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#Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
#Constitution: 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect the following year); reestablished civilian government with a popularly elected president and bicameral legislature
#Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
#National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
#Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
#Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)
#Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
#Leaders:
Chief of State—President Alberto FUJIMORI (since 28 July 1990); Vice President Maximo SAN ROMAN (since 28 July 1990); Vice President Carlos GARCIA (since 28 July 1990);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Carlos TORRES Y TORRES Lara (since 15 February 1991)
#Political parties and leaders: Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Democratic Front (FREDEMO), a loosely organized three-party coalition—Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando BELAUNDE Terry; and Liberty Movement; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Luis ALVA Castro; National Front of Workers and Peasants (FRENATRACA), Roger CACERES; United Left (IU), run by committee; Socialist Left (IS), Enrique BERNALES
#Suffrage: universal at age 18
#Elections:
President—last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results—Alberto FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55%;
Senate—last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(60 total) FREDEMO 20, APRA 16, Change 90 14, IU 6, IS 3, FRENATRACA 1;
Chamber of Deputies—last held 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(180 total) FREDEMO 62, APRA 53, Change 90 32, IU 16, IS 4, FRENATRACA 3, other 10
#Communists: Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), pro-Soviet, 2,000; other minor Communist parties
#Other political or pressure groups:
leftist guerrilla groups—Shining Path, leader Abimael GUZMAN; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor CERPA and Victor POLLAY
#Member of: AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Roberto G. MACLEAN; Chancery at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 833-9860 through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General are located in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico);
US—Ambassador Anthony C.E. QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing address is P. O. Box 1995, Lima 100, or APO Miami 34031); telephone [51] (14) 338-000
#Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
*Economy #Overview: The Peruvian economy is basically capitalistic, with a large dose of government welfare programs and government management of credit. In the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity program implemented shortly after the Fujimori government took office in July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic activity, but was able to generate a small recovery in the last quarter. After a burst of inflation as the program eliminated government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the single-digit level for the first time since mid-1988. Lima has restarted current payments to multilateral lenders and, although it faces $14 billion in arrears on its external debt, is working toward an accommodation with its creditors.
#GDP: $19.3 billion, per capita $898; real growth rate - 3.9% (1990 est.)
#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7,650% (1990)
#Unemployment rate: 20.0%; underemployment estimated at 60% (1989)
#Budget: revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
#Exports: $3.01 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—fishmeal, cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore, refined silver, lead, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts;
partners—EC 22%, US 20%, Japan 11%, Latin America 8%, USSR 4%
#Imports: $2.78 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals;
partners—US 23%, Latin America 16%, EC 12%, Japan 7%, Switzerland 3%
#External debt: $20.0 billion (December 1990)
#Industrial production: growth rate - 21% (1989); accounts for almost 25% of GDP
#Electricity: 4,867,000 kW capacity; 15,540 million kWh produced, 710 kWh per capita (1990)
#Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
#Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP, 37% of labor force; commercial crops—coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops—rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; animal products—poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 4.6 million metric tons (1987), world's fifth-largest
#Illicit drugs: world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine base; about 85% of cultivation is for illicit production; most of cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market
#Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $3.95 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million
#Currency: inti (plural—intis); 1 inti (I/) = 1,000 soles
#Exchange rates: intis (I/) per US$1—530,000 (January 1991), 187,886 (1990), 2,666 (1989), 128.83 (1988), 16.84 (1987), 13.95 (1986), 10.97 (1985)
#Fiscal year: calendar year
*Communications #Railroads: 1,884 km total; 1,584 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge
#Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth
#Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca
#Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids, 64 km
#Ports: Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara
#Merchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 321,541 GRT/516,859 DWT; includes 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 8 bulk; note—in addition, 8 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used commercially
#Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
#Airports: 222 total, 205 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
#Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide radio relay system; 544,000 telephones; stations—273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations, 12 domestic antennas
*Defense Forces #Branches: Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), Peruvian National Police
#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,704,684; 3,859,123 fit for military service; 241,792 reach military age (20) annually
Defense expenditures: $430 million, 2.4% of GDP (1991) % @Philippines *Geography Total area: 300,000 km2; land area: 298,170 km2
#Comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona
#Land boundaries: none
#Coastline: 36,289 km
#Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth
#Disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; claims Malaysian state of Sabah
#Climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)
#Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands
#Natural resources: timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper
#Land use: arable land 26%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 40%; other 19%; includes irrigated 5%
#Environment: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes, destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution
*People #Population: 65,758,788 (July 1991), growth rate 2.1% (1991)
#Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1991)
#Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
#Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)
#Infant mortality rate: 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
#Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 67 years female (1991)
#Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born/woman (1991)
#Nationality: noun—Filipino(s); adjective—Philippine
#Ethnic divisions: Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3%
#Religion: Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3%
#Language: Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official
#Literacy: 90% (male 90%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
#Labor force: 24,120,000; agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, government 10%, other 9.5% (1989)
#Organized labor: 3,945 registered unions; total membership 5.7 million (includes 2.8 million members of the National Congress of Farmers Organizations)
*Government #Long-form name: Republic of the Philippines
#Type: republic
#Capital: Manila
#Administrative divisions: 73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, Samar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*, Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur
#Independence: 4 July 1946 (from US)
#Constitution: 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
#Legal system: based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
#National holiday: Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898)
#Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
#Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan)
#Judicial branch: Supreme Court
#Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government—President Corazon C. AQUINO (since 25 February 1986); Vice President Salvador H. LAUREL (since 25 February 1986)
#Political parties and leaders: PDP-Laban, Aquilino PIMENTEL; Struggle of Philippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali GONZALES; Nacionalista Party, Salvador LAUREL, Juan Ponce ENRILE; Liberal Party, Jovito SALONGA
#Suffrage: universal at age 15
#Elections:
President—last held 7 February 1986 (next election to be held May 1992); results—Corazon C. AQUINO elected, precipitating the fall of the MARCOS regime;
Senate—last held 11 May 1987 (next to be held May 1992); results—pro-Aquino LDP 63%, liberal LDP and PDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 25%, opposition Nationalista Party 4%, independent 8%; seats—(24 total) pro-Aquino LDP 15, liberal LDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 6, opposition Nationalista Party 1, independent 2;
House of Representatives—last held on 11 May 1987 (next to be held May 1992); results—pro-Aquino LDP 73%, liberal LDP and PDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 10%, opposition Nationalista Party 17%; seats—(250 total, 180 elected) number of seats by party NA
#Communists: the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls about 18,000-23,000 full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal party; a second Communist party, the pro-Soviet Philippine Communist Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status
#Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-1414; there are Philippine Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle;
US—Ambassador Nicholas PLATT; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96528); telephone [63] (32) 211-101 through 3; there is a US Consulate in Cebu
#Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star
*Economy #Overview: The economy continues to recover from the political turmoil following the ouster of former President Marcos and several coup attempts. After two consecutive years of economic contraction (1984 and 1985), the economy has since 1986 had positive growth, although in 1990 the economy slowed considerably from 1989. The agricultural sector together with forestry and fishing, plays an important role in the economy, employing about 45% of the work force and providing almost 30% of GDP. The Philippines is the world's largest exporter of coconuts and coconut products. Manufacturing contributes about 25% of GDP. Major industries include food processing, chemicals, and textiles.
#GNP: $45.2 billion, per capita $700; real growth rate 2.5% (1990 est.)
#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12.7% (1990 est.)
#Unemployment rate: 9.3% (1990 est.)
#Budget: $7.2 billion; expenditures $8.12 billion, including capital expenditures of $0.97 billion (1989 est.)
#Exports: revenues $8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals and ores 11%, farm products 10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%, forest products 4%;
partners—US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%, ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7%
#Imports: $12.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);
commodities—raw materials 53%, capital goods 17%, petroleum products 17%;
partners—US 25%, Japan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%, Middle East 10%
#External debt: $28.4 billion (1990)
#Industrial production: growth rate 1.9% (1990 est.); accounts for 30-35% of GNP
#Electricity: 6,755,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced, 420 kWh per capita (1990)
#Industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing
#Agriculture: accounts for about one-third of GNP and 45% of labor force; major crops—rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, mango; animal products—pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 million metric tons annually
#Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication efforts
#Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $6.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123 million
#Currency: Philippine peso (plural—pesos); 1 Philippine peso (1) = 100 centavos
#Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (1) per US$1—28.055 (January 1991), 24.311 (1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987), 20.386 (1986), 18.607 (1985)
#Fiscal year: calendar year
*Communications #Railroads: 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)
#Highways: 156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km gravel, crushed-stone, or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth
#Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
#Pipelines: refined products, 357 km
#Ports: Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic Bay
#Merchant marine: 569 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,429,829 GRT/15,171,692 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 17 passenger-cargo, 163 cargo, 18 refrigerated cargo, 24 vehicle carrier, 8 livestock carrier, 10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 41 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 252 bulk, 7 combination bulk; note—many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are principally in Japan and Germany
#Civil air: 53 major transport aircraft
#Airports: 280 total, 235 usable; 71 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 50 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
#Telecommunications: good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; stations—267 AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth stations—1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11 domestic
*Defense Forces #Branches: Army, Navy (including Coast Guard), Marine Corps, Air Force, Constabulary
#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 16,254,775; 11,491,155 fit for military service; 715,462 reach military age (20) annually
Defense expenditures: $1.1 billion, 2% of GNP (1990) % @Pitcairn Islands (dependent territory of the UK) *Geography Total area: 47 km2; land area: 47 km2
#Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
#Land boundaries: none
#Coastline: 51 km
#Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 3 nm
#Climate: tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)
#Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs
#Natural resources: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish
#Land use: arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and woodland NA%; other NA%
#Environment: subject to typhoons (especially November to March)
#Note: located in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Peru and New Zealand
*People #Population: 56 (July 1991), growth rate 0.0% (1991)
#Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991)
#Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991)
#Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)
#Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
#Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991)
#Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991)
#Nationality: noun—Pitcairn Islander(s); adjective—Pitcairn Islander
#Ethnic divisions: descendants of Bounty mutineers
#Religion: Seventh-Day Adventist 100%
#Language: English (official); also a Tahitian/English dialect
#Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
#Labor force: NA; no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence farming and fishing
#Organized labor: NA
*Government #Long-form name: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands
#Type: dependent territory of the UK
#Capital: Adamstown
#Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
#Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
#Constitution: Local Government Ordinance of 1964
#Legal system: local island by-laws
#National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June 1989
#Executive branch: British monarch, governor, island magistrate
#Legislative branch: unicameral Island Council
#Judicial branch: Island Court
#Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor and UK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990);
Head of Government—Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Brian YOUNG (since NA 1985)
#Political parties and leaders: NA
#Suffrage: universal at age 18 with three years residency
#Elections:
Island Council—last held NA (next to be held NA); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA
#Communists: none
#Other political or pressure groups: NA
#Member of: SPC
#Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
#Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow anchor
*Economy #Overview: The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships.
#GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
#Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
#Unemployment rate: NA%
#Budget: revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY87 est.)
#Exports: $NA;
commodities—fruits, vegetables, curios;
partners—NA
#Imports: $NA;
commodities—fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs;
partners—NA
#External debt: $NA
#Industrial production: growth rate NA%
#Electricity: 110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990)
#Industries: postage stamp sales, handicrafts
#Agriculture: based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and vegetables grown; must import grain products
#Economic aid: none
#Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural—dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
#Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1—1.6798 (January 1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6866 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)
#Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
*Communications #Railroads: none
#Highways: 6.4 km dirt roads
#Ports: Bounty Bay
#Airports: none
#Telecommunications: 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; stations—1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity
*Defense Forces Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK % @Poland *Geography Total area: 312,680 km2; land area: 304,510 km2
#Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Mexico
#Land boundaries: 2,980 km total; Czechoslovakia 1,309 km, Germany 456 km, USSR 1,215 km
#Coastline: 491 km
#Maritime claims:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
#Climate: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
#Terrain: mostly flat plain, mountains along southern border
#Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt
#Land use: arable land 46%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and woodland 28%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL%
#Environment: plain crossed by a few north-flowing, meandering streams; severe air and water pollution in south
#Note: historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain
*People #Population: 37,799,638 (July 1991), growth rate 0.1% (1991)
#Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991)
#Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
#Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
#Infant mortality rate: 12 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
#Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 77 years female (1991)
#Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)
#Nationality: noun—Pole(s); adjective—Polish
#Ethnic divisions: Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belorussian (Byelorussian) 0.5% (1990 est.)
#Religion: Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and other 5%
#Language: Polish
#Literacy: 98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978)
#Labor force: 17,104,000; industry and construction 36.1%; agriculture 27.3%; trade, transport, and communications 14.8%; government and other 21.8% (1989)
#Organized labor: trade union pluralism
*Government #Long-form name: Republic of Poland
#Type: democratic state
#Capital: Warsaw
#Administrative divisions: 49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular—wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska, Bialystok, Bielsko, Bydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk, Gorzow, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow, Plock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz, Skierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow, Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora
#Independence: 11 November 1918, independent republic proclaimed
#Constitution: the Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952 will probably be replaced by a democratic Constitution in 1992
#Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
#National holiday: Constitution Day, 3 May (1794)
#Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
#Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm)
#Judicial branch: Supreme Court
#Leaders:
Chief of State—President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Jan Krzysztof BIELECKI (since 4 January 1991)
#Political parties and leaders: center-right agrarian parties—Polish Peasant Party (PSL), Roman BARTOSZCZE, chairman; Polish Peasant Party-Solidarity, Gabriel JANOWSKI, chairman;
other center-right parties—Center Alliance, Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI, chairman; Christian National Union, Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI, chairman; Christian Democratic Labor Party, Wladyslaw SILA-NOWICKI, chairman; Democratic Party, Jerzy JOZWIAK, chairman;
center-left parties—Polish Socialist Party, Jan Jozef LIPSKI, chairman; Democratic Union, Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI, chairman; ROAD, Wladyslaw FRASYNIUK and Zbigniew BUJAK, chairmen;
left-wing parties—Polish Socialist Party-Democratic Revolution, Piotr IKONOWICZ;
other—Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (formerly the Communist party or Polish United Workers' Party/PZPR), Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI, chairman; Union of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (breakaway faction of the PZPR), Tadeusz FISZBACH, chairman
#Suffrage: universal at age 18
#Elections:
President—first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results—second round Lech WALESA 74.7%, Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3%;
Senate—last held 4 and 18 June 1989 (next to be held late 1991); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(100 total) Solidarity 99, independent 1;
Diet—last held 4 and 18 June 1989 (next to be held late 1991); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(460 total) Communists 173, Solidarity 161, Polish Peasant Party 76, Democratic Party 27, Christian National Union 23; note—rules governing the election limited Solidarity's share of the vote to 35% of the seats; future elections, which will probably be held before late 1991, are to be freely contested
#Communists: 70,000 members in the Communist successor parties (1990)
#Other political or pressure groups: powerful Roman Catholic Church; Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), a nationalist group; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union Alliance (OPZZ), populist program; Clubs of Catholic Intellectuals (KIKs); Freedom and Peace (WiP), a pacifist group; Independent Student Union (NZS)
#Member of: BIS, CCC, CERN (observer, but scheduled to become a member l July 1991), CSCE, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI; Chancery at 2640 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-3800 through 3802; there are Polish Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York;
US—Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr.; Embassy at Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw (mailing address is American Embassy Warsaw, c/o American Consulate General (WAW) or APO New York 09213-5010); telephone [48] (22) 283041 through 283049; there is a US Consulate General in Krakow and a Consulate in Poznan
#Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red—a crowned eagle is to be added; similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
*Economy #Overview: The economy, except for the agricultural sector, had followed the Soviet model of state ownership and control of productive assets. About 75% of agricultural production had come from the private sector and the rest from state farms. The economy has presented a picture of moderate but slowing growth against a background of underlying weaknesses in technology and worker motivation. GNP dropped by 2.0% in 1989 and by a further 8.9% in 1990. The inflation rate, after falling sharply from the 1982 peak of 100% to 22% in 1986, rose to a galloping rate of 640% in 1989 and dropped back to 250% in 1990. Shortages of consumer goods and some food items worsened in 1988-89. Agricultural products and coal are among the biggest hard currency earners, but manufactures are increasing in importance. Poland, with its hard currency debt of $48.5 billion, is severely limited in its ability to import much-needed hard currency goods. The sweeping political changes of 1989 disrupted normal economic channels and exacerbated shortages. In January 1990, the new Solidarity-led government adopted a cold turkey program for transforming Poland to a market economy. The government moved to eliminate subsidies, free prices, make the zloty convertible, and, in general, halt the hyperinflation. These financial measures were accompanied by plans to privatize the economy in stages. While inflation fell to an annual rate of 77.5% by November of 1990, the rise in unemployment and the drop in living standards have led to growing popular discontent and to a change of government in January 1991. The new government is continuing the previous government's economic program, while trying to speed privatization and to better cushion the populace from the dislocations associated with reform. Substantial outside aid will be needed if Poland is to make a successful transition in the 1990s.
#GNP: $158.5 billion, per capita $4,200; real growth rate - 8.9% (1990 est.)
#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 250% (1990 est.)
#Unemployment rate: 6.1% (end-December 1990)
#Budget: revenues $20.9 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.8 billion (1989)
#Exports: $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—machinery and equipment 38%; fuels, minerals, and metals 21%; manufactured consumer goods 15%; agricultural and forestry products 4% (1989);
partners—USSR 25%, FRG 14%, UK 6.5%, Czechoslovakia 5.5% (1989)
#Imports: $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—machinery and equipment 37%; fuels, minerals, and metals 31%; manufactured consumer goods 17%; agricultural and forestry products 5% (1989);
partners—USSR 18%, FRG 16%, Austria 6%, Czechoslovakia 6% (1989)
#External debt: $48.5 billion (January 1991)
#Industrial production: growth rate - 23% (State sector 1990 est.)
#Electricity: 31,530,000 kW capacity; 136,300 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita (1990)
#Industries: machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
#Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from private farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards; leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally self-sufficient in food
#Economic aid: donor—bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2 billion (1954-89)
#Currency: zloty (plural—zlotych); 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy
#Exchange rates: zlotych (Zl) per US$1—11,100.00 (May 1991), 9,500 (1990), 1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988), 265.08 (1987), 175.29 (1986), 147.14 (1985)
#Fiscal year: calendar year
*Communications #Railroads: 27,041 km total; 24,287 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter broad gauge, 2,357 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,016 km electrified; government owned (1989)
#Highways: 299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard surface (concrete, asphalt, stone block); 24,000 km unimproved hard surface (crushed stone, gravel); 100,000 km earth; 45,887 km other urban roads (1985)
#Inland waterways: 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1989)
#Pipelines: 4,500 km for natural gas; 1,986 km for crude oil; 360 km for refined products (1987)
#Ports: Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice on Kanal Gliwice, Wroclaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the Vistula
#Merchant marine: 235 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,957,600 GRT/4,163,820 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 92 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 9 container, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 107 bulk; Poland owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registry
#Civil air: 48 major transport aircraft
#Airports: 160 total, 160 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
#Telecommunications: phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.1 million subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (February 1990); stations—29 AM, 29 FM, 37 (5 Soviet relays) TV; 9.6 million TVs
*Defense Forces #Branches: External Front Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Internal Defense Forces (WOW), Territorial Defense Forces (JOT), Border Guards (WOP), Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense (OC)
#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 9,571,708; 7,543,565 fit for military service; 302,000 reach military age (19) annually
Defense expenditures: 22.3 trillion zlotych, NA% of GDP (1991); note—conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results % @Portugal *Geography Total area: 92,080 km2; land area: 91,640 km2; includes Azores and Madeira Islands
#Comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana
#Land boundary: 1,214 km with Spain
#Coastline: 1,793 km
#Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
#Disputes: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Indonesia
#Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
#Terrain: mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south
#Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble
#Land use: arable land 32%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and woodland 40%; other 16%; includes irrigated 7%
#Environment: Azores subject to severe earthquakes
#Note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
*People #Population: 10,387,617 (July 1991), growth rate 0.3% (1991)
#Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1991)
#Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
#Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)
#Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
#Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 78 years female (1991)
#Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1991)
#Nationality: noun—Portuguese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Portuguese
#Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000
#Religion: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2%
#Language: Portuguese
#Literacy: 85% (male 89%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
#Labor force: 4,605,700; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988)
#Organized labor: about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated General Confederation of Portuguese Workers—Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents more than half of the unionized labor force; its main competition, the General Workers Union (UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and represents less than half of unionized labor
*Government #Long-form name: Portuguese Republic
#Type: republic
#Capital: Lisbon
#Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos, singular—distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular—regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu
#Dependent area: Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China in 1999)
#Independence: 1140; independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910
#Constitution: 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989
#Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
#National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June
#Executive branch: president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
#Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)
#Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica)
#Leaders:
Chief of State—President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985)
#Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), Jorge SAMPAIO; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Herminio MARTINHO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Alvaro CUNHAL; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Andriano MORREIRA (interim); National Solidarity Party, Manuel SERGIO
#Suffrage: universal at age 18
#Elections:
President—last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results—Dr. Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos MARQUES 3%;
Assembly of the Republic—last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held October 1995); results—Social Democrats 50.4%, Socialists 29.3%, United Democratic Coalition (CDU; Communists) 8.8%, Christian Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party 1.7%, Democratic Renewal 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats—(230 total) Social Democrats 132, Socialists 70, United Democratic Coalition (CDU; Communists) 17, Christian Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1; after absentee ballots counted five seats to be allocated
#Communists: Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753 (December 1983)
#Member of: AfDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Joao Eduardo M. PEREIRA BASTOS; Chancery at 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-8610; there are Portuguese Consulates General in Boston, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Los Angeles, Newark (New Jersey), New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island);
US—Ambassador Everett E. BRIGGS; Embassy at Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon (mailing address is APO New York 09678-0002); telephone [351] (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880; there is a US Consulate in Ponta Delgada (Azores)
#Flag: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line
*Economy #Overview: During the past four years, the economy has made a sustained recovery from the severe recession of 1983-85. The economy grew by 14% during the 1987-89 period, largely because of strong domestic consumption and investment spending. Unemployment has declined for the third consecutive year, but inflation continues to be about three times the European Community average. The government is pushing economic restructuring and privatization measures in anticipation of the 1992 European Community timetable to form a single large market in Europe.
#GDP: $57.8 billion, per capita $5,580; real growth rate 3.5% (1990)
#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13.4% (1990)
#Unemployment rate: 5.5% (1990 est.)
#Budget: revenues $21.6 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.9 billion (1990)
#Exports: $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
commodities—cotton textiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin, machinery, appliances;
partners—EC 72%, other developed countries 13%, US 5%
#Imports: $24.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990);
commodities—petroleum, cotton, foodgrains, industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals;
partners—EC 69%, other developed countries 11%, less developed countries 13%, US 4%
#External debt: $18.4 billion (1990)
#Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1989); accounts for 40% of GDP
#Electricity: 6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita (1989)
#Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism
#Agriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small inefficient farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops—grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; livestock sector—sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, dairy products
#Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.13 billion
#Currency: Portuguese escudo (plural—escudos); 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos
#Exchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1—134.46 (January 1991), 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987), 149.59 (1986), 170.39 (1985)
#Fiscal year: calendar year
*Communications #Railroads: 3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track, privately owned
#Highways: 73,661 km total; 61,599 km paved (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks)
#Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity
#Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km; refined products, 58 km
#Ports: Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal, Sines
#Merchant marine: 52 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 684,350 GRT/1,190,454 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 12 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 10 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note—Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years
#Civil air: 29 major transport aircraft
#Airports: 69 total, 63 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
#Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate; 2,690,000 telephones; stations—57 AM, 66 (22 relays) FM, 25 (23 relays) TV; 7 submarine cables; communication satellite ground stations operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, and domestic systems (mainland and Azores)
*Defense Forces #Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal Guard, Public Security Police
#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,621,116; 2,131,628 fit for military service; 88,718 reach military age (20) annually
Defense expenditures: $1.6 billion, 3% of GDP (1990) % @Puerto Rico (commonwealth associated with the US) *Geography Total area: 9,104 km2; land area: 8,959 km2
#Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island
#Land boundaries: none
#Coastline: 501 km
#Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth);
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
#Climate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
#Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to sea on west coast
#Natural resources: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore crude oil
#Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and woodland 20%; other 22%
#Environment: many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north
#Note: important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands group along the Mona Passage—a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean
*People #Population: 3,294,997 (July 1991), growth rate 0.1% (1991)
#Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population (1991)
#Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
#Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
#Infant mortality rate: 16 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
#Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 76 years female (1991)
#Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)
#Nationality: noun—Puerto Rican(s); adjective—Puerto Rican
#Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Hispanic
#Religion: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15%
#Language: Spanish (official); English is widely understood
#Literacy: 89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
#Labor force: 1,068,000; government 28%, manufacturing 15%, trade 14%, agriculture 3%, other 40% (1990)
#Organized labor: 115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the General Confederation of Puerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983)
*Government #Long-form name: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
#Type: commonwealth associated with the US
#Capital: San Juan
#Administrative divisions: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
#Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
#Constitution: ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952
#National holiday: Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)
#Legal system: based on Spanish civil code
#Executive branch: US president, US vice president, governor
#Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
#Judicial branch: Supreme Court
#Leaders:
Chief of State—President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
Head of Government Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January 1989)
#Political parties and leaders: Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown
#Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections
#Elections:
Governor—last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results—Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar CORRADA Del Rio (PNP) 45.8%, Ruben BERRIOS Martinez (PIP) 5.5%;
Senate—last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1;
House of Representatives—last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2;
US House of Representatives—last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results—Puerto Rico elects one nonvoting representative
#Other political or pressure groups: all have engaged in terrorist activities—Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN), Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution, Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros), Armed Forces of Popular Resistance
#Member of: ECLAC, ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WFTU, WTO (associate)
#Diplomatic representation: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
#Flag: five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag
*Economy #Overview: Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty-free access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. Important new industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income for the island. The economy is slowly recovering from the disruptions caused by Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. The tourism infrastructure was especially hard hit.
#GNP: $20.1 billion, per capita $6,100; real growth rate 3.6% (FY89)
#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.3% (October 1989-90)
#Unemployment rate: 14.9% (October 1990)
#Budget: revenues $5.5 billion; expenditures $5.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.5 billion (FY89)
#Exports: $16.4 billion (f.o.b., FY89);
commodities—pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment, instruments;
partners—US 87%
#Imports: $14.0 billion (c.i.f., FY89);
commodities—chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products;
partners—US 60%
#External debt: $NA
#Industrial production: growth rate 1.6% (FY89)
#Electricity: 4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,844 million kWh produced, 4,510 kWh per capita (1990)
#Industries: manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, instruments; tourism
#Agriculture: accounts for 3% of labor force; crops—sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock—cattle, chickens; imports a large share of food needs
#Economic aid: none
#Currency: US currency is used
#Exchange rates: US currency is used
#Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
*Communications #Railroads: 100 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger railroads
#Highways: 13,762 km paved
#Ports: San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo
#Airports: 33 total; 23 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
#Telecommunications: 900,000 or 99% of total households with TV; 1,067,787 telephones (1988); stations—50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV (1990)
*Defense Forces #Branches: paramilitary National Guard, Police Force
#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 830,133; NA fit for military service
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US % @Qatar *Geography Total area: 11,000 km2; land area: 11,000 km2
#Comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut
#Land boundaries: 60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 km
#Coastline: 563 km
#Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: not specific;
Territorial sea: 3 nm
#Disputes: boundary with UAE is in dispute; territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands
#Climate: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer
#Terrain: mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel
#Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, fish
#Land use: arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 0%; other 95%
#Environment: haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities
#Note: strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major crude oil sources
*People #Population: 518,478 (July 1991), growth rate 5.3% (1991)
#Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1991)
#Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
#Net migration rate: 35 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
#Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
#Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1991)
#Total fertility rate: 4.0 children born/woman (1991)
#Nationality: noun—Qatari(s); adjective—Qatari
#Ethnic divisions: Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
#Religion: Muslim 95%
#Language: Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language
#Literacy: 76% (male 77%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1986)
#Labor force: 104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)
#Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
*Government #Long-form name: State of Qatar
#Type: traditional monarchy
#Capital: Doha
#Administrative divisions: none
#Independence: 3 September 1971 (from UK)
#Constitution: provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970
#Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters
#National holiday: Independence Day, 3 September (1971)
#Executive branch: amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
#Legislative branch: unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)
#Judicial branch: Court of Appeal
#Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government—Amir and Prime Minister Khalifa bin Hamad Al THANI (since 22 February 1972); Heir Apparent Hamad bin Khalifa AL THANI (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir)
#Political parties and leaders: none
#Suffrage: none
#Elections:
Advisory Council—constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no elections have been held; seats—(30 total)
#Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hamad Abd al-Aziz AL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111;
US—Ambassador Mark G. HAMBLEY; Embassy at 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box 2399, Doha); telephone [0974] 864701 through 864703
#Flag: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side
*Economy #Overview: Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $12,500, among the highest in the world outside the OECD countries.
#GDP: $6.6 billion, per capita $12,500 (1989 est.); real growth rate 5.0% (1988)
#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.9% (1988 est.)
#Unemployment rate: NA%
#Budget: revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $3.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $400 million (FY89 est.)
#Exports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers;
partners—Japan, Italy, Thailand, Singapore
#Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.), excluding military equipment;
commodities—foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals, machinery and equipment;
partners—Japan, UK, US, Italy
#External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)
#Industrial production: growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil
#Electricity: 1,514,000 kW capacity; 4,000 million kWh produced, 8,540 kWh per capita (1989)
#Industries: crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel, cement
#Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; commercial fishing increasing in importance; most food imported
#Economic aid: donor—pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88)
#Currency: Qatari riyal (plural—riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams
#Exchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1—3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)
#Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
*Communications #Highways: 1,500 km total; 1,000 km bituminous, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.)
#Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas, 400 km
#Ports: Doha, Umm Said, Halul Island
#Merchant marine: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 465,371 GRT/707,089 DWT; includes 12 cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
#Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
#Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
#Telecommunications: modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Bahrain and UAE; stations—2 AM, 1 FM, 3 TV; earth stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT
*Defense Forces #Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Department
#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 235,516; 125,591 fit for military service; 4,243 reach military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures: $500 million, 8% of GDP (1989) % @Reunion (overseas department of France) *Geography Total area: 2,510 km2; land area: 2,500 km2
#Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
#Land boundaries: none
#Coastline: 201 km
#Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
#Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
#Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast
#Natural resources: fish, arable land
#Land use: arable land 20%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 35%; other 39%; includes irrigated 2%
#Environment: periodic devastating cyclones
#Note: located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
*People #Population: 607,086 (July 1991), growth rate 1.9% (1991)
#Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991)
#Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
#Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
#Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
#Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1991)
#Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1991)
#Nationality: noun—Reunionese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Reunionese
#Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of intermixed French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and Indian ancestry
#Religion: Roman Catholic 94%
#Language: French (official); Creole widely used
#Literacy: 69% (male 67%, female 74%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982)
#Labor force: NA; agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981); 63% of population of working age (1983)
#Organized labor: General Confederation of Workers of Reunion (CGTR)
*Government #Long-form name: Department of Reunion
#Type: overseas department of France
#Capital: Saint-Denis
#Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)
#Independence: none (overseas department of France)
#Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
#Legal system: French law
#National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
#Executive branch: French president, commissioner of the Republic
#Legislative branch: unicameral General Council, unicameral Regional Council
#Judicial branch: Court of Appeals (Cour d'appel)
#Leaders:
Chief of State—President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
Head of Government—Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN (since September 1989)
#Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES; France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS), other small parties
#Suffrage: universal at age 18
#Elections: General Council—last held March 1986 (next to be held 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(36 total) number of seats by party NA;
Regional Council—last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held March 1991); results—RPR/UDF 36.8%, PCR 28.2%, FRA and other right wing 17.3%, PS 14.1%, other 3.6%; seats—(45 total) RPR/UDF 18, PCR 13, FRA and other right wing 8, PS 6;
French Senate—last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent 1;
French National Assembly—last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA 1
#Communists: Communist party small but has support among sugarcane cutters, the minuscule Popular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion (MPLR), and in the district of Le Port
#Member of: FZ, WFTU
#Diplomatic representation: as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented in the US by France
#Flag: the flag of France is used
*Economy #Overview: The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third of the labor force. The white and Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the population, adding to the social tensions generated by poverty and unemployment. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from France.
#GDP: $3.37 billion, per capita $6,000 (1987 est.); real growth rate 9% (1987 est.)
#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (1988)
#Unemployment rate: 35% (February 1991)
#Budget: revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1986)
#Exports: $166 million (f.o.b., 1988);
commodities—sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and tea 1%;
partners—France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy
#Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
commodities—manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products;
partners—France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy
#External debt: NA
#Industrial production: growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP
#Electricity: 245,000 kW capacity; 546 million kWh produced, 965 kWh per capita (1989)
#Industries: sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items
#Agriculture: accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops—sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops—tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; imports large share of food needs
#Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $14.1 billion
#Currency: French franc (plural—francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
#Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1—5.1307 (January 1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
#Fiscal year: calendar year
*Communications #Highways: 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized earth
#Ports: Pointe des Galets
#Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
#Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
#Telecommunications: adequate system for needs; modern open-wire line and radio relay network; principal center Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new radio relay route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; stations—3 AM, 13 FM, 1 (18 relays) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Defense Forces #Manpower availability: males 15-49, 162,017; 83,959 fit for military service; 5,979 reach military age (18) annually
Note: defense is the responsibility of France % @Romania *Geography Total area: 237,500 km2; land area: 230,340 km2
#Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
#Land boundaries: 2,904 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, USSR 1,307 km, Yugoslavia 546 km
#Coastline: 225 km
#Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
#Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
#Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
#Natural resources: crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt
#Land use: arable land 43%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and woodland 28%; other 7%; includes irrigated 11%
#Environment: frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides, air pollution in south
#Note: controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans and western USSR
*People #Population: 23,397,054 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991)
#Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1991)
#Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
#Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)
#Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
#Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 75 years female (1991)
#Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)
#Nationality: noun—Romanian(s); adjective—Romanian
#Ethnic divisions: Romanian 89.1%; Hungarian 8.9%; German 0.4%; Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%
#Religion: Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 3%, Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 15%
#Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
#Literacy: 96% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)
#Labor force: 10,690,000; industry 34%, agriculture 28%, other 38% (1987)
#Organized labor: until December 1989, a single trade union system organized by the General Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR) under control of the Communist Party; since Ceausescu's overthrow, newly-created trade and professional trade unions are joining three umbrella organizations—Organization of Free Trade Unions, Fratia (Brotherhood), and the Alfa Cortel; many other trade unions have been formed
*Government #Long-form name: none
#Type: in transition from Communist state to republic
#Capital: Bucharest
#Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular—judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
#Independence: 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947
#Constitution: 21 August 1965; new constitution being drafted
#Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revised
#National holiday: National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)
#Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
#Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor)
#Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice
#Leaders:
Chief of State—President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Teodor STOLOJAN (since 2 October 1991)
#Political parties and leaders: National Salvation Front (FSN), Ion STOICA; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS; National Liberal Party (PNL), Radu CAMPEANU; National Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Ecology Movement (MER), leader NA; Romanian National Unity Party (AUR), Radu CEONTEA; there are now more than 100 other parties; note—although the Communist Party has ceased to exist, a small proto-Communist party, the Socialist Labor Party, has been formed
#Suffrage: universal at age 18
#Elections:
President—last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results—Ion ILIESCU 85%, Radu CAMPEANU 10.5%, Ion RATIU 3.8%;
Senate—last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results—FSN 67%, other 33%; seats—(118 total) FSN 92, UDMR 12, PNL 9, AUR 2, PNTCD 1, MER 1, other 1;
House of Deputies—last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results—FSN 66%, UDMR 7%, PNL 6%, MER 2%, PNTCD 2%, AUR 2%, other 15%; seats—(387 total) FSN 263, UDMR 29, PNL 29, PNTCD 12, MER 12, AUR 9, other 33
#Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984); Communist Party has ceased to exist
#Member of: BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Virgil CONSTANTINESCU; Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-4747;
US—Ambassador Alan GREEN, Jr.; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone [40] (0) 10-40-40
#Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band, has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad
*Economy #Overview: Industry, which accounts for one-third of the labor force and generates over half the GNP, suffers from an aging capital plant and persistent shortages of energy. The year 1990 witnessed about a 20% drop in industrial production because of energy and input shortages and labor unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend with drought, mismanagement, and shortages of inputs. A drought in 1990 contributed to a lackluster harvest, a problem compounded by corruption and a poor distribution system. The new government is slowly loosening the tight central controls of Ceausescu's command economy. It has instituted moderate land reforms, with close to one-half of cropland now in private hands, and it has allowed changes in prices for private agricultural output. Also, the new regime is permitting the establishment of private enterprises, largely in services, handicrafts, and small-scale industry. New laws providing for the privatization of large state firms have been passed. However, most of the early privatization will involve converting state firms into joint-stock companies. The selling of shares to the public has not yet been worked out. Furthermore, the government has halted the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard currency export markets. So far, the government does not seem willing to adopt a thoroughgoing market system, that is, there is great caution in decontrolling prices because of public opposition. The government has sharply raised price ceilings instead of lifting them entirely.
#GNP: $69.9 billion, per capita $3,000; real growth rate - 10.8% (1990 est.)
#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1990 est.)
#Unemployment rate: NA%
#Budget: revenues $28.4 billion; expenditures $28.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $12.3 billion (1989)
#Exports: $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—machinery and equipment 34.7%, fuels, minerals and metals 24.7%, manufactured consumer goods 16.9%, agricultural materials and forestry products 11.9%, other 11.6% (1986);
partners—USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)
#Imports: $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—fuels, minerals, and metals 51.0%, machinery and equipment 26.7%, agricultural and forestry products 11.0%, manufactured consumer goods 4.2% (1986);
partners—Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987)
#External debt: $400 million (mid-1990)
#Industrial production: growth rate - 20% (1990 est.)
#Electricity: 22,700,000 kW capacity; 64,200 million kWh produced, 2,760 kWh per capita (1990)
#Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum
#Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn producer; other products—sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes
#Economic aid: donor—$4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1956-89)
#Currency: leu (plural—lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani
#Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1—60.00 (June 1991), 22.432 (1990), 14.922 (1989), 14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987), 16.153 (1986), 17.141 (1985)
#Fiscal year: calendar year
*Communications #Railroads: 11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned (1987)
#Highways: 72,799 km total; 15,762 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 20,208 km asphalt treated; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other paved surfaces; 9,100 km unpaved roads (1985)
#Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)
#Pipelines: 2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 6,400 km natural gas
#Ports: Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Orsova
#Merchant marine: 294 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,767,465 GRT/5,893,700 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 11 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 livestock carrier, 15 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 69 bulk, 2 combination ore/oil
#Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
#Airports: 165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
#Telecommunications: about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network is automatic; present phone density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service (February 1990); stations—39 AM, 29 FM, 39 TV (1990)
*Defense Forces #Branches: French—Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,801,986; 4,912,789 fit for military service; 192,996 reach military age (20) annually
Defense expenditures: 15 billion lei (unofficial), NA% of GDP (1991); note—conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results % @Rwanda *Geography Total area: 26,340 km2; land area: 24,950 km2
#Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland
#Land boundaries: 893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km
#Coastline: none—landlocked
#Maritime claims: none—landlocked
#Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
#Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west
#Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower
#Land use: arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and woodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated NEGL%
#Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts
#Note: landlocked
*People #Population: 7,902,644 (July 1991), growth rate 3.8% (1991)
#Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1991)
#Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
#Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
#Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
#Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 54 years female (1991)
#Total fertility rate: 8.4 children born/woman (1991)
#Nationality: noun and adjective—Rwandan(s)
#Ethnic divisions: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
#Religion: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other 25%
#Language: Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers
#Literacy: 50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
#Labor force: 3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985)
#Organized labor: NA
*Government #Long-form name: Republic of Rwanda
#Type: republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; on 31 December 1990, the government announced a National Political Charter to serve as a basis for transition to a presidential/parliamentary political system; the charter will be voted upon in a national referendum to be held June 1991
#Capital: Kigali
#Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular—prefecture in French; plural—NA, singular—prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri
#Constitution: 17 December 1978
#Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
#Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
#National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
#Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
#Legislative branch: unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement)
#Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of State in joint session)
#Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government—President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)
#Political parties and leaders: only party—National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA; note—the MRND is officially a development movement, not a party
#Suffrage: universal adult, exact age NA
#Elections:
President—last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results—President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected;
National Development Council—last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results—MRND is the only party; seats—(70 total); MRND 70
#Communists: no Communist party
#Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882;
US—Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN; Embassy at Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali); telephone [250] 75601 through 75603 or 72126 through 72128
#Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band
*Economy #Overview: Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing only 16% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid, with no relief in sight. Weak international prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October, has dampened any prospects for economic improvement.
#GDP: $2.2 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate - 2.2% (1989 est.)
#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1989)
#Unemployment rate: NA%
#Budget: revenues $391 million; expenditures $491 million, including capital expenditures of $225 million (1989 est.)
#Exports: $117 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum;
partners—FRG, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US
#Imports: $293 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material;
partners—US, Belgium, FRG, Kenya, Japan
#External debt: $689 million (December 1990 est.)
#Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 16% of GDP
#Electricity: 26,000 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1989)
#Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes
#Agriculture: accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops—coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food crops—bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth in population
#Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58 million
#Currency: Rwandan franc (plural—francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes
#Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1—120.00 (December 1990), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987), 87.64 (1986), 101.26 (1985)
#Fiscal year: calendar year
*Communications #Highways: 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700 km unimproved
#Inland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft
#Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
#Airports: 8 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
#Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali; 6,600 telephones; stations—2 AM, 5 FM, no TV; earth stations—1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
*Defense Forces #Branches: Army, Gendarmerie
#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,651,224; 842,480 fit for military service; no conscription
Defense expenditures: $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.) % @Saint Helena (dependent territory of the UK) *Geography Total area: 410 km2; land area: 410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, and Tristan da Cunha
#Comparative area: slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC
#Land boundaries: none
#Coastline: 60 km
#Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
#Climate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
#Terrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
#Natural resources: fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; no minerals
#Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and woodland 3%; other 83%
#Environment: very few perennial streams
#Note: located 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way between South America and Africa; Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; the remains were taken to Paris in 1840
*People #Population: 6,695 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991)
#Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1991)
#Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
#Net migration rate: NEGl migrants/1,000 population (1991)
#Infant mortality rate: 46 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
#Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 75 years female (1991)
#Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1991)
#Nationality: noun—Saint Helenian(s); adjective—Saint Helenian
#Ethnic divisions: NA
#Religion: Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic
#Language: English
#Literacy: 98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987)
#Labor force: NA
#Organized labor: Saint Helena General Workers' Union, 472 members; crafts 17%, professional and technical 10%, service 10%, management and clerical 9%, farming and fishing 9%, transport 6%, sales 5%, and other 34%
*Government #Long-form name: none
#Type: dependent territory of the UK
#Capital: Jamestown
#Administrative divisions: 2 dependencies and 1 administrative area*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha
#Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
#Constitution: 1 January 1967
#Legal system: NA
#National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June 1989
#Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)
#Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council
#Judicial branch: Supreme Court
#Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
Head of Government—Governor and Commander in Chief Robert F. STIMSON (since 1987)
#Political parties and leaders: Saint Helena Labor Party, G. A. O. THORNTON; Saint Helena Progressive Party, leader unknown; note—both political parties inactive since 1976
#Suffrage: NA
#Elections:
Legislative Council—last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA
#Communists: probably none
#Member of: ICFTU
#Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
#Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship
*Economy #Overview: The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local population earns some income from fishing, the rearing of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the work force has left to seek employment overseas.
#GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
#Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.1% (1986)
#Unemployment rate: NA%
#Budget: revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital expenditures of NA (1984)
#Exports: $23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984);
commodities—fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts;
partners—South Africa, UK
#Imports: $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984);
commodities—food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts;
partners—UK, South Africa
#External debt: $NA
#Industrial production: growth rate NA%
#Electricity: 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989)
#Industries: crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fish
#Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha
#Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $184 million
#Currency: Saint Helenian pound (plural—pounds); 1 Saint Helenian pound (5S) = 100 pence
#Exchange rates: Saint Helenian pounds (5S) per US$1—0.5171 (January 1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985); note—the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the British pound
#Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
*Communications #Highways: 87 km bitumen-sealed roads, 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km bitumen-sealed on Ascension; 2.7 km bitumen-sealed on Tristan da Cunha
#Ports: Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)
#Merchant marine: 1 passenger-cargo ship totaling 6,767 GRT/5,600 DWT
#Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on Ascension
#Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers; stations—1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550 telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
*Defense Forces Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK % @Saint Kitts and Nevis *Geography Total area: 269 km2; land area: 269 km2
#Comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
#Land boundaries: none
#Coastline: 135 km
#Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
#Climate: subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
#Terrain: volcanic with mountainous interiors
#Natural resources: negligible
#Land use: arable land 22%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and woodland 17%; other 41%
#Environment: subject to hurricanes (July to October)
#Note: located 320 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico
*People #Population: 40,293 (July 1991), growth rate 0.4% (1991)
#Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991)
#Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
#Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
#Infant mortality rate: 39 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
#Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 71 years female (1991)
#Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1991)
#Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent
#Nationality: noun—Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective—Kittsian, Nevisian
#Religion: Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic
#Language: English
#Literacy: 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)
#Labor force: 20,000 (1981)
#Organized labor: 6,700
*Government #Long-form name: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
#Type: constitutional monarchy
#Capital: Basseterre
#Administrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John Capisterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point
#Independence: 19 September 1983 (from UK)
#Constitution: 19 September 1983
#Legal system: based on English common law
#National holiday: Independence Day, 19 September (1983)
#Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
#Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
#Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
#Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA)
#Political parties and leaders: People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Lee MOORE; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY |
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