The eggs of the warble flies hatch as a rule in about a week, the time varying with local conditions. The young warble is about 1 mm. (1/25 inch) long. It crawls to the base of the hair and burrows into the hair follicle. The entrance of the larvae frequently causes sudden appearance of swellings. The larvae of H. bovis in entering the skin rarely cause a flow of serum or pus formation, but those of H. lineatum commonly cause a considerable flow of serum with pus formation resulting in a matting of the hair on affected areas of the skin. The warbles after penetrating the skin migrate through the body and ultimately reach the backs of the cattle, H. lineatum usually appearing there in northern latitudes about the middle of December and H. bovis about a month later. During their migrations, before they reach the back, the young warbles spend a considerable period in the walls of the esophagus, or gullet, and may be found in this location as early as August 15. During the fall and winter a large proportion of the gullets of cattle that are slaughtered are found to be infested with warbles, and are known as grubby gullets or weasands in the packing houses.

When the warbles first appear in the back they are about 3/5 inch long. They cause swellings about the size of pigeons' eggs, each swelling having a small hole in the center, which has been punctured in the skin by the warble to enable it to breathe. Through this hole the warble leaves the back of the cow when it has completed its parasitic stage of development, at which time it measures nearly an inch in length.

The full-grown larvae begin to leave the backs of the cattle early in the year, and in northern latitudes the last leave before the middle of July. After leaving the backs of the cattle they burrow into the ground, lie quiescent for about a month, and become transformed into mature flies. In northern latitudes the mature flies of the species H. lineatum may be observed during April and May, and those of the other species during June and July.

The damage caused by warbles includes injury to stampeding cattle frightened by the fly, decreased milk flow and diminished growth in infested animals, and injury to hides, the last item being especially serious.

Treatment.—The best method of control known at present is to extract the warbles from the backs of cattle and kill them. If they are almost ready to leave the cattle, they may be squeezed from the backs with the fingers. Forceps are useful in removing the warbles, but it is important to be careful in extracting warbles not to crush them, as the body juices of these parasites are sometimes poisonous to cattle if absorbed into their circulation. In the South herds may be examined in November or early in December and once a month during the next two or three months. In the North the first examination may be made six weeks to two months later, with two or, better, three following examinations at intervals of a month. If this procedure is carefully carried out there will be a noticeable diminution of warbles the following year, and if persisted in the warble can be almost if not completely eradicated. Where an entire community follows up the practice of removing and destroying warbles, the results are highly beneficial.

As a result of recent studies by various investigators it appears that the tiny grubs, newly hatched from the eggs, may gain entrance to the body by penetrating directly through the skin. Many observers, however, have held that the eggs or newly hatched larvae are taken into the mouth by the cattle licking themselves. It is possible, as in the case of several other parasites, that both modes of infection may occur and that the larvae may gain entrance to the body either by penetrating the skin or by being swallowed. From the evidence at present available it seems likely that the usual mode of entrance is through the skin. Irrespective of the mode of infection, the larvae evidently wander extensively through the tissues of the body, developmental stages being found in considerable numbers in the wall of the esophagus during the fall of the year. They have also been found in the spinal canal and in various other locations. Finally, about January they appear beneath the skin of the back, forming the well-known swellings. The posterior end of the grub is near the small opening in the hide, through which the grub breathes and discharges its excrement, and through which, when its development is complete, it finally escapes. The anterior end of the grub is at the bottom of the tumor, where the mucus collects upon which it feeds. By spring or early summer the grub is full grown and forces its way out of the skin, falling to the ground, into which it burrows for a short distance and transforms into the pupal stage. In about a month the mature fly emerges.

It has lately been discovered that a second species of warble fly (Hypoderma bovis) common in Europe is of not uncommon occurrence in Canada and the northern part of the United States, whereas it was formerly supposed that the ox warbles of this country were all of the one kind. The general appearance, life history, and effects of the European species are much the same as those of the American form.

Grubs weaken cattle, cause them to fall off in flesh and milk, and decrease the value of the hide. The beef in the immediate vicinity of a grub becomes slimy and of a greenish color, and is known to the butchers as "licked beef."

The total loss to this country on account of the warble fly is estimated at $35,000,000 to $50,000,000 a year, at the least, and may amount to considerably more.

Treatment for warbles.—During the winter and spring examine the cattle for the presence of warbles. By passing the hand over the backs of the animals the swellings marking the location of the grubs may be readily found. Pressure properly applied to the swellings will cause the grubs to "pop out" if they have reached a late stage of development. They may be more easily removed by means of slender forceps inserted into the opening of the warbles, and a still more certain method of removing them, particularly if the lumps are still very small, is to cut into the swellings with a sharp knife or bistoury, after which they may be pressed out. Care should be taken to crush all grubs removed, so as to prevent the possibility of their further development and transformation into flies. In order that none may escape it is advisable to examine the cattle every two weeks during the late winter and spring, at each examination removing the grubs which have developed sufficiently to cause perceptible swellings.

Another method of treatment is to force grease or oil into the openings of the warbles, which kills the grubs. This method is less certain than that of removing the grubs, and has the further objection that the dead grubs remain beneath the skin.

Cattle may be treated during the summer with fly repellents (p. 502) to keep off the warble flies. The efficacy of repellents against these flies is probably, however, not very great.

In localities where the character of the cattle industry is such as to render practicable the systematic examination of cattle and the removal of the grubs—that is, where the herds are comparatively small and subject to the close supervision of the owners—it is possible, by the exercise of a little care and with very little effort on the part of the cattle owners, provided they work together, each doing his share by seeing to the removal of grubs from his own cattle, so that as few as possible survive to transform into flies, to reduce the number of grubs within one or two seasons almost, if not entirely, to the point of extinction.

Investigations not yet completed indicate that grub eradication may sometimes be accomplished by the use of arsenical dips, which are extensively used at the present time for destroying cattle ticks. (See p. 497.) It is possible that the destructive action of arsenical dips upon warbles is more or less dependent upon the fact that arsenic is stored up in small quantities in and upon the skin of cattle that are repeatedly dipped in arsenical dips. The arsenical dip appears to act, not upon the well-developed grub beneath the skin, but upon the eggs or the newly hatched larvae, probably the latter. Accordingly the dipping of cattle to destroy grubs should be carried out during the fly season and repeated treatments should be given every two or three weeks, as in dipping cattle to eradicate ticks.



LICE.[16]

Cattle in the United States are commonly infested with three species of lice, two of them sucking lice (Haematopinus eurysternus, the short-nosed cattle louse, and Linognathus vituli, the long-nosed cattle louse), commonly known as blue lice, and one biting louse (Trichodectes scalaris), commonly known as the red louse.

The blue lice (figs. 7 and 8) suck the blood of cattle and are more injurious than the red lice (fig. 9). Unless very abundant the latter cause little injury. If numerous they irritate and worry their host probably more by their sharp claws than by their bites, as their food seems to consist entirely of particles of hair and dead skin.

Cattle lice reproduce by means of eggs or nits (fig. 10) which they fasten to the hair. The blue lice infest chiefly the neck and shoulders; red lice, when present, may be found almost anywhere on the body, but are usually most numerous on neck, shoulders, and at the root of the tail.

On account of the itching caused by the lice, infested cattle rub against posts, trees, etc., and lick themselves, the hair sometimes coming out and the skin becoming thickened so that mange may be suspected.

Treatment for lice.—Cattle may be treated for lice by means of hand applications, spraying, or dipping. Dusting powders sold under various trade names are of value in helping to hold lice in check when the weather is too cold for dipping or spraying. The application of greases and insecticidal liquids by hand is fairly effective and practicable in cases in which there are only a few animals to be treated. The following remedies have proved effective when applied by hand, the treatment being repeated if necessary in about 16 days: (1) Cottonseed oil and kerosene, equal parts; (2) kerosene, 1/2 pint, mixed with lard, 1 pound; (3) crude petroleum; (4) any of the dips recommended for use in dipping, and diluted in the same proportions as for dipping. Oils or greases should not be used in very warm or very cold weather. The remedies mentioned may be applied with a brush or a cloth. They should be distributed in a thin, even coating over the surface of the body, taking care that there is no excess quantity at any point.

In spraying, any of the dips recommended for lice, properly diluted, are applied by means of a spray pump over the entire body. Thorough wetting of the skin and hair is important, and a second treatment should be given 15 or 16 days later.

When a considerable number of animals are to be treated the most satisfactory method of destroying lice is by the use of a dipping vat. Two dippings should be given 15 or 16 days apart. Dipping in the fall is good insurance against risk of loss from lice during the winter. All animals in the herd should be treated regardless of the number showing infestation. Either coal-tar-creosote or nicotin dips may be used. These are sold under various trade names. The directions for dilution given by the manufacturer should be carefully followed. As coal-tar-creosote dips do not mix well with all kinds of water, they should be tested with the water to be used for making the solution by mixing some of the dip in the proper proportions with the water in a clean and clear-glass bottle or jar. If an oily layer or mass of globules collects either at the top or the bottom of the mixture after standing an hour, the dip is not suitable for use with that kind of water. Imperfectly mixed coal-tar-creosote dips are liable to poison animals even when not used in stronger solutions than that recommended by the manufacturers, and are also likely to be inefficacious.

The lime-sulphur dip, which is highly efficacious as a mange remedy, is of little value for destroying lice, especially blue lice. The arsenical dip used in tick eradication is a good louse remedy, but its use is not advisable on account of its poisonous nature, except under the supervision of capable persons who know how to use it and what precautions to take.









MANGE, ITCH, SCAB.[17]

Cattle are subject to four kinds of mange, of which common mange or psoroptic mange is the most important.

PSOROPTIC MANGE.

Psoroptic mange of cattle is caused by small mites (fig. 11) which multiply rapidly and are spread from diseased to healthy cattle by bodily contact, or by pens, stables, railroad cars, etc., recently occupied by mangy cattle. The mites attack the skin and cause it to become thickened and covered with crusts and scabs, with a consequent loss of hair. Intense itching accompanies the disease, and affected cattle are more or less constantly rubbing and licking themselves. Psoroptic mange commences at the root of the tail, or on the neck, or withers, and gradually extends over the back up to the head, over the sides, and may finally affect nearly the entire body except the legs. In serious cases the skin may become ulcerated; the animals are greatly weakened and emaciated, and finally die. By taking scrapings from the edges of scabby patches and placing them on a piece of black paper in a warm place the mites may be seen as tiny white objects crawling over the paper, more distinctly if a magnifying glass is used. Mange may be confused with lousiness, ringworm, or with any condition in which there is itching or loss of hair, but if mites are found there is no question of the diagnosis. The disease is worse during cold, wet weather. Mangy cattle when on good pasture during the summer often seem to recover, but in the fall the disease again appears in a severe form.

Treatment.—The most generally used and most satisfactory method of treating cattle mange consists in dipping the animals in a vat filled with a liquid of such nature that it will kill the parasites without injuring the cattle. Vats for dipping cattle are built of wood, stone, or concrete, and vary in length from 30 to 100 feet or more. They vary in width from 3 to 7 feet at the top and 1-1/2 to 3 feet at the bottom, and the depth may be from 7 to 10 feet. A narrow chute through which the cattle are driven leads to one end of the vat, where a steep slide pitches the cattle into the dipping fluid, through which they swim, and climb out of the vat at the other end, which is built sloping and provided with cross cleats to give the animals a foothold. A draining pen with floor sloping back toward the vat is generally provided. The dip should be used warm, 100 deg. to 105 deg. F., and the cattle should be held in the vat for two minutes to insure thorough action of the dip. The head of each animal should be ducked at least once. Care should be taken that the vat contains a sufficient depth of fluid to swim the animals to be dipped. The dipping fluid may be heated from a steam boiler by pipes or hose, or water heated in large iron cauldrons or tanks may be used for charging the vat, and hot water with a proper quantity of dip added from time to time as the dipping fluid becomes cool.

If crude-petroleum dips are used, one dipping is usually sufficient, and the dip is used cold. Crude-petroleum dips are rarely used for common mange, but are of special value for sarcoptic mange, which is cured with difficulty by the ordinary dips. In the treatment of ordinary mange with lime-sulphur or nicotin dips two dippings are necessary, the second dipping being given 10 to 14 days after the first. The second treatment is necessary to kill the few parasites which sometimes escape at the first treatment, either in the egg stage or as fecundated females.



LIME-SULPHUR DIP.

The lime-sulphur dip is made in the proportion of 12 pounds of unslaked lime (or 16 pounds of commercial hydrated lime—not air-slaked lime), 24 pounds of flowers of sulphur, and 100 gallons of water.

Directions for preparing 100 gallons of dip.—Weigh out the lime, 12 pounds (or hydrated lime, 16 pounds), and sulphur, 24 pounds. Place the unslaked lime in a shallow, water-tight box similar to a mortar box, or some other suitable vessel, and add water enough to slake the lime and form a lime paste or lime putty. Sift into this paste the flowers of sulphur and stir well; then place the lime-sulphur paste in a kettle, boiler, or tank containing 30 gallons of water, the water being first heated nearly to the boiling point. Boil the mixture for two hours at least, stirring frequently; add water occasionally to maintain the original quantity. Allow the mixture to settle in the tank or draw the entire contents of the kettle or boiling tank into a large tub or barrel placed near the dipping vat and provided with a bunghole about 4 inches from the bottom, and then allow ample time to settle—from two to three hours or more if necessary. When fully settled, draw off the clear liquid into the dipping vat, taking care not to allow any of the sediment to accompany it, as the sediment is liable to render the dip unnecessarily caustic. The clear liquid thus obtained requires only the addition of sufficient clear warm water to bring the total up to 100 gallons. Flowers of sulphur must be used and the lime must be of good quality.

The dipping bath should be used at a temperature of 100 deg. to 105 deg. F., and for official dippings must be maintained at all times at a strength of not less than 2 per cent of "sulphid sulphur" as indicated by the Bureau of Animal Industry field test for lime-sulphur baths.

NICOTIN DIP.

The nicotin dip is made with sufficient extract of tobacco, or nicotin solution, to give a mixture containing not less than five one-hundredths of 1 per cent nicotin and 2 per cent flowers of sulphur. Sufficient nicotin would therefore be furnished for 96 gallons (about 800 pounds) of dip by 1 pound of a 40 per cent solution of nicotin. The formula for this dip would be: Nicotin, four-tenths of a pound; flowers of sulphur, 16 pounds; water, 96 gallons.

To calculate how much nicotin solution or extract of tobacco should be used for 96 gallons of water, divide the quantity of nicotin required in the dip by the proportion of nicotin in the extract. For example, suppose the nicotin solution contains 25 per cent nicotin, we have 0.40 / 0.25 = 1.6. Therefore in this case it would require 1.6 pounds of nicotin solution for the 96 gallons of dip. Or, if a tobacco extract is used, having, for example, 2.4 per cent of nicotin, the formula would be as follows: 0.40 / 0.024 = 16.66, and therefore 16.66 pounds would be required for 96 gallons of dip. Do not use any preparation the strength of which is not given on the outside of the package.

In preparing these dips the nicotin solution and sulphur should be mixed together with water before adding them to the water in the dipping vat. On no account should the dip be heated above 110 deg. F. after the nicotin solution is added, as heat is liable to evaporate the nicotin and weaken the dip.

For official dippings the dipping bath should be used at a temperature of 100 deg. to 105 deg. F. and at all times must be maintained at a strength of not less than five one-hundredths of 1 per cent nicotin as indicated by a field test approved by the Bureau of Animal Industry.

A homemade nicotin dip may be prepared as follows:

For each 100 gallons of dip desired, take 21 pounds of good, prepared tobacco leaves; soak the leaves in cold or lukewarm water for 24 hours in a covered pot or kettle; then bring the water to near the boiling point for a moment, and, if in the morning, allow the infusion to draw for an hour; if in the evening, allow it to draw overnight; the liquid is next strained (pressure being used to extract as much nicotin as possible from the wet leaves) and diluted to 100 gallons per 21 pounds of tobacco. This dip should be used as fresh as possible, as it contains a large amount of organic material which will soon decompose.

CRUDE-PETROLEUM DIPS.

Crude-petroleum dips, which are valuable for the treatment of sarcoptic mange, are not often used for the treatment of psoroptic mange or of chorioptic mange, oily dips being liable to injure animals, especially if they are moved rapidly soon after treatment, if they are exposed to bright sunshine, or if they become chilled. Besides unprocessed crude petroleum, processed petroleum from which the gasoline and other light hydrocarbons have been removed may be utilized in the treatment of cattle for mange, particularly sarcoptic mange. There are a number of proprietary brands of crude-petroleum dips on the market, consisting of processed crude petroleum with other substances added, mainly lighter oils to give the dip a suitable consistency. In dipping cattle in crude-petroleum dips fill the vat with water to within 1 foot or 18 inches of the dip line and then add the oil until the surface is flush with the dip line. The oil floats on the water, and as the animals pass through the vat their bodies become coated with oil.

CHORIOPTIC MANGE.

Chorioptic mange, due to a species of mite different from that causing common cattle mange, is confined almost entirely to the region at the root of the tail and if not treated may persist for years. The treatment is the same as for psoroptic mange.

SARCOPTIC MANGE.

Sarcoptic mange, frequently called "barn itch," is caused by a mite very similar to that which causes itch in human beings. It commonly affects the head and neck, but may also occur on various other parts of the body. Bulls are particularly liable to be affected with this form of mange. Cattle may become infected not only from other cattle, but also from horses, goats, dogs, sheep, and hogs. As a rule sarcoptic mange in any species of animal, if acquired from an animal of another species, is likely to run a short course and tend toward a spontaneous recovery.

The treatment likely to be most efficacious is that of dipping in a crude-petroleum dip, one treatment as a rule being sufficient. If lime-sulphur dip is used, four or five successive treatments, or even more, at weekly intervals, may be necessary before a cure is effected.

DEMODECTIC MANGE.

Demodectic mange, which is caused by a small parasite that lives in the hair follicles, causing pustules, especially on the neck and shoulders, occurs occasionally among cattle in this country and is of importance on account of the injury to the hide. When tanned, hides infested by this parasite are pitted, the pits, in some cases, being so deep that they form holes. No practicable treatment is known for this disease.

TICKS.[18]

About 10 species of ticks have been reported as parasites of cattle in the United States. The most common and most important is the species known as Margaropus annulatus, which transmits Texas fever. Information concerning this tick and Texas fever has been given elsewhere in this volume (p. 475).

The spinose ear tick (Ornithodoros megnini) is frequently found in the ears of cattle in the western part of the United States, and is of common occurrence also in the ears of horses, dogs, cats, etc.

When its parasitic stage of development is completed the ear tick leaves its host. Mating between the sexes occurs after the ticks have cast their skins following the abandonment of their host. They usually crawl up some distance from the ground and secrete themselves in cracks and crevices in trees, walls of buildings, etc., where the females deposit their eggs.

After the eggs hatch, the larval ticks, which emerge from them, when they succeed in finding a host, enter the ears and gradually develop to the stage at which they are ready to leave the host animal. The females may live several months, or even years, if they do not find mates. After mating they may deposit their eggs intermittently. Hatching of the eggs may occur as early as 10 days after deposition. The larvae may live for 80 days without a host. The parasitic period has been observed to vary from about two to about seven months.

Treatment.—On account of their habits and great vitality and their occurrence in various kinds of animals besides cattle, complete eradication is a difficult problem. The only effective treatment known is to introduce directly into the ear passages a remedy that will kill the ticks. Later, of course, the cattle may become reinfested from exposure to infested ranges or inclosures. The following mixture, however, in addition to killing the ticks in the ears, will protect against reinfestation for about 30 days: Ordinary commercial pine tar, two parts; cottonseed oil, one part—in each case by volume. Animals to be treated are confined in a chute, and the mixture is injected into the ears with a syringe, after the wax and other debris in the ears have been cleaned out with a wire probe that has an eyelet at one end. Further information concerning ear ticks and the details of their treatment is given in Farmers' Bulletin 980.

BLOODSUCKERS OR LEECHES.

These worms are sometimes taken up by cattle when drinking from ponds. They may attach themselves to the inner surface of the mouth or nose, and sometimes reach the upper part of the windpipe or of the gullet. Bleeding at the mouth or nose may be noticed, the membranes where the leech is attached are liable to be swollen and congested, and as a result of the loss of blood a condition of anemia may result.

Treatment.—If the worm can be reached it may be destroyed by cutting it in two with a pair of scissors, or it may be removed with forceps or with the fingers after wrapping a towel around the hand so that the worm can be held without slipping. Fumigation with tobacco or tar may cause the worm to release its hold if it can not be removed by other means. Ponds may be rid of infestation with bloodsuckers by the introduction of eels.

PARASITES OF THE STOMACH.

The stomach of cattle consists of four compartments, of which the first and fourth are most likely to be the seat of parasitic infestation. The first stomach, or paunch, contains large numbers of minute parasites known as protozoa, which are too small to be seen with the naked eye. These small organisms apparently are in no way injurious. A species of fluke (Paramphistomum cervi or a closely related species) is occasionally found in North American cattle, especially grass-fed cattle, attached to the inner surface of the first stomach (fig. 12). This worm is about one-half inch long, and somewhat conical in shape; hence the name, conical fluke, by which it is sometimes known. Although this parasite has been accused of producing serious effects, it is generally considered harmless.

Several species of roundworms may occur in the fourth stomach. Two of these are of special importance.



THE TWISTED STOMACH WORM (HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS).

The twisted stomach worm (Haemonchus contortus, figs. 13, 14, 15) is sometimes found in enormous numbers in the fourth stomach of cattle. Sheep, goats, and other ruminants may also be infested with it. Among the symptoms caused by this parasite may be mentioned anemia, loss of flesh, general weakness, dullness, capricious appetite, excessive thirst, and diarrhea. The anemic condition is seen in the paleness of the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth and eye, and in the watery swellings which often develop under the lower jaw ("poverty jaw"). If the fourth stomach of a dead animal is cut open and the contents carefully examined, the parasites, which are from 1/2 inch to 1-1/4 inches in length and about as thick as an ordinary pin, may be seen, if present in any considerable number, actively wriggling about like little snakes.

Cattle become infected with these parasites by grazing on pastures on which infested cattle, sheep, or goats have grazed and scattered their droppings. The worms in the stomach produce a multitude of eggs (fig. 14c) of microscopic size, which pass out of the body in the feces. In warm weather these eggs hatch in a few hours. If the temperature is below 40 deg. F., they remain dormant, and if below freezing, they soon die. The eggs are also killed by dryness; moisture, on the other hand, favoring their development. The larvae which hatch from the eggs are microscopic in size, and, like the eggs, are, at first and until they have developed to a certain stage, very susceptible to freezing and drying. In very warm weather the larvae complete their development, so far as they are able to develop outside the body, in two or three days. In cooler weather the time required for this development is longer, and at temperatures below 70 deg. F. 10 days to several weeks may be necessary. The larvae are then ready to be taken into the body. The eggs and early stages of the larvae apparently do not develop if swallowed, and only the completed larval stage seems to be infectious. In this stage the larvae migrate up grass stalks (fig. 15) or other objects, showing activity whenever the air is saturated with moisture; that is, during rains, fogs, and dews. When the air becomes dry and the moisture evaporates from the grass the young worms cease their activity, resuming their migrations when the air again becomes overladen with moisture. Larvae which have developed to the infectious stage, unlike the eggs and early larval stages, are able to survive long periods of freezing and dryness. In two weeks to a month after the embryos are swallowed they reach maturity and begin producing eggs.

Preventive treatment.—Preventive measures are important. As moisture favors the development of the embryos, high sloping ground is preferable for pastures. If low ground is used, it should be properly drained. The pasture should not be overstocked. Burning over the pasture will destroy most of the young worms on the grass and on the ground, and this means of disinfection under certain circumstances may be very advantageously used. The herd should be changed to fresh pasture as often as possible. Cattle should be supplied with water from wells, springs, or flowing streams, preferably in tanks or troughs raised above the ground. To a slight degree salt serves to protect cattle against infection with internal parasites, and plenty of it should therefore be kept accessible.

Affected animals should be isolated from the rest of the herd in hospital pens or pastures. A plentiful supply of nourishing feed is an important factor in enabling cattle to withstand the attacks of stomach worms and other intestinal parasites. The stabling of cattle, with the maintenance of clean and sanitary surroundings and liberal feeding, will often stop losses from internal parasites, even though no medicinal treatment is given.

Medicinal treatment.—In dosing animals for stomach worms it is advisable to treat not only the animals which are seriously affected, but the rest of the herd as well, since the parasites with which they are infested will remain as a source of reinfection to the others. The cattle should be removed to fresh pasture after treatment, if possible.

The animals to be treated should be deprived of feed for 12 to 16, or even 24, hours before they are dosed, and if the bluestone treatment is used should receive no water on the day they are dosed until several hours after dosing. In drenching, a long-necked bottle or a drenching tube may be used. In case the former is used the dose to be given may be first measured off, poured into the bottle, and the point marked on the outside with a file, so that subsequent doses may be measured in the bottle itself. A simple form of drenching tube (fig. 16) consists of a piece of rubber tubing about 3 feet long and one-half inch in diameter, with an ordinary tin funnel inserted in one end and a piece of brass or iron tubing 4 to 6 inches long, of suitable diameter, inserted in the other end. In use the metal tube is placed in the animal's mouth between the back teeth, and the dose is poured into the funnel, which is either held by an assistant or fastened to a post. The flow of liquid through the tube is controlled by pinching the rubber tubing near the point of union with the metal tube. It is important not to raise the animal's head too high on account of the danger of the dose entering the lungs. The nose should not be raised higher than the level of the eyes. The animal may be dosed either standing on all fours or lying on the side.

The position on all fours is preferred by some authorities, who believe that more of the remedy is likely to reach the fourth stomach when the animal is dosed standing than when dosed in other positions.

Great care should be used in dosing to prevent the entrance of the liquid into the lungs, and in the preparation and administration of the remedy to avoid getting the solution too strong or the dose too large.

Bluestone, or copper sulphate, has been extensively used in South Africa in the treatment of sheep and cattle for stomach worms and is recommended by the colonial veterinary surgeon of the Cape Colony as the best and safest remedy. To prepare the solution take 1 pound (avoirdupois) of pure bluestone, powder it fine, and dissolve in 9-1/2 gallons of warm water. It is better first to dissolve the bluestone in 2 or 3 quarts of boiling water, then add the remaining quantity of cold water, and mix thoroughly. This solution may be given to cattle in the following-sized doses:

Calves 3-1/2 to 4 fluid ounces. Yearlings 6 fluid ounces. Two-year-olds and over 12 to 16 fluid ounces.

In making up the solution only clear blue crystals of bluestone should be used. Bluestone with white patches or crusts should be rejected. It is especially important that the bluestone and water be accurately weighed and measured, and that the size of the dose be graduated according to the age of the animal.

The special value of medicated salts advertised under various trade names as preventives against worms is problematical. Commonly they contain little else than ordinary salt, the other substances being in such small quantity that their therapeutic effect is practically negligible. Definite evidence that they are more efficacious than plain salt is not yet available and their use is not recommended.









THE ENCYSTED STOMACH WORM (OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI).

This parasite is as thick as a fine hair and less than half an inch in length. It lives in small cysts in the wall of the fourth stomach (fig. 17) and is also found free in the cavity of the stomach. When numerous, these parasites cause a thickening of the stomach wall and disturb its digestive functions. The symptoms caused by this parasite are very similar to those produced by the twisted stomach worm. The life history of the encysted stomach worm is not known in detail, but it is undoubtedly very much the same as that of the twisted stomach worm. The same measures as recommended above for preventing infection with the twisted stomach worm should be used. Medicinal treatment would seem to be of little use, owing to the protected position in which the parasite occurs.



INTESTINAL PARASITES.

TAPEWORMS.

Two species of tapeworms (fig. 18) are known to occur in the small intestine of American cattle. They sometimes grow to a length of several yards and to a breadth of three-fourths of an inch. Small portions of tapeworms, consisting of one or more segments, are occasionally seen in the droppings of infested cattle. The life history is not known, but the infectious stage is undoubtedly taken in with the feed or water, infection being spread by the eggs of the parasite contained in the feces of infested animals. The eggs are perhaps swallowed by some small creature (an insect, worm, or snail) which acts as an intermediate host, and which when accidentally swallowed by a cow while grazing or drinking carries with it into her stomach the infectious stage of the tapeworm.

Adult cattle do not seem to suffer much from infestation with tapeworms, but in calves these parasites may cause scouring and emaciation.

Treatment.—Medicinal treatment for tapeworms in cattle is usually unsatisfactory, but the bluestone treatment used for stomach worms and mentioned above (p. 522) sometimes expels tapeworms. Arsenic in doses of 1-1/2 to 3 grains has been claimed to give good results in the treatment of calves for tapeworms. From results obtained at the Oklahoma Experiment Station in the treatment of tapeworms of sheep it would appear that the efficacy of the bluestone treatment against these parasites may be increased by the addition of tobacco. For use on cattle the bluestone and tobacco mixture may be prepared as follows: 13 ounces of snuff or powdered tobacco is soaked over night in about 8 gallons of water. To this decoction is added 1 pound of copper sulphate which has been dissolved in 2 or 3 quarts of boiling water. Sufficient water is then added to the mixture to make a total of 9-1/2 gallons. The doses of this solution are the same as for the simple copper sulphate solution, described on page 522, namely:

Calves 3-1/2 to 4 fluid ounces. Yearlings 6 fluid ounces. Two-year-olds and over 12 to 16 fluid ounces.



ROUNDWORMS.

A large roundworm (Ascaris vitulorum) measuring 6 to 12 inches in length, sometimes found in the intestines of cattle, especially calves, may cause inflammation and occasionally rupture of the intestine. Infection occurs through the swallowing of the eggs of the parasite in feed or water which has been contaminated with the feces of infested cattle.

A number of species of small roundworms, varying in size from an eighth of an inch to an inch or more in length, occur in the intestines. Of these may be mentioned the hookworm (Bunostomum phlebotomum) and the nodular worm ([OE]sophagostomum radiatum). The former is about an inch long and is found in the small intestine. The latter is somewhat smaller and is found in the cecum and large intestine. Hookworms, when numerous, may cause anemia and other symptoms similar to those caused by stomach worms (see p. 519). The injury to the mucous lining of the intestine from the bites of hookworms may cause severe inflammation, and affords an avenue of infection with the germs of various diseases. The adult nodular worms apparently do not attack the wall of the intestine, but derive their nourishment from the intestinal contents. Several species of small, very slender roundworms (Trichostrongylus), less than a quarter of an inch in length, sometimes occur in the small intestine and fourth stomach, and a severe gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the stomach and intestines, has been attributed to them. One species of small roundworm (Cooperia punctata) burrows in the wall of the small intestine and causes caseous nodules in the mucous lining. This parasite sometimes occurs in very large numbers in the intestines of cattle in certain sections of the country, and apparently does considerable damage.

Nodular disease of the intestine, due to young nodular worms which burrow in the intestinal wall during a certain stage in their life history, sometimes apparently produces serious effects, particularly in young cattle, but commonly has little or no perceptible influence on the general health. It, however, often renders the intestine unfit for use as sausage casings, and as it is widely prevalent among cattle the loss from this source is considerable. The greenish or yellowish nodules with cheesy contents are frequently mistaken by the inexperienced for lesions of tuberculosis.

The life histories of the various small roundworms occurring in the intestines of cattle, so far as they have been worked out, are very similar to that of the twisted stomach worm as described on page 519.

Treatment for intestinal roundworms.—The preventive measures are similar to those recommended in the case of the twisted stomach worm (p. 521). Medical treatment is generally not very satisfactory. According to the Oklahoma Experiment Station, the addition of 1 per cent of tobacco to the bluestone solution used in the treatment of stomach worms in sheep is effective in the removal of hookworms. The bluestone and tobacco mixture described on page 524 may be of value in the treatment of hookworms in cattle. It is asserted by one author that 2 or 3 drams of rectified empyreumatic oil in a mucilaginous emulsion, followed the next morning with a purgative of 1 to 1-1/2 pounds of sulphate of soda, will expel the large roundworms (Ascaris vitulorum).

PROTOZOA.

A number of species of protozoa have been reported as parasites of the intestines of cattle. To one species has been attributed a serious disease of cattle in Switzerland known as red dysentery, but so far comparatively few cases of this disease have been recorded in America. It is probably more common than is generally supposed. Calves particularly seem most likely to be affected.

FLUKES IN LIVER AND LUNGS.

Two species of flukes occurring in the liver and lungs are known to affect cattle in the United States. These parasites are flat, leaf-like worms; one of them, the common liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica, fig. 19), is less than an inch in length, while the other, the large American fluke (Fasciola magna, fig. 20), is considerably larger when full grown. In their life history these flukes depend on snails as intermediate hosts. At a certain stage of development the young flukes leave the snails, become encysted on stalks of grass (fig. 21), or fall into drinking water, and finally may be swallowed by cattle. Stiles writes as follows:

Flukes may produce a serious, often fatal, disease, more especially in younger animals. The symptoms are somewhat similar to those produced by worms in the stomach. The first symptoms are generally overlooked, the disease not attracting attention until the appetite is diminished; rumination becomes irregular, the animals become hidebound, and the coat dull and staring. The staring coat is due to the contraction of the muscles of the hair follicles. The visible mucous membranes become pale, eyes become dull, there is running at the eyes, and the animal gradually becomes emaciated. As the disease advances the milk supply is lessened, fever appears, there is generally great thirst, but the appetite almost ceases; edematous swellings appear on the belly, breast, etc.; diarrhea at first alternates with constipation, but finally becomes continuous. The disease lasts from two to five months, when the most extreme cases succumb.

Most of the German cattle are said to be infested with liver flukes, but even when a large number are present the nourishment of the cattle is not disturbed. Thickening of the gall ducts, so that a so-called "Medusa's head" forms on the surface of the liver toward the stomach, appears in even well-nourished animals; even in cases of a cirrhosis of the liver it is seldom that any effect upon the cattle's health can be noticed, and so long as a portion of the liver tissue about twice the size of the fist remains intact, the nourishment of the animal may be comparatively good. It is rare that one sees a generalized edema in slaughtered cattle as a result of fluke invasion, and even in the heaviest infections of young cattle only emaciation is noticed.

Treatment.—Medicinal treatment is unsatisfactory. The disease may be prevented to a considerable extent by giving animals plenty of salt, and by introducing carp, frogs, and toads into infected districts; these animals destroy the young stages of the parasite and feed upon the snails which serve as intermediate hosts.

The drainage of wet pastures and the avoidance of swampy lands for grazing purposes are important measures in the prevention of fluke diseases.

Railliet and others have recently recommended the application of lime to fluky pastures, having discovered that very weak solutions are destructive not only to fluke embryos but to snails. This application is to be made during the summer months at the rate of about 500 to 1,000 pounds of lime per acre. The same authors also recommend extract of male fern for the treatment of fluke disease. Moussu states that the average dose for cattle is 1 gram of the extract for each 10 kilograms of live weight; that is, 10 grams for a young animal weighing 100 kilograms (about 220 pounds) up to 50 grams as a maximum for large animals weighing 500 kilograms (about 1,100 pounds) or more. The extract is mixed with about 5 times as much non-purgative oil and the dose is administered each morning for five consecutive days two hours before the animal is allowed to feed after having been fasted over night. The extract of male fern used should have a guaranteed strength of 22 to 25 per cent of filicine and 3.5 per cent of filicic acid.







TAPEWORM CYSTS OF LIVER AND OTHER VISCERA.

Three kinds of tapeworm cysts are found in the viscera of cattle. One of these (Multiceps multiceps, or C[oe]nurus cerebralis) will be further referred to in the discussion of gid (p. 528). All these are the intermediate stages of tapeworms, which live when mature in the intestines of dogs, wolves, and other canines. The eggs of the tapeworms are scattered over the fields in the droppings of infested dogs or wolves, and when swallowed in food or water by cattle hatch out and the embryos migrate to the liver, mesentery, lungs, brain, or other organs, where they develop into cysts, variously known as hydatids, bladder worms, water balls, etc. When organs of cattle thus infested are eaten by dogs or wolves the cystic worms are also liable to be swallowed and then develop into mature tapeworms. To prevent cattle from infection with these parasites stray dogs, wolves, and coyotes should be killed wherever found, and dogs too valuable to kill should be kept free from tapeworms. As a precaution against infection with tapeworms, the viscera of cattle, sheep, or hogs should not be fed to dogs unless cooked.

HYDATIDS (Echinococcus granulosus) form tumors (fig. 22) of varying size (sometimes as large as 6 inches in diameter) in the liver, lungs, and other organs. Their contents are liquid, resembling water. The presence of these parasites can not be detected in the living animal and there is no medicinal treatment for them. Organs containing hydatids should be destroyed by burning in order to prevent their being eaten by dogs. This is especially important, as dogs infested with the tapeworm stage of this parasite are a menace to human beings on account of the danger of infecting them with hydatids, which develop in man if the eggs of the hydatid tapeworm are swallowed.

THIN-NECKED BLADDER WORMS (Taenia hydatigena, fig. 23) are most commonly found attached to the mesentery and omentum. There is no medicinal treatment.

GID.—Bladder worms (Multiceps multiceps, or C[oe]nurus cerebralis), which are occasionally found in the brain of cattle and cause gid, "turnsick," or "staggers," deserve mention, as they are rather common among sheep in the Northwest. As already alluded to, these worms are the intermediate stage of a tapeworm found in dogs, and their life history and the means of preventing infection have been briefly discussed above (see p. 527).

Cattle harboring this parasite show symptoms indicating an affection of the brain, walking or turning in circles, dizziness, uneven gait, impaired vision, etc.

Treatment consists in trephining the skull and removing the parasite, an operation which requires a skillful operator and is frequently unsuccessful. Unless the parasite is removed affected cattle almost invariably die.





TAPEWORM CYSTS IN THE MUSCLES, BEEF MEASLES.[19]

Small tapeworm cysts (Taenia saginatae), about the size of a pea, found in the muscles of cattle are the larvae of the common tapeworm of man. Cattle become infected from feed or water which has been contaminated by the feces of persons harboring the adult tapeworms, and human beings in turn become infected by eating raw or rare beef infested with the larval stage (measly beef).

To prevent cattle from becoming infested with this parasite care should be taken that human feces are not placed where they will contaminate the feed or drinking water.

This parasite is very common in cattle in the United States, at least 1 per cent being infested. As a result considerable loss is entailed through condemnations of beef carcasses by meat inspectors, because of the presence of tapeworm cysts. All this loss could be avoided and the danger of tapeworm infestation in human beings from this source could be removed by the observance of proper precautions in disposing of human excreta. At the same time much sickness and many deaths from diseases (hookworm, typhoid fever, etc.) caused by soil pollution would be prevented, and farm life would be rendered much safer than under the poor sanitary conditions which are responsible for the high percentage of tapeworm cysts among cattle in the United States.

THREAD WORMS IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY.

Thread worms (Setaria labiato-papillosa) 2 to 4 inches long are frequently found in the abdominal cavity. They seem to cause little or no trouble. The embryos produced by these worms enter the blood vessels. According to Noe, they are spread from one animal to another by stable flies (see p. 503), but this has not been definitely proved. The roundworms found occasionally in the anterior chamber of the eye (see p. 531) are perhaps immature forms of this species which have reached this location during their migration.

LUNG WORMS.

Lung worms (Dictyocaulus viviparus, fig. 24) in cattle are thread-like worms 2 to 4 inches long, found in the bronchial tubes and producing a condition known as verminous bronchitis. The life history of the parasite is not fully known, but infection is evidently derived through the medium of pastures where infested cattle have grazed. In the later stages of the disease the cattle cough, especially at night. Young cattle are more seriously affected than old animals.

Treatment for lung worms.—Various treatments have been advocated for lung worms, including fumigating with different substances and injections of remedies into the trachea by means of a large hypodermic syringe or by a special spraying apparatus, but none have been very successful from a practical standpoint. About all that can be done is to feed affected animals well and protect them from exposure, removing them from the pasture and keeping them in dry yards or stables maintained in a cleanly, sanitary condition.

The methods of prevention in general are similar to those described under the discussion of the twisted stomach worm (p. 521).



PARASITES OF THE BLOOD.

Certain flukes (Schistosoma bovis and related species) which live in the blood vessels (the large veins) of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical countries cause bloody urine and diarrhea, the feces being mixed with blood. These parasites have not yet been discovered in the United States, although the natural conditions are such in some parts of the country that they are liable to become established if introduced.

The embryos of Setaria labiato-papillosa (p. 529) which occur in the blood may be found by microscopical examination. They apparently cause no trouble.

The organism which causes Texas fever is a protozoan parasite (Piroplasma bigeminum) of microscopic size, which lives in the blood and attacks the red blood corpuscles. For a discussion of this parasite and the disease which it produces see page 476 of this volume.

Other parasites which live in the blood cause serious diseases known as surra and nagana (p. 500), but as yet neither of these diseases has gained a foothold in the United States.

PARASITES OF THE EYE.

Small roundworms, one-third to four-fifths of an inch in length, may occur in the ducts of the lacrimal glands. Several species all belonging to the same genus (Thelazia) are known. They sometimes escape from their usual location and may be found on the surface of the eyeball beneath the lids, or even in the eyeball. It has been supposed by some writers that the worms seen in the interior of the eyeball ("snakes in the eye") are immature stages of Setaria labiato-papilosa (see p. 529) which have gone astray from the normal course of their migration, but the correctness of this supposition is uncertain.

Worms in the eyes and lacrimal ducts may cause inflammation, in which case the eyes may be syringed with an antiseptic, such as a weak solution of coal-tar stock dip, and iodoform ointment applied if the condition is severe.

When worms are present in the eyeball itself, their removal depends upon surgical treatment, usually not advisable, as the worms in that location either cause but little trouble or disappear without treatment.

FOOTNOTES:

[11] Further information may be found in a very full report on "Insects Affecting Domestic Animals," issued as Bulletin 5, new series, of the Bureau of Entomology of this department.

[12] Further information on fly repellents may be found in Bulletin 131 of the Department of Agriculture.

[13] For further information consult Farmers' Bulletin 1097.

[14] For further information consult Circular 115 of the Bureau of Entomology.

[15] For further information consult Farmers' Bulletin 857.

[16] For further information see Farmers' Bulletin 909.

[17] For a fuller discussion see Farmers' Bulletin 1017, issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[18] For a more complete discussion consult Farmers' Bulletin 1057, Bulletins 130 and 152 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and Bulletins 15 (technical series), 72, and 106 of the Bureau of Entomology, all issued by the United States Department of Agriculture.

[19] For further information consult Bureau of Animal Industry Circular 214.



MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE.

By JOHN R. MOHLER, V. M. D.,

Chief, Bureau of Animal Industry.

INTRODUCTION.

Numerous letters have been received by this bureau in recent years relative to the existence of a disease affecting the mouths and feet of cattle in certain Eastern and Central Western States. Later reports indicate that the malady has made its appearance in the Southwest, where it has caused much alarm among the stockmen owing to its similarity to the foot-and-mouth disease of Europe. The disease, which is to be discussed under the name of mycotic stomatitis, has been carefully investigated by this department on various occasions, and it is with the view of giving the results of these clinical investigations as well as to assert its noninfectiousness and to differentiate it from the virulent foot-and-mouth disease, which it so closely simulates, that this article is prepared.

NAME AND SYNONYMS.

The name stomatitis signifies that there is present in the affected animals an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. This inflammation, which quickly develops into ulcers, is one of the principal and most frequently observed lesions. Mycotic stomatitis refers to that form of stomatitis which results from eating food containing irritant fungi. Thus the name not only suggests the cause of the disease, but also indicates the location of the earliest and most prominent symptoms. Other names which have been applied to this disease by different writers are sporadic aphthae; aphthous stomatitis; sore mouth of cattle; sore tongue; benign, simple, or noninfectious foot-and-mouth disease; mycotic aphthous stomatitis; and sporadic stomatitis aphthosa.

CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE.

Mycotic stomatitis is a sporadic, or noninfectious, disease which affects cattle of all ages that are on pasture, but more especially milch cows. It is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membrane of the mouth, producing salivation and inappetence, and secondarily affecting the feet, which become sore and swollen. Superficial erosions of the skin, particularly of the muzzle and of the teats and udders of cows, may also be present, with some elevation of temperature and emaciation.

CAUSE.

This disease, as its name indicates, results from the eating of forage containing fungi or molds. It is probable that more than one fungus is involved in the production of this disease, but no particular species has been definitely proved to be the causative factor. Several attempts have been made by the writer to determine the exact cause and also to transmit the disease to other animals by direct inoculation, but with negative results. Suspicion, however, has been directed by various observers to the Uromyces and the red and black rusts that occur on clovers. These fungi cause very severe irritation of the lining membrane of the mouth, producing sometimes a catarrhal, at other times an aphthous, and occasionally an ulcerous stomatitis. The fungus of rape, etc. (Polydesmus excitiosus), is very irritating to the mouths and feet of cattle, causing severe inflammation and in some instances producing symptoms that have been mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease. The fungi (Penicillium and Puccinia) found on grasses have also been credited with the production of stomatitis. The fact that this disease disappears from a locality at a certain time and reappears at irregular intervals would suggest the probability that certain climatic conditions were essential for the propagation of the causative fungi, since it is well known that the malady becomes prevalent after a hot, dry period has been followed by rain, thus furnishing the requirements necessary for the luxuriant development of molds and fungi. Owing to this fact the disease is observed in one locality during one season and in an entirely different section another year, but reappears in the former center when favorable conditions prevail. In this way the affection has occurred at irregular intervals in certain sections of both the United States and Canada.

SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS.

Among the first symptoms observed in mycotic stomatitis are inability to eat, suspension of rumination, frequent movements of the lips with the formation of froth on their margins, and in some cases a dribbling of saliva from the mouth. There is a desire to eat, and frequent attempts to take food are made, but prehension is very difficult. If, however, feed is placed on the back of the tongue, it is readily masticated and swallowed. If the mouth is examined at this time, it will be found red and hot, and exceptionally small blisters will be seen, which, however, quickly become eroded and develop into active ulcers varying in size from one-eighth to 1 inch in diameter. Where several ulcers have coalesced a large and irregularly indented patch is formed. These erosions are most frequently found on the gums around the incisor teeth, on the dental pad, inside the lips, and on the tip of the tongue, but they also occur on the cheeks, interdental space, and dorsum of the tongue. The ulcers have a hemorrhagic border, a depressed suppurating surface, and contain a brownish or yellowish colored debris, which is soon replaced by granulation tissue. As a result of this sloughing of the tissues and the retention of food in the mouth, a very offensive odor is exhaled. The muzzle becomes dry and parched in appearance, which condition is shortly followed by erosions and exfoliations of the superficial layer of the skin. Adherent brownish crusts and scabs form over the parts, and similar lesions are seen around the nostrils and external surface of the lips.

In some cases there are associated with these alterations a slight swelling and painfulness in the region of the pasterns, at times affecting the forefeet, at other times the hind feet, and occasionally all four feet. In a few cases the swelling may extend above the fetlock, but it has never been observed above the knee or hock. The skin around the coronet may occasionally become fissured and the thin skin in the cleft of the foot eroded and suppurated, but without the formation of vesicles. As a result of these feet lesions, the affected animal may assume a position with its back arched and the limbs propped under the body as in a case of founder, and will manifest much pain and lameness in walking. If it lies down, the animal shows reluctance in getting up, and although manifesting no inclination to move about, when forced to do so there is more or less stiffness and a tendency to kick or shake the foot as if to dislodge a foreign body from between the claws.

In some outbreaks the milch cows have slight superficial erosions on the teats which at times extend to the udder. The cracks in the skin are filled with serum and form brownish-colored scabs. The teats become tender and the milk secretion diminishes; in some cases it disappears. A similar tendency toward the formation of fissures and scabs on the skin of the neck and shoulders has manifested itself in a recent outbreak in Texas, and this feature was likewise noticeable in the disease when it occurred in Maryland and Virginia in 1889.

In mild cases only the mouth lesions may be observed, or these alterations may be associated with one or more of the other above-described symptoms, but in severe cases, where there is a generalized mycotic intoxication, one animal may show all these alterations. When the disease is well developed the general appearance of the animal is one of great lassitude, and it either stands off by itself with hind feet drawn under the body and its forefeet extended, or it assumes a recumbent position. Owing to the inability to eat and to the general systemic disturbance present, the animal loses flesh very rapidly and becomes greatly emaciated in the latter stages of the disease. The temperature and pulse are somewhat increased, the former 2 or 3 degrees, the latter to from 75 to 90 beats per minute. The fever is not lasting, and these symptoms are soon modified. The animal has an anxious look, and in a few cases there is a gastrointestinal irritation, the feces being thin, of a dark color, and of an offensive odor.

PROGNOSIS AND MORTALITY.

Mycotic stomatitis is not a serious disease, and in uncomplicated cases recoveries soon follow the removal of the cause and the application of the indicated remedies. In such cases complete restoration may take place within one week. In mild outbreaks a large percentage of the animals will recover without treatment, but that the disease is fatal is shown by the fact that animals which develop an aggravated form of the affection succumb if not treated. In such animals death occurs in 6 or 8 days, but the mortality in the serious outbreaks thus far investigated has been less than 0.5 per cent. The course of this disease is irregular and runs from 7 to 15 days, the average case covering a period of about 10 days.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS.

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.

In examining a case of mycotic stomatitis it is important not to mistake it for foot-and-mouth disease, which has appeared in this country on six occasions only. This may be easily accomplished by taking into consideration the fact that in the contagious foot-and-mouth disease there is a rapid infection of the entire herd, as well as of any hogs and sheep that may be on the premises. It is also readily transmitted to neighboring herds by the spread of the infection from diseased animals, but it never occurs spontaneously. The characteristic lesion of foot-and-mouth disease is the appearance of vesicles containing serous fluid in the mouth and upon the udder, teats, heels, and coronary bands of the affected animals. Drooling is profuse, and there is a peculiar smacking sound made by sucking the affected lips.

Mycotic stomatitis occurs sporadically on widely separated farms, affecting only a few animals in each herd, and the lesions produced consist of erosions without the typical vesicular formations of foot-and-mouth disease. The failure of the vesicles, if any appear, to spread extensively in the mouth, the absence of these blisters on other portions of the body— notably the teats and udder, and characteristically the feet—together with the absence of infection in the herd, and the inability to transmit the disease to calves by inoculation, distinguish between this affection and foot-and-mouth disease. The erosions of the mouth are not so extensive and they heal more rapidly in mycotic stomatitis. The swelling of the feet and stiffness of the animal are also more marked in mycotic stomatitis.

ERGOTISM.

The lesions resulting from ergotism may be differentiated from those of mycotic stomatitis by the lack of ulcerative eruptions in the mouth and by the location of the lesions at the tips of the ears, end of the tail, or upon the lower part of the legs, usually below the knees or hocks. The lesions of ergotism do not take the form of ulcers or festers, but the end of the limb affected is diseased "in toto" and the eruption extends entirely around the limbs, followed soon afterwards by a distinct line of demarcation between the healthy skin above and the diseased below. The absence of suppurating sores between the claws and on the mucous membrane of the mouth, the knowledge that the lesion upon the limb in question extends uninterruptedly around it, and the presence of ergotized seeds in the hay or grain fed the animals should point conclusively to a diagnosis of ergotism.

FOUL FOOT.

In foul foot, or ground itch, of cattle, the inflammation of the skin and toes usually affects but one foot. It begins as a superficial inflammation followed by sloughing, ulceration, and the formation of fistulous tracts which may involve the tendons, bones, and joints. The mouth remains unaffected, and the presence of the disease may be traced to filth and poor drainage.

NECROTIC STOMATITIS.

In necrotic stomatitis (calf diphtheria) there is a formation of yellowish cheesy patches in the mouth without any lesions of the feet or udder. It affects sucking calves chiefly, and is caused by the Bacillus necrophorus.

TREATMENT.

The treatment of mycotic stomatitis should consist in first removing the herd of cattle from the pasture in which they have been running. The affected animals should, if it is possible, be brought to the barn or corral and fed on soft, nutritious food, such as bran mashes, ground feed, and gruels. A bucket of clear, cool water should be kept constantly in the manger, so that the animal may drink or rinse the mouth at its pleasure; and it will be found beneficial to dissolve 2 heaping tablespoonfuls of borax or 1 tablespoonful of potassium chlorate in each of the first two buckets of water taken during the day. If the animals are gentle enough to be handled, the mouth should be swabbed out daily with antiseptic washes, such as a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid or a 1 per cent solution of compound solution of cresol or of permanganate of potassium, or 1 part of hydrogen peroxid to 2 parts of water. This should be followed by astringents, such as one-half tablespoonful of alum, borax, or chlorate of potassium placed on the tongue. Probably a more satisfactory method of administering the antiseptic treatment to a large number of animals would be to mix thoroughly 2 teaspoonfuls of pure carbolic acid every morning in a quart of bran mash and give to each affected animal for a period of five days. Range cattle may be more readily treated by the use of medicated salt placed in troughs accessible to the animals. This salt may be prepared by pouring 4 ounces of crude carbolic acid upon 12 quarts of ordinary barrel salt, after which they are thoroughly mixed. The lesions of the feet should be treated with a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid, while the fissures and other lesions of the skin will be benefited by the application of carbolized vaseline or zinc ointment. If the animals are treated in this manner and carefully fed, the disease will rapidly disappear.



INDEX.

Abdomen— dropsy affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 47 inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 224 of calf, dropsy, description, and treatment, 180 wounds, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 43

Abdominal cavity, kinds of parasites affecting, 529

Abortion— contagious— description and causes, 165 treatment and prevention, 170 noncontagious— causes, 165 treatment, 170

Abscess— bacteria causing, 237 ear treatment, 355 lung, description, 99 navel, cause and treatment, 249 orbital and periorbital, symptoms and treatment, 352

Abscesses— danger in castration of cattle, 300 treatment, 295

Absorbents, description, 75

Achorion schonleinii, fungus causing Tinea favosa, 332

Acids— mineral, poisoning, description and treatment, 54 poisoning, description and treatment, 54 vegetable, poisonous, description and treatment, 61

Aconite poisoning, description and treatment, 63

Actinomycosis— description and symptoms, 440-449 jawbone, description and treatment, 442 lungs, 442 prevention and treatment, 445-446 relation to public health, 447

Adenoma, description, 310

Administration of medicines, chapter by Leonard Pearson, 7-11

Afterbirth, retention, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 220

Air tubes, lung, parasites affecting, description and treatment, 530

Air under the skin, description, symptoms, and treatment, 334

Albumin, urine, description and treatment, 121

Albuminuria, description and treatment, 121

Alkalies, poisoning, description and treatment, 59

Amaurosis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 348

Anaphrodisia, cause, prevention, and treatment, 149

Anasarca of the skin, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 330

Anesthesia, uses in operations, 289

Aneurism, description, 85

Angioma tumor, description, 310

Animal Industry Bureau, experiments against hemorrhagic septicemia, 401

Animal parasites of cattle, chapter by B. H. Ranson, 502-531

Animal products, poisonous, description and treatment, 71

Anthrax— cause, symptoms, treatment, etc., 449-458 human, description, 458 serum, relation to blackleg, 458 symptomatic, description, cause, treatment, etc., 449-458 treatment by use of serum, 455

Aphtha, calf, description and treatment, 263

Aphtha parasite (Saccharomyces albicans), cause, 263

Aphthous fever. See Foot-and-mouth disease.

Aphthous stomatitis, reference, 532

Apoplexy— cerebral, description and treatment, 106 parturient, description, symptoms, and treatment, 226

Appetite— depraved, description, causes and treatment, 28 Loss, symptom of foot-and-mouth disease, 383

Aqueous humor of eye, description, 341

Argentina, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Arsenic poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment, 54

Arsenical dips— for destroying cattle ticks, 488 use against screw worms, 507

Arsenical vapor, danger of inhalation in making cattle dip, 489

Arteries— and veins, wounds, description and treatment, 83 obstruction, description and treatment, 85

Ascaris vitulorum, intestinal roundworm, description and treatment, 524

Ascites— causes, symptoms, and treatment, 47 description and treatment, 180

Asepsis in surgical operations, 289

Aseptic periostitis, description and treatment, 266

Asphyxia electrica, symptoms and treatment, 111

Atkinson, V. T.— chapter on "Bones: Diseases and accidents", 264-288 chapter on "Poison and poisoning", 51-70

Atrophy, description, 81

Auscultation, definition, 91

Austria-Hungary, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Bacillus— cyanogenes, causing blue milk, 242 tuberculosis, (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, new terminology) causing tuberculosis, 407

Back, sprain, causes and treatment, 270

Bacteria— causing abscess, 237 definition, 360

Bacterium bovisepticum, causing hemorrhagic septicemia, 397

Balkan countries, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Ball— eye, description, 340 hair, in stomach, description, 29

Balls, use in administering medicines, 8

Bee stings, description and treatment, 71

Beef measles, discussion and management, 529

Belgium, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Benign tumors, description, 306

Big jaw. See Actinomycosis.

Black quarter. See Blackleg.

Blackleg— description, cause and treatment, 459, 464 serum, relation to anthrax, 458 vaccine, note on distribution by Animal Industry Bureau, 463

Bladder— eversion, description, and treatment, 218 or rectum, full, as obstruction to parturition, 178 palsy of neck, cause and treatment, 130 paralysis, causes and treatment, 128 rupture, symptoms, 218 spasms, description and treatment, 128 stone, symptoms and treatment, 142

Bladder worms— affecting brain, description and treatment, 528 thin-necked, description and treatment, 528

Bleeding— description and treatment, 83 lungs, description and treatment, 99 navel, cause and treatment, 248 nose, cause and treatment, 93 womb, description, symptoms, and treatment, 214

Blisters, water, symptoms and treatment, 328

Bloating, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 22

Blood— clots on walls of vagina, description and treatment, 220 coagulated, under vaginal walls after calving, treatment, 179 description and influence of food on, 75 flukes (Schistosoma bovis), note, 526 parasites affecting, different kinds, 526 protozoa affecting, 510-536 vessels— functions, 73 heart, lymphatics, diseases, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh, 73-86

Bloodsuckers affecting cattle, description and treatment, 519

Bloody milk, cause and treatment, 241

Bloody urine— caused by blood flukes, 526 description, symptoms, and treatment, 119

Blue disease, cause, 253

Blue lice (Haematopinus eurysternus and H. vitali), description, 512

Blue milk, cause and treatment, 242

Boils, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 328

Bones— broken, description of kinds and treatment, 271-282 diseases and accidents, chapter by V. T. Atkinson, 264-288 dislocations, description and treatment, 282 face, fracture, description, and treatment, 277 luxations, description and treatment, 282 manner of nourishment, 264 number and description, 264 shape, classes, 265

Bony tumor, description and treatment, 314

Boophilus annulatus, Texas fever tick. See Margaropus annulatus.

Bots affecting cattle, description and treatment, 507

Bovine tuberculosis and the public health, 429

Bowel hernia, description and treatment, 39

Bowels— diseases affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 34-43 obstruction resulting from invagination, symptoms and treatment, 35 twisting and knotting, symptoms, post-mortem appearance, and treatment, 35

Brain— and its membranes, inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 103 bladder worms affecting, treatment, 527 C[oe]nurus cerebralis (Multiceps multiceps) affecting, treatment, 527 concussion, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 107 congestion, description and treatment, 106 description, 101 tumors, description, 112

Brazil, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Breach— navel, symptoms and treatment, 252 uterus, cause and treatment, 162

Breathing, suspended in young calves, discussion, 247

Bronchial tubes, parasites affecting, 530

Bronchitis— description, symptoms, and treatment, 94 verminous— description, symptoms, treatment, and prevention, 100 parasite (Strongylus micrurus), cause, 100

Brush, report of foot-and-mouth disease in man, 394

Buffalo gnats, description and remedy, 505

Bull, ringing, method, 291

Bulls, susceptibility to sarcoptic mange, 517

Burns and scalds, causes and treatment, 333

Calculi— classification, 137 forms in different situations, 138 in prepuce or sheath, treatment, 144 renal, description and treatment, 139 urethral, description and treatment, 139 urinary— classification, 137 description and causes, 130 effect of different feeds, 131

Calculus— blocking teats, treatment, 243 prevention, 141 vesical or urethral, symptoms and treatment, 142

Calf— attention necessary at birth, 247 diphtheria, description, symptoms, and treatment, 464-469 dropsy— general, cause and treatment, 180 of abdomen, description and treatment, 180 monstrosities, descriptions, causes, and treatment, 182-184 muscles, rigid contraction, cause and treatment, 181 slinking, description, 165 swelling, caused by gas, treatment, 181 tumors affecting, description and treatment, 181

Calves— congenital imperfections, kinds, 263 indigestion affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 34 newborn, acute scouring, description, prevention and treatment, 261 pyemic and septicemic inflammation, symptoms and treatment, 251 young— aphtha, or thrush, affecting, description and treatment, 233 constipation affecting, cause and treatment, 253 diseases affecting, chapter by James Law, 247-263 rickets affecting, description and treatment, 263 ulcers in mouth, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 464

Calving— dropping and palsy following, description and treatment, 233 retarded by nervousness, 179 symptoms, 173

Canada, source of foot-and-mouth infection, 386

Cancer, description and treatment, 315

Capsule, eye, description, 342

Capsules, use in administering medicines, 8

Carbolic-acid poisoning, description and treatment, 60

Carbon dioxid, formation in preparing cattle dip, 489

Carbuncle, description, 458

Carcinoma, description and treatment, 315

Caries, teeth, description, 16

Carpus, fracture, description and treatment, 281

Cartilage, ear, necrosis affecting, 357

Caruncula lacrimalis of eye, description, 344

Casein concretions blocking teats, cause and treatment, 343

Casting the withers, cause and treatment, 215

Castration— dangers and care, 299-301 of female, description of operation, 300 of male, description of operation, 299

Cataract, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 348

Catarrh— description, symptoms, and treatment, 92, 93 gastrointestinal, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 32, 33 malignant, description, symptoms, and treatment, 469-472 nasal, description, symptoms, and treatment, 92

Catarrhal fever, infectious, description, symptoms, and treatment, 469-472

Cats, ear ticks on, note, 518

Cattle— animal parasites affecting, chapter by B. H. Ransom, 502-531 dip, preparation and use, 488-494 dose of vaccine against anthrax, 459 drenching, care of lungs, 522 farcy, description and treatment, 501 infected with anthrax, description, 458 infection with sarcoptic mange, 517 infectious diseases, chapter by John R. Mohler, 358-501 infestation with tapeworm, 523 injury by use of petroleum against ticks, 494 loss of blood by inoculations, limits of safety, 500 northern, immunization against Texas fever, manner, 498 parasitic diseases, prevention, 510 plague. See Rinderpest. protection from flies, formulas for mixtures, 502-503 rabies affecting, description, symptoms, etc, 402-406 southern, injury by ticks, 482 tick, Margaropus annulatus, as carrier of Texas fever, 480 ticks— injurious effects of and losses caused by, 481-485 methods of ridding cattle of, 485-494 tumors affecting, chapter by John R. Mohler, 303-319

Cerebral apoplexy, description and treatment, 106

Cerebrospinal division, description, 101

Chapped teats, cause and treatment, 243

Charbon. See Anthrax.

Chest, dropsy affecting, description and treatment, 99

Children, infection with foot-and-mouth disease, 394

China, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Choking, symptoms and treatment, 20

Chorioptic mange, location and treatment, 517

Choroid coat of the eye, description, 342

Chrondroma tumor, description and treatment, 314

Chronic tympanites, cause and treatment, 25

Coal-oil poisoning, description and treatment, 59

C[oe]nurus cerebralis (Multiceps multiceps) affecting brain, treatment, 527

Coital exanthema, description, symptoms, and treatment, 401

Cold in the head, description, symptoms, and treatment, 92

Colic, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 31

Concussion of the brain, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 107

Congenital imperfections in calves, kinds, 263

Congestion— and inflammation of testicles, description and treatment, 152 brain, description and treatment, 106 liver, description, symptoms, and treatment, 45 spinal cord, description, symptoms, and treatment, 110 bladder, description and treatment, 233

Conjunctivitis— causes, symptoms, and treatment, 344 infectious catarrhal, symptoms, treatment and prevention, 345

Connecticut, foot-and-mouth disease, 388

Constipation— cause and treatment, 36 young calves, cause and treatment, 253

Contagious— abortion— causes, 165-172 prevention and treatment, 170 diseases, disinfection of premises, 363 inflammation of the udder, description, prevention, and treatment, 237 mammitis, description, prevention, and treatment, 237 pleuropneumonia— cause, incubation, and symptoms, 369 definition and history, 366 post-mortem appearance, 373 prevention and treatment, 377 scouring, acute, in newborn calves, description, prevention, and treatment, 261

Contused or lacerated wounds, description and treatment, 298

Contusion of lips, wounds, and snake bites of mouth, symptoms and treatment, 14

Copper poisoning, description and treatment, 56

Cornea— eye, description, 341 ulcers, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 347

Corneal dermatoma, description and treatment, 349

Corneitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 345

Cough, examination, 89

Cow, pregnant, hygiene, 160

Cowpox, description, symptoms, and treatment, 240, 438

Cows, milk, protection from flies, 503

Cramps of hind limbs during pregnancy, cause, 162

Cranium, fracture, description and treatment, 278

Creeps, description, symptoms, and treatment, 267

Cresol— compound solution, composition and use, 366 use in foot-and-mouth disease, 393

Croupous enteritis, description, symptoms, and treatment, 35

Crude petroleum— danger to cattle in use against ticks, 494 dip for destroying cattle ticks, 491

Cud, loss, description, 27

Cuts, barbed-wire, description and treatment, 297

Cyanosis, cause, 81, 253

Cysts— dental, description and treatment, 318 dermoid— and sebaceous, description and treatment, 330 description and treatment, 318 description, 308 extravasation, description, 317 mucous, description and treatment, 319 parasitic, description, 317 proliferation, description and treatment, 319 serous, description and treatment, 318

Dairy business, injury by foot-and-mouth disease, 384

Dandruff, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 329

Deformities, hoof, causes and treatment, 338

Dehorning, description, 292

Delaware, foot-and-mouth disease, 388

Demodectic mange, description and treatment, 517

Denmark, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Dental cysts, description and treatment, 318

Dermis, description, 320

Dermoid cysts, description and treatment, 318, 330

Diabetes— insipidus, cause and treatment, 118 mellitus, description, 123

Diarrhea— and dysentery, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 34 calf, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 32 causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment, 254-261 See also Gastrointestinal catarrh.

Dickson, William, and William H. Lowe, chapter on "Surgical operations", 289-302

Digestive organs, diseases affecting, chapter by A. J. Murray, 14-50

Dilatation and hypertrophy of heart, description, 82

Diphtheria, calf, description, cause, treatment, etc, 464-469

Dipping— bath, cattle, temperature, 490 remedy for screw worms, 506

Dips— arsenical, protection of hands in use, 493 cattle, for ticks, 494-498 mange and scab, 513, 514

Disinfection, house, methods, 363

Dislocation, eyeball, treatment, 353

Dislocations, bones, description and treatment, 282

Diuresis, causes and treatment, 118

Dogs, ear tick, 518

Drainage, usefulness in prevention of fluke diseases, 527

Drenching tube, use in eradicating worms, 522

Dropping, following calving, description and treatment, 233

Dropsy— abdomen, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 47 abdomen of calf, description and treatment, 180 chest, description and treatment, 99 general, of calf, cause and treatment, 180 hind limbs and between thighs, during pregnancy, cause, 162 membranes of fetus, description and treatment 162 navel, description and treatment, 253 womb, description and treatment, 162

Dysentery— and diarrhea, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 34 chronic bacterial, description, treatment, etc, 498 red, note, 531 See also Gastrointestinal catarrh.

Dyspepsia, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 29

Ear tick, spinose, presence in cattle, horses, dogs, etc, 518

Ears— abscess affecting, treatment, 355 cartilage, necrosis affecting, 357 diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower, 355-357 enchondroma, description and treatment, 357 foreign bodies lodging in, symptoms and treatment, 356 frostbite, symptoms and treatment, 357 fungoid growths, cause and treatment, 356 internal inflammation, symptoms and treatment, 355 lacerations, cause and treatment, 357 scurvy, cause and treatment, 356 ticks affecting, treatment, 518

Echinococcus granulosus, hydatid, description, 528

Ectropion of the eyelid, description and treatment, 350

Eczema— description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 325 epizootic, reference, 383

Edema— causes, symptoms, and treatment, 330 malignant, description, symptoms, and treatment, 472-474

Elephantiasis, description, 330

Emaciation, symptom of foot-and-mouth disease, 383

Emphysema, description and treatment, 98, 334

Enchondroma, ear, description and treatment, 357

Encysted stomach worm, description and treatment, 523

Endocarditis, description and treatment, 81

Enemata, uses and methods, 9

Enteritis— causes, symptoms, post-mortem appearance, and treatment, 35 croupous, description, symptoms, and treatment, 35 simple. See Gastroenteritis.

Entropion, eyelid, description and treatment, 350

Epidermis, description, 320

Epilepsy, description, cause, and treatment, 107

Epistaxis, cause and treatment, 93

Epizootic aphtha, reference, 383

Ergotism— and mycotic stomatitis, differentiation, 536 description and treatment, 69

Eruption, vesicular, of genital organs, description, symptoms, and treatment, 401

Erythema, description, causes, and treatment, 323

Eversion— bladder, description and treatment, 218 eyelid, description and treatment, 350 womb, cause and treatment, 215

Extra-uterine gestation, description and treatment, 163

Extravasation cysts, description, 317

Eye— and its appendages, diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower, 340-354 aqueous humor, description, 341 capsule, description, 342 caruncula, lacrimalis affecting, 344 choroid coat, description, 342 cornea— description, 341 ulcers affecting, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 347 description, 340 foreign bodies penetrating, treatment, 351 lens, description, 342 muscles, description, 343 parasites affecting, treatment, 349, 531 puncta lacrimalia, description, 344 retina, description, 342 roundworms affecting, treatment, 524 sclerotic membrane, description, 341 vitreous humor, description, 342

Eyeball— description, 340 dislocation, cause and treatment, 353 hairy tumor affecting, description and treatment, 349

Eyelashes, inversion, treatment, 350

Eyelids— description, 343 ectropion affecting, description and treatment, 350 entropion, description and treatment, 350 eversion, description and treatment, 350 inversion, description and treatment, 350 laceration, cause and treatment, 351 tumors affecting, description and treatment, 350

Face bones, fracture, description and treatment, 277

Farcy, cattle, description and treatment, 501

Fasciola hepatica, description, 526

Fasciola magna, description, 526

Fatty degeneration, heart, description, 82

Feed, character, analyses, effect on milk, 256-258

Feeding— character, effect on digestive organs, 12 value as remedy for stomach worms, 521-523

"Feeding-lot" method of freeing cattle and pastures from ticks, 494-497

Fetlock— fracture below, treatment, 282 sprain, causes and treatment, 269

Fetus— developing outside womb, description and treatment, 163 membranes, dropsy affecting, description and treatment, 162 prolonged retention, description and treatment, 164

Fever— milk, description, symptoms, and treatment, 226-237 parturition, description, symptoms, and treatment, 226 southern, splenetic, or Texas. See Texas fever.

Fibroma— interdigital, description and treatment, 338 tumor, description and treatment, 311

Fibrous periostitis, description and treatment, 266

Filaria cervina, worm found in the eye, 349

Filaria lablato-papillosa, parasitic roundworm of cattle, 524

Filaria oculi, description and treatment, 349

Fissure of the wall of hoof, description and treatment, 338

Fistula, milk, description and treatment, 245

Flies— injurious to cattle, 502-506 larval, note, 502

Flooding from womb, description and treatment, 214

Fluke disease, control by use of lime, 526

Flukes, prevention by drainage, 526

Fly— Spanish, poison, description and treatment, 70 stable, breeding places, 503

Fly preventives, injury to cattle by poisoning, 503

Flytrap, use against stable flies, 503

Fluke, disease of cattle, 526

Flukes, liver and lungs, description, 526

Foods, character, effect on digestive organs, 12

Foot— diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower, 335-339 foul, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 336 soreness, description and treatment, 335

Foot rot, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 336

Foot-and-mouth disease— benign, simple, or noninfectious, 535 danger to man, 394-395 description, cause, symptoms, etc., 383-395 diagnosis, 391-392 eradication by slaughter, efficacy, 394 incubation period, 384 losses other than by death of animal, 384 mortality, 384, 391 occurrence in various countries of world, 385-386 prevention and eradication, 392-394 similarity to mycotic stomatitis, 536 symptoms, 383, 389-391 symptoms in man, 394 United States, outbreaks, 386-389

Forage, insects on, description of poisonous effect, 70

Formaldehyde gas, liberation by use of permanganate, 365

Foul in foot, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 336

Founder, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 335

Fractures— below hock and fetlock, description and treatment, 282 compound, comminuted, and complicated, 271 description of different kinds, and treatment, 271-282 face bones, description and treatment, 277 general symptoms and treatment, 272, 273 hip point, causes and treatment, 280 horns, description and treatment, 277 limbs, description and appliances for treatment, 281-2 lower jaw, cause and treatment, 278 metacarpus and metatarsus, description and treatment, 282 pelvis, description and treatment, 178, 279 ribs, cause and treatment, 281 special, descriptions and treatment, 277 spinal column, description and treatment, 279 vertebra, description and treatment, 279

France, foot-and-mouth disease, 385

Froesch, note on destruction of foot-and-mouth infection, 395

Frostbites— ears, symptoms and treatment, 357 treatment, 334

Fungi, poisonous, description of poisoning, 70

Fungoid growth of the ear, cause and treatment, 356

Fungus hematodes— cause and treatment, 353 description, 316

Furunculus, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 328

Ganglionic division of the nervous system, 103

Gangrene, danger in castration of cattle, 300

Gangrenous septicemia, symptoms and treatment, 472

Garget, description and treatment, 233

Gas— cause of swelling in calf, treatment, 181 under the skin, symptoms and treatment, 334

Gastroenteritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 33

Gastrointestinal catarrh, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 29, 32

Generative organs— diseases, chapter by James Law, 147-214 discussion, 147

Genital organs, vesicular eruption affecting, description, symptoms, and treatment, 401

Germany, foot-and-mouth disease, 385-386

Gestation, extra-uterine, description and treatment, 163

Gid, parasite of sheep and cattle, 528

Glands, skin, location and use, 321

Gnats, buffalo, description and remedy, 505

Goiter, cause, description, symptoms, and treatment, 310

Gonorrhea, description and treatment, 156

Gravel— description and cause, 130 effect of different feeds, 132 in prepuce or sheath, treatment, 144

Great Britain, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Grubs, cattle, description, 507

Gullet— diseases affecting, description, symptoms, and treatment, 17-22 wounds and injuries, cause and treatment, 22

Gut tie, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 41

Haematopinus eurysternus and H. vituli, description and treatment, 508

Haemonchus contortus, description and treatment, 519

Hair balls, cause, 29

Hair, description, 320

Harbaugh, W. H.— chapter on "Diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics", 73-86 chapter on "Diseases of the nervous system", 101-112

Haw, inflammation and enlargement, description and treatment, 354

Health, public, relation of actinomycosis, 447

Heart— blood vessels and lymphatics, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh, 73-86 description, 73 dilation and hypertrophy, description, 82 examination of, 77 fatty degeneration, description, 82 injury by foreign bodies, description, symptoms, and treatment, 78 misplacement, description, 83 palpitation, description, 78 rupture, description, 82 valves, diseases affecting, symptoms and treatment, 82

Heat prostration, symptoms and treatment, 108

Heaves, description and treatment, 98

Heel, ulcerations, causes and treatment, 337

Hemaglobinuria or hematuria, description, symptoms, and treatment, 119

Hematodes, fungus, description, 316

Hemoptysis, description and treatment, 99

Hemorrhage— danger in castration of cattle, 300 treatment, 83

Hemorrhagic septicemia, causes, symptoms, etc, 397-401

Hepatitis, symptoms and treatment, 45

Hernia— bowel, description and treatment, 38 danger in castration of cattle, 300 peritoneal, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 41 rennet, description and treatment, 38 rumen, description and cause, 37 stomach, description and treatment, 38 umbilical, description, causes, and treatment, 41, 252 uterus, cause and treatment, 162 ventral, description and causes, 37

Hides, injury by cattle ticks, 484

Hip point, fracture, causes and treatment, 280

Hip sprain, cause and treatment, 270

Hock— fracture below, description and treatment, 282 fracture, treatment, 281

Hollow horn, imaginary disease, 27

Hoof— deformities, causes and treatment, 338 loss, causes and treatment, 336 split, description and treatment, 338 wall, fissure affecting, description and treatment, 338 wounds and pricks, treatment, 338

Horns, fracture, description and treatment, 277

Horses— dose of vaccine against anthrax, 457 ear tick, note, 518

Hoven, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 22

Hydatids— and flukes affecting the lungs of animals, 526 description and treatment, 526

Hydrocephalus, description and treatment, 179

Hydrophobia. See Rabies.

Hydrothorax, description and treatment, 99

Hygiene, pregnant cow, 160

Hygromata, description and treatment, 317

Hyperplasia, reference, 303

Hypertrophy— description, 128 heart, with dilation, description, 82

Hypoderma bovis, new warble fly, 507

Hypoderma lineata, warble fly, description, 507

Illinois, foot-and-mouth disease, 388

Immunization, northern cattle against Texas fever, manner, 500

Impetigo, description, causes, and treatment, 327

Incised wounds, description and treatment, 295

Incontinence, urine, cause and treatment, 130

Incubation period of infectious diseases, 362

Indiana, foot-and-mouth disease, 388

Indigestion— calves, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 32, 253 causes, symptoms, and treatment, 26, 29, 31

Induration— tongue. See Actinomycosis. womb mouth, description and treatment, 176

Infectious aphtha. See Foot-and-mouth disease.

Infectious catarrhal conjunctivitis, symptoms, treatment, and prevention, 345

Infectious catarrhal fever, description, symptoms, and treatment, 469-472

Infectious diseases— cattle, chapter by John R. Mohler, 358-511 classification of symptoms and lesions, 359 general discussion, 358 incubation periods, 362 treatment, discussion, 362

Infectious ophthalmia, or infectious catarrhal conjunctivitis, 345

Inflammation— brain and its membranes, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 103 contagious, of the udder, description, prevention, and treatment, 237 ear, symptoms and treatment, 355 haw, description and treatment, 354 kidneys, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 123 liver, symptoms and treatment, 45 mucous membrane of mouth, symptoms and treatment, 17 navel veins, description, symptoms, and treatment, 249 parotid gland, symptoms and treatment, 18 pyemic and septicemic, of joints of calves, symptoms and treatment, 251 sheath and penis from bruising, prevention and treatment, 155 sheath, causes and treatment, 153 spleen, description, 45 testicles, description and treatment, 152 traumatic, of the stomach, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 34 udder, description, symptoms, and treatment, 234 urachus, causes and treatment, 248 urethra, description and treatment, 156 vagina, causes and treatment, 223 veins, description and treatment, 86 womb, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 224