3. Let the rafters themselves be held together by bridgings, and covered with boards, preferably of holm oak, or, this failing, of any other material which has the greatest strength, except pine or alder. For these woods are weak and easily catch fire. Over the boardings let there be placed wattles very closely woven of thin twigs as fresh as possible. Let the entire machine be covered with rawhide sewed together double and stuffed with seaweed or straw soaked in vinegar. In this way the blows of ballistae and the force of fires will be repelled by them.



CHAPTER XV

HEGETOR'S TORTOISE



1. There is also another kind of tortoise, which has all the other details as described above except the rafters, but it has round it a parapet and battlements of boards, and eaves sloping downwards, and is covered with boards and hides firmly fastened in place. Above this let clay kneaded with hair be spread to such a thickness that fire cannot injure the machine. These machines can, if need be, have eight wheels, should it be necessary to modify them with reference to the nature of the ground. Tortoises, however, which are intended for excavating, termed in Greek [Greek: oryktides], have all the other details as described above, but their fronts are constructed like the angles of triangles, in order that when missiles are shot against them from a wall, they may receive the blows not squarely in front, but glancing from the sides, and those excavating within may be protected without danger.

2. It does not seem to me out of place to set forth the principles on which Hegetor of Byzantium constructed a tortoise. The length of its base was sixty-three feet, the breadth forty-two. The corner posts, four in number, which were set upon this framework, were made of two timbers each, and were thirty-six feet high, a foot and a quarter thick, and a foot and a half broad. The base had eight wheels by means of which it was moved about. The height of these wheels was six and three quarters feet, their thickness three feet. Thus constructed of three pieces of wood, united by alternate opposite dovetails and bound together by cold-drawn iron plates, they revolved in the trees or amaxopodes.

3. Likewise, on the plane of the crossbeams above the base, were erected posts eighteen feet high, three quarters of a foot broad, two thirds of a foot thick, and a foot and three quarters apart; above these, framed beams, a foot broad and three quarters of a foot thick, held the whole structure together; above this the rafters were raised, with an elevation of twelve feet; a beam set above the rafters united their joinings. They also had bridgings fastened transversely, and a flooring laid on them protected the parts beneath.

4. It had, moreover, a middle flooring on girts, where scorpiones and catapults were placed. There were set up, also, two framed uprights forty-five feet long, a foot and a half in thickness, and three quarters of a foot in breadth, joined at the tops by a mortised crossbeam and by another, halfway up, mortised into the two shafts and tied in place by iron plates. Above this was set, between the shafts and the crossbeams, a block pierced on either side by sockets, and firmly fastened in place with clamps. In this block were two axles, turned on a lathe, and ropes fastened from them held the ram.

5. Over the head of these (ropes) which held the ram, was placed a parapet fitted out like a small tower, so that, without danger, two soldiers, standing in safety, could look out and report what the enemy were attempting. The entire ram had a length of one hundred and eighty feet, a breadth at the base of a foot and a quarter, and a thickness of a foot, tapering at the head to a breadth of a foot and a thickness of three quarters of a foot.

6. This ram, moreover, had a beak of hard iron such as ships of war usually have, and from the beak iron plates, four in number, about fifteen feet long, were fastened to the wood. From the head to the very heel of the beam were stretched cables, three in number and eight digits thick, fastened just as in a ship from stem to stern continuously, and these cables were bound with cross girdles a foot and a quarter apart. Over these the whole ram was wrapped with rawhide. The ends of the ropes from which the ram hung were made of fourfold chains of iron, and these chains were themselves wrapped in rawhide.

7. Likewise, the projecting end of the ram had a box framed and constructed of boards, in which was stretched a net made of rather large ropes, over the rough surfaces of which one easily reached the wall without the feet slipping. And this machine moved in six directions, forward (and backward), also to the right or left, and likewise it was elevated by extending it upwards and depressed by inclining it downwards. The machine could be elevated to a height sufficient to throw down a wall of about one hundred feet, and likewise in its thrust it covered a space from right to left of not less than one hundred feet. One hundred men controlled it, though it had a weight of four thousand talents, which is four hundred and eighty thousand pounds.



CHAPTER XVI

MEASURES OF DEFENCE

1. With regard to scorpiones, catapults, and ballistae, likewise with regard to tortoises and towers, I have set forth, as seemed to me especially appropriate, both by whom they were invented and in what manner they should be constructed. But I have not considered it as necessary to describe ladders, cranes, and other things, the principles of which are simpler, for the soldiers usually construct these by themselves, nor can these very machines be useful in all places nor in the same way, since fortifications differ from each other, and so also the bravery of nations. For siege works against bold and venturesome men should be constructed on one plan, on another against cautious men, and on still another against the cowardly.

2. And so, if any one pays attention to these directions, and by selection adapts their various principles to a single structure, he will not be in need of further aids, but will be able, without hesitation, to design such machines as the circumstances or the situations demand. With regard to works of defence, it is not necessary to write, since the enemy do not construct their defences in conformity with our books, but their contrivances are frequently foiled, on the spur of the moment, by some shrewd, hastily conceived plan, without the aid of machines, as is said to have been the experience of the Rhodians.

3. For Diognetus was a Rhodian architect, to whom, as an honour, was granted out of the public treasury a fixed annual payment commensurate with the dignity of his art. At this time an architect from Aradus, Callias by name, coming to Rhodes, gave a public lecture, and showed a model of a wall, over which he set a machine on a revolving crane with which he seized an helepolis as it approached the fortifications, and brought it inside the wall. The Rhodians, when they had seen this model, filled with admiration, took from Diognetus the yearly grant and transferred this honour to Callias.

4. Meanwhile, king Demetrius, who because of his stubborn courage was called Poliorcetes, making war on Rhodes, brought with him a famous Athenian architect named Epimachus. He constructed at enormous expense, with the utmost care and exertion, an helepolis one hundred and thirty-five feet high and sixty feet broad. He strengthened it with hair and rawhide so that it could withstand the blow of a stone weighing three hundred and sixty pounds shot from a ballista; the machine itself weighed three hundred and sixty thousand pounds. When Callias was asked by the Rhodians to construct a machine to resist this helepolis, and to bring it within the wall as he had promised, he said that it was impossible.

5. For not all things are practicable on identical principles, but there are some things which, when enlarged in imitation of small models, are effective, others cannot have models, but are constructed independently of them, while there are some which appear feasible in models, but when they have begun to increase in size are impracticable, as we can observe in the following instance. A half inch, inch, or inch and a half hole is bored with an auger, but if we should wish, in the same manner, to bore a hole a quarter of a foot in breadth, it is impracticable, while one of half a foot or more seems not even conceivable.

6. So too, in some models it is seen how they appear practicable on the smallest scale and likewise on a larger. And so the Rhodians, in the same manner, deceived by the same reasoning, inflicted injury and insult on Diognetus. Therefore, when they saw the enemy stubbornly hostile, slavery threatening them because of the machine which had been built to take the city, and that they must look forward to the destruction of their state, they fell at the feet of Diognetus, begging him to come to the aid of the fatherland. He at first refused.

7. But after free-born maidens and young men came with the priests to implore him, he promised to do it on condition that if he took the machine it should be his property. When these terms had been agreed upon, he pierced the wall in the place where the machine was going to approach it, and ordered all to bring forth from both public and private sources all the water, excrement, and filth, and to pour it in front of the wall through pipes projecting through this opening. After a great amount of water, filth, and excrement had been poured out during the night, on the next day the helepolis moving up, before it could reach the wall, came to a stop in the swamp made by the moisture, and could not be moved forwards, nor later even backwards. And so Demetrius, when he saw that he had been baffled by the wisdom of Diognetus, withdrew with his fleet.

8. Then the Rhodians, freed from the war by the cunning of Diognetus, thanked him publicly, and decorated him with all honours and distinctions. Diognetus brought that helepolis into the city, set it up in a public place, and put on it an inscription: "Diognetus out of the spoils of the enemy dedicated this gift to the people." Therefore, in works of defence, not merely machines, but, most of all, wise plans must be prepared.

9. Likewise at Chios, when the enemy had prepared storming bridges on their ships, the Chians, by night, carried out earth, sand, and stones into the sea before their walls. So, when the enemy, on the next day, tried to approach the walls, their ships grounded on the mound beneath the water, and could not approach the wall nor withdraw, but pierced with fire-darts were burned there. Again, when Apollonia was being besieged, and the enemy were thinking, by digging mines, to make their way within the walls without exciting suspicion, and this was reported by scouts to the people of Apollonia, they were much disturbed and alarmed by the news, and having no plans for defence, they lost courage, because they could not learn either the time or the definite place where the enemy would come out.

10. But at this time Trypho, the Alexandrine architect, was there. He planned a number of countermines inside the wall, and extending them outside the wall beyond the range of arrows, hung up in all of them brazen vessels. The brazen vessels hanging in one of these mines, which was in front of a mine of the enemy, began to ring from the strokes of their iron tools. So from this it was ascertained where the enemy, pushing their mines, thought to enter. The line being thus found out, he prepared kettles of hot water, pitch, human excrement, and sand heated to a glow. Then, at night, he pierced a number of holes, and pouring the mixture suddenly through them, killed all the enemy who were engaged in this work.

11. In the same manner, when Marseilles was being besieged, and they were pushing forward more than thirty mines, the people of Marseilles, distrusting the entire moat in front of their wall, lowered it by digging it deeper. Thus all the mines found their outlet in the moat. In places where the moat could not be dug they constructed, within the walls, a basin of enormous length and breadth, like a fish pond, in front of the place where the mines were being pushed, and filled it from wells and from the port. And so, when the passages of the mine were suddenly opened, the immense mass of water let in undermined the supports, and all who were within were overpowered by the mass of water and the caving in of the mine.

12. Again, when a rampart was being prepared against the wall in front of them, and the place was heaped up with felled trees and works placed there, by shooting at it with the ballistae red-hot iron bolts they set the whole work on fire. And when a ram-tortoise had approached to batter down the wall, they let down a noose, and when they had caught the ram with it, winding it over a drum by turning a capstan, having raised the head of the ram, they did not allow the wall to be touched, and finally they destroyed the entire machine by glowing fire-darts and the blows of ballistae. Thus by such victory, not by machines but in opposition to the principle of machines, has the freedom of states been preserved by the cunning of architects.

Such principles of machines as I could make clear, and as I thought most serviceable for times of peace and of war, I have explained in this book. In the nine earlier books I have dealt with single topics and details, so that the entire work contains all the branches of architecture, set forth in ten books.

FINIS

* * * * *



SCAMILLI IMPARES (BOOK III, ch. 4)

No passage in Vitruvius has given rise to so much discussion or been the subject of such various interpretations as this phrase. The most reasonable explanation of its meaning seems to be that of Emile Burnouf, at one time Director of the French School at Athens, published in the Revue Generale del' Architecture for 1875, as a note to a brief article of his on the explanation of the curves of Greek Doric buildings. This explanation was accepted by Professor Morgan, who called my attention to it in a note dated December 12, 1905. It has also quite recently been adopted by Professor Goodyear in his interesting book on Greek Refinements.

Burnouf would translate it nivelettes inegales, "unequal levellers." He states that in many parts of France in setting a long course of cut stone the masons make use of a simple device consisting of three pointed blocks of equal height used as levellers, of which two are placed one at each extremity of the course, while the third is used to level the stones, as they are successively set in place, by setting it upon the stone to be set and sighting across the other two levellers. If two "levellers" of equal height are used with a third of less height placed at the centre of the course, with perhaps others of intermediate height used at intermediate points, it would obviously be equally easy to set out a curved course, as, for instance, the curved stylobate of the Parthenon which rises about three inches in its length of one hundred feet. By a simple calculation any desired curve could be laid out in this way. The word scamillus is a diminutive of scamnum, a mounting-block or bench.

Practically the same explanation is given by G. Georges in a memoir submitted to the Sorbonne in April, 1875. Georges adds an interesting list, by no means complete, of the various explanations that have been offered at different times.

Philander (1522-1552). Projections of the stylobate or pedestals.

Barbaro (1556-1690). The same.

Bertano (1558). Swellings of the die of the stylobate or bosses in the stylobate or the frieze of the entablature.

Baldus (1612). Sub-plinths placed under the bases of the columns.

Perrault (1673-1684). Projection of the stylobate.

Polleni (1739). The same.

Galiani (1758-1790). Projection of the stylobate with hypothesis of embossments on the stylobates and the bases of the columns.

Tardieu and Coussin (1837) and Mauffras (1847). Projection of the stylobates.

Aures (1865). Steps or offsets between the stylobate and the columns.

The list of Georges is wholly French and Italian.

Fra Giocondo's interpretation is indicated in our reproduction of the illustration in his edition of 1511.

Hoffer (1838) and afterwards Pennethorne (1846) and Penrose (1851) gave measurements showing the curvatures in the Parthenon and the temple of Theseus in Athens. Penrose and most writers who followed him supposed the "scamilli impares" to be projections or offsets on the stylobate required on account of the curves to bring the column into relation with the architraves above, and similar offsets of unequal or sloping form were supposed to be required above the abaci of the capitals, but such offsets, although sometimes existing, have no obvious connection with the passage in Vitruvius. C. Boetticher (1863) and more recently Durm have denied the original intention of the curves and ascribe them to settlement, a supposition which hardly accords with the observed facts. Reber, in the note on this passage in his translation of Vitruvius (1865), thinks the scamilli were sloping offsets on the stylobate to cause the inclination of the columns, but admits that nothing of the kind has been found in the remains so far examined. It may be added that this is at variance with the statement of the purpose of the scamilli which Vitruvius gives.

Assuming, as I think we must, that the horizontal curvature of the stylobate in such buildings as the Parthenon was intended and carefully planned, Burnouf's explanation fits the case precisely and makes this passage of Vitruvius straightforward and simple. This can be said of no other explanation, for all the others leave the passage obscure and more or less nonsensical. Durm's attempt to refer the passage to the case of the temple with a podium which has just been spoken of by Vitruvius is somewhat forced, or at least unnecessary. Clearly the passage refers to stylobates in general; but Reber also so translates and punctuates as to make the use of the "scamilli impares" refer only to the case of temples built in the Roman manner with the podium. His resulting explanation still leaves the passage obscure and unsatisfactory. One may finally refer to the ingenious but improbable explanation of Choisy, who translates it echelons impairs, and explains them as offsets arranged according to the odd numbers, nombres impairs, i. e., offsets varying at equal intervals in the proportion of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, etc., and which he claims was applied also to the entasis of columns.

H. L. WARREN.



INDEX

Abacus, 92, 106, 110, 122.

[Greek: Abaton], 56.

Abdera, 212, 269.

Acanthus pattern, origin of, 104.

Accius, 255.

Acoustics, of the site of a theatre, 153 f.

Acroteria, 96.

Aequians have springs which produce goitre, 239.

Aeruca (verdigris), 219.

Aeschylus, 198.

Aesculapius, proper site for temple of, 15; temple of, at Tralles, 198.

Aetna, 47.

Africa, 240.

Agatharcus, 198.

Agesistratus, 199.

Agger (river), 231.

Agnus castus (tree), 60 f., 296.

[Greek: Akrobatikon], 283.

Alabanda, 212; temple of Apollo at, 78.

Alae, of house, 177; of temples, 120.

Albula (river), 233.

Alder, 61.

Alexander, 35 f., 195, 310.

Alexandria, 36, 196, 197, 218; length of shadow of gnomon at, 270.

Alexis (poet), 168.

Altars, 125 f.

Altino, 21.

Aluminous springs, 234.

Amiternum, stone quarries of, 49.

Ammon, 235.

Amphiprostyle, 75.

Amphithalamos, 186.

Amyntas, 310.

Analemma, 257; its applications, 270 ff.

Anaphoric dial, 275.

Anaxagoras, 195, 198, 225, 269.

Ancona, 63.

Andreas, 273.

Andromeda (constellation), 266.

Andron of Ephesus, 70.

Andrones, 187.

Andronicus of Cyrrhus, 26.

Antae, 114, 120, 186; temple in antis, 75.

Antiborean (sun dial), 273.

Antimachides, 199.

Antiochus, 199.

Antipater, 238, 269.

Antistates, 199.

Apaturius, 212.

Apelles, 11.

Apollo, 69, 102, 103, 196; Panionion, 103, 255; colossal statue of, 289; temple of, at Alabanda, 78; at Miletus, 200; at Rome, 80; site of temple of, 80.

Apollonia, 235; siege of, 317 f.

Apollonius, 273.

Apollonius of Perga, 12.

Aqueducts, 244 ff.; Marcian, 232.

Aquileia, 21.

Arabia, 235, 237.

Arachne (sun dial), 273.

Aradus, 315.

Araeostyle temples, 78, 80; proportions of columns in, 84.

Aratus, 269.

Arcadia, 238.

Arcesius, 109, 198.

Arched substructures, 190.

Archer (constellation), 266.

Archimedes, 8, 12, 199, 243; detects a theft of gold by a contractor, 253 f.

Archinapolus (astrologer), 269.

Architecture, fundamental principles of, 13 ff.; departments of, 16 ff.

Architrave, 94, 288.

Archytas of Tarentum, 12, 199, 255.

Arcturus (star), 266.

Ardea, 233.

Arevanias, 54.

Arezzo, ancient wall of brick at, 53.

Argo (constellation), 268.

Argolis, precinct of Juno at, 102.

Argos, 54.

Ariobarzanes, 154.

Aristarchus, 11.

——of Samos, 12, 263, 273.

Aristides, 241.

Aristippus, shipwreck of, 167.

Aristomenes of Thasos, 70.

Aristophanes, 168; grammaticus, 196.

Aristotle, 195, 251.

Aristoxenus, 11, 140, 145.

Armenian blue, 213, 217.

[Greek: Harpedonai] (star group), 268.

Arrow (constellation), 266.

Arsenal, naval, at Peiraeus, 198.

Arsinoe, 103.

Artemisia, 55 f.

Artemon ([Greek: Epagon]), 287.

Asphalt, 235; asphaltic springs, 234; lake Asphaltitis, 235.

[Greek: Asplenon], 20.

Assafoetida grown in Cyrene, 237.

Astansoba (river), 231.

Astoboa (river), 231.

Astragals, 90.

Astrology, 269 ff.

Athens, 26, 40, 53, 78, 124, 199, 200, 234; colonnades at, 154; temple of Minerva at, 198; length of shadow of gnomon at, 257, 270.

Athos, Mt., 35.

[Greek: Atlantes], 188.

Atlantides, 189.

Atlas, 188, 231.

Atrium, 185, 210; proportions of, 176 f.

Attalus, 53, 103, 195.

Attic doorways, 120.

Aurelius, Marcus, 3.

Aventine, 216.

Babylon, 24, 235.

Bacchus, proper site for temple of, 31; Ionic order appropriate to, 15; temple of, at Teos, 82, 109, 198.

Baiae, 46, 47.

Bakeries, 184.

Balance (constellation), 266.

Balconies in forum, 131.

Balearic Isles, 214, 240.

Ballistae, rules for making, 305 ff.

Bankers' offices, 131.

Barns, 184.

[Greek: Baroulkos], 283.

Bases, Ionic, 90 ff.

Basilica, 132 ff.; of Vitruvius at Fano, 134 ff.

Bathrooms, 180; of farmhouse, 183.

Baths, 157 ff.

Beast (constellation), 268.

Bedrooms, 181.

Beech, 60.

Berosus, 262, 269, 273.

Bilbery, used to make purple, 220.

Bird (constellation), 266.

Black, 217 f.

Block (rechamus), 285 ff.

Blue, 218 f.

Body, proportions of, 72.

Boedas of Byzantium, 70.

Boeotia, 237.

Bolsena, lake of, 50.

Boscoreale, villa rustica at, 183.

Bowl (constellation), 268.

Breakwaters, 162 ff.

Brick, 42 ff.; test of, 57.

Bright (Pephrasmenos), inventor of battering ram, 309.

Bryaxis, 199.

Bucket-pump, 294.

Bug (river), 231.

Bull (constellation), 266.

Burnt-ochre, 218 f.

Buttresses, 190 f.

Byzantium, 310.

Cadiz, 309.

Caecuban (wine), 236.

Caesar, Julius, 62 f., 240.

Callaeschrus, 199.

Callias of Aradus, 315.

Callimachus ([Greek: katatexitechnos]), 104.

Callippus, 269.

Campania, 48, 64, 236, 238.

Campus Cornetus, 238.

Canon of water organ, 299.

Canopus (star), 268.

Capitals, Ionic, 92 ff.; Corinthian, 102, 104 f.; Doric, 110; of triglyphs, 112.

Capitol, hut of Romulus on, 40; temple on, 80.

Cappadocia, 235.

Carpion, 198.

Carthage, 235.

Caryae, 6 f.

Caryatides, 6 ff.

Casius (town in Egypt), 235.

Cassiopea (constellation), 266.

Castor, temple of, 124.

Catacecaumenites (wine), 236.

Catapults, 303 ff.; stringing and tuning of, 308 f.

Cataract of Nile, 231.

Catheti, 92.

Caucasus, 231.

Cavaedium, 176 ff.

Cedar, 62.

Ceilings of baths, 158.

Cella, 114 ff., 120; of circular temple, 123.

Celtica, 231.

Censer (constellation), 267.

Centaur (constellation), 267.

Cepheus (constellation), 266.

Cephisus, 237.

Ceres, temple of 80, 200; site of temple of, 32.

Chalcedon, 309.

Chaldeans, 262.

Charias, 199, 310.

Charioteer (constellation), 266.

[Greek: Cheirokmeta] of Democritus, 255.

Chersiphron, 78, 198, 200, 288.

Chion of Corinth, 70.

Chionides, 168.

Chios, 103, 197; siege of, 317.

Chorobates, levelling instrument, 242 f.

Chrobs, poisonous lake at, 237.

Chromatic mode, 140.

Cibdeli, 234.

Cicero, 256.

Cilbian country, 215.

Cilicia, 235.

Cinnabar, 215 ff.; adulteration of, 217.

Circular temples, 122 ff.

Circumference of earth, 27 f.

Circumsonant sites of theatres ([Greek: periechountes]), 153.

Circus, Flaminius, 124, 273; Maximus, 80.

Cisterns, 244 ff.

City, site of, 17 ff.; walls, 21 f.

Classification of temples, 75 ff., 78 ff.

Clazomenae, 103, 269.

Clearstock of fir, 60.

Climate determines the style of houses, 170.

Clitor, spring at, 239.

Colchis, 231.

Colline Gate, 75.

Colonnades, 131, 154, 155, 156 f., 160 f.

Colophon, 103, 269.

Colours, 214 ff.; natural, 214 f.; artificial, 217; manufactured from flowers, 220; how applied to stucco, 207.

Columbaria ([Greek: opai]), 108.

Columns, proportions of, in colonnades, 154; in forums, 132; in basilicas, 132;

Corinthian, 102; diminution in top of, 84 f.; Ionic order, 90 ff.; arrangement of, 114.

Conarachne (sun dial), 273.

Concords in music, 142.

Concrete floors, 202.

Cone (sun dial), 273.

Conical Plinthium (sun dial), 273.

Consonancies in music, 142.

Consonant sites of theatres ([Greek: synechountes]), 153.

Constellations, northern, 265 ff.; Southern, 267 ff.

Consumptives, resin of larch good for, 63.

Corinth, 145.

Corinthian cavaedium, 176.

Corinthian order, 15; origin of, 102 f.; proportions of, 106 f.; treatise on, by Arcesius, 198.

Cornelius, Gnaeus, 3.

Corona, 102, 107, 112.

Cos, island of, 269.

Cossutius, 200.

Courage dependent on climate, 173.

Counterforts, 190.

Courtyards, 183.

Crab (constellation), 268.

Crathis (river), 237.

Crete, 20, 62.

Creusa, 103.

Croesus, 195; house of, at Sardis, 53.

Cross-aisles in theatre, 138, 146; in Greek theatre, 151.

Crown (constellation), 266.

Ctesibius, 8, 198, 273 f.; pump of, 297 f.

Cube, properties of, 130.

Cubit equals six palms or twenty-four fingers, 74.

Cumae, 162.

Cunei in theatre, 146.

Cutiliae, 234.

Cyclades, 214.

Cydnus, 234.

Cymatium, 94, 110; Doric, 112.

Cypress, 59, 61.

Cyrene, 27, 237, 255.

Daphnis of Miletus, 200.

Darius, 195.

Decorations of walls, 209 f.

Defence, measures for, 315 ff.

Delos, problem enjoined upon, by Apollo, 255.

Delphi, Round Building at, 198.

Demetrius of Phalerum, 200.

Demetrius Poliorcetes, 316.

Demetrius (slave of Diana), 200.

Democles, 199.

Democritus, 42, 195, 251, 255, 269; his study of perspective, 198.

Demophilus, 199.

Denarius, 74.

Dentils, 94, 102, 108.

Departments of architecture, 16 f.

Diades, 199; inventor of siege machines, 310.

Dials arranged to show hours of varying length, 274 ff.

Diana, temple of Ionic order, 15, 78; temple of, at Ephesus, 78, 103, 198, 200, 288 f.; at Rome, 80, 124; at Magnesia, 78, 198; statue of, 62.

Diatonic mode, 140.

Diastyle temples, 78, 80; proportions of columns in, 84; Doric, 113.

[Greek: Diathyra], 188.

Dichalca, 74.

Diesis, 140.

Diminution in top of column, 84, 110.

Dining rooms, proportions of, 179, 181, 186; Cyzicene, 186; winter, 209 f.

Dinocrates, 35 f.

Diognetus, Rhodian architect, 315 ff.

Diomede, 21.

Dionysodorus, 273.

Dioptra, 242.

Diphilus, 199.

Dipteral temple, 75, 78.

Displuviate cavaedium, 177.

Dissonant sites of theatres ([Greek: katechountes]), 153.

Dnieper, 231.

Dog (constellation), 268.

Dolphin (constellation), 266.

Don (river), 231.

Doors, of temples, 118 f.; of dwellings, 178; in theatres, 146.

Doorways of temples, proportions of, 117 ff.

Doric order, 15; proportions of, 109 ff.; doorways, 117; temples of, 198.

Dorus, 102.

Drachma, 74.

Dyer's weed, 220.

Dyris (river), 231.

Dyrrachium, 235.

Eagle (constellation), 266.

Echea ([Greek: echeia]), 9, 143 ff.

Echinus, 93, 110, 122.

Economy, 16.

Education of the architect, 5 ff., 168 f.

Egypt, 214, 231, 235, 269.

[Greek: Ekphora], 90.

Elements ([Greek: stoicheia]) and their proportions, 18 ff., 225.

Elephantis, 231.

Eleusis, 200.

[Greek: Helike], 267.

Elpias of Rhodes, 21.

Empedocles, 225.

[Greek: Emplekton], 52.

Engines, 283; for raising water, 293 ff.

Enharmonic mode, 140.

Ennius, 255.

[Greek: Entasis] of columns, 86.

Eolipiles, 25.

Ephesus, 103, 214, 215, 281; temple of Diana at, 78, 198, 200.

Epicharmus, 225.

Epicurus, 42, 167, 195.

Epimachus, 316.

Equestrian Fortune, temple of, 80.

Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 12, 27, 28, 255.

Erythrae, 103.

Ethiopia, 231, 235.

Etruria (Tuscany), 48, 64, 235.

Eucrates, 168.

Euctemon, 269.

Eudoxus, 269, 273.

Eumenes, colonnades of, 154.

Euphranor, 199.

Euphrates, 231.

Euripides, 225; buried in Macedonia, 238; "Phaethon" of, 261.

Eurythmy, 14.

Eustyle temples, 78, 80 f.; proportions of columns in, 84.

Exedrae, 160, 179, 186, 211.

Exposure, proper for rooms, 180, f.

Faberius, 216.

Falernian (wine), 236.

Fano, 63; basilica at, 134 ff.

Farmhouses, 183 f.

Fascia, 94; of Attic doorway, 120.

Fauces, their dimensions, 178.

Faunus temple on the Island of the Tiber, 75.

Femur ([Greek: meros]), 112.

Ferento, 50.

Fidenae, stone quarries at, 49.

Fir, qualities of, 60; highland and lowland, 64 f.

Fire, origin of, 38.

Fishes (constellation), 266.

Flaminius circus, 124.

Floors, 202 ff.; Greek method of making, 210; of baths, 157, f.

Flora, temple of Corinthian order, 15.

Flutes of columns, 96; Doric, 113.

Folds for sheep and goats, 184.

Fondi, 236.

Foot equals four palms, or sixteen fingers, 74.

Fortune, temple of Equestrian, 80; Three Fortunes, 75.

Forum, 131 ff.

Foundations of temples, 86 ff.; of houses, 189 ff.

Fresco painting, decadence of, 210 ff.

Frieze, 94, 123.

Fuficius (architect), 199.

Fulcrum ([Greek: hypomochlion]), 290.

Ganges, 231.

[Greek: Ganosis], 217.

Gaul, 220, 231.

Geras, inventor of shed for battering ram, 309.

Gilding, 215.

Gnomon, 257; length of shadow at different places, 270.

Gnosus, 20, 200.

Gorgon's head (star group), 266.

Gortyna, 20.

Grain rooms, 184.

Greater Dog (constellation), 268.

Great Bear, 257; ([Greek: arktos] or [Greek: helike]), 265.

Grecian Station, 56.

Greek houses, 185 ff.

Green chalk ([Greek: theodoteion]), 214.

Grotta Rossa, stone quarries at, 49.

Guttae, 102, 110, 112.

Gynaeconitis, 186.

Gypsum not to be used for stucco work, 206.

Halicarnassus, 53, 54.

Harbinger of the Vintage (star), 265.

Harbours, 162 ff.

Harmonics, 139 ff.

Hegesias, 241.

He-Goat (constellation), 266.

Helepolis of Epimachus, 316 f.

Hellen, 102.

Hemisphere (sun dial), 273.

Heptabolus, lake, 231.

Heptagonus, lake, 231.

Heraclea, 289.

Heraclitus of Ephesus, 42, 225.

Hercules, Doric order appropriate to, 15; site of temple of, 31; cellae of temple of, 53; Pompey's temple of, 80.

Hermodorus, temple of Jupiter Stator, 78.

Hermogenes, 109; temple of Diana by, 78; determined rules of symmetry for eustyle temples, 82.

Herodotus, 241.

Herring-bone pattern, 203.

Hierapolis, boiling springs at, 236.

Hiero, 253 f.

Hinge-stiles, 118.

Hipparchus, 269.

Hippocrates, 11.

Hodometer, 301 ff.

Hoisting machines, 285.

Homer, 197.

Hornbeam, 61.

Horse (constellation), 266.

Hostilius, Marcus, 21.

Hot springs, 232; healing properties of, 233 f.

Hours, how marked by clocks, 274.

House, origin of, 38 f.; early types of, 39 f.; style of, determined by climate, 170 f.

Hypaethral temple, 14, 75, 78.

Hypanis, 214, 236.

Hysginum, 220.

Ictinus, 198, 200.

Iliad and Odyssey, 197.

Ilium, 237.

Incertum opus, 51.

India, 231.

India ink, 217, 218.

Indigo, substitute for, 220.

Indus, 231.

Iollas, 238.

Ion, 103.

Ionic order, 15; proportions of, 90 ff.; doorways of, 118; temples of, 198, 200.

Isis, site of temple of, 31.

Ismuc, 240.

Isodomum, 52.

Isthmian games, 251.

Italy, 48, 53, 131, 145, 173, 214, 231, 239.

Jaffa, 235.

Jambs, proportions of, 117.

Juba, King, 240.

Julius, Caius, son of Masinissa, 240.

Juno, Ionic order appropriate to, 15; site for temple of, 31; precinct at Argolis, 102; Doric temple of, in Samos, 198.

Jupiter, temple of, 14, 199; site for temple of, 31; cellae of temple, 53; temple on Island of the Tiber, 75; altars of, 125.

Jupiter (planet), 258, 260, 261, 262.

Kids (constellation), 266.

Kitchen, 183.

Kneeler (constellation), 266.

Knotwood, 60.

[Greek: Kynosoura], 267.

Lacedaemonians, 7.

Laconicum, 159.

Lacunar (sun dial), 273.

Language, origin of, 38.

Larch, 62 f.

Larignum, 62, 63.

Law governing architects at Ephesus, 281.

Lead pipes poisonous, 247.

Lebedos, 103.

Lemnos, 214.

Leochares, 54, 199.

Leonidas, 199.

Lesbos, 25, 236.

Levelling instruments, 242 f.

Lever, explanation of, 290 f.

Libraries, 181, 186.

Licymnius, 212 f.

Lighting of rooms, how to test, 185.

Lime, 45 f.; slaking of, for stucco, 204.

Linden, 60.

Lintels, height of, 117.

Lion (constellation), 268.

Liparis (river), 235.

Little Dog (constellation), 268.

Liver examined to determine site of towns, 20.

[Greek: Logeion], scenic and thymelic, 151; dimensions of, 151.

Logotomus, 272.

Lucania, 237.

Lucretius, 256.

Lyncestus, acid springs of, 238.

Lyre (constellation), 267.

Lysippus, 69.

Macedonia, 217, 238.

Machines, 283 ff.; for defence, 315 ff.

Maeonia, wine of, 236.

Magi, 225.

Magnesia, 78, 214, 240; temple of Diana at, 198.

Malachite green, 213; where found, 217; substitute for, 220.

Mamertine (wine), 236.

Marble, powdered for stucco work, 206, 213 f.; where quarried, 289.

Marius' temple of Honour and Valour, 78.

Mars, temple should be Doric, 15; site of temple of, 31.

Mars (planet), 259 f., 262.

Marseilles, siege of, 318.

Maurusia (Mauretania), 231.

Mausoleum, 54, 199.

Mausolus, 53 ff.

Mazaca, lake near, petrifies reeds, etc., 235.

Medicine, architect should know, 10.

Medulli have springs which produce goitre, 239.

Melampus, 199, 239.

Melas of Argos, 54.

Melas (river), 237.

Melassa, 54.

Melian white, 214.

Melite, 103.

Melos, 214.

Menaeus, 272.

Mercury, site of temple of, 31; temple of, 54.

Mercury (planet), 258, 259.

Meroe, 231.

Mesauloe, 187.

Metagenes, 198, 200, 288.

Metellus, portico of, 78.

Meto, 269.

Metopes ([Greek: metope]), 94, 108, 110; size of, 112; arrangement of, in Doric temples, 113.

Metrodorus, 241.

Miletus, 103, 200, 269.

Milo of Croton, 251.

Minerva, temple should be Doric, 15; site of temple, 31; temple at Sunium, 124; at Priene, 11, 198; at Athens, 198.

Minidius, Publius, 3.

Mithridates, 154.

Modes of music, 140 ff.

Moon, 258; phases of, 262 f.

Mortar, consistency of, for stucco work, 206 f.; of burnt brick, 209.

Motion, elements of, 290 ff.

Mouldings for stucco work, 206.

Mucius, C., temple of Honour and Valour, 78, 200.

Mummius, Lucius, 145.

Muses, 253; fountain of, 232.

Music useful to architect, 8.

Mutules, 102, 108; of Tuscan temples, 122.

Myager the Phocaean, 70.

Myron, 11, 69.

Mysia the "Burnt District," 47.

Mytilene, 25.

Myus, 103.

Nemean games, 251.

Neptune, spring of, 237.

Nexaris, 199.

Nile, 36, 231; temples on, should face the river, 117.

Nonacris, "Water of the Styx," 238.

Notes, names of, 141 f.

Number, perfect, 73 f.

Nymphodorus, 199.

Nymphs, temple of Corinthian order, 15.

Oak, 60; in floors, 202.

Obols, 74.

Ochre ([Greek: ochra]), 214.

Oeci, distinction between Corinthian and Egyptian, 179; Cyzicene, 180.

Oil room, 184.

Olympian games, 251.

[Greek: Opai], 108.

Opus incertum, 51; reticulatum, 51; Signinum, 247 f.

Orchestra, reserved for senators, 146; of Greek theatre, 151.

Order appropriate to temples, 15; origin of different orders, 102 ff.

Organ, water, 299 f.

[Greek: Organon], 283.

Orientation of streets, 24 ff.; of temples, 116 f.

Orion (constellation), 268.

Ornaments of the orders, 107 ff.

Orpiment ([Greek: arsenikon]), 214.

Ostrum, source of purple dye, 220.

Paconius, 289.

Paeonius of Ephesus, 200.

Palaestra, 159 ff.

Palla, stone quarries at, 49.

Panels of doors, 118.

Paphlagonia, intoxicating springs of, 239.

[Greek: Paradromides], 188.

Paraetonium, 235; white, 214.

Parapet of theatre, dimensions of, 148.

Parmenio, 273.

Paros, 289.

Pastas, 186.

Patras, cellae of temple built of brick, 53.

Patrocles, 273.

Pausanias, son of Agesipolis, 7.

Peiraeus, 234; naval arsenal at, 198.

Peisistratus, 199.

Pelecinum (sun dial), 273.

Penne, 234.

Pentaspast (hoisting machine), 285.

Pergamus, 196.

Peripteral temple, 75 f.

Peristyle, 186; decorations of, 210 f.; proportions of, 179; Rhodian, 186.

Peritreti, 303 f.

Perseus (constellation), 266.

Persian Porch, 7.

Persians, statues of, 8 f.

Perspective, commentaries on by Agatharcus, Anaxagoras, and Democritus, 198.

Pesaro, 63.

Pharax of Ephesus, 70.

Phasis, 231.

Phidias, 69.

Philippus (physicist), 269.

Philip son of Amyntas, 310.

Philo, 198, 200; of Byzantium, 199.

Philolaus of Tarentum, 12.

Philosophy, why useful to architect, 8.

Phocaea, 103.

Phrygia, 236.

Phthia, 102.

Picenum, 49.

Picture galleries, 179, 186.

Piles, of alder, 61; olive, or oak, 88.

[Greek: Pinax] of water organ, 299.

Pine, 61.

Pixodorus discovers marble near Ephesus, 289; his name changed to Evangelus, 290.

Planets, 257 ff.; their retrograde movement, 260 f.

Plataea, battle of, 7. Plato, 195, 251; rule for doubling the square, 252.

[Greek: Pleiades], 189.

Plinthium (sun dial), 273.

[Greek: Pneumatikon], 283.

Po, 231.

Podium of theatre, height of, 148.

Pollis, 199.

[Greek: Poloi] (pivots of heaven), 257.

Polus (star), 267.

Polycles of Ephesus, 70.

Polyclitus, 11, 69.

Polyidus, 199, 310.

Polyspast (hoisting machine), 288.

Pompeian pumice, 47.

Pompey, colonnades of, 154; temple of Hercules, 80.

Pontic wax, 216, 217.

Pontus, 214, 220, 231, 236.

Poplar, 60.

Pormus, 199.

Posidonius, 241.

Pothereus (river), 20.

Pozzolana, 46 f.

Praxiteles, 199.

Pressing room, 183 f.

Priene, 103; Temple of Minerva at, 11, 198.

Primordial substance, 42.

Prison, location of, 137.

Proconnesus, 289.

Pronaos, 114 ff., 120.

Proportions, 72, 174 f.; of circular temples, 123 f.; of colonnades, 154 f.; of columns and intercolumniations, 78 ff., 116; of the Corinthian order, 106 f.; of doorways of temples, 117 ff.; of Doric temples, 109 ff.; of the Ionic order, 90 ff.; of rooms, 176 ff.

Propriety, 14 ff.

Proscaenium of Greek theatre, 151.

Proserpine temple of Corinthian order, 15; temple of, 200.

[Greek: Pros pan klima] (sun dial), 273.

[Greek: Pros ta historoumena] (sun dial), 273.

Prostas, 186.

Prostyle, 75.

Proteus, daughters of, 239.

Prothyra, 188.

Protropum (wine), 236.

[Greek: Protrygetes] (star), 265.

Pseudisodomum, 52.

Pseudodipteral temple, 75, 78, 82.

Pseudoperipteral temples, 125.

Pteroma, 82, 114, 125.

Ptolemy, 196, 197; Philadelphus, 197.

Public buildings, sites of, 31 f.

Pump of Ctesibius, 297 f.

Purple, 213, 219; substitutes for, 220 f.

Puzzuoli, 218.

Pycnostyle temples, 78 f.; proportions of columns in, 84.

Pyrrus, 199.

Pythagoras, 42, 130, 225, 251, 269; right triangle of, 252 f.

Pytheos, 11, 109, 198, 199.

Pythian games, 251.

Quarries of Grotta Rosa, Palla, Fidenae, Campania, Umbria, Picenum, Tivoli, Amiternum, Venetia, Tarquinii, Lake of Bolsena, Ferento, 49, 50.

Quicksilver, 215 ff.

Quirinus, temple of, 78.

Quiver (sun dial), 273.

Rainwater, 229 ff.

Ram, battering, 309 f.; Hegetor's, 314 f.

Ram (constellation), 266.

Raven (constellation), 268.

Raven, a machine of no value, 310 f.

Ravenna, 21, 61, 63.

Reduction of columns, 114.

Refraction explained, 175.

Resin, soot of, used to make black, 218.

Resonant sites of theatres ([Greek: antechountes]), 153.

Retaining walls, 190 f.

Reticulatum opus, 51.

Retrogression of planets, 261.

Rhine, 231.

Rhodes, 55 f., 167, 219, 220; length of shadow of gnomon at, 270; siege of, 316 f.

Rhone, 231.

River (constellation), 268.

Rivers rise in the north, 231.

Rome, 63, 64, 78, 80, 145, 217; site of, determined by divine intelligence, 174; length of shadow of gnomon at, 270.

Romulus, hut of, 40.

Roofs, of mud, 39 f.; timbers of, 107; of Tuscan temples, 122; of circular temples, 124.

Rooms, proportions of, 176 ff.; proper exposure for, 180 f.; should be suited to station of the owner, 181 f.

Round Building at Delphi, 198.

Salmacis, spring of, 54.

Salpia in Apulia, 21.

Sambuca illustrates effect of climate on voice, 171.

Samos, 12, 103, 263, 269, 273; Doric temple of Juno in, 198.

Sand, 44 f., 48.

Sandarach, 214; made from white lead, 219.

Sardis, 53.

Sarnacus, 199.

Saturn (planet), 260, 261, 262.

Satyrus, 199.

Scaena of theatre, 146; dimensions of, 148; scheme of, 150; decorations of, 150; of theatre at Tralles, 212.

Scale, musical, 141.

Scaling machine, 311.

Scamilli impares, 89, 155, 320.

Scaphe (sun dial), 273.

Scopas, 199.

Scopinas, 12, 273.

Scorpion (constellation), 266.

Scorpiones, rules for making, 303 ff.

Scotia, 90, 112.

Scutula of ballistae, 306 f.

Seats in theatre, dimensions of, 148.

Selinusian chalk ([Greek: isatis]), 220.

Semiramis, 235.

Senate house, location of, 137.

Septentriones (She-Bears), 267.

Septimius, P., 199.

Serapis, site of temple of, 31.

Serpent (constellation), 266.

Serpent-holder (constellation), 266.

Sesterce, 74.

She-Goat (constellation), 266.

Ship, motion of, explained, 291.

Shipyards, 164.

Sicily, 236.

Siege machines, 309 ff.

Signinum work, 247 f.

Signs of the Zodiac, 258; sun's course through, 264 f.; shown on dials, 276 f.

Silanion, 199.

Silenus, on the proportions of Doric structures, 198.

Simae ([Greek: epaietides]), 96, 108.

Sinope, 214.

Smyrna, 197, 214; Stratoniceum at, 154.

Snake (constellation), 268.

Socrates, 69, 70, 195.

Soli, 235.

Soracte, stone quarries of, 49.

Sounding vessels in the theatre, 143 ff.

Southern Fish (constellation), 267.

Spain, 214; cinnabar mines of, 217.

Sparta, paintings on brick walls at, 53.

Spica (star), 265.

Stables, 184, 186.

Statonia, 50.

Steelyard, description of, 291.

Steps of temples odd in number, 88.

Stereobates, 88.

Stone, 48, 49 f.

Stratoniceum, 154.

Streets, directions of, 24.

Stucco, 204 ff.; in damp places, 208 ff.

Stucco-workers, Greek, 208.

Stylobates, 88.

Substructures of houses, 189 ff.

Sulphur springs, 233 f.

Sun, 258 f.; course of, through the twelve signs, 264 f.

Sundials, 273 ff.; how designed, 270 ff.

Sunium, temple of Pallas at, 124.

Susa, spring at, 240.

Syene, 231.

Symmetry, 14; in temples and in the human body, 72 f.; modifications to suit site, 174 ff.

Syracuse, 273.

Syria, 231, 235, 237.

Systyle temples, 78 f.; proportions of columns in, 84; Doric, 113.

Tablinum, proportions of, 178.

Tarentum, 12, 255; length of shadow of gnomon at, 270.

Tarquinii, 50.

Tarsus, 234, 240.

Teano, acid springs of, 238.

Telamones, 188.

Teleas of Athens, 70.

[Greek: Teleion] (perfect number), 73 f.

Tempering of iron, 18.

Temples, classification of, 75 ff.; circular, 122 ff.; Corinthian, 102 f.; Doric, 109 ff.; Ionic, 90 ff.; Tuscan, 120; foundations of, 86 ff.; orientation of, 116 f.; proportion of columns of, 78 ff.; sites of, 31 f.; Aesculapius, 15, 198; Apollo, 31, 78, 80, 200; Bacchus, 15, 31, 82, 109, 198; Castor, 124; Ceres, 32, 80, 200; Diana, 15, 78, 80, 103, 124, 198, 200, 288 f.; Equestrian Fortune, 80; Faunus, 75; Flora, 15; Three Fortunes, 75; Hercules, 15, 31, 53, 80; Isis, 31; Juno, 15, 31, 198; Jupiter, 14, 31, 53, 75, 199; Honour and Valour, 78, 200; Mars, 15, 31; Mercury, 31, 54; Minerva, 11, 15, 31, 124, 198; Nymphs, 15; Proserpine, 15, 200; Quirinus, 78; Serapis, 31; Vejovis, 124; Venus, 15, 31, 54; Vulcan, 31.

Teos, 103; temple of Bacchus at, 82, 198.

Terracina, 236, 237.

Testudinate cavaedium, 177.

Tetrachords, 140 ff.

Tetrastyle cavaedium, 176.

Thalamos, 186.

Thales, 42, 195, 225, 269.

Thasos, 289.

Theatre, 137 ff.; site of, 137; foundations of, 138 f.; entrances to, 138, 148; plan of Roman, 146 ff.; plan of Greek, 151 ff.; sounding vessels in, 143 f.; acoustics of site of, 153 ff.

Thebes in Egypt, 231.

Themistocles, colonnade of, 154.

Theo of Magnesia, 70.

Theocydes, 199.

Theodorus, 198.

Theodorus the Phocian, 198.

Theodosius, 273.

Theodotus, 214.

Theophrastus, 167, 241.

Thessaly, 237.

Thrace, 237.

[Greek: Thyroreion], 186.

Tiber, 231.

Tigris, 231.

Timaeus, 241.

Timavo, 231.

Timber, 58 ff.

Timotheus, 54, 199.

Tivoli, 233; stone quarries of, 49.

Tortoise, 311 ff.; of battering ram, 310; Hegetor's, 312 ff.

Torus, 90.

Towers, construction of, 22 f.; dimensions of moveable, 310.

Tralles, 212; palace of brick at, 53; colonnades at, 154; temple of Aesculapius at, 198.

Treasury, location of, 137.

Trichalca, 74.

Triglyphs, origin of, 107 ff.; arrangement of, 109 f., 113; size of, 112.

Trispast (hoisting machine), 285.

[Greek: Trochilos] (scotia), 90.

Troezen, 54, 234.

Troy, 195, 211, 237.

Trypho, Alexandrine architect, 317 f.

Tufa, its qualities, 49.

Tuscan, cavaedium, 176; temples, 120 f.

Twins (constellation), 266.

Tyana, 235.

Tympanum, 96, 122; water tympanum, 293.

Tyre, 309.

Ulysses, 211.

Universe, definition of, 257.

Varro, M. Terentius, 199, 256.

Vaultings, 205 ff.

Vejovis, temple of, 124.

Velian country, acid springs of, 238.

Venter ([Greek: koilia]), 245.

Venus, Corinthian order appropriate to, 15; site of temple of, 31; temple of, 54.

Venus (planet), 259.

Verdigris, 219.

Vergiliae, 189.

Vermilion, 213, 215; preparation of, 216.

Vesta, altar of, 125.

Vestorius, 218.

Vesuvius, 46, 47.

Via Campana, 238.

Vinegar a solvent of rocks, 239.

Violets used for purple colour, 220.

Virgin (constellation), 265.

Vitruvius, education, 13, 168; personal appearance, 36; method of writing, 197 ff.; military service, 3; his basilica at Fano, 134 ff.

Voice, defined, 138 f.; pitch of, determined by climate, 171.

Volutes, 93.

Voussoirs, 190.

Vulcan, site of temple of, 31.

Walks, how to be constructed, 156; serve practical purpose, 156.

Walls, material for, 24; methods of building, 51 ff., 56; of brick are durable, 53; of rubble, 53.

Warden (constellation), 265.

Water (constellation), 268.

Water, 225 ff.; indispensable, 226; how to find, 227 ff.; properties of, 232 ff.; tests of good, 242; methods of conducting, 244 ff.

Water clocks, 273 ff.

Waterman (constellation), 266.

Water organ, 299 f.

Water pipes, 244 ff.

Water screw, 295 ff.

Water wheels, 294.

Wattle and daub, 57 f.

Weather prognostics, 269 ff.

Wells, 244 ff.

Whale (constellation), 267.

Wheel (treadmill), 286 f.

White lead, 219, 238 f.

Willow, 60.

Winds, names and number of, 26 ff.; diagrams of, 29 f.; orientation of cities with reference to, 24 ff.

Wine, given its flavour by soil and water, 236; lees used to make black, 218.

Wine rooms, 184.

Xanthus, 237.

Xenia, 187.

Xenophanes, 195, 269.

[Greek: Xystos], 161, 188.

Xuthus, 103.

Xysta ([Greek: paradromides]), 161, 188.

Yellow ochre, 220.

Zacynthus, 235.

Zama, 240.

Zea, spring at, 239 f.

Zeno, 195.

Zodiac, 257 ff.

Zoilus (Homeromastix), 197.

THE END