The animal becomes poor in flesh, the coat is rough and lusterless, and the skin tight and harsh, producing a condition termed "hidebound," with considerable "tucking up" of the abdomen. The horse shows a short, stilted, choppy gait, which later becomes stiffer and more restricted, while on standing a position simulating that in founder is assumed, with a noticeable drop to the croup. The animal at this stage usually lies down and remains recumbent for several days at a time. Bed sores frequently arise and fractures are not uncommon in consequence of attempts to arise, which complications, in addition to emaciation, result in death.

The disease may exist in this manner for variable periods extending from two or three months to two years. The termination of the disease is uncertain at best, but is likely to be favorable if treatment and a change of feed, water, and location is adopted in the early stages of the malady.

Lesions.—As has been stated, the bones are the principal tissues involved. The nutrition of the bone is disturbed, as is indicated by the diminished density or rarefaction of the bony substances, the increase in the size or widening of the Haversian canal and the medullary cavity, and the enlargement of the network of spaces in the spongy tissue, the absorptive changes following the course of the Haversian system. In this process of absorption there are formed within the substance of the bone areas of erosion, indentations, or hollow spaces of irregular shape. These spaces increase in size and become confluent, causing an appearance resembling some varieties of coral. The affected bone may be readily incised with a knife, the cut surface appearing finely porous. This porous area is soft, pliable, and yields easily to the pressure of the finger. It has been shown by chemical analysis that the bone of an osteoporotic horse, when compared with that of a normal horse, shows a reduction in the amount of fat, phosphoric acid, lime, and soda, but a slight increase in organic matter and silicic acid. The bones lose their yellowish-white appearance, becoming gray and brittle. The affected bones may be those of any region or portion of the body. Besides the change already noted in the bones of the face, the ends of the long bones, such as the ribs, are involved, and may be sectioned, though not so readily as the facial bones. The bones of the vertebrae are also frequently involved, necessitating great care in casting a horse, as the writer has seen several cases of broken backs in casting such animals for other operations. The marrow and cancellated tissue of the long bones may contain hemorrhages and soft gelatinous material or coagulated fibrin. The internal organs are usually normal, but a catarrhal condition of the gastrointestinal tract may be noted as the result of the improper mastication, resulting from the enlargement of the jaws and soreness of the teeth.

Treatment.—The affected animal should be immediately placed under new conditions, both as to feed and surroundings. If the horse has been stable fed, it is advisable to turn it out on grass for two or three months, preferably in a higher altitude. If the disease has been contracted while running on pasture, place the animal in the stable or corral. In the early stages of the disease beneficial results have followed the supplemental use of lime given in the drinking water. One peck of lime slaked in a cask of water and additional water added from time to time is satisfactory and can be provided at slight expense. This treatment may be supplemented by giving a tablespoonful of powdered bone meal in each feed, with free access to a large piece of rock salt, or the bone meal may be given with four tablespoonfuls of molasses mixed with the feed. Feeds containing mineral salts, such as beans, cowpeas, oats, and cottonseed meal, may prove beneficial in replenishing the bony substance that is being absorbed. Cottonseed meal is one of the best feeds for this purpose, but it should be fed carefully. The animal should not be allowed to work at all during the active stage of the disease, nor should it be used for breeding purposes.

FOOTNOTES:

[7] This summary of symptoms is based upon work by Lingard.



HORSESHOEING.

By JOHN W. ADAMS, A. B., V. M.,

Professor of Surgery and Lecturer on Shoeing, Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania.

Bad and indifferent shoeing so frequently leads to diseases of the feet and in irregularities of gait, which may render a horse unserviceable, that it has been thought appropriate to conclude this book with a brief chapter on the principles involved in shoeing healthy hoofs.

In unfolding this subject in the limited space at my disposal, I can only hope to give the intelligent horse owner a sufficient number of facts, based on experience and upon the anatomy and physiology of the foot and leg, to enable him to avoid the more serious consequences of improper shoeing.

Let us first examine this vital mechanism, the foot, and learn something of its structure and of the natural movements of its component parts, that we may be prepared to recognize deviations from the normal and to apply the proper corrective.

GROSS ANATOMY OF THE FOOT.

(Pls. XXXII-XXXIV.)

The bones of the foot are four in number, three of which—the long pastern, short pastern, and coffin bone, placed end to end—form a continuous straight column passing downward and forward from the fetlock joint to the ground. A small accessory bone, the navicular, or "shuttle," bone, lies crosswise in the foot between the wings of the coffin bone and forms a part of the joint surface of the latter. The short pastern projects about 1-/2 inches above the hoof and extends about an equal distance to it. (See also page 395.)

The pastern and the coffin bone are held together by strong fibrous cords passing between each two bones and placed at the sides so as not to interfere with the forward and backward movement of the bones. The joints are therefore hinge joints, though imperfect, because, while the chief movements are those of extension and flexion in a single plane, some slight rotation and lateral movements are possible.

The bones are still further bound together and supported by three long fibrous cords, or tendons. One, the extensor tendon of the toe, passes down the front of the pasterns and attaches to the coffin bone just below the edge of the hair; when pulled upon by its muscle this tendon draws the toe forward and enables the horse to place the hoof flat upon the ground. The other two tendons are placed behind the pasterns and are called flexors, because they flex, or bend, the pasterns and coffin bone backward. One of the tendons is attached to the upper end of the short pastern, while the other passes down between the heels, glides over the under surface of the navicular bone, and attaches itself to the under surface of the coffin bone. These two tendons not only flex, or fold up, the foot as the latter leaves the ground during motion, but at rest assist the suspensory ligament in supporting the fetlock joint.

The foot-axis is an imaginary line passing from the fetlock joint through the long axes of the two pasterns and coffin bone. This imaginary line, which shows the direction of the pasterns and coffin bone, should always be straight—that is, never broken, either forward or backward when viewed from the side, or inward or outward when observed from in front. Viewed from one side, the long axis of the long pastern, when prolonged to the ground, should be parallel to the line of the toe. Viewed from in front, the long axis of the long pastern, when prolonged to the ground, should cut the hoof exactly at the middle of the toe.

Raising the heel or shortening the toe not only tilts the coffin bone forward and makes the hoof stand steeper at the toe, but slackens the tendon that attaches to the under surface of the coffin bone (perforans tendon), and therefore allows the fetlock joint to sink downward and backward and the long pastern to assume a more nearly horizontal position. The foot-axis, viewed from one side, is now broken forward; that is, the long pastern is less steep than the toe, and the heels are either too long or the toe is too short. On the other hand, raising the toe or lowering the heels of a foot with a straight foot-axis not only tilts the coffin bone backward and renders the toe more nearly horizontal, but tenses the perforans tendon, which then forces the fetlock joint forward, causing the long pastern to stand steeper. The foot-axis, seen from one side, is now broken backward—an indication that the toe is relatively too long or that the heels are relatively too low.

The elastic tissues of the foot are preeminently the lateral cartilages and the plantar cushion. The lateral cartilages are two irregularly four-sided plates of gristle, one on either side of the foot, extending from the wings of the coffin bone backward to the heels and upward to a distance of an inch or more above the edge of the hair, where they may be felt by the fingers. When sound, these plates are elastic and yield readily to moderate finger pressure, but from various causes may undergo ossification, in which condition they are hard and unyielding. The plantar cushion is a wedge-shaped mass of tough, elastic, fibro-fatty tissue filling all the space between the lateral cartilages, forming the fleshy heels and the fleshy frog, and serving as a buffer to disperse shock when the foot is set to the ground. It extends forward underneath the navicular bone and perforans tendon, and protects these structures from injurious pressure from below. Instantaneous photographs show that at speed the horse sets the heels to the ground before other parts of the foot—conclusive proof that the function of this tough, elastic structure is to dissipate and render harmless violent impact of the foot with the ground.

The horn-producing membrane, or "quick," as it is commonly termed, is merely a downward prolongation of the "derm," or true skin, and may be conveniently called the pododerm (foot skin). The pododerm closely invests the coffin bone, lateral cartilages, and plantar cushion, much as a sock covers the human foot, and is itself covered by the horny capsule, or hoof. It differs from the external skin, or hair skin, in having no sweat or oil glands, but, like it, is richly supplied with blood vessels and sensitive nerves. And, just as the derm of the hair skin produces upon its outer surface layer upon layer of horny cells (epiderm), which protect the sensitive and vascular derm, so, likewise, in the foot the pododerm produces over its entire surface soft cells, which, pushed away by more recent cells forming beneath, lose moisture by evaporation and are rapidly transformed into the corneous material which we call the hoof. It is proper to regard the hoof as a greatly thickened epiderm having many of the qualities possessed by such epidermal structures as hair, feathers, nails, claws, etc.

The functions of the pododerm are to produce the hoof and to unite it firmly to the foot.

There are five parts of the pododerm, easily distinguishable when the hoof has been removed, namely: (1) The perioplic band, a narrow ridge from one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch wide, running along the edge of the hair from one heel around the toe to the other. This band produces the perioplic horn, the thin varnishlike layer of glistening horn, which forms the surface of the wall or "crust," and whose purpose seems to be to retard evaporation of moisture from the wall. (2) The coronary band, a prominent fleshy cornice encircling the foot just below and parallel to the perioplic band. At the heels it is reflected forward along the sides of the fleshy frog, to become lost near the apex of this latter structure. The coronet produces the middle layer of the wall, and the reflexed portions produce the "bars," which are, therefore, to be regarded merely as a turning forward of the wall. (3) The fleshy leaves, 500 to 600 in number, parallel to one another, running downward and forward from the lower edge of the coronary band to the margin of the fleshy sole. They produce the soft, light-colored horny leaves which form the deepest layer of the wall, and serve as a strong bond of union between the middle layer of the wall and the fleshy leaves with which they dovetail. (4) The fleshy sole, which covers the entire under surface of the foot, excepting the fleshy frog and bars. The horny sole is produced by the fleshy sole. (5) The fleshy frog, which covers the under surface of the plantar cushion and produces the horny frog.

The horny box or hoof consists of wall and bars, sole and frog. The wall is all that part of the hoof which is visible when the foot is on the ground (see fig. 8). As already stated, it consists of three layers—the periople, the middle layer, and the leafy layer.

The bars (see fig. 1c) are forward prolongations of the wall, and are gradually lost near the point of the frog. The angle between the wall and a bar is called the "buttress." Each bar lies against the horny frog on one side and incloses a wing of the sole on the other, so that the least expansion or contraction of the horny frog separates or approximates the bars, and through them the lateral cartilages and the walls of the quarters. The lower border of the wall is called the "bearing edge," and is the surface against which the shoe bears. By dividing the entire lower circumference of the wall into five equal parts, a toe, two side walls, and two quarters will be exhibited. The "heels," strictly speaking, are the two rounded soft prominences of the plantar cushion, lying one above each quarter. The outer wall is usually more slanting than the inner, and the more slanting half of a hoof is always the thicker. In front hoofs the wall is thickest at the toe and gradually thins out toward the quarters, where in some horses it may not exceed one-fourth of an inch. In hind hoofs there is much less difference in thickness between the toe, side walls, and quarters. The horny sole, from which the flakes of old horn have been removed, is concave and about as thick as the wall at the toe. It is rough, uneven and often covered by flakes of dead horn in process of being loosened and cast off. Behind the sole presents an opening into which are received the bars and horny frog. This opening divides the sole into a body and two wings.

The periphery of the sole unites with the lower border of the wall and bars through the medium of the white line, which is the cross section of the leafy horn layer of the wall and of short plugs of horn which grow down from the lower ends of the fleshy leaves. This white line is of much importance to the shoer, since its distance from the outer border of the hoof is the thickness of the wall, and in the white line all nails should be driven.

The frog, secreted by the pododerm covering the plantar cushion or fatty frog, and presenting almost the same form as the latter, lies as a soft and very elastic wedge between the bars and between the edges of the sole just in front of the bars. A broad and shallow depression in its center divides it into two branches, which diverge as they pass backward into the horny bulbs of the heel. In front of the middle cleft the two branches unite to form the body of the frog, which ends in the point of the frog. The bar of a bar shoe should rest on the branches of the frog. In unshod hoofs the bearing edge of the wall, the sole, frog, and bars are all on a level; that is, the under surface of the hoof is perfectly flat, and each of these structures assists in bearing the body weight.

With respect to solidity, the different parts of the hoof vary widely. The middle layer of the wall is harder and more tenacious than the sole, for the latter crumbles away or passes off in larger or smaller flakes on its under surface, while no such spontaneous shortening of the wall occurs. The white line and the frog are soft-horn structures, and differ from hard horn in that their horn cells do not under natural conditions become hard and hornlike. They are very elastic, absorb moisture rapidly, and as readily dry out and become hard, brittle, and easily fissured. Horn of good quality is fine grained and tough, while bad horn is coarse grained and either mellow and friable or hard and brittle. All horn is a poor conductor of heat, and the harder (drier) the horn the more slowly does it transmit extremes of temperature.

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL MOVEMENTS OF THE HOOF.

A hoof while supporting the body weight has a different form, and the structures inclosed within the hoof have a different position than when not bearing weight. Since the amount of weight borne by a foot is continually changing, and the relations of internal pressure are continuously varying, a foot is, from a physiological viewpoint, never at rest. The most marked changes of form of the hoof occur when the foot bears the greatest weight, namely, at the time of the greatest descent of the fetlock. Briefly, these changes of form are: (1) An expansion or widening of the whole back half of the foot from the coronet to the lower edge of the quarters. This expansion varies between one-fiftieth and one-twelfth of an inch. (2) A narrowing of the front half of the foot, measured at the coronet. (3) A sinking of the heels and a flattening of the wings of the sole. These changes are more marked in the half of the foot that bears the greater weight.

The changes of form occur in the following order. When the foot is set to the ground the body weight is transmitted through the bones and sensitive and horny leaves to the wall. The coffin bone and navicular bone sink a little and rotate backward. At the same time the short pastern sinks backward and downward between the lateral cartilages and presses the perforans tendon upon the plantar cushion. This cushion being compressed from above and being unable to expand downward by reason of the resistance of the ground acting against the horny frog, acts like any other elastic mass and expands toward the sides, pushing before it the yielding lateral cartilages and the wall of the quarters. This expansion of the heels is assisted and increased by the simultaneous flattening and lateral expansion of the resilient horny frog, which crowds the bars apart. Of course, when the lateral cartilages are ossified, not only is no expansion of the quarters possible, but frog pressure often leads to painful compression of the plantar cushion and to increase of lameness. Frog pressure is therefore contraindicated in lameness due to sidebones (ossified cartilages). Under the descent of the coffin bone the horny sole sinks a little; that is, the arch of the sole around the point of the frog and the wings of the sole become somewhat flattened. All these changes of form are most marked in sound unshod hoofs, because in them ground pressure on the frog and sole is pronounced; they are more marked in fore hoofs than in hind hoofs.

The movement of the different structures within the foot and the changes of form that occur at every step are indispensable to the health of the hoof, so that these elastic tissues must be kept active by regular exercise, with protection against drying out of the hoof. Long-continued rest in the stable, drying out of the hoof, and shoeing decrease or alter the physiological movements of the hoof and sometimes lead to foot diseases. Since these movements are complete and spontaneous only in unshod feet, shoeing must be regarded as an evil, albeit a necessary one, and indispensable if we wish to keep horses continuously serviceable on hard, artificial roads. However, if in shoeing we bear in mind the structure and functions of the hoof and apply a shoe whose branches have a wide and level bearing surface, so as to interfere as little as may be with the expansion and contraction of the quarters, in so far as this is not hindered by the nails, we need not be apprehensive of trouble, provided the horse has reasonable work and his hoofs proper care.

GROWTH OF THE HOOF.

All parts of the hoof grow downward and forward with equal rapidity, the rate of growth being largely dependent upon the amount of blood supplied to the pododerm, or "quick." Abundant and regular exercise, good grooming, moistness and suppleness of the hoof, going barefoot, plenty of good feed, and at proper intervals removing the overgrowth of hoof and regulating the bearing surface, by increasing the volume and improving the quality of the blood flowing into the pododerm, favor the rapid growth of horn of good quality; while lack of exercise, dryness of the horn, and excessive length of the hoof hinder growth.

The average rate of growth is about one-third of an inch a month. Hind hoofs grow faster than fore hoofs and unshod ones faster than shod ones. The time required for the horn to grow from the coronet to the ground, though influenced to a slight degree by the precited conditions, varies in proportion to the distance of the coronet from the ground. At the toe, depending on its height, the horn grows down in 11 to 13 months, at the side wall in 6 to 8 months, and at the heels in 3 to 5 months. We can thus estimate with tolerable accuracy the time required for the disappearance of such defects in the hoof as cracks, clefts, etc.

Irregular growth is not infrequent. The almost invariable cause of this is an improper distribution of the body weight over the hoof—that is, an unbalanced foot. Colts running in soft pasture or confined for long periods in the stable are frequently allowed to grow hoofs of excessive length. The long toe becomes "dished"—that is, concave from the coronet to the ground—the long quarters curl forward and inward and often completely cover the frog and lead to contraction of the heels, or the whole hoof bends outward or inward, and a crooked foot, or, even worse, a crooked leg, is the result if the long hoof be allowed to exert its powerful and abnormally directed leverage for but a few months upon young plastic bones and tender and lax articular ligaments. All colts are not foaled with straight legs, but failure to regulate the length and bearing of the hoof may make a straight leg crooked and a crooked leg worse, just as intelligent care during the growing period can greatly improve a congenitally crooked limb. If breeders were more generally cognizant of the power of overgrown and unbalanced hoofs to divert the lower bones of young legs from their proper direction, and, therefore, to cause them to be moved improperly, with loss of speed and often with injury to the limbs, we might hope to see fewer knock-kneed, bow-legged, "splay-footed," "pigeon-toed," cow-hocked, interfering, and paddling horses.

If in shortening the hoof one side wall is, from ignorance, left too long or cut down too low with relation to the other, the foot will be unbalanced, and in traveling the long section will touch the ground first and will continue to do so till it has been reduced to its proper level (length) by the increased wear which will take place at this point. While this occurs rapidly in unshod hoofs, the shoe prevents wear of the hoof, though it is itself more rapidly worn away beneath the high (long) side than elsewhere, so that by the time the shoe is worn out the tread of the shoe may be flat. If this mistake be repeated from month to month, the part of the wall left too high will grow more rapidly than the low side whose pododerm is relatively anemic as a result of the greater weight falling into this half of the hoof, and the ultimate result will be a "wry," or crooked foot.

THE CARE OF UNSHOD HOOFS.

The colt should have abundant exercise on dry ground. The hoofs will then wear gradually, and it will only be necessary from time to time to regulate any uneven wear with the rasp and to round off the sharp edge about the toe in order to prevent breaking away of the wall.

Colts in the stable can not wear down their hoofs, so that every four to six weeks they should be rasped down and the lower edge of the wall well rounded to prevent chipping. The soles and clefts of the frog should be picked out every few days and the entire hoof washed clean. Plenty of clean straw litter should be provided. Hoofs that are becoming "awry" should have the wall shortened in such a manner as to straighten the foot-axis. This will ultimately produce a good hoof and will improve the position of the limb.



CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEALTHY HOOF.

A healthy hoof (figs. 1 and 8) is equally warm at all parts, and is not tender under pressure with the hands or moderate compression with pincers. The coronet is soft and elastic at all points and does not project beyond the surface of the wall. The wall (fig. 8) is straight from coronet to ground, so that a straightedge laid against the wall from coronet to ground parallel to the direction of the horn tubes will touch at every point. The wall should be covered with the outer varnishlike layer (periople) and should show no cracks or clefts. Every hoof shows "ring formation," but the rings should not be strongly marked and should always run parallel to the coronary band. Strongly marked ring-formation over the entire wall is an evidence of a weak hoof, but when limited to a part of the wall is evidence of previous local inflammation. The bulbs of the heels should be full, rounded, and of equal height. The sole (fig. 1) should be well hollowed out, the white line solid, the frog well developed, the middle cleft of the frog broad and shallow, the spaces between the bars and the frog wide and shallow, the bars straight from the buttress toward the point of the frog, and the buttresses themselves so far apart as not to press against the branches of the frog. A hoof can not be considered healthy if it presents reddish discolored horn, cracks in the wall, white line, bars, or frog, thrush of the frog, contraction or displacement of the heels. The lateral cartilages should yield readily to finger pressure.



VARIOUS FORMS OF HOOFS.

As among a thousand human faces no two are alike, so among an equal number of horses no two have hoofs exactly alike. A little study of different forms soon shows us, however, that the form of every hoof is dependent in great measure on the direction of the two pastern bones as viewed from in front or behind, or from one side; and that all hoofs fall into three classes when we view them from in front and three classes when we observe them in profile. Inasmuch as the form of every foot determines the peculiarities of the shoe that is best adapted to it, no one who is ignorant of, or who disregards the natural form of, a hoof can hope to understand physiological shoeing.



FORMS OF FEET VIEWED FROM IN FRONT AND IN PROFILE.

Whether a horse's feet be observed from in front or from behind, their form corresponds to, or at least resembles, either that of the regular position (fig. 2), the base-wide or too-wide position (fig. 3), or the base-narrow position (fig. 4).

By the direction of the imaginary line passing through the long axes of the two pasterns (figs. 2, 4, 5) we determine whether or not the hoof and pasterns stand in proper mutual relation.

In the regular standing position (fig. 2) the foot-axis runs straight downward and forward; in the base-wide position (fig. 3) it runs obliquely downward and outward, and in the base-narrow position (fig. 4) it runs obliquely downward and inward.



Viewing the foot in profile, we distinguish the regular position (fig. 5b) and designate all forward deviations as acute-angled (long toe and low heel, fig. 5a), and all deviations backward from the regular (steep toe and high heel, fig. 5c) as steep-toed, or stumpy. When the body weight is evenly distributed over all four limbs, the foot-axis should be straight; the long pastern, short pastern, and wall at the toe should have the same slant.



A front hoof of the regular standing position.—The outer wall is a little more slanting and somewhat thicker than the inner. The lower border of the outer quarter describes the arc of a smaller circle—that is, is more sharply bent than the inner quarter. The weight falls near the center of the foot and is evenly distributed over the whole bottom of the hoof. The toe forms an angle with the ground of 45 deg. to 50 deg. and is parallel to the direction of the long pastern. The toe points straight ahead, and when the horse is moving forward in a straight line the hoofs are picked up and carried forward in a line parallel to the middle line of the body, and are set down flat. Coming straight toward the observer the hoofs seem to rise and fall perpendicularly.

A hoof of the base-wide position is always awry. The outer wall is more slanting, longer, and thicker than the inner, the outer quarter more curved than the inner, and the outer half of the sole wider than the inner. The weight falls largely into the inner half of the hoof. In motion the hoof is moved in a circle. From its position on the ground it breaks over the inner toe, is carried forward and inward close to the supporting leg, thence forward and outward to the ground, which the hoof meets first with the outer toe. Horses that are toe-wide ("splay-footed"—toes turned outward) show all these peculiarities of hoof-form and hoof-flight to a still more marked degree and are therefore more prone to "interfere" when in motion.

A hoof of the base-narrow position is awry, but not to so marked a degree as the base-wide hoof. The inner wall is usually a little more slanting than the outer, the inner half of the sole wider than the outer, and the inner quarter more curved than the outer. The outer quarter is often flattened and drawn in at the bottom. The weight falls largely into the outer half of the hoof. In motion the hoof breaks over the outer toe, is carried forward and outward at some distance from the supporting leg, thence forward and inward to the ground, which it generally meets with the outer toe. The foot thus moves in a circle, whose convexity is outward, a manner of flight called "paddling." A base-narrow horse, whose toes point straight ahead, frequently "interferes," while a toe-narrow (pigeon-toed) animal seldom does.

A regular hoof (fig. 5b), viewed from one side, has a straight foot-axis inclined to the horizon at an angle of 45 deg. to 50 deg.. The weight falls near the center of the foot and there is moderate expansion of the quarters.

An acute-angled hoof (fig. 5a) has a straight foot-axis inclined at an angle less than 45 deg. to the horizon. The weight falls more largely in the back half of the hoof and there is greater length of hoof in contact with the ground and greater expansion of the heels than in the regular hoof.

Upright or stumpy hoof.—In the upright or stumpy hoof (fig. 5c) the foot-axis is straight and more than 55 deg. steep. The hoof is relatively short from toe to heel, the weight falls farther forward, and there is less expansion of the heels than in the regular hoof.

Wide and narrow hoofs.—Finally, there are wide hoofs and narrow hoofs, dependent solely upon race and breeding. The wide hoof is almost circular on the ground surface, the sole but little concave, the frog large, and the quality of the horn coarse. The narrow hoof has a strongly "cupped" sole, a small frog, nearly perpendicular side walls, and fine-grained, tough horn.

Hind hoofs are influenced in shape by different directions of their pasterns much as front feet are. A hind hoof is not round at the toe as a front hoof is, but is more pointed. Its greatest width is two-thirds of the way back from toe to heel, the sole is more concave, the heels relatively wider, and the toe about 10 deg. steeper than in front hoofs.

EXAMINATION PRELIMINARY TO SHOEING.

The object of the examination is to ascertain the direction and position of the limbs, the shape, character, and quality of the hoofs, the form, length, position, and wear of the shoe, the number, distribution, and direction of the nails, the manner in which the hoof leaves the ground, its line of flight, the manner in which it is set to the ground, and all other peculiarities, that at the next and subsequent shoeings proper allowances may be made and observed faults corrected. The animal must, therefore, be observed both at rest and in motion.

At rest, the observer should stand in front and note the slant of the long pasterns. Do they drop perpendicularly, or slant downward and outward (base-wide foot), or downward and inward (base-narrow foot)? Whatever be the direction to the long pastern, an imaginary line passing through its long axis, when prolonged to the ground, should apparently pass through the middle of the toe. But if such line cuts through the inner toe the foot-axis is not straight, as it should be, but is broken inward at the coronet, an indication that either the outer wall of the hoof is too long (high) or that the inner wall is too short (low). On the contrary, if the center line of the long pastern falls through the outer toe the foot-axis is broken outward at the coronet, an indication that either the inner wall is too long or the outer wall too short.

The observer should now place himself at one side, two or three paces distant, in order to view the limb and hoof in profile. Note the size of the hoof in relation to the height and weight of the animal, and the obliquity of the hoof. Is the foot-axis straight—that is, does the long pastern have the same slant as the toe, or does the toe of the hoof stand steeper than the long pastern (fig. 6c)? In which case the foot-axis is broken forward at the coronet, an indication, usually, that the quarters are either too high or that the toe is too short.

If the long pastern stands steeper than the toe (fig. 6a) the foot-axis is broken backward, in which case the toe is too long or the quarters are too low (short). In figures 6a and 6c the dotted lines passing from toe to quarters indicate the amount of horn which must be removed in order to straighten the foot-axis, as shown in figure 6b. Note also the length of the shoe.

Next, the feet should be raised and the examiner should note the outline of the foot, the conformation of the sole, form and quality of the frog, form of the shoe, wear of the shoe, and the number and distribution of the nails. Does the shoe fully cover the entire lower border of the wall? or is it too narrow, or fitted so full on the inside that it has given rise to interfering? or has the shoe been nailed on crooked? or has it become loose and shifted? is it too short, or so wide at the ends of the branches as not to support the buttresses of the hoof? Does the shoe correspond with the form of the hoof? Are the nails distributed so as to interfere as little as possible with the expansion of the quarters? are there too many? are they too large? driven too "fine" or too high? These are questions which the observer should put to himself.



Note carefully the wear of the old shoe. It is the unimpeachable evidence of the manner in which the hoof has been set to the ground since the shoe was nailed to it, and gives valuable "pointers" in leveling the hoof. Wear is the effect of friction between the shoe and the ground at the moment of contact. Since the properly leveled hoof is set flat to the ground, the "grounding wear" of a shoe should be uniform at every point, though the toe will always show wear due to scouring at the moment of "breaking over." Everything which tends to lengthen the stride tends also to make the "grounding wear" more pronounced in the heels of the shoe, while all causes which shorten the stride—as stiffening of the limbs through age, overwork, or disease—bring the grounding wear nearer the toe.

An exception should be noted, however, in founder, in which the grounding wear is most pronounced at the heels.

If one branch of the shoe is found to be worn much thinner than the other, the thinner branch has either been set too near the middle line of the foot (fitted too close), where it has been bearing greater weight while rubbing against the ground, or, what is much more often the case, the section of wall above the thinner branch has been too long (too high), or the opposite section of wall has been too short (too low). "One-sided wear, uneven setting down of the feet, and an unnatural course of the wall are often found together." How much an old shoe can tell us, if we take time and pains to decipher its scars!

The horse should next be observed at a walk and at a trot or pace, from in front, from behind, and from the side, and the "breaking over," the carriage of the feet, and the manner of setting them to the ground carefully noted and remembered. A horse does not always move just as his standing position would seem to imply. Often there is so great a difference in the form and slant of two fore hoofs or two hind hoofs that we are in doubt as to their normal shape, when a few steps at a trot will usually solve the problem instantly by showing us the line of flight of the hoofs and referring them to the regular, base-wide, or base-narrow form.

No man is competent either to shoe a horse or to direct the work till he has made the precited observations.

PREPARATION OF THE HOOF FOR THE SHOE.

After raising the clinches of the nails with a rather dull clinch cutter ("buffer") and drawing the nails one at a time, the old shoe is critically examined and laid aside. Remaining stubs of nails are then drawn or punched out and the hoof freed of dirt and partially detached horn. The farrier has now to "dress" the overgrown hoof to receive the new shoe; in other words, he has to form a base of support so inclined to the direction of the pasterns that in motion this surface shall be set flat upon the ground. He must not rob the hoof nor leave too much horn; either mistake may lead to injury. If he has made a careful preliminary examination he knows what part of the wall requires removal and what part must be left, for he already knows the direction of the foot axis and the wear of the old shoe and has made up his mind just where and how much horn must be removed to leave the hoof of proper length and the foot axis straight.

A greatly overgrown hoof may be quickly shortened with sharp nippers and the sole freed of semidetached flakes of horn. The concave sole of a thick-walled, strong hoof may be pared out around the point of the frog, but not so much as to remove all evidences of exfoliation. The wall should be leveled with the rasp till its full thickness, the white line, and an eighth of an inch of the margin of the sole are in one horizontal plane, called the "bearing surface of the hoof." The bars, if long, may be shortened, but never pared on the side. The branches of the sole in the angle between the bars and the wall of the quarters should be left a little lower than the wall, so as not to be pressed upon by the inner web of the shoe. "Corns," or bruises of the pododerm, are usually a result of leaving a thick mass of dry, unyielding horn at this point. The frog should not be touched further than to remove tags or layers that are so loose as to form no protection. A soft frog will shorten itself spontaneously by the exfoliation of superficial layers of horn, while if the frog is dry, hard, and too prominent it is better to soften it by applying moisture in some form, and to allow it to wear away naturally than to pare it down. It is of advantage to have the frog project below the level of the wall an amount equal to the thickness of a plain shoe, though we rarely see frogs of such size except in draft horses. The sharp lower border of the wall should be rounded with the rasp to prevent its being bent outward and broken away. Finally, the foot is set to the ground and again observed from all sides to make sure, that the lines bounding the hoof correspond with the direction of the long pastern.

THE SHOE.

The shoe is an artificial base of support, by no means ideal, because it interferes to a greater or less degree with the physiology of the foot, but indispensable except for horses at slow work on soft ground. Since a proper surface of support is of the greatest importance in preserving the health of the feet and legs, it is necessary to consider the various forms of shoes best adapted to the different forms of hoofs. Certain properties are common to all shoes and may be considered first. They are form, width, thickness, length, surfaces, borders, "fullering," nail holes, and clips.

Form.—Every shoe should have the form of the hoof for which it is intended, provided the hoof retains its proper shape; but for every hoof that has undergone change of form we must endeavor to give the shoe that form which the hoof originally possessed. Front shoes and hind shoes, rights and lefts, should be distinctly different and easily distinguishable.

Width.—All shoes should be wider at the toe than at the ends of the branches. The average width should be about double the thickness of the wall at the toe.

Thickness.—The thickness should be sufficient to make the shoe last about four weeks and should be uniform except in special cases.

Length.—This will depend upon the obliquity of the hoof viewed in profile. The acute-angled hoof (fig. 5a) has long overhanging heels, and a considerable proportion of the weight borne by the leg falls in the posterior half of the hoof. For such a hoof the branches of the shoe should extend back of the buttresses to a distance nearly double the thickness of the shoe. For a hoof of the regular form (figs. 5b and 8) the branches should project an amount equal to the thickness of the shoe. In a stumpy hoof (fig. 5c) the shoe need not project more than one-eighth of an inch. In all cases the shoe should cover the entire "bearing surface" of the wall.

Surfaces.—The surface that is turned toward the hoof is known as the "upper," or "hoof surface," of the shoe. That part of the hoof surface which is in actual contact with the horn is called the "bearing surface" of the shoe. The "bearing surface" should be perfectly horizontal from side to side, and wide enough to support the full thickness of the wall, the white line, and about an eighth of an inch of the margin of the sole. The bearing surface should also be perfectly flat, except that it may be turned up at the toe ("rolling-motion" shoe, fig. 5 a, b, c.) The surface between the bearing surface and the inner edge of the shoe is often beaten down or concaved to prevent pressure too far inward upon the sole. This "concaving," or "seating," should be deeper or shallower as the horny sole is less or more concave. As a rule, strongly "cupped" soles require no concaving (hind hoofs, narrow fore hoofs).

Borders.—The entire outer border should be beveled under the foot. Such a shoe is not so readily loosened, nor is it so apt to lead to interfering.

Fullering.—This is a groove in the ground surface of the shoe. It should pass through two-thirds of the thickness of the shoe, be clean, and of uniform width. It is of advantage in that it makes the shoe lighter in proportion to its width and, by making the ground surface somewhat rough, tends to prevent slipping.

Nail holes.—The shoe must be so "punched" that the nail holes will fall directly on the white line. They should be confined to the fore half of front shoes, but may occupy the anterior two-thirds of hind shoes. For a medium-weight shoe three nail holes in each branch are sufficient, but for heavier shoes, especially those provided with long calks, eight holes are about right, though three on the inside and four on the outside may do.

Clips.—These are half-circular ears drawn up from the outer edge of the shoe either at the toe or opposite the side wall. The height of a clip should equal the thickness of the shoe, though they should be even higher on hind shoes and when a leather sole is interposed between the shoe and hoof. Clips secure the shoe against shifting. A side clip should always be drawn up on that branch of the shoe that first meets the ground in locomotion.

SPECIAL FEATURES AND FITTING THE SHOES.

A shoe for a regular hoof (figs. 7 and 8) fits when its outer border follows the wall closely in the region of the nail holes and from the last nail to the end of the branch gradually projects beyond the surface of the wall to an eighth of an inch and extends back of the buttresses an amount equal to the thickness of the shoe. The shoe must be straight, firm, air-tight, its nail holes directly over the white line, and its branches far enough from the branches of the frog to permit the passage of a foot pick. Branches of the shoe must be of equal length.

In fitting a shoe to a hoof of regular form we follow the form of the hoof, but in base-wide and base-narrow hoofs, which are of irregular form, we must pay attention not only to the form of the hoof but also to the direction of the pasterns and the consequent distribution of weight in the hoof, because where the most weight falls the surface of support of the foot must be widened, and where the least weight falls (opposite side of the hoof) the surface of support should be narrowed. In this way the improper distribution of weight within the hoof is evenly distributed over the surface of support.



A shoe for a base-wide hoof should be fitted full on the inner side of the foot and fitted close on the outer side, because the inner side bears the most weight. The nails in the outer branch are placed well back, but in the inner branch are crowded forward toward the toe.



A shoe for a base-narrow hoof should be just the reverse of the preceding. The outer branch should be somewhat longer than the inner.

A shoe for an acute-angled hoof should be long in the branches, because most of the weight falls in the posterior half of the foot. The support in front should be diminished either by turning the shoe up at the toe or by beveling it under the toe (fig. 5a).

A shoe for a stumpy hoof should be short in the branches, and for pronounced cases should increase the support of the toe, where the most of the weight falls, by being beveled downward and forward.

In many cases, especially in draft horses, where the hoofs stand very close together, the coronet of the outer quarter is found to stand out beyond the lower border of the quarter. In such cases the outer branch of the shoe from the last nail back must be fitted so full that an imaginary perpendicular dropped from the coronet will just meet the outer border of the shoe. The inner branch, on the other hand, must be fitted as "close" as possible. The principal thought should be to set the new shoe farther toward the more strongly worn side. Such a practice will render unnecessary the widespread and popular fad of giving the outer quarter and heel calk of hind shoes an extreme outward bend. Care should be taken, however, that in fitting the shoe "full" at the quarter the bearing surface of the hoof at the quarter be not left unsupported or incompletely covered, to be pinched and squeezed inward against the frog. This will be obviated by making the outer branch of the shoe sufficiently wide and punching it so coarse that the nails will fall upon the white line.

Hot fitting.—Few farriers have either the time or the skill necessary to adjust a cold shoe to the hoof so that it will fit, as we say, "air-tight." Though the opponents of hot fitting draw a lurid picture of the direful consequences of applying a hot shoe to the hoof, it is only the abuse of the practice that is to be condemned. If a heavy shoe at a yellow heat be held tightly pressed against a hoof which has been pared too thin, till it embeds itself, serious damage may be done. But a shoe at a dark heat may be pressed against a properly dressed hoof long enough to scorch, and thus indicate to the farrier the portions of horn that should be lowered without appreciable injury to the hoof and to the ultimate benefit of the animal.

Nailing.—The horse owner should insist on the nails being driven low. They should pierce the wall not above an inch and five-eighths above the shoe. A nail penetrating the white line and emerging low on the wall destroys the least possible amount of horn, has a wide and strong clinch, rather than a narrow one, which would be formed near the point of the nail, and, furthermore, has the strongest possible hold on the wall, because its clinch is pulling more nearly at a right angle to the grain (horn tubes) of the wall than if driven high. Finally, do not allow the rasp to touch the wall above the clinches.

THE BAR SHOE.

The bar shoe (fig. 9) has a variety of uses. It enables us to give the frog pressure, to restore it to its original state of activity and development when, by reason of disuse, it has become atrophied. It gives the hoof an increased surface of support and enables us to relieve one or both quarters of undue pressure that may have induced inflammation and soreness. The bar of the shoe should equal the average width of the remainder of the shoe and should press but lightly on the branches of the frog. The addition of a leather sole with tar and oakum sole-packing allows us to distribute the weight of the body over the entire ground surface of the hoof.



THE RUBBER PAD.

Various forms of rubber pads, rubber shoes, rope shoes, fiber shoes, and other contrivances to diminish shock and prevent slipping on the hard and slippery pavements of our large cities are in use in different parts of the world. In Germany the rope shoe (a malleable-iron shoe with a groove in its ground surface in which lies a piece of tarred rope) is extensively used with most gratifying results. It is cheap, durable, easily applied, and effective.

In the large cities of England and the United States rubber pads are extensively used. They are rather expensive, but are quite efficient in preventing slipping on polished and gummy pavements, though not so effective on ice. Figure 11 is an illustration of one of the best of many rubber pads. The rubber is stitched and cemented to a leather sole and is secured by the nails of a three-quarter shoe. Such a pad will usually last as long as two shoes. They may be used continuously, not only without injury to the hoof, but to its great benefit. The belief, unsupported by evidence, that rubber pads "draw the feet" keeps many from using them. A human foot encased in a rubber boot may eventually be blistered by the sweat poured upon the surface of the skin and held there by the impervious rubber till decomposition takes place with the formation of irritating fatty acids; but there is no basis for an analogy in the hoof of a horse.



OTHER SPECIAL FORMS.

Some drawings, designed to illustrate shoeing in connection with "interfering" and "forging," and other special conditions, are shown in figures 13 to 18.



INDEX.

Abdomen— dropsy, in foal, or ascites, description and treatment, 193 dropsy, or ascites, description, symptoms, and treatment, 86 limbs, and perineum, dropsy affecting, description and treatment, 180 sheath, and penis, swelling, cause and treatment, 171

Abnormal presentations at birth, 197-202

Abortion, description, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 182

Abscess— and inflammation of lymphatic glands, descriptions, symptoms, treatment, 272 in lung and suppuration, symptoms, 127

Abscesses— acute, description and treatment, 500 cold, description and treatment, 501 description, 500 in throat, treatment, 62

Acari, parasites of eye, 296

Acariasis, or mange, note, 478

Achorion schoenleini, vegetable parasite of skin, description, 478

Adams, John W., chapter on "Horseshoeing", 583-605

Air embolism, or air in veins, note, 270

Albuminoid poisoning, hemoglobinuria, azoturia, azotemia, symptoms, prevention, and treatment, 141

Aloes, use against bots in horses, 93

Amaurosis, or palsy of nerve of sight, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 231, 295

Amnion, dropsy, description and treatment, 180

Anasarca, or purpura hemorrhagica, causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., 531, 533

Anatomy and physiology of brain and nervous system, 210

Anemia— of brain, causes, symptoms, pathology, and treatment, 223 spinal, symptoms and treatment, 234

Aneurism— description, symptoms, pathology, and treatment, 265 one form caused by Strongylus vulgaris, 265

Anidian monsters, or moles, description, 179

Animal parasites, description of kinds, 478

Ankle— and fetlock, skin, note, 397 fetlock, and foot, diseases, chapter by A. A. Holcombe, 395-457

Ankles, cocked, or knuckling, description, causes, and treatment, 400

Anthrax— definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 540-544 prevention by destruction of bacteria, 544 vaccination as preventive, 544

Apoplexy, or cerebral hemorrhage, causes, symptoms, pathology, and treatment, 220

Arteries— description, 249 diseases, or arteritis, and endarteritis, description, symptoms, pathology, and treatment, 263

Artery— constriction, description, 265 rupture, description, symptoms, and treatment, 266

Arthritis, open joints, broken knees, and synovitis, cause and treatment, 357

Ascaris equorum, intestinal worm, note, 90

Ascites, or dropsy of abdomen, description, symptoms, and treatment, 86, 193

Asthma, heaves, or broken wind, definition, symptoms, and treatment, 128

Atheroma of veins and arteries, description, 264

Autogenic vaccines, description, 506

Autumn mange, description and treatment, 480

Azotemia, hemoglobinuria, azoturia, poisoning by albuminoids, symptom, prevention, and treatment, 141

Azoturia, hemoglobinuria, azotemia, poisoning by albuminoids, symptoms, prevention, and treatment, 141

Bacillus equisepticus, cause of pneumonia, 522

Bacteria, kinds responsible for pneumonia in horses, 522

Bacteria vaccines, kinds and uses, 506, 531

Balls, or pills, description and manner of administering, 44

Bar shoe, uses, 601

Bees, wasps, and hornets, stings, treatment, 485

Beets as feed, 56

Bichlorid, use in disinfection, 509

Bighead (osteoporosis)— chapter by John R. Mohler, 578-582 symptoms, lesions, and treatment, 580

Biliary calculi, or gallstones, symptoms and treatment, 90

Bilocular cavity, or calculus in sheath, or preputial calculus, description and treatment, 163

Birth, abnormal presentations at, 197-202

Black pigment tumors, or melanosis, description and treatment, 476

Bladder— calculus, or stone, and tumor affecting, 190 diseases growths, symptoms and treatment, 151 eversion, description and treatment, 152 inflammation, cystitis, or urocystitis, symptoms and treatment, 149 irritable, cause and treatment, 150 neck, spasms affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 146, 225 paralysis, description and cause, 230 paralysis, symptoms and treatment, 148 stone, vesical calculus, or cystic calculus, description, symptoms, and treatment, 159 worm of kidney, 146

Bleeding— after castration, treatment, 170 from lungs, or hemoptysis, causes, description, and treatment, 127 from nose, causes and treatment, 103 or flooding from womb, treatment, 205 skin eruptions, or Dermatorrhagia parasitica, description and treatment, 469

Blisters, inflammation, or eczema, description and treatment, 464

Bloat colic, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 73

Blood— circulation of heart, description, 248 clots in walls of vagina, 207 medicine administered into veins, 48 medium of disease transmission, 511 of penis, extravasation, cause and treatment, 167 spavin, bog spavin, and thoroughpin, description and treatment, 356

Blood vessels— and heart, diseases, remarks, 250 heart, and lymphatics, diseases, chapter by M. R. Trumbower, 247-273 physiology and anatomy, 247

Bloody urine, or hematuria, cause and treatment, 141

Blowing, high, description, 110

Bluebottle (Lucilia caesar), note 481

Bog spavin, blood spavin, and thoroughpin, description and treatment, 356

Boil of eyelid, description and treatment, 282

Boils— or Dermatitis granulosa, 469 or furuncles, description and treatment, 466

Bone— hip, fracture, or on innominatum, description, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 341 premaxillary, fractures, description and treatment, 336 spavin. See Spavin

Bones— cannon, fractures, description, symptoms, and treatment, 350, 395 cranial, fractures, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 335 diseases, description, 309 dislocations and luxations, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 361 of face, fractures, description, and treatment, 366 of fetlock and foot, description, 395 of hip, fractures, causes, 188 one system of locomotion, 299, 301 sesamoid, fractures, cause, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 352

Botfly, habits and treatment, 93

Bots, injury to horses, symptoms, and treatment, 93-94

Bowels, twisting, volvulus, or gut-tie, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 72

Brain— and membranes, inflammation, description, 212, 213 and nervous system, anatomy, and physiology, 210 anemia, causes, symptoms, pathology, and treatment, 223 compression, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 221 concussion, causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention, 222 congestion, or megrims, description, causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention, 217 description, 211 dropsy, or hydrocephalus, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 223

Bran, value as feed, 55

Broken knee, open joints, synovitis, and arthritis, cause, prognosis, and treatment, 357

Broken wind, heaves, or asthma, definition, symptoms, and treatment, 128

Bronchitis— and broncho-pneumonia, description, symptoms, and treatment, 120 chronic, description and treatment, 110

Broncho-pleuropneumonia, description, 126

Broncho-pneumonia and bronchitis, description, symptoms, and treatment, 120

Bruise of frog, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 425

Burns and scalds, treatment, 483, 496

Calculi— biliary, or gallstones, symptoms and treatment, 90 or stones, in intestines, description, symptoms, and treatment, 71 or stones, in stomach, symptoms and treatment, 70 renal, description, symptoms, and treatment, 158 ureteric, description and treatment, 158-159 urinary, classification, 157 urinary, stone, or gravel, 154,156

Calculus— in sheath, or bilocular cavity, or preputial calculus, description, and treatment, 163 or stone, and tumor in bladder, 190 urethral, or stone in urethra, description, symptoms, and treatment, 162 vesical, stone in bladder, or cystic calculus, description, symptoms, and treatment, 159

Calk wounds, description and treatment, 405

Callosities— description, 475 sloughing, horny sloughs, or sitfasts, description and treatment, 475, 496

Cancer, epithelial, or epithelioma, description and treatment, 477

Canker— of foot, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 418 or grease (inflammation of heels with sebaceous secretion), description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 472

Cannon bone— description, 395 fractures, description, symptoms, and treatment, 350

Capped elbow, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 379

Capped hock, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 385

Capped knee, description, cause, treatment, etc., 383

Carbolic acid, use in disinfection, 509

Carbon disulphid, use against worms in horse, 93, 94

Cardiac enlargement, or hypertrophy of heart, description, symptoms, and treatment, 260

Caries of cartilage, or tumor of haw, description and treatment, 284

Carrots, value as feed, 56

Cartilaginous quittor, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 415

Cartilago nictitans, or winking cartilage (the haw), description, 276

Castration— bleeding after operation, treatment, 170 by covered operation, method, 172 of cryptorchids, or ridglings, method, 169 of mare, method, 172 of stallions, method, 168 pain after operation, treatment, 170 successful method, 169

Cataract, remarks, 295

Catarrh— chronic, nasal gleet or collection in sinuses, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 99 gastrointestinal, or indigestion, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 76 nasal, or cold in head, symptoms, and treatment, 98

Cerebral hemorrhage, or apoplexy, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 220

Cerebritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 212

Cerebrospinal meningitis, so called, or forage poisoning, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 237

Cervical choke, description, 63, 64

Chaff for feeding, 54

Chaps on knee and hock, scratches, or cracked heels, description, causes, and treatment, 470

Chest walls, wounds penetrating, description and treatment, 131

Chicken acari, or Dermanyssus gallinae, animal parasite of skin, 480

Chigoe, or jigger— larvae of Trombidium, Leptus americanus, animal parasite of skin, 480 Pulex penetrans, bite, treatment, 482

Choke— cervical, description, 63, 64 pharyngeal, cervical, and thoracic, symptoms and treatment, 63

Chorea, or St. Vitus dance, description and treatment 227

Chorioptes— bovis (Symbiotes equi, Dermatophagus equi), animal parasite of skin, 480 spathiferus, animal parasite of skin, 480

Choroiditis, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 288

Chronic bronchitis, description and treatment, 110

Circinate ringworm, or Tinea tonsurans, description, symptoms, treatment, 477

Circulation organs, methods of examination, 13

Clubfoot, description, 398

Clysters, or enemas, description and manner of administering, 48

Cocked ankles, or knuckling, description, causes, and treatment, 400

Coffin joint, description, 396

Coffinbone, description, 396

Cold in head, or nasal catarrh, symptoms and treatment, 98

Colic— bloat, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 73 cramp, or spasmodic, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 74 flatulent, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 73 obstruction, caused by impaction of large intestine, symptoms, and treatment, 68 specific forms, 66 wind, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 73 worms, description, symptoms, and treatment, 90-94 tympanitic, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 73

Colt. See Foal.

Compression of brain, causes, symptoms, and treatment 222

Concussion— of brain, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 222 spinal, causes and treatment, 235

Conformation— of foot, faults, 398 of horse, 10

Congenital scrotal hernia, description and treatment, 82

Congestion— active, causes, 30 and inflammation of skin, description of kinds, 461 and inflammation of testicles, or orchitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 164 description, 30 of brain, or megrims, causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., 217 of heart, description and symptoms, 263 of lungs, description and treatment, 111 of skin, red efflorescence, or erythema, description and treatment, 461 of skin, with small pimples, or pauples, description and treatment, 463 of spine, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 233 passive, causes, 31

Conjunctives, or external ophthalmia, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 285

Constipation, or costiveness, cause and treatment, 70, 181

Constitution of horse, 10

Consumption, or tuberculosis, note, 128

Contagious pneumonia, discussion, 521-527

Convulsions, description and treatment, 226

Cord— spermatic, strangulated, cause and treatment, 170 spermatic, tumors, causes and treatment, 171 spinal, description, 212

Corn, or maize, how to feed, 55

Cornea— ulcers, treatment, 288 white specks and cloudiness, cause and treatment, 288

Corns, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 421

Coronary band, description, 397

Coronet— description, 396 fractures, symptoms and treatment, 351

Costiveness, or constipation, cause and treatment, 70, 181

Cough, chronic, description, 131

Cracked heels, or scratches, causes and treatment, 470

Cramp— of hind limb, or spasm of thigh, description and treatment, 226 or spasmodic, or colic, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 74

Cramps— of hind limbs, cause and treatment, 181 or spasms, causes and treatment, 226

Cranial bones, fractures, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 335

Cranium, tumor within, description of kinds, 224

Cresol, use in disinfection, 579

Crookedfoot, description, 399

Croup and diphtheria, mistakes in diagnosis, 108

Cryptorchids, or ridglings, castration, method, 169

Curb of hock, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 374

Currying, value as preventive of bots, 94

Cutaneous quittor, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 407

Cuticle, description, 459

Cyanosis of newborn foals, description, 263

Cylicostomum spp., parasite, danger and remedies, 92-93

Cystic calculus, or stone in bladder, description, symptoms, and treatment, 159

Cystic disease of wall of womb, or vesticular mole, description and treatment, 179

Cysticercus, parasite of eye, 297

Cystitis, inflammation of bladder, or urocystitis, symptoms and treatment, 149

Dermanyssus gallinae, or chicken acari, animal parasite of skin, 480

Dermatitis granulosa, or boils, 469

Dermatocoptes equi, animal parasite of skin, 480

Dermatodectes equi, animal parasite of skin, 480

Dermatophagus equi, animal parasite of skin, 480

Dermatorrhagia parasitica, or bleeding skin eruptions, description and treatment, 469

Dermis, or true skin, description, 459

Descazeaux, study of summer sores, note, 470

Diabetes— insipidous, diuresis, polyuria, or excessive secretion of urine, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 138 mellitus, saccharine diabetes, glycosuria, or inosuria, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 139

Diaphragm— rupture, cause and symptoms, 133 spasm, or thumps, description and treatment, 132, 225

Diaphragmatic hernia, description, 85

Diarrhea, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 77

Dieckerhoff, experiments in disease transmission, note, 511

Digestive organs, diseases, chapter by Ch. B. Michener, 49-94

Digestive tract, examination, 20

Dilatation— of heart, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 261 of veins, varicose, or varix, causes and treatment, 269

Dioctophyme renale, roundworm of kidney, 146

Diphtheria and cramp, mistakes in diagnosis, 108

Dips, use against mange in horses, 479

Diseases, fundamental principles of, chapter by Rush Shippen Huidekoper, 27-43

Disinfection, directions and materials, 508-509

Dislocations and luxations of bones, causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., 361

Distemper, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 527-531

Diuresis, polyuria, diabetes insipidus, or excessive secretion of urine, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 138

Douche, nasal, in administering medicines, 47

Dourine, or maladie du coit— article by John R. Mohler, 562-564 description and treatment, 562 symptoms and treatment, 562-564

Drench, methods, 45

Dropsies, synovial, remarks, 355

Dropsy— general, of fetus, description and treatment, 193 of abdomen in foal, or ascites, description and treatment, 193 of abdomen, or ascites, description, symptoms, and treatment, 86 of amnion, description and treatment, 180 of brain, or hydrocephalus, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 223 of limbs, perineum, and abdomen, description and treatment, 180 of scrotum, or hydrocele, symptoms and treatment, 166 of womb, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 179

Dysentery, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 79

Echinococcus— parasite of eye, 296 parasite of kidney, 146

Ectropion and entropion, or eversion and inversion of eyelid, causes and treatment, 283

Eczema, or inflammation with blisters, description and treatment, 464

Edematous pneumonia, definition, causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., 521-527

Elbow— capped, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 379 muscles, sprains, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 368

Electric shock, causes, description, and treatment, 246

Electuries, or pastes, description, and manner of administering, 45

Embolism— air, or air in veins, note, 270 and thrombus, description, symptoms, and treatment, 267

Embryotomy of parts at abnormal births, 202

Emphysema, or swelling of fetus with gas, description and treatment, 194

Encephalitis, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 212

Endarteritis, and arteritis, description, symptoms, and treatment, 263

Endocarditis, or inflammation of lining membrane of heart, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 252

Enemas, or clysters, description, and manner of administering, 48

Engorgement colic, description, symptoms, and treatment, 66

Enteritis, definition, 66

Entropion and ectropion, or inversion and eversion of eyelid, causes and treatment, 283

Epilepsy, or falling fits, symptoms and treatment, 227

Epithelial cancer, or epithelioma, description and treatment, 477

Epithelioma— degeneration of penis, or papilloma, 167 or epithelial cancer, description and treatment, 477

Equine variola, or horsepox, causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., 535-540

Eruptions, bleeding skin, or Dermatorrhagia parasitica, description and treatment, 469

Erysipelas, description, cause, and treatment, 474

Erythema, congestion of skin, or red efflorescence, description and treatment, 461

Esophagus— dilatation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 65 or gullet, treatment for foreign bodies, 62 stricture, description and treatment, 65

Eversion— and inversion of eyelid, or ectropion and entropion, causes and treatment, 283 of bladder, description and treatment, 152 or womb after difficult parturition, treatment, 205

Exostosis, cause, description, and treatment, 309

Extravasation of blood of penis, causes and treatment, 167

Eye— diseases, chapter by James Law, 274-297 examination, 277 haw, or winking cartilage, description, 276 lachrymal apparatus, 277 muscles, description, 276 palsy of nerve of sight, or amaurosis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 295 parasites, affecting, description of different kinds, 296 watering, or obstruction of lachrymal apparatus, description and remedies, 285

Eyeball— description, 274 tumors affecting, 296

Eyelid— diseases, description of different kinds, 279 inflammation, causes and treatment, 280 inversion and eversion, or entropion and ectropion, causes and treatment, 283 sty, or furuncle (boil), affecting, description and treatment, 282 torn, or wounds affecting, description and treatment, 284 warts and tumors affecting, description and treatment, 283

Face bones, fractures, description and treatment, 336

Facial paralysis, cause and symptoms, 230

Fainting, or syncope, symptoms and treatment, 259

Farcy— and glanders, definition, causes, etc., 544-557 chronic, symptoms, 550

Fatty degeneration of heart, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 261

Favus, or honeycomb ringworm, description and treatment, 478

Feces, impaction of rectum, 191

Feed— kinds to give, 51 musty and moldy, effect on digestive organs, 53 preparation, 57

Feeding, corn, 55

Feet, interfering, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 399

Femur, fracture, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 347

Fetlock— and ankle skin, note, 397 and foot bones, description, 395 ankle, and foot, diseases, chapter by A. A. Holcombe, 395-457 joint, description, 396 knuckling, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 372 sprain, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 402

Fetus adherent to walls of womb, description, cause, and treatment, 192 excessive size, 192 general dropsy, description and treatment, 193 or foal, prolonged retention, cause and treatment, 181 swelling with gas, or emphysema, description and treatment, 194 tumors, or inclosed ovum, description and treatment, 194

Fever, description, causes, and treatment, 38-43

Fibrous bands constricting and crossing neck of womb, description and treatment, 191

Fibrous constriction of vagina or vulva, cause and treatment, 191

Filaria— conjunctivae, parasite of eye, 297 equina, parasite of eye, 297 haemorrhagica, threadworm causing skin disease, 469 irritans, parasite causing summer sores, description and treatment, 469 multipapillosa, threadworm causing bleeding skin eruptions, 469 palpebralis, parasite of eye, 296

Fistulas, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 502-506

Fits, falling, or epilepsy, symptoms and treatment, 227

Flatfoot, description, 398

Flatulent colic, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 73

Flea, or pulex, prevention and treatment of bite, 482

Flesh fly (Sarcophaga carnaria), note, 481

Flexor— metatarsis, rupture, description, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 377 pedis perforans, description, 397 pedis perforatus, description, 397 tendons or their sheath, and suspensory ligaments, sprains, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 371

Flies, method of attacking horses; prevention and treatment for bite, 481

Flooding, or bleeding from womb, treatment, 205

Flukes, occurrence in horses, note, 90

Flyblow, or grubs in skin, description and treatment, 481

Foal— contractions of muscles, description and treatment, 194 monstrosities, description of kinds, causes, and treatment, 194 natural presentation, 185 prolonged retention, cause and treatment, 181 water in head, or hydrocephalus, description and treatment, 192

Foals, newborn, cyanosis affecting, description, 263

Foot— anatomical review, 395, 583 and fetlock bones, description, 395 canker, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 418 conformation, faults, 398 fetlock, and ankle, diseases, chapter by A. A. Holcombe, 395-457 mange, description and treatment, 480 punctured wounds, description, symptoms, and treatment, 426 sand-cracks, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 432 sole description, 397 See also Hoof.

Forage poisoning, or cerebrospinal meningitis, symptoms and treatment, 237

Forearm, fracture, description, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 345

Founder, or laminitis— acute, subacute, and chronic, description, 447-449 complications, 449 curative measures, 455 description and causes, 441 following parturition, cause, 207 sequel of superpurgation, 79 symptoms, 444 treatment and prevention, 453

Fractures— causes and symptoms, 322 description of different kinds, 322 of different bones, description, 335 prognosis and treatment, 328

Frog— bruises, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 425 description, 397

Frostbites, description, symptoms, and treatment, 405

Furuncle— or boil, description and treatment, 466 or sty (boil), of eyelid, description and treatment, 282

Gaffky, investigation of pneumonia infection, note, 522

Galls, harness, or sitiasts, description and treatment, 475, 496

Gallstones, or biliary calculi, symptoms, and treatment, 90

Gangrene— or mortification, causes, 127 or mortification, description, symptoms, and treatment, 498

Gas, swelling of fetus, or emphysema, description and treatment, 194

Gastritis, definition, 66

Gastro-enteritis, description, symptoms, and treatment, 80

Gastrointestinal catarrh, or indigestion, description, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 76

Gastrointestinal parasites, description and treatment, discussion by Maurice C. Hall, 90-94

Gastrophilus, spp., injury to horses, symptoms and treatment, 93-94

Generative organs, diseases affecting, chapter by James Law, 164-209

Genito-urinary passages, method of medication, 48

Gentian, use against pinworms in horses, 91

Gestation, extra-uterine, description, symptoms, and treatment, 178

Glanders— acute, symptoms, 553 and farcy, definition, causes, etc., 544-557 chronic, symptoms, 552 treatment, 556

Glands— lymphatic, description, symptoms, and treatment, 271 sebaceous, description, 460 sweat, description, 461

Gleet— inflammation of urethra, or urethritis, symptoms and treatment, 153 nasal, chronic catarrh, or collection in sinuses, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 99-101

Glossitis, description and treatment, 60-61

Glottis, spasm, description, 225

Glycosuria, saccharine diabetes mellitus, or inosuria, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 139

Grains for feeding, 54

Grasses, important feed, 56

Gravel, urinary calculi, or stone, description, and causes, 154, 156

Grease or canker, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 472

Grubs— or flyblow, description and treatment, 481 under the skin, description and treatment, 481

Grunting, testing, 109

Gullet, or esophagus, treatment for foreign bodies, 62

Gunshot wounds, description and treatment, 494

Gut-tie, volvulus, or twisting of bowels, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 72

Guttural pouches, description and treatment, 119

Habronema, spp., cause of summer sores, etc., note, 470

Hairs on skin, description, 460

Harbaugh, W. H., chapter on "Diseases of respiratory organs", 95-133

Harness galls, or sitiasts, description and treatment, 475, 496

Harvest bug, larvae of Trombidium, Leptus americanus, jigger (chigoe), animal parasite of skin, 480

Haw— or winking cartilage of the eye, description, 276 tumor, or caries of cartilage of the eye, description and treatment, 284

Hay, kinds for feeding, 53

Heart— adventitious growths, description, symptoms, and treatment, 258 anatomy and physiology, 247 and blood vessels, diseases, remarks, 250 blood vessels, and lymphatics, diseases, chapter by M. R. Trumbower, 247-273 circulation of blood, description, 248 congestion, description, and symptoms, 263 dilatation, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 261 fatty degeneration, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 261 hypertrophy, or cardiac enlargement, description, symptoms, and treatment, 260 inflammation of lining membrane, or endocarditis, cause, description, symptoms, and treatment, 251 inflammation of muscular structure, or myocarditis, symptoms, alterations, and treatment, 251 inflammation of sac inclosing, or pericarditis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 255 inflammatory diseases, description and treatment, 251 palpitation, description, symptoms, and treatment, 259 rupture, description and cause, 262 valvular disease, description, symptoms, and treatment, 257 weakness, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 262

Heat exhaustion, sunstroke, or heat stroke, symptoms, pathology, treatment, and prevention, 219

Heaves, broken wind, or asthma, definition, symptoms, and treatment, 128

Heels— contracted, or hoofbound, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 429 cracked, scratches, or chaps on knee and hock, description, causes, and treatment, 470 inflammation, with sebaceous secretion, grease, or canker, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 472

Hematuria, or bloody urine, cause and treatment, 141

Hemiplegia, or paralysis of on side, or half the body, description and symptoms, 228

Hemoglobinuria, azoturia, azotemia, poisoning by albuminoids, symptoms, prevention, and treatment, 141

Hemoptysis, or bleeding from lungs, causes, description, and treatment, 127

Hemorrhage— process of healing and method of treatment, 486 spinal, symptoms and treatment, 225

Hemorrhoids, or piles, description and treatment, 81

Hemostasia, description and treatment, 485

Hepatitis, or inflammation of liver, symptoms, causes, and treatment, 87

Hernia— congenital scrotal, description and treatment, 82 diaphragmatic, description, 85 inguinal, description, symptoms, and treatment, 83 of womb, description and treatment, 189 or rupture, description of different kinds, 82 scrotal, cause, 82 umbilical, description and treatment, 84 ventral, description and treatment, 83

Herpes, description and treatment 468

High blowing, description, 110

Hip— bone, or os innominatum, description, symptoms, and treatment, 341 bones, fractured, causes, 158 joint, luxation, description and treatment 363 lameness, description, symptoms, and treatment, 369

Hock— and knee, chaps or scratches, description, causes, and treatment, 470 capped, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 385 curb, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 374 fractures, note, 350

Holcombe, A. A., chapter on "Diseases of ankle, fetlock, and foot", 395-457

Honeycomb ringworm, or favus, description and treatment, 478

Hoof— bound, or contracted heels, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 429 description, 397 growth, 588 healthy, characteristics, 590 physiological movements, 587 preparation for the shoe, 596 See also Foot.

Hoofs— unshod, care, 590 various forms, 591

Hornets, bees, and wasps, treatment for stings, 483

Horny sloughs (sitfasts), or sloughing callosities, description and treatment, 475, 496

Horse, sick— attitude and general condition indicative of disease, 8 conformation and constitution, 10 danger from silage as feed, 56-57 examination, chapter by Leonard Pearson, 7-26 history of diseases necessary in examination, 8 parasites, intestinal, and injuries from them, 90-94

Horsepox, or equine variola, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 535-540

Horses— anatomy, description, 300 danger from silage as feed, 56-57

Horseshoes. See Shoe.

Huidekoper, Rush Shippen, chapter on "Infectious diseases", 507-582

Humerus, fractures, symptoms and treatment, 345

Hydrocele, or dropsy of scrotum, symptoms and treatment, 166

Hydrocephalus— or dropsy of brain, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 223 or water in head, of foal, description and treatment, 192

Hydrophobia. See Rabies.

Hydrothorax, treatment, 126

Hypertrophy of heart, or cardiac enlargement, description, symptoms, and treatment, 260

Hypoderma-lineata, note, 481

Icterus, jaundice, or yellows, description and treatment, 88

Impaction— of large intestine, cause of obstruction colic, symptoms and treatment, 68 of rectum with feces, 191

Indigestion, or gastrointestinal catarrh, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 76

Infectious anemia— chapter by John R. Mohler, 569-572 cause and localities infected, 569 diagnosis and treatment, 571 symptoms and lesions, 570

Infectious diseases— chapter by Rush Shippen Huidekoper, 507-582 general discussion, 507-508

Inflammation— acute, of kidneys, or acute nephritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 143 and abscess of lymphatic glands, description, symptoms, and treatment, 272 and congestion of skin, description of kinds, 461 and congestion of teats and udder, symptoms and treatment, 208 and congestion of testicles, or orchitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 164 chronic, of kidneys, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 145 description, symptoms, termination, and treatment, 32-38 local, and abscess of lymphatic glands, description, symptoms, and treatment, 272 of bladder, cystitis, or urocystitis, symptoms and treatment, 149 of brain and its membranes, description, 193, 212, 213 of eyelids, causes and treatment, 280 of heels, with sebaceous secretion, grease, or canker, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 472 of lining membrane of heart, or endocarditis, cause, description, symptoms, and treatment, 251 of liver, or hepatitis, symptoms, causes, and treatment, 87 of membranes, a complication of influenza, 518 of membranes of spinal cord, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 232 of muscular structure of heart, or myocarditis, symptoms, alterations, and treatment, 251 of nerve, or neuritis, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 236 of pharynx, description, 103 of sac inclosing heart, or pericarditis, causes, symptoms, pathology, and treatment, 255 of substance of spinal cord, or myelitis, causes, symptoms, pathology, and treatment, 233 of urethra, urethritis, or gleet, symptoms and treatment, 153 of womb and peritoneum, symptoms and treatment, 207 with blisters, or eczema, description and treatment, 464 with pustules, description and treatment, 465

Inflammatory diseases of the heart, description and treatment, 251

Influenza, definition, symptoms, termination, complications, and treatment, 510-521

Inguinal, hernia, description, symptoms, and treatment, 83

Inhalation, manner of administering medicines, 47

Injections, methods of administering medicines, 47

Inosuria, saccharine diabetes, diabetes mellitus, or glycosuria, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 139

Insufflation, description, 46

Interfering— and speedy cuts, description, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 387 of feet, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 399

Intestinal— paralysis, cause, 230 worm, or Ascaris equorum, note, 90

Intestines— and stomach, diseases, remarks, 65 calculi, or stones, description, symptoms, and treatment, 71 large, impaction, cause of obstruction colic, symptoms and treatment, 68 paralysis, description and treatment, 72 spasms, 225

Intussusception, or invagination, description, symptoms, and treatment, 71

Invagination, or intussusception, description, symptoms, and treatment. 71

Iritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 288

Irritation, nervous, of skin, or pruritus, description and treatment, 468

Jaundice, icterus, or yellows, description and treatment, 88

Jaw, lower, fracture, description, causes, and treatment, 337

Jigger, or chigoe, Leptus americanus, animal parasite of skin, 480

Joint— hip, luxation, description and treatment, 361 shoulder, displacement, description and treatment, 363

Joints diseases, note, 354 open, cause, prognosis, and treatment, 357

Kidneys— acute inflammation, or acute nephritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 143 chronic inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 145 bladder worm and roundworm affecting, 146 tumors, note, 146

Knee— broken, cause, prognosis, and treatment, 357 capped, description, cause, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 383 fracture, cause, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 347 or hock, chaps, scratches, or cracked heels, description, causes, and treatment, 470

Knees, sprung, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 373

Knuckling— of fetlock, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 372 or cocked ankles, description, causes, and treatment, 400

Labor pains, premature, cause, and treatment, 186

Lachrymal apparatus of eye— description, 277 obstruction, or watering eye, description and remedy, 285

Lameness— definition, physiology and description, 303 how to detect the seat, 307 how to discover, 304 its causes and treatment, chapter by A. A. Liautard, 298-394 of hip, description, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 369 of shoulder, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 365

Laminae, sensitive, description, 398

Laminitis. See Founder.

Lampas, description and treatment, 60

Laryngismus paralyticus, or roaring, description and treatment, 108, 230

Laryngitis, or sore throat, description, symptoms and treatment, 103

Larynx, spasms, description and treatment, 107

Law, James— chapter on "Diseases of the eye", 274-297 chapter on "Diseases of the generative organs", 164-209 chapter on "Diseases of the skin", 458, 483 chapter on "Diseases of the urinary organs", 134-163

Lead poisoning, or plumbism, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 245

Leptus americanus, or harvest bug, animal parasite of skin, 480

Leucorrhea, description and treatment, 208

Liautard, A., chapter on "Lameness: Its causes and treatment", 298 394

Lice, or pediculi, description and treatment for bite, 482

Ligament— suspensory, description, 396 suspensory, rupture, description, symptoms, and treatment, 403

Ligaments— description and functions, 302 suspensory, sprains, causes, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment, 371

Limbs— hind, cramp, cause and treatment, 181 perineum, and abdomen, dropsy, description and treatment, 180

Lime-and-sulphur dip, use against mange in horse, 479

Linseed, ground, value as laxative, 55

Liver— diseases, remarks, 87 inflammation, or hepatitis, symptoms, causes, and treatment, 87 rupture, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 88

Lockjaw, or tetanus, causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment, 241

Locomotor ataxia, or incoordination of movement, description, 230

Loins, sprains, description, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 392

Lueber, investigation of pneumonia infection, 522

Lucilia caesar, or bluebottle, and L. hominivorax, or screwworm fly, note, 481

Lung— abscess, and suppuration, symptoms, 127 fever, or pneumonia, description, symptoms, and treatment, 113

Lungs— bleeding, or hemoptysis, causes, description, and treatment, 127 congestion, description and treatment, 111 description, 111

Luxations and dislocations of bones, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 361

Lymphangitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 272

Lymphatic— glands, local inflammation, and abscess affecting, description, symptoms, and treatment, 272 system, diseases, description, 271

Lymphatics, heart, and blood vessels, diseases, chapter by M. R. Trumbower, 247-273

Madness, rabies, or hydrophobia, cause, symptoms, treatment, and prevention, 244, 559

Maize, or corn, how to feed 55

Maladie de coit, or dourine, description and treatment, 562

Mange— autumn, and mange of foot, description and treatment, 480 horse, treatment, 479 or acariasis, note, 478

Mare— castration, method, 172 pregnant, hygiene, 177 sterility, causes and treatment, 172

Masturbation, or self-abuse, remedy, 168

Meat fly, or Musca vomitoria, note, 481

Medicines, methods of administering, chapter by Ch. B. Michener, 44-48

Megrims, or congestion of brain, description, causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., 217

Melanosis, or black pigment tumor, description and treatment, 476

Membrane— lining, of heart, inflammation, or endocarditis, cause, description, symptoms, and treatment, 252 of nose, thickening, symptoms and treatment, 101

Membranes— inflammation, a complication of influenza, 518 mucous, visible, and skin may indicate disease, 11 of brain, inflammation, description, 212, 213 of spinal cord, inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 232

Meningitis— causes, symptoms, and treatment, 212 spinal, causes, symptoms, pathology, and treatment, 232

Metatarsi, flexor, rupture, description, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 377

Michener, Ch. B.— chapter on "Diseases of the digestive organs", 49-94 chapter on "Methods of administering medicines", 44-48 chapter on "Wounds and their treatment," 484-506

Microsporon furfur, vegetable parasite of skin 478

Mohler, John R.— chapter on "Dourine", 562-564 chapter on "Infectious anemia", 569-572 chapter on "Mycotic lymphangitis", 557-559 chapter on "Osteoporosis, or bighead", 578-582

Mold, silage, danger to horses, 56-57

Mole, vesicular, or cystic disease of walls of womb, description and treatment, 179

Moles, or anidian monsters, description, 179

Monstrosities in foal, description of kinds, causes, and treatment, 194

Moonblindness, or periodic ophthalmia, causes, symptoms, treatment, 291

Mortification, or gangrene. See Gangrene.

Mouth, diseases, remarks, 60

Mucous membranes, visible, and skin may indicate disease, 11

Mules, danger from silage as feed, 56-57

Musca vomitoria, or meat fly, note, 481

Muscles— and tendons, diseases, 365 contraction in foal, description and treatment, 194 of elbow, sprain, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 368 of eye, description, 276 one system of locomotion, 299, 300

Mycotic lymphangitis— and glanders, differentiation, 557 chapter by John R. Mohler, 557-559 diagnosis and treatment, 558 symptoms and lesions, 558

Myelitis, or inflammation of substance of spinal cord, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 233

Myocarditis, or inflammation of muscular structure of heart, symptoms, alterations, and treatment, 251

Nasal— catarrh, or cold in head, symptoms and treatment, 98 douche, used in administering medicines, 47 gleet, chronic catarrh, or collection in sinuses, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 99 polypus, description and treatment, 102

Navel— discharge of urine, or persistent urachus, description and treatment, 151 string, constriction of a member, description, 192

Navicular— bone, description, 396 disease, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 435

Neck of womb, twisting, description and treatment, 189

Nephritis, acute, or acute inflammation of kidneys, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 143

Nerve— inflammation, or neuritis, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 236 tumor, or neuroma, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 236

Nerves— injuries, description and treatment, 237 spinal, designations, 212

Nervous system— and brain, anatomy and physiology, 210 diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower, 210-246 examination, 23

Nettlerash, surfeit, or urticaria, description and treatment, 467

Neuritis, or inflammation of a nerve, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 236

Neuroma, or tumor of a nerve, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 236

Nose— bleeding, causes and treatment, 103 membrane, thickening, symptoms and treatment, 101

Nostrils, tumors and wounds, treatment, 97

Obstruction colic, cause, 68

Open joints. See Joints.

Ophthalmia— external, or conjunctivitis, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 285 internal, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 288 periodic, or moonblindness, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 291

Optic nerve, paralysis, or amaurosis, cause, 231

Orchitis, or congestion and inflammation of testicles, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 164

Os innominatum, or hip-bone fracture, description, symptoms, and treatment, 341

Os pedis, or third phalanx, fractures, cause and treatment, 352

Osteoporosis, or bighead, chapter by John R. Mohler, 578-582

Ostitis, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 309

Overreach, description, symptoms, and treatment, 404

Ovum, inclosed, or tumors of fetus, description and treatment, 194

Oxyurus equorum, parasite, symptoms and treatment for, 91

Palpitation of heart, description, symptoms, and treatment, 259

Palsy— of nerve of sight, or amaurosis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 295 of paralysis, description and causes, 228

Pancreas and spleen, diseases, remarks, 90

Papilloma, epithelioma, or degeneration of penis, 167

Papules, or congestion of skin with small pimples, description and treatment, 463

Paralysis— facial, symptoms and cause, 230 general, cause, 228 of bladder, description and cause, 140, 230 of hind legs, cause and treatment, 181 of intestines, cause, 72, 230 of one side or half the body or hemiplegia, description and symptoms, 228 of optic nerve, or amaurosis, cause, 231 of penis, cause and treatment, 167 of pharynx, description and treatment, 61 of rectum and tail, cause, 230 or palsy, description and causes, 228 transverse, of hind extremities, or paraplegia, description and symptoms, 229 treatment, 231

Paraphymosis and phymosis, description and treatment, 171

Paraplegia, or transverse paralysis of hind extremities, cause and treatment, 229

Parasites— animal, of skin, description of kinds, 478 causing worm colic, 91, 92, 93 gastrointestinal, 90-94 in eye, description of kinds, 296 specific kinds affecting urinary organs, 146 vegetable, of skin, description of kinds, symptoms, and treatment, 477

Parasitic pityriasis, description and treatment, 478

Parturition— different presentations, 197 difficult, from narrow pelvis, cause and treatment, 186, 188 symptoms, 185

Pastern joint, description, 396

Pastes, or electuaries, description and manner of administering, 45

Pasture, relation to worms in horses, 93

Patella— fracture, description, 349 pseudoluxations, descriptions, symptoms, cause, and treatment, 363

Pearson, Leonard, chapter on "Examination of a sick horse", 7-26

Pediculi, or lice, description and treatment for bite, 482

Pelvis— and vagina, tumors affecting, description and treatment, 188 bones, fracture, different kinds, 341 narrow, cause of difficult parturition, cause and treatment, 188

Penis— degeneration, papilloma, or epithelioma, 167 extravasation of blood and paralysis, cause and treatment, 167 sheath, and abdomen, swelling, cause and treatment, 171 warts, treatment, 167

Pericarditis— a complication of influenza, 518 or inflammation of sac inclosing the heart, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 255

Perineum, limbs, and abdomen, dropsy, description and treatment, 180

Periostitis, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 309

Peritoneum and womb, inflammation, symptoms and treatment, 207

Peritonitis— a complication of influenza, 518 description, symptoms, and treatment, 85

Phalanx, first, second, and third, fracture, cause, symptoms and treatment, 351, 352

Pharyngeal polypus, description and treatment, 102

Pharyngitis, description and treatment, 61

Pharynx— inflammation, description, 103 paralysis, description and treatment, 61

Phlebitis, or diseases of veins, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 268

Phymosis and paraphymosis, description and treatment, 171

Physiology and anatomy of brain and nervous system, 210

Piles, or hemorrhoids, description and treatment, 81

Pills, or balls, description and manner of administering, 44

Pimples, small, or congestion of skin, description and treatment, 463

Pinworm, description and treatment, 91

Pityriasis, or scaly skin disease, description and treatment, 467

Plantar cushion, description, 398

Pleurisy— a complication of influenza, 518 description, symptoms, and treatment, 122

Pleurodynia, symptoms and treatment, 131

Pleuropneumonia, description and treatment, 126

Plumbism, or lead poisoning, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 245

Pneumonia— contagious, causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., 521-527 infection, transmission, 521-522 or lung fever, description, symptoms, and treatment, 113

Poisoning— albuminoid, or azotemia, symptoms, prevention, and treatment, 141 forage, or cerebrospinal meningitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 237 lead, or plumbism, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 245

Poll evil, description, causes, symptoms, treatment, 502-506

Polypus— description and treatment, 102 pharyngeal, description and treatment, 102

Polyuria, diuresis, diabetes insipidus, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 138

Pouches, guttural, description and treatment, 119

Poultry, acariasis, description and treatment, 480