)
*Senegal, Government
Names: conventional long form: Republic of Senegal conventional short form: Senegal local long form: Republique du Senegal local short form: Senegal Digraph: SG Type: republic under multiparty democratic rule Capital: Dakar Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor Independence: 20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989) Constitution: 3 March 1963, last revised in 1991 Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960) Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; 13 other small uninfluential parties Other political or pressure groups: students; teachers; labor; Muslim Brotherhoods Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA); results - Abdou DIOUF (PS) 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57% National Assembly: last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA May 1993); results - PS 71%, PDS 25%, other 4%; seats - (120 total) PS 103, PDS 17 Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Leaders: Chief of State: President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981) Head of Government: Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991) |
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