*Mayotte, Economy

Overview: Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, including fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient and must import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from France. The economy and future development of the island are heavily dependent on French financial assistance. National product: GDP $NA National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $NA Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1985) Exports: $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984) commodities: ylang-ylang, vanilla partners: France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9% Imports: $21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984) commodities: building materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flour partners: France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8% External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita Industries: newly created lobster and shrimp industry Agriculture: most important sector; provides all export earnings; crops - vanilla, ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food needs Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $402 million Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Mayotte, Communications

Highways: 42 km total; 18 km bituminous Ports: Dzaoudzi Airports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanet-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1 Telecommunications: small system administered by French Department of Posts and Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio communications for links to Comoros and international communications; 450 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV

*Mayotte, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of France

*Mexico, Geography

Location: Central America, between Guatemala and the US Map references: North America, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 1,972,550 km2 land area: 1,923,040 km2 comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas Land boundaries: total 4,538 km, Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km Coastline: 9,330 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the natural prolongation of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: claims Clipperton Island (French possession) Climate: varies from tropical to desert Terrain: high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert Natural resources: petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber Land use: arable land: 12% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 39% forest and woodland: 24% other: 24% Irrigated land: 51,500 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive earthquakes in the center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution in Mexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico border Note: strategic location on southern border of US

*Mexico, People

Population: 90,419,606 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 1.97% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 27.67 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 4.82 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 28.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.55 years male: 68.99 years female: 76.3 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.25 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Mexican(s) adjective: Mexican Ethnic divisions: mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian 9%, other 1% Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6% Languages: Spanish, various Mayan dialects Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 87% male: 90% female: 85% Labor force: 26.2 million (1990) by occupation: services 31.7%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing 28%, commerce 14.6%, manufacturing 11.1%, construction 8.4%, transportation 4.7%, mining and quarrying 1.5%

*Mexico, Government

Names: conventional long form: United Mexican States conventional short form: Mexico local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos local short form: Mexico Digraph: MX Type: federal republic operating under a centralized government Capital: Mexico Administrative divisions: 31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito, federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango,, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas Independence: 16 September 1810 (from Spain) Constitution: 5 February 1917 Legal system: mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1810) Political parties and leaders: (recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Fernando Ortiz Arana; National Action Party (PAN), Carlos CASTILLO; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), Roberto ROBLES Garnica; Cardenist Front for the National Reconstruction Party (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes; Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique CANTU Rosas; Democratic Forum Party (PFD), Pablo Emilio MADERO; Mexican Ecologist Party (PEM), Jorge GONZALEZ Torres Other political or pressure groups: Roman Catholic Church; Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM); Confederation of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN); Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce (CONCANACO); National Peasant Confederation (CNC); Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT); Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC); Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM); Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic (COPARMEX); National Chamber of Transformation Industries (CANACINTRA); Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations (COECE); Federation of Unions Provding Goods and Services (FESEBES) Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced) Elections: President: last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held August 1994); results - Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%, Manuel CLOUTHIER (PAN) 16.81%; other 1.39%; note - several of the smaller parties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the National Democratic Front (FDN)

*Mexico, Government

Senate: last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats in full Senate - (64 total) PRI 62, PRD 1, PAN 1 Chamber of Deputies: last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - PRI 53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%; seats - (500 total) PRI 320, PAN 89, PRD 41, PFCRN 23, PARM 15, PPS 12 Executive branch: president, Cabinet Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union) consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados) Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988) Member of: AG (observer), CARICOM (observer), CCC, CDB, CG, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jorge MONTANO Martinez chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006 telephone: (202) 728-1600 consulates general: Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Juan (Puerto Rico) consulates: Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), Calexico (California), Corpus Christi, Detroit, Fresno (California), Miami, Nogales (Arizona), Philadelphia, Phoenix, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, Seattle US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr. embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, 06500 Mexico, D.F. mailing address: P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX 78044-3087 telephone: [52] (5) 211-0042 FAX: [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373 consulates general: Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana consulates: Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, Nuevo Laredo Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered in the white band

*Mexico, Economy

Overview: Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial facilities (notably oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and traditional agriculture. In the 1980s, Mexico experienced severe economic difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world petroleum prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic food supply; and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate became more acute. Growth in national output, however, has recovered, rising from 1.4% in 1988 to 4% in 1990 and 3.6% in 1991 and coming in at 2.6% in 1992. The US is Mexico's major trading partner, accounting for almost three-quarters of its exports and imports. After petroleum, border assembly plants and tourism are the largest earners of foreign exchange. The government, in consultation with international economic agencies, has been implementing programs to stabilize the economy and foster growth. For example, it has privatized more than two-thirds of its state-owned companies (parastatals), including banks. In 1991-92 the government conducted negotiations with the US and Canada on a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was still being discussed by the three countries in early 1993. In January 1993, Mexico replaced its old peso with a new peso, at the rate of 1,000 old to 1 new peso. Notwithstanding the palpable improvements in economic performance in the early 1990s, Mexico faces substantial problems for the remainder of the decade - e.g., rapid population growth, unemployment, and serious pollution, particularly in Mexico City. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $328 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 2.6% (1992) National product per capita: $3,600 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.9% (1992) Unemployment rate: 14%-17% (1991 est.) Budget: revenues $58.9 billion; expenditures $48.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.5 billion (1991); figures do not include state-owned companies Exports: $27.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, motor vehicles, cotton, consumer electronics partners: US 74%, Japan 8%, EC 4% (1992 est.) Imports: $48.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: metal-working machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts partners: US 74%, Japan, 11%, EC 6% (1992) External debt: $104 billion (1992 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 5.5% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP Electricity: 27,000,000 kW capacity; 120,725 million kWh produced, 1,300 kWh per capita (1992)

*Mexico, Economy

Industries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism Agriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of small farms at subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, beans; cash crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish catch of 1.4 million metric tons among top 20 nations (1987) Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of active government eradication program; major supplier to the US market; continues as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million Currency: 1 New Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos Exchange rates: market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3.100 (January 1993), 3,198 (November 1992), 3,018.4 (1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989), 2,273.1 (1988); note - the new pesos replaced the old pesos on 1 January 1993; 1 new pesos = 1,000 old pesos Fiscal year: calendar year

*Mexico, Communications

Railroads: 24,500 km total Highways: 212,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone, 62,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000 km unimproved earth roads Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals Pipelines: crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km; petrochemical 1,400 km Ports: Acapulco, Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Progreso, Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Tuxpan, Veracruz Merchant marine: 58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 858,162 GRT/1,278,488 DWT; includes 4 short-sea passenger, 2 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 31 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 bulk, 5 container Airports: total: 1,841 usable: 1,478 with permanent-surface runways: 200 with runways over 3,659 m: 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 35 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 273 Telecommunications: highly developed system with extensive microwave radio relay links; privatized in December 1990; connected into Central America Microwave System; 6,410,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 shortwave; 120 domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT

*Mexico, Defense Forces

Branches: National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including Marines) Manpower availability: males age 15-49 22,201,567; fit for military service 16,205,926; reach military age (18) annually 1,049,729 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Micronesia, Federated States of, Geography

Location: Oceania, in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Indonesia Map references: Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 702 km2 land area: 702 km2 comparative area: slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC note: includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Truk (Chuuk), Yap, and Kosrae Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 6,112 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damage Terrain: islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk Natural resources: forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals Land use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling 607 islands

*Micronesia, Federated States of, People

Population: 117,588 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 3.37% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 28.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 6.46 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 11.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 37.96 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.45 years male: 65.49 years female: 69.44 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 4.04 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Micronesian(s) adjective: Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, Yapese Ethnic divisions: nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups Religions: Christian (divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant; other churches include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist, Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith) Languages: English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 90% male: 90% female: 85% Labor force: NA by occupation: two-thirds are government employees note: 45,000 people are between the ages of 15 and 65

*Micronesia, Federated States of, Government

Names: conventional long form: Federated States of Micronesia conventional short form: none former: Kosrae, Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) Abbreviation: FSM Digraph: FM Type: constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986 Capital: Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei) note: a new capital is being built about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley Administrative divisions: 4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk (Truk), Yap Independence: 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship) Constitution: 10 May 1979 Legal system: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws National holiday: Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979) Political parties and leaders: no formal parties Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held ll May 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - President Bailey OLTER elected president; Vice-President Jacob NENA Congress: last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (14 total) Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral Congress Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since 21 May 1991) Member of: AsDB, ESCAP, ICAO, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, WHO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU chancery: 1725 N St., NW, Washington, DC 20036

*Micronesia, Federated States of, Government

telephone: (202) 223-4383 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL embassy: address NA, Kolonia mailing address: P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941 telephone: 691-320-2187 FAX: 691-320-2186 Flag: light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond pattern

*Micronesia, Federated States of, Economy

Overview: Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the l990s. Geographical isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to long-term growth. National product: GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $150 million (1989 est.) note: GNP numbers reflect US spending National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $1,500 (1989 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $165 million; expenditures $115 million, including capital expenditures of $20 million (1988) Exports: $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988) commodities: copra partners: NA Imports: $67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) commodities: NA partners: NA External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: 18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990) Industries: tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and pearls Agriculture: mainly a subsistence economy; black pepper; tropical fruits and vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens Economic aid: under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001 Currency: US currency is used Exchange rates: US currency is used Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September

*Micronesia, Federated States of, Communications

Highways: 39 km of paved roads on major islands; also 187 km stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads Ports: Colonia (Yap), Truk, Okat and Lelu (Kosrae) Airports: total: 6 usable: 5 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4 Telecommunications: telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk; islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes); 16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); broadcast stations - 5 AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

*Micronesia, Federated States of, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of the US

*Midway Islands, Header

Affiliation: (territory of the US)

*Midway Islands, Geography

Location: located in the North Pacific Ocean, 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu, about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo Map references: Oceania Area: total area: 5.2 km2 land area: 5.2 km2 comparative area: about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC note: includes Eastern Island and Sand Island Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 15 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m (depth) exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds Terrain: low, nearly level Natural resources: fish, wildlife Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% Irrigated land: 0 km2 Environment: coral atoll Note: closed to the public

*Midway Islands, People

Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 453 US military personnel

*Midway Islands, Government

Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Midway Islands Digraph: MQ Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System; legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory within the State of Hawaii Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC Flag: the US flag is used

*Midway Islands, Economy

Overview: The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported. Electricity: supplied by US Military

*Midway Islands, Communications

Highways: 32 km total Pipelines: 7.8 km Ports: Sand Island Airports: total: 3 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1

*Midway Islands, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of the US

*Moldova, Geography

Location: Eastern Europe, between Ukraine and Romania Map references: Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 33,700 km2 land area: 33,700 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii Land boundaries: total 1,389 km, Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none; landlocked International disputes: potential dispute with Ukraine over former southern Bessarabian areas; northern Bukovina ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSR Climate: mild winters, warm summers Terrain: rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea Natural resources: lignite, phosphorites, gypsum Land use: arable land: 50% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 9% forest and woodland: 0% other: 41% Irrigated land: 2,920 km2 (1990) Environment: heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive erosion from poor farming methods Note: landlocked

*Moldova, People

Population: 4,455,645 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.4% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 16.15 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 10.01 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -2.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 30.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.92 years male: 64.49 years female: 71.53 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Moldovan(s) adjective: Moldovan Ethnic divisions: Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 figures) note: internal disputes with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the Dniester region and Gagauz Turks in the south Religions: Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about 1,000 members) (1991) note: almost all churchgoers are ethnic Moldovan; the Slavic population are not churchgoers Languages: Moldovan (official); note - virtually the same as the Romanian language, Russian Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 99% Labor force: 2.095 million by occupation: agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures)

*Moldova, Government

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Moldova conventional short form: Moldova local long form: Republica Moldoveneasca local short form: none former: Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia Digraph: MD Type: republic Capital: Chisinau (Kishinev) Administrative divisions: previously divided into 40 rayons; to be divided into fewer, larger districts at some future point Independence: 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) Constitution: as of mid-1993 the new constitution had not been adopted; old constitution (adopted NA 1979) is still in effect but has been heavily amended during the past few years Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documents National holiday: Independence Day, 27 August 1991 Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Popular Front (formerly Moldovan Popular Front), Ivrie ROSCA, chairman; Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; Social Democratic Party, Oazul NANTOI, chairman, two other chairmen; Agrarian Democratic Party, Valery CHEBOTARV, leader; Democratic Party, Gheorghe GHIMPU, chairman; Democratic Labor Party, Alexandru ARSENI, chairman Other political or pressure groups: United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; The Ecology Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian Democratic League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National Christian Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The Peoples Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic Party of Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working People of Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president; Christian Alliance for Greater Romania; Women's League; Stefan the Great Movement Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 8 December 1991 (next to be held NA1996); results - Mircea SNEGUR ran unopposed and won 98.17% of vote Parliament: last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (350 total) Christian Democratic Popular Front 50; Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club 90; Social Democrats 60-70; Russian Conciliation Club 50; 60-70 seats belong to Dniester region deputies who usually boycott Moldovan legislative proceedings; the remaining seats filled by independents; note - until May 1991 was called Supreme Soviet

*Moldova, Government

Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: President Mircea Ivanovich SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990) Head of Legislature: Chairman of the Parliament Petru LUCINSCHI (since 4 February 1993); Prime Minister Andrei SANGHELI (since 1 July 1992) Member of: BSEC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Permanent Representative to the UN Tudor PANTIRU (also acts as representative to US) chancery: NA telephone: NA US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Mary C. PENDLETON embassy: Strada Alexei Mateevich #103, Chisinau mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: 7-0422-23-37-72 or 23-34-94 FAX: 7-0422-23-34-94 Flag: same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow

*Moldova, Economy

Overview: Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is the most densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population, labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Living standards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoys a favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industry accounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more than one-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on other former Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronic equipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles. Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to the other republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and has legalized private ownership of property. Moldova's near-term economic prospects are dimmed, however, by the difficulties of moving toward a market economy, the political problems of redefining ties to the other former Soviet republics and Romania, and the ongoing separatist movements in the Dniester and Gagauz regions. In 1992, national output fell substantially for the second consecutive year - down 22% in the industrial sector and 20% in agriculture. The decline is mainly attributable to the drop in energy supplies. National product: GDP $NA National product real growth rate: -26% (1992) National product per capita: $NA Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27% per month (first quarter 1993) Unemployment rate: 0.7% (includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers) Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: 100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals (1991) partners: Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Romania Imports: 100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer durables partners: Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Romania External debt: $100 million (1993 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -22% (1992) Electricity: 3,115,000 kW capacity; 11,100 million kWh produced, 2,491 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses where known): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar (3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles

*Moldova, Economy

Agriculture: Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of total output of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%), sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes (20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), eggs (1.4%) Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium and cannabis; mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe Economic aid: IMF credit, $18.5 million (1992); EC agricultural credit, $30 million (1992); US commitments, $10 million for grain (1992); World Bank credit, $31 million Currency: plans to introduce the Moldovan lei in 1993 or 1994, until then retaining Russian ruble as currency Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations Fiscal year: calendar year

*Moldova, Communications

Railroads: 1,150 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) Highways: 20,000 km total; 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth (1990) Pipelines: natural gas 310 km (1992) Ports: none; landlocked Airports: total: 26 useable: 15 with permanent-surface runways: 6 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 8 Telecommunications: poorly supplied with telephones (as of 1991, 494,000 telephones total, with a density of 111 lines per 1000 persons); 215,000 unsatisfied applications for telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine by landline and to countries beyond the former USSR through the international gateway switch in Moscow

*Moldova, Defense Forces

Branches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defence Force, Security Forces (internal and border troops) Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,082,562; fit for military service 859,948; reach military age (18) annually 35,769 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Monaco, Geography

Location: Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, in southern France near the border with Italy Map references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 1.9 km2 land area: 1.9 km2 comparative area: about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC Land boundaries: total 4.4 km, France 4.4 km Coastline: 4.1 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky Natural resources: none Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: almost entirely urban Note: second smallest independent state in world (after Holy See)

*Monaco, People

Population: 31,008 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.93% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 10.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 12.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 10.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.5 years male: 73.7 years female: 81.49 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s) adjective: Monacan or Monegasque Ethnic divisions: French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21% Religions: Roman Catholic 95% Languages: French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: NA

*Monaco, Government

Names: conventional long form: Principality of Monaco conventional short form: Monaco local long form: Principaute de Monaco local short form: Monaco Digraph: MN Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Monaco Administrative divisions: 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo Independence: 1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi) Constitution: 17 December 1962 Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Day, 19 November Political parties and leaders: National and Democratic Union (UND); Democratic Union Movement (MUD); Monaco Action; Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM) Suffrage: 25 years of age; universal Elections: National Council: last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18 Executive branch: prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet) Legislative branch: unicameral National Council (Conseil National) Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme) Leaders: Chief of State: Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958) Head of Government: Minister of State Jacques DUPONT (since NA) Member of: ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO Diplomatic representation in US: honorary consulates general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico) honorary consulates: Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington US diplomatic representation: no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is accredited to Monaco

*Monaco, Government

Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red

*Monaco, Economy

Overview: Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan suburbs. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $475 million (1991 est.) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $16,000 (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Unemployment rate: NEGL% Budget: revenues $424 million; expenditures $376 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991) Exports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs union with France Imports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs union with France External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: 10,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power imported from France Agriculture: NA Economic aid: NA Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Monaco, Communications

Railroads: 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge Highways: none; city streets Ports: Monaco Merchant marine: 1 oil tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT Airports: 1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways Telecommunications: served by cable into the French communications system; automatic telephone system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; no communication satellite earth stations

*Monaco, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of France

*Mongolia, Geography

Location: East Central Asia, between China and Russia Map references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 1.565 million km2 land area: 1.565 million km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska Land boundaries: total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none; landlocked International disputes: none Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 79% forest and woodland: 10% other: 10% Irrigated land: 770 km2 (1989) Environment: harsh and rugged Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

*Mongolia, People

Population: 2,367,054 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.62% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 33.41 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 7.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 44.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.77 years male: 63.53 years female: 68.13 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 4.41 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian Ethnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2% Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4% note: previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime Languages: Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: NA by occupation: primarily herding/agricultural note: over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor

*Mongolia, Government

Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia Digraph: MG Type: republic Capital: Ulaanbaatar Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud,, singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*,, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd,, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs, Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China) Constitution: adopted 13 January 1992 Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Day, 11 July (1921) Political parties and leaders: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, presidium chairman; Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL, general coordinator; National Progress Party (NPP), S. BYAMBAA and Luusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders; Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR and Tsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders; Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D. ZORIGT, leader; United Party of Mongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP); Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP; merger of the MDP, United Party, Renaissance Party, and PNP), D. GANBOLD note: opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The Mongolian Green Party, The Buddhist Believers' Party, The Republican Party, Mongolian People's Party, and United Herdsmen and Farmers Party (MHFUP), Mongolian Bourgeois Party (BP), Mongolian Private Property Owners Party, Mongolian Workers Party Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural; other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP) State Great Hural: first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - MPRP 56.9%; seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, MDP/PNP 3, SDP 1, independent 1 note: the People's Small Hural no longer exists

*Mongolia, Government

Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, first deputy prime minister, cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral State Great Hural Judicial branch: Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts Leaders: Chief of State: President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); First Deputy Prime Minister Puntsagiyn JASRAY (since NA) Member of: AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV chancery: NA telephone: (301) 983-1962 FAX: (301) 983-2025 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE embassy: address NA, Ulaanbaatar mailing address: Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Rind Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [976] (1) 329095, 329606 FAX: Telex 080079253 AMEMB MH Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)

*Mongolia, Economy

Overview: Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors. In 1992 the Mongolian leadership continued its struggle with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to the crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and development partner. Moscow cut almost all aid in 1991, and little was provided in 1992. Industry in 1992 was hit hard by energy shortages, mainly due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports. By the end of the year, the country was perilously close to a complete shutdown of its centralized energy supply system, due to critical coal shortages. The government is moving away from the Soviet-style, centrally planned economy through privatization and price reform. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: -15% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $800 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 325% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.) Budget: deficit of $67 million (1991) Exports: $347 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals partners: USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4% Imports: $501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea partners: USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% External debt: $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR Industrial production: growth rate -15% (1992 est.) Electricity: 1,248,000 kW capacity; 3,740 million kWh produced, 1,622 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and beverage, mining (particularly coal) Agriculture: accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage

*Mongolia, Economy

Economic aid: about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170 million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries, including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over $200 million from donor countries projected in 1992 Currency: 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 40 (1992), 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Mongolia, Communications

Railroads: 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988) Highways: 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988) Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988) Airports: total: 81 usable: 31 with permanent-surface runways: 11 with runways over 3,659 m: fewer than 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: fewer than 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 12 Telecommunications: 63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at least 1 earth station

*Mongolia, Defense Forces

Branches: Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and Frontier Guards), Air Force Manpower availability: males age 15-49 569,135; fit for military service 371,162; reach military age (18) annually 25,406 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP, 1% of GDP (1992)

*Montserrat, Header

Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)

*Montserrat, Geography

Location: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total area: 100 km2 land area: 100 km2 comparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 40 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland Natural resources: negligible Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 10% forest and woodland: 40% other: 30% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: subject to severe hurricanes from June to November Note: located 400 km east southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea

*Montserrat, People

Population: 12,661 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.36% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 16.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 11.51 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.76 years male: 74 years female: 77.56 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.11 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Montserratian(s) adjective: Montserratian Ethnic divisions: black, Europeans Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations Languages: English Literacy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 97% male: 97% female: 97% Labor force: 5,100 by occupation: community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.)

*Montserrat, Government

Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Montserrat Digraph: MH Type: dependent territory of the UK Capital: Plymouth Administrative divisions: 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) Constitution: 1 January 1960 Legal system: English common law and statute law National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June) Political parties and leaders: National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand OSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLE Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: Legislative Council: last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1 Executive branch: monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief minister Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David TAYLOR (since NA 1990) Head of Government: Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991) Member of: CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCL Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross

*Montserrat, Economy

Overview: The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounts for roughly one-fifth of GDP. Agriculture accounts for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. The economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts sold to the US. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $73 million (1990 est.) National product real growth rate: 13.5% (1990 est.) National product per capita: $5,800 (1990 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1991) Unemployment rate: 3% (1987) Budget: revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capital expenditures of $3.2 million (1988) Exports: $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1989) commodities: electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle partners: NA Imports: $31.0 million (c.i.f., 1989) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials partners: NA External debt: $2.05 million (1987) Industrial production: growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP Electricity: 5,271 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 950 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliances Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes, onions, peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock products Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90 million Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

*Montserrat, Communications

Highways: 280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earth Ports: Plymouth Airports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,036 m: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0 Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV

*Montserrat, Defense Forces

Branches: Police Force Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

*Morocco, Geography

Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 446,550 km2 land area: 446,300 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than California Land boundaries: total 2,002 km, Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km Coastline: 1,835 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas Climate: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior Terrain: mostly mountains with rich coastal plains Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt Land use: arable land: 18% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 28% forest and woodland: 12% other: 41% Irrigated land: 12,650 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; desertification Note: strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar

*Morocco, People

Population: 27,955,090 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.16% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 29.23 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 6.56 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -1.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 53.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.5 years male: 65.7 years female: 69.4 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.96 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Moroccan(s) adjective: Moroccan Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2% Religions: Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2% Languages: Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 50% male: 61% female: 38% Labor force: 7.4 million by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985)

*Morocco, Government

Names: conventional long form: Kingdom of Morocco conventional short form: Morocco local long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah local short form: Al Maghrib Digraph: MO Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Rabat Administrative divisions: 37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Agadir, Al, Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen,, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig,, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda,, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat,, Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit Independence: 2 March 1956 (from France) Constitution: 10 March 1972, revised in September 1992 Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court National holiday: National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession to the throne) Political parties and leaders: Morocco has 15 political parties; the major ones are Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID; National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN; Popular Movement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Popular Movement (MPN), Mahjoubi AHARDANE; Istiqlal, M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP); National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), Ali YATA Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal Elections: Chamber of Representatives: last held on 14 September 1984 (were scheduled for September 1990, but postponed until June 1993 when 27 new seats will be added); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (306 total, 206 elected) UC 83, RNI 61, MP 47, Istiqlal 41, USFP 36, PND 24, other 14 Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab) Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) Head of Government: Prime Minister Mohamed KARIM-LAMRANI (since October 1992)

*Morocco, Government

Member of: ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed BELKHAYAT chancery: 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone: (202) 462-7979 consulate general: New York US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat mailing address: P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or PSC 74, APO AE 09718 telephone: [212] (7) 76-22-65 FAX: [212] (7) 76-56-61 consulate general: Casablanca Flag: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam

*Morocco, Economy

Overview: The economy had recovered moderately in 1990 because of: the resolution of a trade dispute with India over phosphoric acid sales, a rebound in textile sales to the EC, lower prices for food imports, a sharp increase in worker remittances, increased Arab donor aid, and generous debt rescheduling agreements. Economic performance in 1991 was mixed. A record harvest helped real GDP advance by 4.2%. Inflation accelerated slightly as easier financial policies triggered rapid credit and monetary growth. Despite recovery of domestic demand, import volume growth slowed while export volume was adversely affected by phosphate marketing difficulties. In January 1992, Morocco reached a new 12-month standby arrangement for $129 million with the IMF. In February 1992, the Paris Club rescheduled $1.4 billion of Morocco's commercial debt. This is thought to be Morocco's last rescheduling. By 1993 the Moroccan authorities hope to be in a position to meet all debt service obligations without additional rescheduling. Servicing this large debt, high unemployment, and Morocco's vulnerability to external economic forces remain severe long-term problems. In 1992 Morocco embarked on a program to privatize 112 state-owned companies. A severe winter drought in 1991/92 cut back agricultural output in 1992. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $28.1 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 0% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $1,060 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: 19% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $7.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992) Exports: $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, phosphates 17% partners: EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, former USSR 3%, US 2% Imports: $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9% partners: EC 53%, US 11%, Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, former USSR 3%, Japan 2% External debt: $20 billion (1991) Industrial production: growth rate 8.4%; accounts for 27% of GDP (1990) Electricity: 2,384,000 kW capacity; 8,864 million kWh produced, 317 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism

*Morocco, Economy

Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP, 50% of employment, and 30% of export value; not self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fish catch of 491,000 metric tons in 1987 Illicit drugs: illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domestic and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe. Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion and an additional $123.6 million for 1992; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5 billion; $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby agreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991) Currency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.207 (February 1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Morocco, Communications

Railroads: 1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 km electrified) Highways: 59,198 km total; 27,740 km paved, 31,458 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth, and unimproved earth Pipelines: crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 km Ports: Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi, Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla Merchant marine: 50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 305,758 GRT/484,825 DWT; 10 cargo, 2 container, 11 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 4 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 2 short-sea passenger Airports: total: 73 usable: 65 with permanent-surface runways: 26 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26 Telecommunications: good system composed of wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones (10.5 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 7 FM, 26 TV and 26 repeaters; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave to Algeria; microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco

*Morocco, Defense Forces

Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces Manpower availability: males age 15-49 6,852,698; fit for military service 4,355,670; reach military age (18) annually 309,666 (1993 est.); limited conscription Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1993 budget)

*Mozambique, Geography

Location: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel between South Africa and Tanzania opposite the island of Madagascar Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 801,590 km2 land area: 784,090 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California Land boundaries: total 4,571 km, Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km Coastline: 2,470 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical to subtropical Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in west Natural resources: coal, titanium Land use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 56% forest and woodland: 20% other: 20% Irrigated land: 1,150 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification

*Mozambique, People

Population: 16,341,777 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 6.06% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 45.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 16.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 31.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 131.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.03 years male: 46.22 years female: 49.9 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.31 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Mozambican(s) adjective: Mozambican Ethnic divisions: indigenous tribal groups, Europeans about 10,000, Euro-Africans 35,000, Indians 15,000 Religions: indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10% Languages: Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 33% male: 45% female: 21% Labor force: NA by occupation: 90% engaged in agriculture

*Mozambique, Government

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Mozambique conventional short form: Mozambique local long form: Republica Popular de Mocambique local short form: Mocambique Digraph: MZ Type: republic Capital: Maputo Administrative divisions: 10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia Independence: 25 June 1975 (from Portugal) Constitution: 30 November 1990 Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law National holiday: Independence Day, 25 June (1975) Political parties and leaders: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, chairman; formerly a Marxist organization with close ties to the USSR; FRELIMO was the only legal party before 30 November 1990, when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a multiparty system note: the government plans multiparty elections as early as 1993; 14 parties, including the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique (PALMO), the Mozambique National Union (UNAMO), the Mozambique National Movement (MONAMO), and the Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO, Alfonso DHLAKAMA, president), have already emerged Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly elections Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986) Head of Government: Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986) Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO

*Mozambique, Government

Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Hipolito PATRICIO chancery: Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 293-7146 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Townsend B. FRIEDMAN, Jr. embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 Maputo mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo telephone: [258] (1) 49-27-97, 49-01-67, 49-03-50 FAX: [258] (1) 49-01-14 Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book

*Mozambique, Economy

Overview: One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic reform policy, resulted in successive years of economic growth in the late 1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989. Agricultural output, nevertheless, is at about only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to be imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of capacity. The economy depends heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. The continuation of civil strife has dimmed chances of foreign investment, and growth was a mere 0.3% in 1992. Living standards, already abysmally low, fell further in 1991-92. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.75 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 0.3% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $115 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: 50% (1989 est.) Budget: revenues $252 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) Exports: $162 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3% partners: US, Western Europe, Germany, Japan Imports: $899 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum partners: US, Western Europe, USSR External debt: $5.4 billion (1991 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989 est.) Electricity: 2,270,000 kW capacity; 1,745 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products, textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobacco Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP and about 90% of exports; cash crops - cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - cassava, corn, rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $890 million Currency: 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos

*Mozambique, Economy

Exchange rates: meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 2,74.15 (January 1993), 2,433.34 (1992), 1,434.47 (1991), 929.00 (1990), 800.00 (1989), 528.60 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Mozambique, Communications

Railroads: 3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are subject to closure because of insurgency Highways: 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: about 3,750 km of navigable routes Pipelines: crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km Ports: Maputo, Beira, Nacala Merchant marine: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,686 GRT/9,742 DWT Airports: total: 194 usable: 131 with permanent-surface runways: 25 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26 Telecommunications: fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; broadcast stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT

*Mozambique, Defense Forces

Branches: Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Militia Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,675,189; fit for military service 2,110,489 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $118 million, 8% of GDP (1993 est.)

*Namibia, Geography

Location: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Angola and South Africa Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 824,290 km2 land area: 823,290 km2 comparative area: slightly more than half the size of Alaska Land boundaries: total 3,935 km, Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km, Zambia 233 km Coastline: 1,489 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; disputed island with Botswana in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands administered by South Africa; Namibia and South Africa have agreed to jointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be covered by joint administration arrangements have not been established at this time, and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over the entire area; recent dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Kasikili (Sidudu) Island in the Linyanti River Climate: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic Terrain: mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east Natural resources: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 64% forest and woodland: 22% other: 13% Irrigated land: 40 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: inhospitable with very limited natural water resources; desertification Note: Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia

*Namibia, People

Population: 1,541,321 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 3.46% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 43.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 9.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 63.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 61.2 years male: 58.57 years female: 63.91 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.46 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Namibian(s) adjective: Namibian Ethnic divisions: black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4% note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the Kavangos tribe Religions: Christian Languages: English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1960) total population: 38% male: 45% female: 31% Labor force: 500,000 by occupation: agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government 7%, mining 6% (1981 est.)

*Namibia, Government

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Namibia conventional short form: Namibia Digraph: WA Type: republic Capital: Windhoek Administrative divisions: 13 districts; Erango, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Liambezi, Ohanguena, Okarango, Omaheke, Omusat, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa note: the 26 districts were Bethanien, Boesmanland, Caprivi Oos, Damaraland, Gobabis, Grootfontein, Hereroland Oos, Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg, Karibib, Kavango, Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland, Okahandja, Omaruru, Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund, Tsumeb, Windhoek Independence: 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate) Constitution: ratified 9 February 1990 Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution National holiday: Independence Day, 21 March (1990) Political parties and leaders: South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; DTA of Namibia (DTA; formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia), Dirk MUDGE; United Democratic Front (UDF), Justus GAROEB; Action Christian National (ACN), Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic Front (NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans DIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF), Vekuii RUKORO Other political or pressure groups: NA Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 16 February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - Sam NUJOMA was elected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the National Assembly) National Assembly: last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4, ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1 National Council: last held 30 November-3 December 1992 (next to be held by December 1998); seats - (26 total) SWAPO 19, DTA 6, UDF 1 Executive branch: president, Cabinet Legislative branch: bicameral legislature consists of an upper house or National Council and a lower house or National Assembly Judicial branch: Supreme Court

*Namibia, Government

Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990) Member of: ACP, C, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH chancery: 1605 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009 (mailing address is PO Box 34738, Washington, DC 20043) telephone: (202) 986-0540 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Marshall MCCAULEY embassy: Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., Windhoek mailing address: P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000 telephone: [264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680 FAX: [264] (61) 229-792 Flag: a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section, and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders

*Namibia, Economy

Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract and process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP. Namibia is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are among the richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, and tungsten. More than half the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood.