#GDP: $94 billion, per capita $490; real growth rate 6.0% (1990 est.)

#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.8% (1990)

#Unemployment rate: 3%; underemployment 44% (1989 est.)

#Budget: revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91)

#Exports: $25.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, coffee 3%;

partners—Japan 40%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, Europe 16% (1990)

#Imports: $21.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16%;

partners—Japan 23%, US 13%, EC, Singapore

#External debt: $58.5 billion (1990 est.)

#Industrial production: growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP

#Electricity: 11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita (1990)

#Industries: petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber

#Agriculture: accounts for 23% of GDP, subsistence food production; small-holder and plantation production for export; rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, copra, other tropical products; products—poultry meat, beef, pork, eggs

#Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers

#Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $22.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million

#Currency: Indonesian rupiah (plural—rupiahs); 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)

#Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1—1,907.5 (January 1991), 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988), 1,643.8 (1987), 1,282.6 (1986), 1,110.6 (1985)

#Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

*Communications #Railroads: 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government owned

#Highways: 119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km district roads

#Inland waterways: 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

#Pipelines: crude oil, 2,505 km; refined products, 456 km; natural gas, 1,703 km (1989)

#Ports: Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang, Surabaya

#Merchant marine: 365 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,647,632 GRT/2,481,432 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 215 cargo, 7 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 80 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 6 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 25 bulk

#Civil air: about 216 commercial transport aircraft

#Airports: 470 total, 436 usable; 111 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 63 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

#Telecommunications: interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones (1986); stations—618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations—1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system

*Defense Forces #Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 50,572,652; 29,893,127 fit for military service; 2,149,673 reach military age (18) annually

Defense expenditures: $1.4 billion, 1.8% of GNP (1988) % @Iran *Geography Total area: 1,648,000 km2; land area: 1,636,000 km2

#Comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska

#Land boundaries: 5,492 km total; Afghanistan 936 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, USSR 1,690 km

#Coastline: 3,180 km

#Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: not specific;

Exclusive fishing zone: 50 nm in the Sea of Oman; continental shelf limit, continental shelf boundaries, or median lines in the Persian Gulf;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

#Disputes: Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations on 14 October 1990 following the end of the war that began on 22 September 1980; progress had been made on the major issues of contention—troop withdrawal, prisoner-of-war exchanges, demarcation of the border, freedom of navigation, and sovereignty over the the Shatt al Arab waterway—but written agreements had yet to be drawn up when frictions reemerged in March 1991 in the wake of Shia and Kurdish revolts in Iraq that Baghdad accused Tehran of supporting; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the USSR; occupies three islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by UAE (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu Musa, Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); periodic disputes with Afghanistan over Helmand water rights; Boluch question with Afghanistan and Pakistan

#Climate: mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

#Terrain: rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts

#Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur

#Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 27%; forest and woodland 11%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2%

#Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; desertification

*People #Population: 59,051,082 (July 1991), growth rate 3.6% (1991)

#Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1991)

#Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

#Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

#Infant mortality rate: 66 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

#Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 65 years female (1991)

#Total fertility rate: 6.6 children born/woman (1991)

#Nationality: noun—Iranian(s); adjective—Iranian

#Ethnic divisions: Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 25%, Kurd 9%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Lur 2%, Baloch 1%, Arab 1%, other 3%

#Religion: Shia Muslim 95%, Sunni Muslim 4%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Bahai 1%

#Language: 58% Persian and Persian dialects, 26% Turkic and Turkic dialects, 9% Kurdish, 2% Luri, 1% Baloch, 1% Arabic, 1% Turkish, 2% other

#Literacy: 54% (male 64%, female 43%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

#Labor force: 15,400,000; agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21%; shortage of skilled labor (1988 est.)

#Organized labor: none

*Government #Long-form name: Islamic Republic of Iran

#Type: theocratic republic

#Capital: Tehran

#Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (ostanha, singular—ostan); Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari, Azarbayjan-e Khavari, Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Khorasan, Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmadi, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan

#Independence: 1 April 1979, Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed

#Constitution: 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and eliminate the prime ministership

#Legal system: the new Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government

#National holiday: Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979)

#Executive branch: cleric (faqih), president, Council of Ministers

#Legislative branch: unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami)

#Judicial branch: Supreme Court

#Leaders:

Cleric and functional Chief of State—Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989);

Head of Government—President Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI (since 3 August 1989);

#Political parties and leaders: there are at least 14 licensed parties; the three most important are—Tehran Militant Clergy Association, Mohammad Reza MAHDAVI-KANI; Militant Clerics Association, Mehdi MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad Asqar MUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Fedaiyin Islam Organization, Sadeq KHALKHALI

#Suffrage: universal at age 15

#Elections:

President—last held NA July 1989 (next to be held April 1993); results—Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI was elected with only token opposition;

Islamic Consultative Assembly—last held 8 April 1988 (next to be held June 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(270 seats total) number of seats by party NA

#Communists: 1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore; 15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers; crackdown in 1983 crippled the party; trials of captured leaders began in late 1983 and remain incomplete

#Other political or pressure groups: groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Hizballah, Hojjatiyeh Society, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam; armed political groups that have been almost completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin Khalq Organization (MKO), People's Fedayeen, and Kurdish Democratic Party; the Society for the Defense of Freedom is a group of liberal nationalists that has been repressed by the government for accusing it of corruption

#Member of: CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

#Diplomatic representation: none; protecting power in the US is Algeria—Iranian Interests Section, 2209 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington DC 20007; telephone (202) 965-4990;

US—protecting power in Iran is Switzerland

#Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered in the white band; Allah Akbar (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band

*Economy #Overview: Since the 1979 revolution, the banks, petroleum industry, transportation, utilities, and mining have been nationalized, but the new five-year plan—the first since the revolution—passed in January 1990, calls for the transfer of many government-controlled enterprises to the private sector. Disruptions from the bitter war with Iraq, massive corruption, mismanagement, demographic pressures, and ideological rigidities have kept economic growth at depressed levels. Oil accounts for over 90% of export revenues. A combination of war damage and low oil prices brought a 2% drop in GNP in 1988. GNP probably rose slightly in 1989, considerably short of the 3.2% population growth rate in 1989. Heating oil and gasoline are rationed. Agriculture has suffered from the war, land reform, and shortages of equipment and materials. The five-year plan seeks to reinvigorate the economy by increasing the role of the private sector, boosting nonoil income, and securing foreign loans. The plan is overly ambitious but probably will generate some short-term relief.

#GNP: $80.0 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate 0.5% (1990 est.)

#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30-50% (1989 est.)

#Unemployment rate: 30% (1989)

#Budget: revenues $63 billion; expenditures $80 billion, including capital expenditures of $23 billion (FY90 est.)

#Exports: $12.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides;

partners—Japan, Turkey, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, France, FRG

#Imports: $11.6 billion (c.i.f., 1989);

commodities—machinery, military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, technical services, refined oil products;

partners—FRG, Japan, Turkey, UK, Italy

#External debt: $4-5 billion (1989)

#Industrial production: growth rate NA%

#Electricity: 14,579,000 kW capacity; 40,000 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1989)

#Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other building materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), metal fabricating (steel and copper)

#Agriculture: principal products—wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton, dairy products, wool, caviar; not self-sufficient in food

#Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and international drug trade

#Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.6 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $976 million; note—aid fell sharply following the 1979 revolution

#Currency: Iranian rial (plural—rials); 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars; note—domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural—tomans), which equals 10 rials

#Exchange rates: Iranian rials (IR) per US$1—64.941 (January 1991), 68.096 (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987), 78.760 (1986), 91.052 (1985) at the official rate; black market rate 1,400 (January 1991)

#Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March

*Communications #Railroads: 4,601 km total; 4,509 km 1.432-meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter gauge; 730 km under construction from Bafq to Bandar Abbas

#Highways: 140,072 km total; 46,866 km gravel and crushed stone; 49,440 km improved earth; 42,566 km bituminous and bituminous-treated surfaces; 1,200 km (est.) rural road network

#Inland waterways: 904 km; the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war

#Pipelines: crude oil, 5,900 km; refined products, 3,900 km; natural gas, 3,300 km

#Ports: Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Bandar Beheshti, Bandar-e Abbas, Bandar-e Bushehr, Bandar-e Khomeyni, Bandar-e Shahid Rajai, Khorramshahr (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war)

#Merchant marine: 133 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,634,204 GRT/8,671,769 DWT; includes 36 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 33 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 refrigerated cargo, 49 bulk, 2 combination bulk

#Civil air: 42 major transport aircraft

#Airports: 214 total, 186 usable; 80 with permanent-surface runways; 17 with runways over 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 70 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

#Telecommunications: radio relay extends throughout country; system centered in Tehran; 2,143,000 telephones; stations—62 AM, 30 FM, 250 TV; satellite earth stations—2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; HF and microwave to Turkey, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, and USSR

*Defense Forces #Branches: Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, and Revolutionary Guard Corps (includes Basij militia and own ground, air, and naval forces); a merger of the Komiteh, Police, and Gendarmerie has produced a new Security Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran

#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 12,750,593; 7,588,711 fit for military service; 576,321 reach military age (21) annually

Defense expenditures: $13 billion, 13.3% of GNP (1991 est.) % @Iraq *Geography Total area: 434,920 km2; land area: 433,970 km2

#Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Idaho

#Land boundaries: 3,454 km total; Iran 1,458 km, Iraq - Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone 191 km, Jordan 134 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi Arabia 495 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km

#Coastline: 58 km

#Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: not specific;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

#Disputes: Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations on 14 October 1990 following the end of the war that began on 22 September 1980; progress had been made on the major issues of contention—troop withdrawal, prisoner-of-war exchanges, demarcation of the border, freedom of navigation, and sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway—but written agreements had yet to be drawn up when frictions reemerged in March 1991 in the wake of Shia and Kurdish revolts in Iraq that Baghdad accused Tehran of supporting; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the USSR; shares Neutral Zone with Saudi Arabia—in December 1981, Iraq and Saudi Arabia signed a boundary agreement that divides the zone between them, but the agreement must be ratified before it becomes effective; Iraqi forces invaded and occupied Kuwait from 2 August 1990 until 27 February 1991; in April 1991 official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution 687, which demands that Iraq accept its internationally recognized border with Kuwait, ended earlier claims to Bubiyan and Warbah Islands or to all of Kuwait; periodic disputes with upstream riparian Syria over Euphrates water rights; potential dispute over water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

#Climate: desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers

#Terrain: mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey

#Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur

#Land use: arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and woodland 3%; other 75%; includes irrigated 4%

#Environment: development of Tigris-Euphrates river systems contingent upon agreements with upstream riparians (Syria, Turkey); air and water pollution; soil degradation (salinization) and erosion; desertification

*People #Population: 19,524,718 (July 1991), growth rate 3.9% (1991)

#Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1991)

#Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

#Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

#Infant mortality rate: 66 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

#Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 68 years female (1991)

#Total fertility rate: 7.2 children born/woman (1991)

#Nationality: noun—Iraqi(s); adjective—Iraqi

#Ethnic divisions: Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%

#Religion: Muslim 97%, (Shia 60-65%, Sunni 32-37%), Christian or other 3%

#Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian

#Literacy: 60% (male 70%, female 49%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

#Labor force: 4,400,000 (1989); services 48%, agriculture 30%, industry 22%, severe labor shortage; expatriate labor force about 1,600,000 (July 1990)

#Organized labor: less than 10% of the labor force

*Government #Long-form name: Republic of Iraq

#Type: republic

#Capital: Baghdad

#Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (muhafazat, singular—muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Tamim, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala, Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit

#Independence: 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)

#Constitution: 22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (interim Constitution); new constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted

#Legal system: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

#National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968)

#Executive branch: president, vice president, chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, prime minister, first deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers

#Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Majlis Watani)

#Judicial branch: Court of Cassation

#Leaders:

Chief of State—President Saddam HUSAYN (since 16 July 1979); Vice President Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF (since 21 April 1974); Vice President Taha Yasin RAMADAN (since 23 March 1991);

#Head of Government—Prime Minister Sadun HAMMADI (since 27 March 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Tariq AZIZ (since NA 1979); Deputy Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza al-ZUBAYDI (since 27 March 1991)

#Political parties: National Progressive Front is a coalition of the Arab Bath Socialist Party, Kurdistan Democratic Party, and Kurdistan Revolutionary Party

#Suffrage: universal adult at age 18

#Elections:

National Assembly—last held on 1 April 1989 (next to be held NA); results—Sunni Arabs 53%, Shia Arabs 30%, Kurds 15%, Christians 2% est.; seats—(250 total) number of seats by party NA

#Communists: about 1,500 hardcore members

#Other political or pressure groups: political parties and activity severely restricted; possibly some opposition to regime from disaffected members of the regime, Army officers, and religious and ethnic dissidents

#Member of: ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

#Diplomatic representation: no Iraqi representative in Washington; Chancery at 1801 P Street NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-7500;

US—no US representative in Baghdad since mid-January 1991; Embassy in Masbah Quarter (opposite the Foreign Ministry Club), Baghdad (mailing address is P. O. Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad); telephone [964] (1) 719-6138 or 719-6139, 718-1840, 719-3791

#Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the phrase Allahu Akbar (God is Great) in green Arabic script—Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star—was added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of Syria that has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen that has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt that has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band

*Economy #Overview: The Bathist regime engages in extensive central planning and management of industrial production and foreign trade while leaving some small-scale industry and services and most agriculture to private enterprise. The economy has been dominated by the oil sector, which has provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems, caused by massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil export facilities by Iran, led the government to implement austerity measures and to borrow heavily and later reschedule foreign debt payments. After the end of hostilities in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. Agricultural development remained hampered by labor shortages, salinization, and dislocations caused by previous land reform and collectivization programs. The industrial sector, although accorded high priority by the government, also was under financial constraints. Iraq's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent international economic embargoes, and military actions by an international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically changed the economic picture. Oil exports were cut to near zero, and industrial and transportation facilities severely damaged.

#GNP: $35 billion, per capita $1,940; real growth rate 5% (1989 est.)

#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30-40% (1989 est.)

#Unemployment rate: less than 5% (1989 est.)

#Budget: revenues $NA billion; expenditures $35 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (1989)

#Exports: $12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—crude oil and refined products, fertilizer, sulfur;

partners—US, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, France, Italy, USSR (1989)

#Imports: $10.3 billion (c.i.f., 1989);

commodities—manufactures, food;

partners—US, FRG, Turkey, UK, Romania, Japan, France (1989)

#External debt: $40 billion (1989 est.), excluding debt to Arab Gulf states

#Industrial production: NA%; manufacturing accounts for 10% of GDP (1987)

#Electricity: 9,902,000 kW capacity; 20,000 million kWh produced, 1,110 kWh per capita (1989)

#Industries: petroleum, chemicals, textiles, construction materials, food processing

#Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GNP but 30% of labor force; principal products—wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, other fruit, cotton, wool; livestock—cattle, sheep; not self-sufficient in food output

#Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $3 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $627 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1980-90), more than $30 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.9 billion

#Currency: Iraqi dinar (plural—dinars); 1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils

#Exchange rates: Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1—0.3109 (fixed rate since 1982)

#Fiscal year: calendar year

*Communications #Railroads: 2,962 km total; 2,457 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 505 km 1.000-meter gauge

#Highways: 25,479 km total; 8,290 km paved, 5,534 km improved earth, 11,655 km unimproved earth

#Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al Arab usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war; Tigris and Euphrates navigable by shallow-draft steamers (of little importance); Shatt al Basrah canal navigable in sections by shallow-draft vessels

#Ports: Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, Al Basrah

#Merchant marine: 43 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 944,253 GRT/1,691,368 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 17 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker; note—since the 2 August 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces, Iraq has sought to register at least part of its merchant fleet under convenience flags; none of the Iraqi flag merchant fleet was trading internationally as of 1 January 1991

#Pipelines: crude oil, 4,350 km; 725 km refined products; 1,360 km natural gas

#Civil air: 64 major transport aircraft (including 30 IL-76s used by the Iraq Air Force)

#Airports: 111 total, 102 usable; 73 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways over 3,659 m; 52 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

#Telecommunications: good network consists of coaxial cables, radio relay links, and radiocommunication stations; 632,000 telephones; stations—9 AM, 1 FM, 81 TV; satellite earth stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 GORIZONT Atlantic Ocean in the Intersputnik system; coaxial cable and radio relay to Kuwait, Jordan, Syria, and Turkey

*Defense Forces #Branches: Army and Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Border Guard Force, Internal Security Forces

#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 4,270,592; 2,380,439 fit for military service; 228,277 reach military age (18) annually

Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP % @Iraq - Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone *Geography Total area: 3,520 km2; land area: 3,520 km2

#Comparative area: slightly larger than Rhode Island

#Land boundaries: 389 km total; 191 km Iraq, 198 km Saudi Arabia

#Coastline: none—landlocked

#Maritime claims: none—landlocked

#Climate: harsh, dry desert

#Terrain: sandy desert

#Natural resources: none

#Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other (sandy desert) 100%

#Environment: harsh, inhospitable

#Note: landlocked; located west of quadripoint with Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia

*People #Population: uninhabited

*Government #Long-form name: none

#Type: joint administration by Iraq and Saudi Arabia; in December 1981, Iraq and Saudi Arabia signed a boundary agreement that divides the zone between them, but the agreement must be ratified before it becomes effective

*Economy #Overview: no economic activity

*Communications #Highways: none; some secondary roads

*Defense Forces Note: defense is the joint responsibility of Iraq and Saudi Arabia % @Ireland *Geography Total area: 70,280 km2; land area: 68,890 km2

#Comparative area: slightly larger than West Virginia

#Land boundary: 360 km with UK

#Coastline: 1,448 km

#Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: no precise definition;

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

#Disputes: Northern Ireland question with the UK; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area)

#Climate: temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time

#Terrain: mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast

#Natural resources: zinc, lead, natural gas, crude oil, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silver

#Land use: arable land 14%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 71%; forest and woodland 5%; other 10%

#Environment: deforestation

*People #Population: 3,489,165 (July 1991), growth rate - 0.3% (1991)

#Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1991)

#Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

#Net migration rate: - 9 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

#Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

#Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 79 years female (1991)

#Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)

#Nationality: noun—Irishman(men), Irish (collective pl.); adjective—Irish

#Ethnic divisions: Celtic, with English minority

#Religion: Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981)

#Language: Irish (Gaelic) and English; English is the language generally used, with Gaelic spoken in a few areas, mostly along the western seaboard

#Literacy: 98% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.)

#Labor force: 1,293,000; services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 26.1%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 15.0%, energy and mining 1.9% (1988)

#Organized labor: 36% of labor force

*Government #Long-form name: none

#Type: republic

#Capital: Dublin

#Administrative divisions: 26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath, Wexford, Wicklow

#Independence: 6 December 1921 (from UK)

#Constitution: 29 December 1937; adopted 1937

#Legal system: based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

#National holiday: Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March

#Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

#Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate (Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dail Eireann)

#Judicial branch: Supreme Court

#Leaders:

Chief of State—President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Charles J. HAUGHEY (since 12 July 1989, the fourth time elected as Prime Minister)

#Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, Charles HAUGHEY; Labor Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, John BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'RIORDAN; Workers' Party, Proinsias DEROSSA; Sinn Fein, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Desmond O'MALLEY; note—Prime Minister HAUGHEY heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna Fail and the Progressive Democrats

#Suffrage: universal at age 18

#Elections:

President—last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results—Mary Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2%;

Senate—last held on 17 February 1987 (next to be held February 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 30, Fine Gael 16, Labor 3, Independents 11;

House of Representatives—last held on 12 July 1989 (next to be held NA June 1994); results—Fianna Fail 44.0%, Fine Gael 29.4%, Labor Party 9.3%, Progressive Democrats 5.4%, Workers' Party 4.9%, Sinn Fein 1.1%, independents 5.9%; seats—(166 total) Fianna Fail 77, Fine Gael 55, Labor Party 15, Workers' Party 7, Progressive Democrats 6, independents 6

#Communists: under 500

#Member of: BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NEA, OECD, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Padraic N. MACKERNAN; Chancery at 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3939; there are Irish Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco;

US—Ambassador Richard A. MOORE; Embassy at 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin; telephone [353] (1) 688777

#Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar to the flag of the Ivory Coast which is shorter and has the colors reversed—orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red

*Economy #Overview: The economy is small, open, and trade dependent. Agriculture, once the most important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for 37% of GDP and about 80% of exports and employs 26% of the labor force. The government has successfully reduced the rate of inflation from double-digit figures in the late 1970s to 3.3% in 1990. In 1987, after years of deficits, the balance of payments was brought into the black. Unemployment, however, is a serious problem. A 1990 unemployment rate of 16.6% placed Ireland along with Spain as the countries with the worst jobless records in Western Europe.

#GDP: $33.9 billion, per capita $9,690; real growth rate 4.1% (1990)

#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.3% (1990)

#Unemployment rate: 16.6% (1990)

#Budget: revenues $11.3 billion; expenditures $11.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.6 billion (1990)

#Exports: $24.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals, animal products;

partners—EC 74% (UK 34%, FRG 11%, France 10%), US 8%

#Imports: $20.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—food, animal feed, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, textiles, clothing;

partners—EC 66% (UK 41%, FRG 9%, France 4%), US 16%

#External debt: $16.0 billion (1990)

#Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1990); accounts for 37% of GDP

#Electricity: 4,957,000 kW capacity; 14,480 million kWh produced, 4,080 kWh per capita (1989)

#Industries: food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal

#Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GNP and 15% of the labor force; principal crops—turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; livestock—meat and dairy products; 85% self-sufficient in food; food shortages include bread grain, fruits, vegetables

#Economic aid: donor—ODA commitments (1980-89), $90 million

#Currency: Irish pound (plural—pounds); 1 Irish pound (5Ir) = 100 pence

#Exchange rates: Irish pounds (5Ir) per US$1—0.5656 (January 1991), 0.6030 (1990), 0.7472 (1989), 0.6553 (1988), 0.6720 (1987), 0.7454 (1986), 0.9384 (1985)

#Fiscal year: calendar year

*Communications #Railroads: Irish National Railways (CIE) operates 1,947 km 1.602-meter gauge, government owned; 485 km double track; 38 km electrified

#Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km surfaced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone

#Inland waterways: limited for commercial traffic

#Pipelines: natural gas, 225 km

#Ports: Cork, Dublin, Shannon Estuary, Waterford

#Merchant marine: 53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 138,967 GRT/164,628 DWT; includes 4 short-sea passenger, 31 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 6 bulk

#Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft

#Airports: 40 total, 37 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

#Telecommunications: small, modern system using cable and radio relay circuits; 900,000 telephones; stations—45 AM, 16 (29 relays) FM, 18 (68 relays) TV; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

*Defense Forces #Branches: Army (including Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police (GARDA)

#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 871,578; 705,642 fit for military service; 33,175 reach military age (17) annually

Defense expenditures: $458 million, 1.6% of GDP (1990 est.) % @Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries) Note: The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included in the data below. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by President Reagan's 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza Strip entries). On 25 April 1982 Israel relinquished control of the Sinai to Egypt. Statistics for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights are included in the Syria entry.

*Geography #Total area: 20,770 km2; land area: 20,330 km2

#Comparative area: slightly larger than New Jersey

#Land boundaries: 1,006 km total; Egypt 255 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307, Gaza Strip 51 km

#Coastline: 273 km

#Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation;

Territorial sea: 6 nm

#Disputes: separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank by the 1949 Armistice Line; differences with Jordan over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line which separates the two countries; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied with status to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israeli troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; water-sharing issues with Jordan

#Climate: temperate; hot and dry in desert areas

#Terrain: Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift Valley

#Natural resources: copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, manganese, small amounts of natural gas and crude oil

#Land use: arable land 17%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and woodland 6%; other 32%; includes irrigated 11%

#Environment: sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; limited arable land and natural water resources pose serious constraints; deforestation

#Note: there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank, 38 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 18 in the Gaza Strip, and 14 Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem

*People #Population: 4,477,105 (July 1991), growth rate 1.5% (1991); includes 90,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank, 13,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 2,500 in the Gaza Strip, and 120,000 in East Jerusalem (1990 est.)

#Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1991)

#Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

#Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

#Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

#Life expectancy at birth: 76 years male, 79 years female (1991)

#Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1991)

#Nationality: noun—Israeli(s); adjective—Israeli

#Ethnic divisions: Jewish 83%, non-Jewish (mostly Arab) 17%

#Religion: Judaism 82%, Islam (mostly Sunni Muslim) 14%, Christian 2%, Druze and other 2%

#Language: Hebrew (official); Arabic used officially for Arab minority; English most commonly used foreign language

#Literacy: 92% (male 95%, female 89%) age 15 and over can read and write (1983)

#Labor force: 1,400,000 (1984 est.); public services 29.3%; industry, mining, and manufacturing 22.8%; commerce 12.8%; finance and business 9.5%; transport, storage, and communications 6.8%; construction and public works 6.5%; personal and other services 5.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%; electricity and water 1.0% (1983)

#Organized labor: 90% of labor force

*Government #Long-form name: State of Israel

#Type: republic

#Capital: Israel proclaimed Jerusalem its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv

#Administrative divisions: 6 districts (mehozot, singular—mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv

#Independence: 14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)

#Constitution: no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law

#Legal system: mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985 Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

#National holiday: Independence Day, 10 May 1989; Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May

#Executive branch: president, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet

#Legislative branch: unicameral parliament (Knesset)

#Judicial branch: Supreme Court

#Leaders:

Chief of State—President Chaim HERZOG (since 5 May 1983);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR (since 20 October 1986)

#Political parties and leaders: Israel currently has a coalition government comprising eleven parties that hold 66 of the Knesset's 120 seats;

Members of the government—Likud bloc, Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR; Sephardic Torah Guardians (SHAS), Minister of Interior Arieh DER'I; National Religious Party, Minister of Education Zevulun HAMMER; Agudat Yisrael, Moshe Zeev FELDMAN; Degel HaTorah, Avraham RAVITZ; Moriya, Minister of Immigrant Absorption, Yitzhak PERETZ; Ge'vlat Yisrael, Elizer MIZRAHI; Party for the Advancement of Zionist Ideology (PAZI), Minister of Finance Yitzhak MODAI; Tehiya Party, Minister of Science, Technology, Energy, and Infrastructure Yuval NE'EMAN; Tzomet Party, Minister of Agriculture Rafael EITAN; Unity for Peace and Aliyah, Efrayim GUR; Moledet Party, Rehavam ZE'EVI;

Opposition parties—Labor Party, Shimon PERES; Citizens' Rights Movement, Shulamit ALONI; United Workers' Party (MAPAM), Yair TZABAN; Center Movement-Shinui, Amnon RUBENSTEIN; New Israeli Communist Party (MAKI), Meir WILNER; Progressive List for Peace, Muhammad MI'ARI; Arab Democratic Party, Abd Al Wahab DARAWSHAH; Black Panthers, Charlie BITON

#Suffrage: universal at age 18

#Elections:

President—last held 23 February 1988 (next to be held February 1994); results—Chaim HERZOG reelected by Knesset;

Knesset—last held 1 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1992); seats—(120 total) Labor Party 38, Likud bloc 37, SHAS 5, National Religious Party 5, Citizens' Rights Movement 5, Agudat Yisrael 4, PAZI 3, MAKI 3, Tehiya Party 3, MAPAM 3, Tzomet Party 2, Moledet Party 2, Degel HaTorah 2, Center Movement-Shinui 2, Progressive List for Peace 1, Arab Democratic Party 1; Black Panthers 1, Moriya 1, Ge'ulat Yisrael 1, Unity for Peace and Aliyah 1

#Communists: Hadash (predominantly Arab but with Jews in its leadership) has some 1,500 members

#Other political or pressure groups: Gush Emunim, Jewish nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now, critical of government's West Bank/Gaza Strip and Lebanon policies

#Member of: AG (observer), CCC, EBRD, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Zalman SHOVAL; Chancery at 3514 International Drive NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 364-5500; there are Israeli Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco;

US—Ambassador William A. BROWN; Embassy at 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv (mailing address is APO New York 09672); telephone [972] (3) 654338; there is a US Consulate General in Jerusalem

#Flag: white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag

*Economy #Overview: Israel has a market economy with substantial government participation. It depends on imports for crude oil, food, grains, raw materials, and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has developed its agricultural and industrial sectors on an intensive scale over the past 20 years. Industry accounts for about 23% of the labor force, agriculture for 5%, and services for most of the balance. Diamonds, high-technology machinery, and agricultural products (fruits and vegetables) are the biggest export earners. The balance of payments has traditionally been negative, but is offset by large transfer payments and foreign loans. About half of Israel's $18 billion external government debt is owed to the US, which is its major source for economic and military aid. To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel must continue to exploit high-technology niches in the international market, such as medical scanning equipment. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on 2 August dealt a blow to Israel's economy in 1990. Higher world oil prices added an estimated $300 million to Israel's 1990 oil import bill, and helped keep the inflation rate at 18% for the year. Regional tensions and continuing acts of the Palestinian uprising (intifadah)-related violence contributed to a sharp dropoff in tourism—a key source of foreign exchange—to the lowest level since the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. In 1991, the influx of up to 400,000 Soviet immigrants will increase unemployment, intensify the country's housing crisis, and contribute to a widening budget deficit.

#GNP: $46.5 billion, per capita $10,500; real growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.)

#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 18% (1990)

#Unemployment rate: 9.8% (March 1991)

#Budget: revenues $28.7 billion; expenditures $33.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91)

#Exports: $10.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods, fertilizer and chemical products, military hardware, electronics;

partners—US, UK, FRG, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy

#Imports: $14.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.);

commodities—military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, aircraft;

partners—US, FRG, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg

#External debt: $24.5 billion, of which government debt is $18 billion (December 1990)

#Industrial production: growth rate - 1.5% (1989); accounts for about 40% of GDP

#Electricity: 4,392,000 kW capacity; 17,500 million kWh produced, 4,000 kWh per capita (1989)

#Industries: food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport equipment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining, high-technology electronics, tourism

#Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GNP; largely self-sufficient in food production, except for bread grains; principal products—citrus and other fruits, vegetables, cotton; livestock products—beef, dairy, and poultry

#Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $18.2 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $2.5 billion

#Currency: new Israeli shekel (plural—shekels); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot

#Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1—2.35 (May 1991), 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987), 1.4878 (1986), 1.1788 (1985)

#Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March; changing to calender year basis starting January 1992

*Communications #Railroads: 594 km 1.435-meter gauge, single track; diesel operated

#Highways: 4,500 km; majority is bituminous surfaced

#Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined products, 290 km; natural gas, 89 km

#Ports: Ashdod, Haifa, Elat

#Merchant marine: 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 516,714 GRT/611,795 DWT; includes 7 cargo, 21 container, 2 refrigerated cargo; note—Israel also maintains a significant flag of convenience fleet, which is normally at least as large as the Israeli flag fleet; the Israeli flag of convenience fleet typically includes all of its POL tankers

#Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft

#Airports: 51 total, 44 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

#Telecommunications: most highly developed in the Middle East though not the largest; good system of coaxial cable and radio relay; 1,800,000 telephones; stations—11 AM, 24 FM, 54 TV; 2 submarine cables; satellite earth stations—2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT

*Defense Forces #Branches: Israel Defense Forces includes ground, naval, and air components; historically there have been no separate Israeli military services

#Manpower availability: eligible 15-49, 2,213,808; of the 1,117,733 males 15-49, 920,449 are fit for military service; of the 1,096,075 females 15-49, 899,022 are fit for military service; 44,429 males and 42,249 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service; Nahal or Pioneer Fighting Youth, Frontier Guard, Chen

Defense expenditures: $5.3 billion, 13.9% of GNP (1991); note—includes an estimated $1.8 billion in US military aid % @Italy *Geography Total area: 301,230 km2; land area: 294,020 km2; includes Sardinia and Sicily

#Comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona

#Land boundaries: 1,902.2 km total; Austria 430 km, France 488 km, San Marino 39 km, Switzerland 740 km, Vatican City 3.2 km, Yugoslavia 202 km

#Coastline: 4,996 km

#Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

#Climate: predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south

#Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands

#Natural resources: mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal

#Land use: arable land 32%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 17%; forest and woodland 22%; other 19%; includes irrigated 10%

#Environment: regional risks include landslides, mudflows, snowslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land sinkage in Venice

#Note: strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe

*People #Population: 57,772,375 (July 1991), growth rate 0.2% (1991)

#Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1991)

#Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

#Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)

#Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

#Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 82 years female (1991)

#Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1991)

#Nationality: noun—Italian(s); adjective—Italian

#Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but population includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south; Sicilians; Sardinians

#Religion: nominally Roman Catholic almost 100%

#Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region; Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area

#Literacy: 97% (male 98%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

#Labor force: 23,988,000; services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988)

#Organized labor: 40-45% of labor force (est.)

*Government #Long-form name: Italian Republic

#Type: republic

#Capital: Rome

#Administrative divisions: 20 regions (regioni, singular—regione); Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto

#Independence: 17 March 1861, Kingdom of Italy proclaimed

#Constitution: 1 January 1948

#Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; appeals treated as trials de novo; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

#National holiday: Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946)

#Executive branch: president, prime minister (president of the Council of Ministers)

#Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of an upper chamber or Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati)

#Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale)

#Leaders:

Chief of State—President Francesco COSSIGA (since 3 July 1985);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Giulio ANDREOTTI (since 22 July 1989, heads the government for the seventh time); Deputy Prime Minister Claudio MARTELLI (since 23 July 1989)

#Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DC), Arnaldo FORLANI (general secretary), Ciriaco De MITA (president); Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino CRAXI (party secretary); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Antonio CARIGLIA (party secretary); Liberal Party (PLI), Renato ALTISSIMO (secretary general); Democratic Party of the Left (PDS—was Communist Party, or PCI, until January 1991), Achille OCCHETTO (secretary general); Italian Social Movement (MSI), Giuseppe (Pino) RAUTI (national secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio La MALFA (political secretary); Lega Nord, Umberto BOSSI, president; Italy's 50th postwar government was formed on 13 April 1991, with Prime Minister ANDREOTTI, a Christian Democrat, presiding over a four-party coalition consisting of the Christian Democrats, Socialists, Social Democrats, and Liberals

#Suffrage: universal at age 18 (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25)

#Elections:

Senate—last held 14-15 June 1987 (next to be held by June 1992); results—DC 33.9%, PCI 28.3%, PSI 10.7%, other 27.1%; seats—(320 total, 315 elected) DC 125, PCI 100, PSI 36, other 54;

Chamber of Deputies—last held 14-15 June 1987 (next to be held by June 1992); results—DC 34.3%, PCI 26.6%, PSI 14.3%, MSI 5.9%, PRI 3.7%, PSDI 3.0%, Radicals 2.6%, Greens 2.5%, PLI 2.1%, Proletarian Democrats 1.7%, other 3.3%; seats—(630 total) DC 234, PCI 177, PSI 94, MSI 35, PRI 21, PSDI 17, Radicals 13, Greens 13, PLI 11, Proletarian Democrats 8, other 7

#Communists: 1.3 million (1990)

#Other political or pressure groups: the Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (CGIL—Communist dominated, CISL—Christian Democratic, and UIL—Social Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association (Confindustria); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura)

#Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Rinaldo PETRIGNANI; Chancery at 1601 Fuller Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 328-5500; there are Italian Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, New Orleans, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Consulates in Detroit and Newark (New Jersey);

US—Ambassador Peter F. SECCHIA; Embassy at Via Veneto 119/A, 00187-Rome (mailing address is APO New York 09794); telephone [39] (6) 46741; there are US Consulates General in Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, and Palermo (Sicily)

#Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar to the flag of Ireland which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Ivory Coast which has the colors reversed—orange (hoist side), white, and green

*Economy #Overview: Since World War II the economy has changed from one based on agriculture into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total and per capita output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by small private companies, and an undeveloped agricultural south, dominated by large public enterprises. Services account for 48% of GDP, industry 34%, agriculture 4%, and public administration 13%. Most raw materials needed by industry and over 75% of energy requirements must be imported. The economic recovery that began in mid-1983 has continued through 1990, with the economy growing at an annual average rate of 3%. For the 1990s, Italy faces the problems of refurbishing a tottering communications system, curbing pollution in major industrial centers, and adjusting to the new competitive forces accompanying the ongoing economic integration of the European Community.

#GDP: $844.7 billion, per capita $14,600; real growth rate 2.0% (1990)

#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1990)

#Unemployment rate: 11.0% (1990 est.)

#Budget: revenues $355 billion; expenditures $448 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)

#Exports: $170.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—textiles, wearing apparel, metals, transportation equipment, chemicals;

partners—EC 57%, US 8%, OPEC 4%

#Imports: $182.0 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals, food, agricultural products;

partners—EC 58%, OPEC 6%, US 5%

#External debt: NA

#Industrial production: growth rate - 0.1% (1990); accounts for almost 35% of GDP

#Electricity: 56,800,000 kW capacity; 225,000 million kWh produced, 3,900 kWh per capita (1990)

#Industries: machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

#Agriculture: accounts for about 4% of GDP and 10% of the work force; self-sufficient in foods other than meat and dairy products; principal crops—fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; fish catch of 388,200 metric tons in 1988

#Economic aid: donor—ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion

#Currency: Italian lira (plural—lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi

#Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1—1,134.4 (January 1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985)

#Fiscal year: calendar year

*Communications #Railroads: 20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned standard gauge (8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned—2,100 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge (380 km electrified)

#Highways: 294,410 km total; autostrada 5,900 km, state highways 45,170 km, provincial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km concrete, bituminous, or stone block, 26,900 km gravel and crushed stone,7,010 km earth

#Inland waterways: 2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, although of limited overall value

#Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined products, 2,148 km; natural gas, 19,400 km

#Ports: Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Palermo (Sicily), Taranto, Trieste, Venice

#Merchant marine: 575 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,462,744 GRT/11,593,730 DWT; includes 11 passenger, 44 short-sea passenger, 103 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 23 container, 67 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 7 vehicle carrier, 1 multifunction large-load carrier, 2 livestock carrier, 151 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 37 chemical tanker, 38 liquefied gas, 10 specialized tanker, 14 combination ore/oil, 60 bulk, 2 combination bulk

#Civil air: 125 major transport aircraft

#Airports: 138 total, 135 usable; 90 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

#Telecommunications: well engineered, constructed, and operated; 28,000,000 telephones; stations—144 AM, 54 (over 1,800 repeaters) FM, 450 (over 1,300 repeaters) TV; 22 submarine cables; communication satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT 3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean, INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems

*Defense Forces #Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri

#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 14,747,224; 12,877,803 fit for military service; 418,043 reach military age (18) annually

Defense expenditures: $19.2 billion, 2.2% of GDP (1990) % @Ivory Coast (also known as Cote d'Ivoire) *Geography Total area: 322,460 km2; land area: 318,000 km2

#Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico

#Land boundaries: 3,110 km total; Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km, Mali 532 km

#Coastline: 515 km

#Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth);

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

#Climate: tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons—warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)

#Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest

#Natural resources: crude oil, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper

#Land use: arable land 9%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and woodland 26%; other 52%; includes irrigated NEGL%

#Environment: coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; severe deforestation

*People #Population: 12,977,909 (July 1991), growth rate 3.9% (1991)

#Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population (1991)

#Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

#Net migration rate: 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

#Infant mortality rate: 97 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

#Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 56 years female (1991)

#Total fertility rate: 6.8 children born/woman (1991)

#Nationality: noun—Ivorian(s); adjective—Ivorian

#Ethnic divisions: over 60 ethnic groups; most important are the Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou 15%, Malinke 11%, and Agni; foreign Africans, mostly Burkinabe about 2 million; non-Africans about 130,000 to 330,000 (French 30,000 and Lebanese 100,000 to 300,000)

#Religion: indigenous 63%, Muslim 25%, Christian 12%,

#Language: French (official), over 60 native dialects; Dioula most widely spoken

#Literacy: 54% (male 67%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

#Labor force: 5,718,000; over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture and the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions; 54% of population of working age (1985)

#Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force

*Government #Long-form name: Republic of the Ivory Coast; note—the local official name is Republique de Cote d'Ivoire

#Type: republic; multiparty presidential regime established 1960

#Capital: Abidjan (capital city changed to Yamoussoukro in March 1983 but not recognized by US)

#Administrative divisions: 49 departments (departements, singular—(departement); Abengourou, Abidjan, Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou, Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane, Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou, Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda, Tengrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula

#Independence: 7 August 1960 (from France)

#Constitution: 3 November 1960

#Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

#National holiday: National Day, 7 December

#Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

#Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

#Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

#Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960); Prime Minister Allassane OUATTARE (since 7 November 1990)

#Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY; Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's Party (PIT), Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA; over 20 smaller parties

#Suffrage: universal at age 21

#Elections:

President—last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results—President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY received 81% of the vote in his first contested election; he is currently serving his seventh consecutive five-year term;

National Assembly—last held 25 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(175 total) PDCI 163, FPI 9, PIT 1, independents 2

#Communists: no Communist party; possibly some sympathizers

#Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Charles GOMIS; Chancery at 2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-0300;

US—Ambassador Kenneth L. BROWN; Embassy at 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan (mailing address is 01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan); telephone [225] 21-09-79 or 21-46-72

#Flag: three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; similar to the flag of Ireland which is longer and has the colors reversed—green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France

*Economy #Overview: Ivory Coast is among the world's largest producers and exporters of coffee, cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy is highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee and cocoa and to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to diversify, the economy is still largely dependent on agriculture and related industries. The agricultural sector accounts for over one-third of GDP and about 80% of export earnings and employs about 85% of the labor force. A collapse of world cocoa and coffee prices in 1986 threw the economy into a recession, from which the country had not recovered by 1990.

#GDP: $10 billion, per capita $800; real growth rate - 2.9% (1990)

#Inflation rate (consumer prices): -0.8% (1990 est.)

#Unemployment rate: 14% (1985)

#Budget: revenues $2.8 billion (1989 est.); expenditures $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)

#Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton;

partners—France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985)

#Imports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—manufactured goods and semifinished products 50%, consumer goods 40%, raw materials and fuels 10%;

partners—France, other EC, Nigeria, US, Japan (1985)

#External debt: $15.0 billion (1990 est.)

#Industrial production: growth rate - 6% (1989); accounts for 17% of GDP

#Electricity: 1,081,000 kW capacity; 2,440 million kWh produced, 210 kWh per capita (1989)

#Industries: foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly, textiles, fertilizer, beverage

#Agriculture: most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and 80% to exports; cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, bananas, palm kernels, rubber; food crops—corn, rice, manioc, sweet potatoes; not self-sufficient in bread grain and dairy products

#Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis on a small scale for the international drug trade

#Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $356 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $4.9 billion

#Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural—francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

#Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1—256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)

#Fiscal year: calendar year

*Communications #Railroads: 660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge, single track, except 25 km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track)

#Highways: 46,600 km total; 3,600 km bituminous and bituminous-treated surface; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and improved earth; 11,000 km unimproved

#Inland waterways: 980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons

#Ports: Abidjan, San-Pedro

#Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,945 GRT/ 90,684 DWT; includes 5 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker

#Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft, including multinationally owned Air Afrique fleet

#Airports: 48 total, 41 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

#Telecommunications: system above African average; consists of open-wire lines and radio relay links; 87,700 telephones; stations—3 AM, 17 FM, 11 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables

*Defense Forces #Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard

#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,981,269; 1,543,412 fit for military service; 145,693 males reach military age (18) annually

Defense expenditures: $199 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988) % @Jamaica *Geography Total area: 10,990 km2; land area: 10,830 km2

#Comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut

#Land boundaries: none

#Coastline: 1,022 km

#Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: 12 nm

#Climate: tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

#Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

#Natural resources: bauxite, gypsum, limestone

#Land use: arable land 19%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and woodland 28%; other 29%; includes irrigated 3%

#Environment: subject to hurricanes (especially July to November); deforestation; water pollution

#Note: strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for Panama Canal

*People #Population: 2,489,353 (July 1991), growth rate 0.9% (1991)

#Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991)

#Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

#Net migration rate: - 9 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

#Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

#Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 76 years female (1991)

#Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1991)

#Nationality: noun—Jamaican(s); adjective—Jamaican

#Ethnic divisions: African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3.0%, white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 1.2%

#Religion: predominantly Protestant 55.9% (Church of God 18.4%, Baptist 10%, Anglican 7.1%, Seven-Day Adventist 6.9%, Pentecostal 5.2%, Methodist 3.1%, United Church 2.7%, other 2.5%), Roman Catholic 5%, other 39.1%, including some spiritualist cults (1982)

#Language: English, Creole

#Literacy: 98% (male 98%, female 99%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990 est.)

#Labor force: 1,062,100; services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%; unemployed 17.5% (1989)

#Organized labor: 24% of labor force (1989)

*Government #Long-form name: none

#Type: parliamentary democracy

#Capital: Kingston

#Administrative divisions: 14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland

#Independence: 6 August 1962 (from UK)

#Constitution: 6 August 1962

#Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

#National holiday: Independence Day (first Monday in August), 6 August 1990

#Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet

#Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives

#Judicial branch: Supreme Court

#Leaders:

Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Florizel A. GLASSPOLE (since 2 March 1973);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Michael MANLEY (since 13 February 1989)

#Political parties and leaders: People's National Party (PNP), Michael MANLEY; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Edward SEAGA; Workers' Party of Jamaica (WPJ), Trevor MUNROE

#Suffrage: universal at age 18

#Elections:

House of Representatives—last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results—PNP 57%, JLP 43%; seats—(60 total) PNP 45, JLP 15

#Communists: Workers' Party of Jamaica (Marxist-Leninist)

#Other political or pressure groups: Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

#Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-19, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Richard BERNAL; Chancery at Suite 355, 1850 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; telephone (202) 452-0660; there are Jamaican Consulates General in Miami and New York;

US—Ambassador Glen A. HOLDEN; Embassy at 3rd Floor, Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, Kingston; telephone (809) 929-4850

#Flag: diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles—green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side)

*Economy #Overview: The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism. In 1985 it suffered a setback with the closure of some facilities in the bauxite and alumina industry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since 1986 an economic recovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to improve for the bauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal prices. The recovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and tourism sectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe damage on crops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary setback to the economy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the hurricane was largely complete and real growth was up about 3% for 1989. In 1990, 3.5% economic growth was led by mining and tourism.

#GDP: $3.9 billion, per capita $1,580; real growth rate 3.5% (1990)

#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16.0% (1990)

#Unemployment rate: 18.2% (1990)

#Budget: revenues $1.0 billion; expenditures $1.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $197 million (FY90 est.)

#Exports: $1.02 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—bauxite, alumina, sugar, bananas;

partners—US 36%, UK, Canada, Norway, Trinidad and Tobago

#Imports: $1.83 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—petroleum, machinery, food, consumer goods, construction goods;

partners—US 48%, UK, Venezuela, Canada, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago

#External debt: $4.1 billion (1990 est.)

#Industrial production: growth rate 3% (1989 est.); accounts for almost 25% of GDP

#Electricity: 1,122,000 kW capacity; 2,508 million kWh produced, 1,030 kWh per capita (1990)

#Industries: tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures

#Agriculture: accounts for about 9% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% of exports; commercial crops—sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, and vegetables; livestock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk; not self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy products

#Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for ships carrying cocaine and cannabis from central and South America to North America

#Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.45 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $27 million; Communist countries (1974-89), $349 million

#Currency: Jamaican dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents

#Exchange rates: Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1—8.106 (January 1991), 7.184 (1990), 5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987), 5.4778 (1986), 5.5586 (1985)

#Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

*Communications #Railroads: 370 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track

#Highways: 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth

#Pipelines: refined products, 10 km

#Ports: Kingston, Montego Bay

#Merchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,048 GRT/21,412 DWT; includes 1 cargo, 1 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 bulk

#Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft

#Airports: 41 total, 25 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

#Telecommunications: fully automatic domestic telephone network; 127,000 telephones; stations—10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables

*Defense Forces #Branches: Jamaica Defense Force (includes Coast Guard and Air Wing), Jamaica Constabulary Force

#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 628,225; 446,229 fit for military service; no conscription; 26,442 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually

Defense expenditures: $20 million, less than 1% of GDP (FY91) % @Jan Mayen (territory of Norway) *Geography Total area: 373 km2; land area: 373 km2

#Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

#Land boundaries: none

#Coastline: 124.1 km

#Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 10 nm;

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 4 nm

#Disputes: Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims beween Greenland and Jan Mayen

#Climate: arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

#Terrain: volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak, with an elevation of 2,277 meters

#Natural resources: none

#Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

#Environment: barren volcanic island with some moss and grass; volcanic activity resumed in 1970

#Note: located north of the Arctic Circle about 590 km north-northeast of Iceland between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea

*People #Population: no permanent inhabitants

*Government #Long-form name: none

#Type: territory of Norway

#Note: administered by a governor (sysselmann) resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard)

*Economy #Overview: Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources. Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's radio and meteorological stations located on the island.

#Electricity: 15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1989)

*Communications #Airports: 1 with runway 1,220 to 2,439 m

#Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

#Telecommunications: radio and meteorological station

*Defense Forces Note: defense is the responsibility of Norway % @Japan *Geography Total area: 377,835 km2; land area: 374,744 km2; includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima, Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto)

#Comparative area: slightly smaller than California

#Land boundaries: none

#Coastline: 29,751 km

#Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm (3 nm in international straits—La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and Western channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait)

#Disputes: Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan

#Climate: varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

#Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous

#Natural resources: negligible mineral resources, fish

#Land use: arable land 13%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and woodland 67%; other 18%; includes irrigated 9%

#Environment: many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis

#Note: strategic location in northeast Asia

*People #Population: 124,017,137 (July 1991), growth rate 0.4% (1991)

#Birth rate: 10 births/1,000 population (1991)

#Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

#Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

#Infant mortality rate: 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

#Life expectancy at birth: 76 years male, 82 years female (1991)

#Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1991)

#Nationality: noun—Japanese (sing., pl.); adjective—Japanese

#Ethnic divisions: Japanese 99.4%, other (mostly Korean) 0.6%

#Religion: most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites so the percentages add to more than 100%—Shinto 95.8%, Buddhist 76.3%, Christian 1.4%, other 12% (1985)

#Language: Japanese

#Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)

#Labor force: 63,330,000; trade and services 54%; manufacturing, mining, and construction 33%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%; government 3% (1988)

#Organized labor: about 29% of employed workers; public service 76.4%, transportation and telecommunications 57.9%, mining 48.7%, manufacturing 33.7%, services 18.2%, wholesale, retail, and restaurant 9.3%

*Government #Long-form name: none

#Type: constitutional monarchy

#Capital: Tokyo

#Administrative divisions: 47 prefectures (fuken, singular and plural); Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi

#Independence: 660 BC, traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu

#Constitution: 3 May 1947

#Legal system: civil law system with English-American influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

#National holiday: Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933)

#Executive branch: emperor, prime minister, Cabinet

#Legislative branch: bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or House of Councillors (Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Shugi-in)

#Judicial branch: Supreme Court

#Leaders:

Chief of State—Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991)

#Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Toshiki KAIFU, president; Keizo OBUCHI, secretary general; Japan Socialist Party (JSP), T. DOI, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keigo OUCHI, chairman; Japan Communist Party (JCP), K. MIYAMOTO, Presidium chairman; Komeito (Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman

#Suffrage: universal at age 20

#Elections:

House of Councillors—last held on 23 July 1989 (next to be held 23 July 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(252 total, 100 elected) LDP 109, JSP 67, CGP 21, JCP 14, other 41;

House of Representatives—last held on 18 February 1990 (next to be held by February 1993); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(512 total) LDP 275, JSP 136, CGP 45, JCP 16, DSP 14, other parties 5, independents 21; note—9 independents are expected to join the LDP, 5 the JSP

#Communists: about 490,000 registered Communist party members

#Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

#Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ryohei MURATA; Chancery at 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6700; there are Japanese Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Kansas City (Missouri), Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland (Oregon), and a Consulate in Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands);

US—Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOST; Embassy at 10-1, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku (107), Tokyo (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96503); telephone [81] (3) 3224-5000; there are US Consulates General in Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, and Sapporo and a Consulate in Fukuoka

#Flag: white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the center

*Economy #Overview: Although Japan has few natural resources, since 1971 it has become the world's third-largest economy, ranking behind only the US and the USSR. Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a comparatively small defense allocation have helped Japan advance rapidly, notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most important sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. Self-sufficent in rice, Japan must import 50% of its requirements for other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. Overall economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1990 strong investment and consumption spending helped maintain growth at 5.6%. Inflation remains low at 3.1% despite higher oil prices and rising wages because of a tight labor market. Japan continues to run a huge trade surplus, $52 billion in 1990, which supports extensive investment in foreign properties.

#GNP: $2,115.2 billion, per capita $17,100; real growth rate 5.6% (1990)

#Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.1% (1990)

#Unemployment rate: 2.1% (1990)

#Budget: revenues $499 billion; expenditures $532 billion, including capital expenditures (public works only) of $52 billion (FY90)

#Exports: $286.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—manufactures 97% (including machinery 38%, motor vehicles 17%, consumer electronics 10%);

partners—US 31%, Southeast Asia 29%, Western Europe 21%, Communist countries 3%, Middle East 3%

#Imports: $234.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—manufactures 50%, fossil fuels 24%, foodstuffs and raw materials 26%;

partners—Southeast Asia 23%, US 23%, Western Europe 18%, Middle East 13%, Communist countries 7%

#External debt: $NA

#Industrial production: growth rate 4.6% (1990 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP (mining and manufacturing)

#Electricity: 191,000,000 kW capacity; 790,000 million kWh produced, 6,390 kWh per capita (1989)

#Industries: metallurgy, engineering, electrical and electronic, textiles, chemicals, automobiles, fishing, telecommunications

#Agriculture: accounts for only 2% of GNP; highly subsidized and protected sector, with crop yields among highest in world; principal crops—rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs; about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn, soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 11.9 million metric tons in 1988

#Economic aid: donor—ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $7.9 billion in 1989

#Currency: yen (plural—yen); 1 yen (3) = 100 sen

#Exchange rates: yen (3) per US$1—133.88 (January 1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988), 144.64 (1987), 168.52 (1986), 238.54 (1985)

#Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

*Communications #Railroads: 27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987)

#Highways: 1,098,900 km total; 718,700 km paved, 380,200 km gravel, crushed stone, or unpaved; 3,900 km national expressways, 46,544 km national highways, 43,907 km principal local roads, 86,930 km prefectural roads, and 917,619 other (1987)

#Inland waterways: about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas

#Pipelines: crude oil, 84 km; refined products, 322 km; natural gas, 1,800 km

#Ports: Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji, Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu

#Merchant marine: 1,019 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,396,958 GRT/34,683,035 DWT; includes 9 passenger, 55 short-sea passenger, 4 passenger cargo, 95 cargo, 40 container, 33 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 125 refrigerated cargo, 99 vehicle carrier, 231 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 14 chemical tanker, 41 liquefied gas, 11 combination ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 257 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note—Japan also owns a large flag of convenience fleet, including up to 40% of the total number of ships under Panamanian flag

#Civil air: 360 major transport aircraft

#Airports: 165 total, 157 usable; 129 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 29 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 56 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

#Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones; stations—318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major—1 kw or greater); satellite earth stations—4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and USSR

*Defense Forces #Branches: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency (Coast Guard)

#Manpower availability: males 15-49, 32,256,893; 27,771,374 fit for military service; 992,255 reach military age (18) annually