SCOTS AS LAWYERS

John Mercer (1704-68), author of "An exact abridgment of all the public Acts of Assembly," Williamsburg, 1737, was a descendant of the Mercers of Aldie. Robert Auchmuty (born in Scotland, died in Boston, 1750), and his sons were distinguished lawyers of Colonial times. Hugh Maxwell (1787-1873), born in Paisley, was Assistant Judge Advocate General (1814) and District Attorney of New York (1819-29). Edward Duffield Ingraham (1793-1854), of Scottish descent, was at the head of the legal profession of his time in Philadelphia. He was also an eminent bibliophile, possessing a library of thirty thousand volumes. Robert Rantoul (1805-52), of Scots ancestry, was member of the first Commission to Revise the Laws of Massachusetts, Member of the first Massachusetts Board of Education, "an honor intended to be conferred only on such as were well qualified by their literary acquisitions to discharge its responsible duties." He was also a prominent agitator against the fugitive slave law, and organizer and corporator of the Illinois Central Railroad, the first transcontinental line projected. John Jay McGilvra (1827-1903), of Scots parentage, took part in many prominent enterprises for the public benefit in Washington State, and forced the Northern Pacific Railroad to restore five million acres to public domain. Lawrence Maxwell, born in Glasgow in 1853, was Solicitor-General of the United States (1893-95), and also held many other important positions. David Robert Barclay, author of the well known "Barclay's Digest" of the decisions of the Supreme Court (St. Louis, 1868) was of Scots descent. William Birch Rankine (1858-1905) of Scots parentage, took up the work of developing Niagara power and founded the Niagara Falls Power Company (1886). Thomas M. Logan (b. 1840), lawyer, soldier, and railroad officer was a descendant of Logan of Restalrig. David Clarence Gibboney (b. 1869), Special Counsel for the Pure Food Commission in 1906, grandson of a Scot, has also made a reputation for prosecution of gamblers, dive-keepers, illicit liquor dealers, etc., in Philadelphia.



SCOTS IN ART, ARCHITECTURE, ETC.

John Smibert (c. 1684-1751), born in Edinburgh, came to America in 1728 and settled in Boston, where he met success as a portrait painter. He was the first painter of merit in the colonies, and painted portraits of many of the eminent magistrates and divines of New England and New York between 1725 and 1751, the year of his death. His work had much influence on the American artist, John Singleton Copley. Gilbert Charles Stuart (1755-1828), born in Rhode Island of Scottish parents, was the foremost American portrait painter of his day. He painted several portraits of Washington, and also portraits of Presidents John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Justice Story, Fisher Ames, John Jacob Astor and others. Cosmo Alexander, a skilled portrait painter, born in Scotland, was his teacher for a time. Charles Fraser (1782-1860), born in Charleston, South Carolina, of Scottish ancestry, first studied law and retired with a competency. He then took up art and achieved eminent success in miniature painting and as a painter of landscapes, pictures of genre, still life, etc. William Dunlap (1766-1839), artist and dramatist, founder and early Vice-President of the National Academy of Design, was of Ulster Scot descent. His family name was originally Dunlop. Robert Walter Weir (1803-89), of Scots parentage, is best known for his historical pictures, he being one of the first in America to take up this branch of the art. "The Embarkation of the Pilgrims" (1836-40) in the Rotunda of the Capitol at Washington is by him. Russell Smith, born in Glasgow in 1812, was a scientific draughtsman and landscape painter. Two of his finest landscapes, "Chocorua Peak" and "Cave at Chelton Hills" were exhibited in the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876. His son, Xanthus (b. 1839), was a well-known marine and landscape painter and painted many of the naval engagements of the Civil War. James Hope, born near Abbotsford in 1818, settled in New York in 1853, distinguished as a landscapist, was chosen an Associate of the National Academy in 1865. Alexander Hay Ritchie (1822-95), born in Glasgow and educated in Edinburgh, was a most successful painter in oils as well as an engraver in stipple and mezzotint. His paintings of the "Death of Lincoln" and "Washington and his Generals," obtained great popularity. As a portrait painter fine examples of his work are "Dr. McCosh" of Princeton, "Henry Clay," etc. He also did a good deal of book illustrating. Thomas Lachlan Smith (d. 1884), also born in Glasgow, was noted for his Winter scenes. Two notable pictures of his, "The Deserted House" and "The Eve of St. Agnes," were exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition. Still another Glasgow artist, John Williamson (1826-85), born at the Tollcross in that famous city, became an Associate of the National Academy, and made the scenery of the Hudson and the Catskills his special study as shown by his "The Palisades," "Sugar Loaf Mountain," "Autumn in the Adirondacks," etc. William Hart (1823-94), born in Paisley, became an Academican in 1857, and was afterwards President of the Brooklyn Academy and of the American Water Color Society. James McDougall Hart (1828-1901), born in Kilmarnock, brother of William Hart, already mentioned, Academican of the National Academy of Design, was noted for his landscapes and paintings of cattle and sheep. His "Summer Memory of Berkshire" and his "Indian Summer" attracted considerable attention at the Paris Salon in 1878. James David Smillie (1833-1909), son of James Smillie, the Scottish engraver, during the Civil War made designs for government bonds and greenbacks. In 1864 he took up landscape painting and was one of the founders of the American Water Color Society (1867) and National Academican in 1876. His brother, George Henry Smillie (b. 1840), was also distinguished as a landscape painter. He made a sketching tour in the Rocky Mountains and the Yosemite Valley in 1871, and became a National Academican in 1882. Walter Shirlaw, born in Paisley, Scotland, in 1838, died in Madrid, Spain, in 1909, was the first President of the Society of American Artists. His easel pictures "are marked by rich color and fine composition, and he is one of the few American artists who have successfully painted the nude. His water-colors and etchings have brought him high reputation in these forms of expression." Walter MacEwen, born in Chicago of Scottish parents, has painted many pictures and has received medals and decorations for his work. In 1895-96 he painted nine large panels and a number of small ones for the Hall of Heroes in the Library of Congress. George Inness (1825-94), the famous American painter, is believed to have been of Scottish ancestry. James T. Dick (1834-68), William Keith (b. Aberdeenshire, 1839), Robert Frank Dallas (b. 1855), John White Alexander (b. 1856), Robert Bruce Crane (b. 1857), Addison Thomas Miller (b. 1860), and John Humpreys Johnston, are all artists of Scottish parentage or Scottish ancestry. John Robinson Tait (b. 1834), artist and author, son of a native of Edinburgh, has written much on art subjects. John Wesley Beatty (b. 1851), Art Director of the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, is of Scottish parentage. John Ward Dunsmore (b. 1856), Director of the Detroit Museum of Arts and Founder of the Detroit School of Arts; and John Ferguson Weir (b. 1841), Dean of the School of Fine Arts at Yale University, are of Scottish descent.

Alexander Lawson (1773-1846), born in Lanarkshire, died in Philadelphia, was famous as the engraver of the best plates in Alexander Wilsons's Ornithology and the plates on conchology for Haldeman and Binney. His son, Oscar A. Lawson (1813-54), was chart engraver of the United States Coast Survey, 1840-51. Samuel Allerdice engraved a large number of plates of Dobson's edition of Rees's Cyclopaedia, 1794-1803. Hugh Anderson, a Scot, did good line and stipple work in Philadelphia in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. George Murray, born in Scotland, died in Philadelphia in 1822, organized the bank-note and engraving firm of Murray, Draper, Fairman & Co., in 1810-11, the best note engravers in this country in their day. John Vallance, also born in Scotland, died in Philadelphia in 1823, was one of the founders of the Association of Artists in America, and Treasurer of the Society of Artists in Philadelphia in 1810. James Smillie (1807-85), born in Edinburgh, died in New York, was celebrated as an engraver of bank notes and as an engraver of landscapes. Among his best works are Cole's series "The Voyage of Life," and Bierstadt's "Rocky Mountains." Dr. Alexander Anderson (1775-1870), the "Bewick of America," born in New York of Scots parentage, at the age of ninety-three engraved some illustrations for Barbour's "Historical Collections of New Jersey." Robert Hinschelwood, born in Edinburgh in 1812, studied under Sir William Allen, was landscape engraver for Harpers and other New York publishers and also engraver for the Continental Bank Note Company. John Geikie Wellstood, born in Edinburgh in 1813, was another eminent engraver. In 1858 his firm was merged in the American Bank Note Co., and in 1871 he founded the Columbian Bank Note Company of Washington, D.C. He also made many improvements in the manufacture of banknotes. Charles Burt (c. 1823-92), born in Edinburgh, died in Brooklyn, a pupil of William Home Lizars of Edinburgh, did some fine plates and portraits for books and for several years was one of the chief engravers for the Treasury Department in Washington. Hezekiah Wright Smith, born in Edinburgh, in 1828, engraved portraits of Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, and his head of Washington, after the Athenaeum head by Gilbert Stuart, is said to be "the best engraving of this famous portrait ever made." Nathaniel Orr (b. 1822), of Scottish ancestry, retired in 1888 "with the reputation of having brought the art of wood engraving to the highest perfection, and the signature 'Orr,' cut in the block was always a sure guarantee of art excellence." Robert Shaw, born in Delaware in 1859 of Scottish parentage, has made a reputation by his etchings of famous historical buildings. His etching, the "Old Barley Mill" ranks as one of the best etchings made in this country. A few other Scottish engravers who produced good work were Robert Campbell, William Charles (d. Philadelphia, 1820), Alexander L. Dick (1805), W.H. Dougal (he dropped the "Mac" for some reason), Helen E. Lawson (daughter of Alexander Lawson already mentioned), John Roberts (1768-1803), William Main Smillie (1835-88), son of James Smillie mentioned above, and William Wellstood (1819-1900).

John Crookshanks King (1806-82), born in Kilwinning, Ayrshire, emigrated to America in 1829, and died in Boston, was celebrated for his busts of Daniel Webster, John Quincy Adams, Louis Agassiz, the naturalist, Ralph Waldo Emerson, etc. He also excelled as a maker of cameo portraits. Thomas Crawford (1814-57), one of the greatest if not the greatest sculptor of America, was of Scottish descent. His works include "Armed Liberty" (bronze doors), Beethoven, bust of John Quincy, Washington, "Orpheus," etc. Frederick William MacMonnies, born in Brooklyn in 1863 of Scottish parents (his father was a native of Whithorn, Wigtownshire), is sculptor of the statue of Nathan Hale in City Hall Park, New York; "Victory" at West Point, etc. Robert Ingersoll Aitken, born in San Francisco of Scottish parents, is designer of the monuments to President McKinley at St. Helena, Berkeley, and in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. He also designed the monument to the American Navy in Union Square, San Francisco. In 1906 he moved to New York and has executed busts of some of the most prominent Americans of the day. Notable of his ideal sculptures are "Bacchante" (1908), "The Flame" (1909), and "Fragment" (1909). John Massey Rhind, Member of the National Sculpture Society, one of the foremost sculptors of the present day, was born in Edinburgh in 1858. James Wilson, Alexander Macdonald (1824-1908), and Hermon Atkins MacNeil (1866) are also of Scottish origin.

Alexander Milne Calder, born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1846, began life as a gardener, studied with Alexander Brodie and John Rhind and in London and Paris, came to America in 1868, and is best known as having made the sculpture for the Philadelphia City Hall including the heroic statue of William Penn, which crowns the tower. His son, Alexander Stirling Calder, born in Philadelphia in 1870, is also a sculptor of note, and was acting chief of the Department of Sculpture, Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco, 1913-1915. Robert Tait MacKenzie, born in Ontario, Canada, in 1867, son of Rev. William Mackenzie, a graduate of Edinburgh, has created several groups of athletes in action of great force and beauty. Dr. Mackenzie is a physician and director of the Department of Physical Education in the University of Pennsylvania.

Thomas MacBean, the architect of St. Paul's Chapel, Broadway, New York City, built in 1764-66, was a Scot who received his training under James Gibbs (an Aberdonian), architect of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London. John Notman (1810-65), born in Edinburgh, designed and constructed some of the most important buildings in Philadelphia and also the State Capitol, Trenton. James Renwick (1818-95), born in New York city of Scottish ancestry, planned the distributing reservoir on Fifth Avenue, New York, where the New York Public Library now stands. He was one of the greatest architects in this country, and the beauty of his work—to cite only a few of his most notable creations—is amply attested by Grace Church, Calvary Church, and St. Patrick's Cathedral, in New York; the Smithsonian Institution and Corcoran Art Gallery, in Washington; and Vassar College in Poughkeepsie. John McArthur (1823-90), born in Bladenoch, Wigtownshire, designed and constructed Philadelphia City Hall, Lafayette College, the "Public Ledger" building in Philadelphia, several hospitals, etc. Alexander Campbell Bruce (b. 1835), of Scottish parentage, designed a number of court-houses and other public buildings in Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and North Carolina, besides schools, libraries, churches, hotels, etc. He easily became the foremost architect of the South. Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-86), of Scottish descent, drew the plans for many important buildings, but Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church in Boston, is considered his masterpiece. James Hamilton Windrim (b. 1840), architect and Director of Public Works in Philadelphia, was of Ulster Scot parentage. His services were utilized in the planning and construction of some of the most important buildings in Philadelphia. The Masonic Temple in that city is believed to be his masterpiece. The designer of many of the notable bridges of Philadelphia was Frank Burns (1844-1913), an architectural draughtsman of Scottish descent. Harold Van Buren Magonigle (b. 1867), designer of the monument to the Seamen of U.S.S. Maine (1900), Cornell Alumni Hall, Ithaca, the National McKinley Memorial at Canton, Ohio, etc., is the grandson of John Magonigle of Greenock. The builder of the world famed Smithsonian Institution in Washington was Gilbert Cameron (d. 1866), a native of Greenock, and Scottish stone-masons were largely employed in the construction of many of the most important buildings in the country, such as the Metropolitan Museum and Tombs in New York, the Capitol in Albany, the State House in Boston, the City Hall in Chicago, etc. Alexander McGaw (1831-1905), born in Stranraer, Wigtownshire, was famous as a bridge-builder and as builder of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. John L. Hamilton (1835-1904), born in Newmilns, Ayrshire, came to the United States in 1853, and soon became eminent as a builder.

Duncan Phyfe, maker of exquisite furniture, who adapted and improved the Sheraton style, and considered by good judges to be the equal of Sheraton, Hipplewhite, and Adams, was a Scot who came to America about 1784. His father was John Fife of Inverness. Dyer, who devotes a chapter of his Early American Craftsmen to him, says "no other American made anything comparable to ... the exquisite furniture of Duncan Phyfe." The name of Samuel McIntire (d. 1811) stands out pre-eminent as master of all the artists in wood of his time. An account of his work is given by Dyer with illustrations of his work. In 1812, Thomas Haig, a native of Scotland, a Queensware potter, started the Northern Liberties Pottery, and turned out a beautiful quality of red and black earthenware. About 1829 the works of the Jersey Porcelain and Earthenware Company (founded 1825) were purchased by David and J. Henderson. Some of the productions of the Hendersons are especially sought after by collectors. The firm is now known as the Jersey City Pottery. The Scottish firm of J. and G.H. Gibson, glass-stainers, Philadelphia, obtained a national reputation for artistic work. Daniel and Nathaniel Munroe, clockmakers, were famous as such in Massachusetts in the beginning of the nineteenth century. Henry Mitchell (1810-93), born in Fifeshire, was the pioneer wagon-builder of the west. Frederick Turnbull (1847-1909), who introduced the art of Turkey-red dyeing into this country about 1850, was born in Glasgow.

Will C. Macfarlane (b. 1870), organist and composer, was born in England of Scottish origin. His compositions include songs, anthems, organ music, a Lenten Cantata, "The Message from the Cross." His setting of Katherine Lee Bates's patriotic hymn, "America, the Beautiful," has had nation-wide usage. William Wallace Gilchrist (b. 1846), composer, was of Scottish descent; and Edward Alexander MacDowell (1861-1908), composer and Professor of Music in Columbia University, was of Ulster Scot origin.

Robert Campbell Maywood (1784-1856), actor and theatrical manager in Philadelphia, was born in Greenock, Scotland. Edwin Forrest (1806-1872), the celebrated American actor, was the son of a native of Dumfriesshire; and Robert Bruce Mantell, who made his debut in Rochdale, England, was born in Irvine, Ayrshire, in 1854. James Edward Murdoch (1811-93), grandson of a Scottish immigrant, was Professor of Elocution at Cincinnati College of Music, and later a leading actor on the American stage. During the Civil War he devoted his energies to support of the Union and gave readings for the benefit of the United States Sanitary Commission. Benjamin Franklin Keith (1846-1914), theater proprietor, was of Scottish descent. Mary Garden, Singer and Director of Grand Opera, was born in Aberdeen in 1877. James H. Stoddart, the veteran actor, was also of Scottish origin.



SCOTS AS INVENTORS

As Scotland gave to the world the knowledge of the art of logarithms, the steam engine, the electric telegraph, the wireless telegraph, illuminating gas, the knowledge of chloroform, and many other important inventions, it was to be expected that the inventive faculty of her sons would not fail when transplanted to this country.

Hugh Orr (1717-98), born in Lochwinnoch, inventor of a machine for dressing flax, took a patriotic part in the war of the Revolution by casting guns and shot for the Continental Army, besides doing much to encourage rope-making and spinning. His son, Robert, invented an improved method of making scythes and was the first manufacturer of iron shovels in New England. William Longstreet (1759-1814), a New Jersey Scot, invented and patented an improvement in cotton-gins called the "breast-roller," also a portable steam saw-mill. As early as 1790 he was at work on the problem of the application of steam power to the propulsion of boats, but lack of funds prevented operations until 1807, the same year in which Fulton launched his steamboat. His son, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (1790-1870), became President of South Carolina College. Robert Fulton (1765-1815), of Ayrshire origin through Ulster, was, as every one knows, the first to successfully apply steam to navigation. Hugh Maxwell (1777-1860), publisher and newspaper editor, of Scottish descent, invented the "printer's roller" (patented in 1817), cast his own types and engraved his own woodcuts. Henry Burden (1791-1871), born in Dunblane, inventor of an improved plow and the first cultivator, was also the first to invent and make the hook-headed railroad spike "which has since proved itself a most important factor in railroad building in the United States." His "cigar boat" although not a commercial success was the fore-runner of the "whale-back" steamers now in use on the Great Lakes. William Orr (1808-91), manufacturer and inventor, born in Belfast of Ulster Scot parentage, was the first to manufacture merchantable printing paper with wood fibre in it, and made several other improvements and discoveries along similar lines. Cyrus Hall McCormick (1809-84), inventor of the reaping machine, was descended from James McCormick, one of the signers of the address of the city and garrison of Londonderry presented to William III. after the siege in 1689. Of his invention the French Academy of Sciences declared that by its means he had "done more for the cause of agriculture than any other living man." James Blair (1804-84), born in Perth, Scotland, was the inventor of the roller for printing calico; and Robert M. Dalzell (1793-1873) was inventor of the "elevator system" in handling and storing grain. Samuel Colt (1814-62), inventor of the Colt revolver, and founder of the great arms factory at Hartford, Conn., was of Scots ancestry on both sides. He was also the first to lay a submarine electric cable (in 1843) connecting New York city with stations on Fire Island and Coney Island. Thomas Taylor, inventor of electric appliances for exploding powder in mining, blasting, etc., Chief of the Division of Microscopy (1871-95), was born in Perth, Scotland, in 1820. Duncan H. Campbell, born in Greenock in 1827, settled in Boston as a lad, by his numerous inventions, "pegging machines, stitching machines, a lock-stitch machine for sewing uppers, a machine for using waxed threads, a machine for covering buttons with cloth," laid the foundation of New England's pre-eminence in shoe manufacturing. Gordon McKay (1821-1903), by his inventions along similar lines also helped to build up New England's great industry. Robert Dick, (1814-93), born in Bathgate, Linlithgowshire, died in Buffalo, lecturer, newspaper editor, writer, preacher, and inventor, was inventor of the mailing machine used in nearly every newspaper office on the continent. Alexander Morton, (1820-60), the perfector if not the inventor of gold pens, was born in Darvel, Ayrshire. James Oliver, born in Roxburgh, Scotland, in 1823, made several important discoveries in connection with casting and moulding iron, was the inventor of the Oliver chilled plow, and founder of the Oliver Chilled Plow Works, South Bend, Indiana. The business established by him is now carried on in several cities from Rochester, New York State, to San Francisco, and south to Dallas, Texas. William Chisholm, born in Lochgelly, Fifeshire, in 1825, demonstrated the practicability of making screws from Bessemer steel, organized the Union Steel Company of Cleveland, (1871), and devised several new methods and machinery for manufacturing steel shovels, scoops, etc. His brother, Henry, was the first to introduce steel-making into Cleveland, and might justly be called "The Father of Cleveland." Andrew Campbell (1821-90) was the inventor of many improvements in printing machinery, and of a long series of devices comprising labor-saving machinery relating to hat manufacture, steam-engines, machinists' tools, lithographic and printing machinery, and electrical appliances. William Ezra Ferguson (b. 1832), merchant and inventor of the means of conveying grain on steam shipments without shifting, was of Scottish ancestry. Alexander Davidson (b. 1832) made many inventions in connection with the typewriter, one of the most important being the scale regarding the value of the letters of the alphabet. As an inventor he was of the front rank. Andrew Smith Hallidie (b. 1836), son of a native of Dunfermline, was the inventor of steel-wire rope making and also the inventor of the "Hallidie ropeway," which led up to the introduction of cable railroads. James Lyall (1836-1901), born in Auchterarder, invented the positive-motion shuttle (1868) which revolutionized the manufacture of cotton goods. He also invented fabrics for pneumatic tyres and fire-hose. James P. Lee, born in Roxburghshire in 1837, was inventor of the Lee magazine gun which was adopted by the United States Navy in 1895. His first weapon was a breech-loading rifle which was adopted by the United States Government during the Civil War. Later he organized the Lee Arms Company of Connecticut. The production of the telephone as a practical and now universally employed method of "annihilating time and space" in the articulate intercourse of the human race will forever be associated with the name of Alexander Graham Bell, born in Edinburgh in 1847. By its means he has promoted commerce, created new industries, and has bridged continents, all the result of "sheer hard thinking aided by unbounded genius." To Dr. Graham Bell we are also indebted for the photophone, for the inductoin balance, the telephone probe, and the gramophone. During the war he designed a "submarine chaser" capable of traveling under water at a speed of over seventy miles an hour, and he has made important experiments in the field of aeronautics and in other arts and sciences. The mother of Thomas Alva Edison (b. 1847), it may here be mentioned, was of Scottish parentage (Elliott). The originator of the duplex system in the manufacture of railroad tickets was William Harrison Campbell (1846-1906), of Scottish parentage. William Malcolm (1823-90), also of Scottish parentage, was the inventor of telescopic sights, an invention adopted by all civilized governments. His attainments were better known and appreciated in Europe than in his own country. Daniel McFarlan Moore, electrician and inventor, of Ulster Scot descent, was inventor of the Moore electric light. James Peckover, born in England of Scottish and English ancestry, invented the saw for cutting stone and a machine for cutting mouldings in marble and granite. Rear-Admiral George W. Baird (b. 1843), naval engineer, invented the distiller for making fresh water from sea water, and patented many other inventions in connection with machinery and ship ventilation. James Bennett Forsyth (b. 1850), of Scottish parentage, took out more than fifty patents on machinery and manufacturing processes connected with rubber and fire-hose. John Charles Barclay, telegraph manager, descendant of John Barclay who emigrated from Scotland in 1684, patented the printing telegraph "said to be the most important invention in the telegraph world since Edison introduced the quadruplex system." Alexander Winton, born in Grangemouth in 1860, inventor and manufacturer, successfully developed a number of improvements in steam engines for ocean going vessels, founded the Winton Motor Carriage Company in 1897, and patented a number of inventions in connection with automobile mechanism. The works of the company at Cleveland, Ohio, now cover more than thirteen acres. The first to expound and formulate the application of the law of conservation in illumination calculations was Addams Stratton McAllister (b. 1875), a descendant of Hugh McAllister, who emigrated from Scotland c. 1732. He also holds several patents for alternating-current machinery, and has written largely on electrical subjects. Richard Dudgeon (1820-99), born in Haddingtonshire, Scotland, was distinguished as a machinist, inventor of the hydraulic jack and boiler-tube expander.



SCOTS AS ENGINEERS

Thomas Hutchins (1730-1789), engineer and geographer was of Scottish origin. He was author of some topographical works and also furnished the maps and plates of Smith's Account of Bouquet's expedition (Philadelphia, 1765). James Geddes (1763-1838), of Scottish birth or parentage, was surveyor of canal routes in New York State and was chief engineer on construction of the Erie Canal (1816), and chief engineer of the Champlain Canal (1818). "In all matters relating to the laying out, designing and construction of canals, he was looked upon as one of the highest authorities in the country." James Pugh Kirkwood (1807-77), born in Edinburgh, came to United States in 1832, was one of the most eminent engineers in the country, one of the founders of the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and President (1867-68). James Laurie (1811-75), born at Bell's Mills, Edinburgh, Chief Engineer on the New Jersey Central Railroad, consulting engineer in connection with the Housatonic Tunnel, and first President of the American Society of Civil Engineers. William Tweeddale, born in Ayrshire in 1823, rendered valuable engineering service in the Civil War, and was an authority on the sources and character of water supply. Henry Brevoort Renwick, noted engineer and expert in patent cases, first inspector of steam vessels for the Port of New York, was a son of James Renwick the scientist. David Young, born in Alloa, Scotland, in 1849, was President of the Consolidated Traction Lines of New Jersey and General Manager of the larger consolidated company. William Barclay Parsons (b. 1859), is partly descended from Colonel Thomas Barclay, a Tory of the Revolution. Hunter McDonald (b. 1860), descended from Angus McDonald, a refugee from Culloden, is a prominent railroad engineer. T. Kennard Thomson, born in 1864, is prominent as a bridge builder, designer of pneumatic caissons, etc. His father came from Stranraer in 1834. Hugh Gordon Stott, born in Orkney, in 1866, President of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (1907), Superintendent of motive power of Manhattan Railway System, etc. William Gibbs McNeill (1801-53), of Scottish parentage, was another engineer worth mentioning. Theodore Crosby Henry (1841-1914), "the father of irrigation in Colorado," was also of Scottish descent. William McLean (d. 1839), brother of Judge McLean, was mainly instrumental in extending the Ohio Canal from Cincinnati to Cleveland. John Findley Wallace (1852-1920), of Scottish descent, was chief-engineer of the Panama Canal (1904-05), and also designed and constructed many important engineering works. Angus Sinclair (1841-1919), born in Forfarshire, was an engineer, author of several text-books on engineering, and editor of the "Railway and Locomotive Engineering."



SCOTS IN INDUSTRIES

Robert Gilmor (1748-1822), born in Paisley, was the founder of the East India trade in this country. He also assisted in founding the first bank in Baltimore (the Bank of Maryland), and the Maryland Historical Society. His son Robert (1774-1848) was also prominent in Baltimore business and was President of the Washington Monument Association which laid the foundation for the Washington monument in Baltimore in 1815 and completed it in 1829. Henry Eckford (1775-1832), shipbuilder, was a native of Irvine, Ayrshire. On the outbreak of the War of 1812 he built several ships for the American Government for use on the Great Lakes. In 1820 he was appointed Naval Constructor at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and there built six ships of the line. In 1822 he built the steamer "Robert Fulton," which made the first successful steam voyage to New Orleans and Havana. Angus Neilson Macpherson (1812-76), born at Cluny, Inverness-shire, was builder of the frigate "Ironsides," and designer of the furnaces for heating large plates and the method of affixing them to the sides of the vessel. Donald Mackay (1810-80), born in Nova Scotia, grandson of Donald Mackay of Tain, Ross-shire, established the shipyards at East Boston, and constructed a number of fast sailing ships, and during the Civil War a number of warships for the United States Government. The beauty and speed of his clippers gave him a world wide reputation as a naval constructor. Thomas Dickson (1822-84), President of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Co., was born in Lauder. William Grey Warden (1831-95), born in Pittsburgh of Scottish ancestry, was a pioneer in the refining of petroleum in Pennsylvania, and the controlling spirit in the work of creating the great Atlantic Refinery consolidated with the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1874. George Gibson McMurtry (1838-1915), born in Belfast of Scottish descent, steel manufacturer and philanthropist, was "one of the big figures of that small group of men which established the industrial independence of the United States from the European nations of cheap labor." James Edwin Lindsay (1826-1919), lumberman, was descended from Donald Lindsay, who settled in Argyle, New York, in 1739. John McKesson (b. 1807), descended from the McKessons of Argyllshire, was founder of the, wholesale drug firm of McKesson and Robbins; and Alfred B. Scott of the wholesale drug firm of Scott and Bowne was also of Scottish descent. Edmond Urquhart (b. 1834) was one of the pioneers in the creation of the cotton seed oil industry. To Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), born in Dunfermline, "the richest and most free-handed Scot who ever lived," more than anyone else is due the great steel and iron industry of the United States. His innumerable gifts for public libraries, etc., are too well known to need detailing here. To New York alone he gave over five million dollars to establish circulating branches in connection with the New York Public Library. In the development of the steel business of Pittsburgh he was ably seconded by James Scott, George Lauder (his cousin), Robert Pitcairn, Charles Lockhart, and others—all Scots. James McClurg Guffey (b. 1839), oil producer and capitalist, was of Galloway descent. He developed the oil fields of Kansas, Texas, California, West Virginia, and Indian Territory. The town of Guffey, Colorado, is named in his honor. His brother Wesley S. Guffey was also prominent in the oil industry. John Arbuckle (1839-1912), merchant and philanthropist, known in the trade as the "Coffee King," was born in Scotland. Robert Dunlap (b. 1834), hat manufacturer and founder of Dunlap Cable News Company (1891), was of Ulster Scot origin. William Chalk Gouinlock (1844-1914), physician and manufacturer, of Scottish ancestry, was one of the first to establish the salt industry in Western New York (1883), and in 1887 established the first salt-pan west of the Mississippi (at Hutcheson, Kansas). Edward Kerr, born in Sanquhar, Dumfriesshire, in 1842, was founder of the Laurenceville Bronze Company (1891); and William Mackenzie (1841-1914), born in Glasgow, was founder of the Standard Bleachery at Carlton Hill, New Jersey. Hugh J. Chisholm (1847-1912), capitalist and manufacturer, was of Scottish parentage. James Smith Kirk (1818-86), soap manufacturer in Chicago, was born in Glasgow. George Yule, born in Rathen, Aberdeenshire, in 1824, was distinguished in manufactures. William Chapman Ralston (1826-75), developer of California, was of Scottish ancestry. William Barr (1827-1908), merchant and philanthropist, founder of one of the largest dry goods firms in the Middle West, was born in Lanark. Matthew Baird (1817-77), born in Londonderry of Ulster Scot parentage, a partner in the Baldwin Locomotive Works, in 1865 became sole proprietor besides being a director in several other important corporations. James Douglas Reid (1819-1901), born in Edinburgh, superintended the construction of many of the most important telegraph lines in the United States and founded and edited the "National Telegraph Review." Theodore Irwin (b. 1827), grain merchant, manufacturer, and bibliophile; and Edward Henry Kellogg (b. 1828), manufacturer of lubricating oils, were of Scottish descent. James Abercrombie Burden (b. 1833), ironmaster and manufacturer, was son of the great Scottish inventor, Henry Burden. William Sloane (d. 1879), came to the United States in 1834 and established the great carpet firm of William Sloane and Sons. The development of the tobacco industry which so enriched Glasgow in the middle of the eighteenth century, drew large numbers of Scots to Virginia as merchants and manufacturers, and, says Slaughter, "it is worthy of note that Scotch families such as the Dunlops, Tennants, Magills, Camerons, etc., are to this day (1879) leaders of the tobacco trade of Petersburg, which has grown so great as to swallow up her sisters, Blandford and Pocahontas, which were merged in one corporation in 1784." David Hunter McAlpin (b. 1816) was one of the largest tobacco manufacturers; and Alexander Cameron, born in 1834 at Grantown-on-Spey, had an extensive share in the tobacco business, with four large branch factories in Australia. Alexander Macdonald (b. 1833), born at Forres, Elginshire, was President of the Standard Oil Company of Kentucky and Director in several other important business enterprises. James Crow, Kentucky pioneer, (c. 1800-1859), born in Scotland and graduated as a physician from Edinburgh University. In 1822 went from Philadelphia to Woodford County, Kentucky, where his knowledge of chemistry enabled him vastly to improve the methods of distilling whiskey, and he became the founder of the great distilling industry of that state. Walter Callender, born in Stirling in 1834, was founder of the firm of Callender, McAuslan, and Troup, of Providence. E.J. Lindsay, born in Dundee in 1838, was manufacturer of agricultural implements in Wisconsin. Alexander Cochrane, born at Barrhead in 1840, was a great chemical manufacturer. Edwin Allen Cruikshank, born in 1843 of Scottish ancestry, was a real estate operator and one of the founders of the Real Estate Exchange in 1883. George Harrison Barbour, born in 1843 of Scottish parentage, was Vice-President and General Manager of the Michigan Stove Company, the largest establishment of the kind in the world. William Marshall, born in Leith in 1848, was founder of the Anglo-American Varnish Company (1890). Robert Means Thompson, born in 1849 of Scottish ancestry, was President of the Orford Copper Company, one of the largest producers of nickel in the world. William James Hogg (b. 1851), carpet manufacturer in Worcester and Auburn, Massachusetts; and Francis Thomas Fletcher Lovejoy, Secretary of the Carnegie Steel Company were of Scottish descent. William Howe McElwain (b. 1867), shoe manufacturer in New England, is of Argyllshire descent; and the Armours of Chicago, descended from James Armour, who came from Ulster c. 1750, claim Scottish ancestry. William Barbour (b. 1847), thread manufacturer, was grandson of a Scot who moved from Paisley, Scotland, to Lisburn, Ireland, in 1768, and in 1784 established what is now the oldest linen thread manufacturing establishment in the world. George A. Clark (1824-73), born in Paisley, established the thread mills at Newark, New Jersey, the business of which was carried on by his brother William (b. 1841), who came to the United States in 1860. The great Coates Thread Mills at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, are a branch of the firm of J. and J. Coates of Paisley. Hugh Chalmers (b. 1873), President of the Chalmers Motor Company, of Detroit, is descended from Thomas Chalmers who came from Scotland early in the nineteenth century. Ramsey Crooks (1786-1859), fur trader, born in Greenock, Scotland; came to America and settled in Wisconsin. In 1809, he entered the service of John Jacob Astor and made, with Donald Mackenzie and Robert Stuart, the memorable 3,500-mile trip to Astoria, on the Pacific Ocean. In 1834, he settled in New York and engaged successfully in business. During his residence at Mackinac Island, Mich., and on his adventurous trips he was a great friend and confidant of the Indians. Black Hawk said he was "The best paleface friend the red men ever had." Mention may also here be made of the Anchor line of Steamships founded by Thomas and John Henderson of Glasgow. The ships of this line began service between Glasgow and New York in 1856. In 1869 they established a North Sea service between Granton, Scotland, and Scandinavian ports and through this channel introduced many thousands of industrious Scandinavian settlers into the United States. In 1870 they established the first direct communication between Italy, southern Europe and the United States, and in 1873 they inaugurated, and were the principal carriers of, the live cattle trade between the United States and Europe.



SCOTS IN BANKING, FINANCE, INSURANCE AND RAILROADS

In the financial and commercial field in this country the Scots have held a foremost place and stand unrivalled for integrity, energy, fidelity, and enterprise. Many jibes are made at the expense of the Canny Scot, but American business men have realized his value. In business and commercial life the success of the average Scot is remarkable and many of the guiding spirits among America's successful business men are Scots or men of Scottish descent.

James Blair (b. 1807), brother of John Inslee Blair, was largely identified with the development of banks and railroads in Pennsylvania. George Smith (1808-99), born in Aberdeenshire, founded the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company (1839) and was later a prominent banker in Georgia. Alexander Mitchell (1817-87), financier, railroad builder, and one of the Commissioners of Public Debt of Milwaukee, was born near Ellon, Aberdeenshire. Brown Brothers, bankers in New York, was founded by Alexander Brown (1764-1834) who was born in Ballymena of Ulster Scot parentage. George Bain (1836-91), merchant, banker, and director in many railroads, banks, and insurance companies, was born in Stirling, Scotland. Robert Craig Chambers (b. 1831), miner, financier, and State Senator of Utah, was of Scottish descent. John Aikman Stewart (b. 1822), President of the United States Trust Company and Assistant Treasurer of the United States, was born in New York city, son of a native of Stornoway, Hebrides. Alonzo Barton Hepburn (b. 1847), descendant of Patrick Hepburn who came from Scotland in 1736, President of the Chase National Bank, a distinguished New York banker, has written much on financial subjects. Thomas William Lamont (b. 1870), whose forefather came from Argyllshire, is a member of the firm of J.P. Morgan & Co., and prominent in international finance. Walter Edwin Frew, President of the Corn Exchange Bank, New York, and President of the New York Clearing House is of Scottish parentage. He was a pioneer of the branch banking system in New York. James Berwick Forgan, born in St. Andrews, in 1852, President of the First National Bank of Chicago, is a pillar of finance. Andrew Glassell (1827-1901), descendant of a Dumfriesshire emigrant of 1756, was a prominent lawyer and banker in Los Angeles. James Alexander Linen (b. 1840), President of the First National Bank of Scranton, was of Scottish parentage. George Rutledge Gibson (b. 1853), of Scottish descent, has written largely on questions of foreign finance. John Hall McClement (b. 1862), railroad and financial expert, is of Scottish parentage. Duncan MacInnes, born at Inveresk, near Edinburgh, has been Chief Accountant of the City of New York for many years, and is one of the best equipped men in municipal finance in America. Robert Graham Dun (1826-1900), mercantile credit expert, was grandson of Rev. James Dun, minister in Glasgow, who emigrated to Virginia, c. 1815.

Robert Burns Beath (1839-1914), President of the United Firemens' Insurance Company of Philadelphia, and author of the "History of the Grand Army of the Republic" (1888), was of Scots parentage. William C. Alexander (1806-74), President of the Equitable Life Insurance Company, was second son of Dr. Archibald Alexander of Princeton. His son James Waddell Alexander (1839-1915), was also President of the same Company. John Augustine McCall (1849-1906), President of the New York Life Insurance Company, was of Ulster Scot descent.

Men of Scottish birth or Scottish descent have had a prominent place in the development of the railroads of the United States from their inception to the present day. It was a Scot, Peter Fleming, Surveyor of the upper part of New York city, who laid out the grades for the first railroad in the state. John Inslee (or Insley) Blair (1802-99), founder of the Lackawanna Coal and Iron Company (1846), financier and founder of the Delaware and Lackawanna Railroad, was a descendant of Samuel Blair who came from Scotland in 1720. Blairstown, New Jersey, is named in his honor. He gave half a million dollars to various Presbyterian institutions. Samuel Sloan (1817-1907), President of the Delaware and Lackawanna Railroad (1867-99), was born in Lisburn of Ulster Scot ancestry. John T. Grant (1813-87), railroad builder in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, was of Scottish origin; and so also was Thomas Alexander Scott (1824-81), Vice-President and President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Assistant Secretary of War (1861-62), and President of the Texas Pacific Railroad. James McCrea (b. 1836), descended from James McCrea, an Ulster Scot who came to America in 1776, was one of the ablest Presidents of the Pennsylvania Railroad. John Edgar Thompson, third President, Frank Thompson, sixth Vice-President of the Pennsylvania system, were also of Scottish descent. Alexander Johnson Cassatt, seventh President, was Scottish on his mother's side. Another prominent Scot connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad was Robert Pitcairn, born at Johnstone, near Paisley, in 1836. Angus Archibald McLeod (b. 1847), re-organizer of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad was also a Scot; and George Devereux Mackay (b. 1854), banker and railroad builders, was descended from John Mackay who came from Caithness in 1760. John Allan Muir (1852-1904), railroad promoter of California, was of Scottish parentage.



SCOTS AS JOURNALISTS, PUBLISHERS AND TYPEFOUNDERS

The first newspaper printed in North America, The Boston News-Letter for April 24, 1704, was published by a Scot, John Campbell (1653-1728), bookseller and postmaster of Boston. John Mein and John Fleming, the founders and publishers of The Boston Chronicle (1767) were both born in Scotland. The paper was printed "on a new and handsome type, a broad faced long primer, from an Edinburgh foundry, and typographically far surpassed any paper that had appeared before it in New England." David Hall (c. 1714-1772), born in Edinburgh, emigrated to America shortly after 1740, became a partner of Benjamin Franklin in 1748. He was printer of the Pennsylvania Gazette, one of the few leading newspapers of the day, and one of the founders of the St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia. His son, William (died 1831), who carried on the printing business, was one of the original members of the "Light Horse of the City of Philadelphia," afterwards known as "The First City Troop," and served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. Robert Aitken (1734-1802), born in Dalkeith, Scotland, printer and publisher in Philadelphia in 1769, was publisher of the Pennsylvania Magazine from January 1775 to June 1776, the first magazine in Philadelphia containing illustrations, most of which were engraved by Aitken himself. He also published, at his own expense, in 1782, the first English Bible printed in America. Major Andrew Brown (c. 1744-1797), born in the north of Ireland of Scottish parents, was publisher of the Federal Gazette, later (1793) changed to Philadelphia Gazette. He is credited with being the first newspaper man to employ a reporter for the debates in Congress. It may here be mentioned that the publisher of the first directory of Philadelphia and its suburbs (1782), was a Scot, Captain John Macpherson (1726-92). James Adams, Delaware's first printer (1761), was an Ulster Scot who learned the art of printing in Londonderry and founded the Wilmington Courant in 1762. Col. Eleazer Oswald (1755-1795), of Scottish origin, though born in England, rendered brilliant service on the side of the colonies during the Revolution. In 1779 he became associated with William Goddard in the Maryland Journal, the first newspaper printed in Baltimore. Later removing to Philadelphia he issued the first number of the Independent Gazetteer, or the Chronicle of Freedom, April 13, 1782, and at the same time he also conducted in New York The Independent Gazetteer, or New York Journal (1782-87). The first daily paper published in Baltimore (1791) was by David Graham. Alexander Purdie, a native of Scotland, was editor of the Virginia Gazette from March 1766 to December 1774. Shortly after this date he started a Gazette of his own, and in the issue of his paper for June 7, 1776, he printed the heraldic device of a shield, on which is a rattlesnake coiled, with supporters, dexter, a bear collared and chained, sinister, a stag. The crest is a woman's head crowned and the motto: Don't tread on me. Adam Boyd (1738-1803), colonial printer and preacher, purchased the printing outfit of another Scot, Andrew Stuart, who had set up the first printing press in Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1763. In 1769 (Oct. 13) Boyd issued the first number of the Cape Fear Mercury, and continued it till 1776. James Johnston, born in Scotland, was the first to establish a printing press in Georgia (1762) and in April, 1763, began publication of The Georgia Gazette, which was published by him for twenty-seven years. His successor (1793) was another Scot, Alexander M'Millan, "Printer to the State." Robert Wells (1728-94), born in Scotland, was a publisher and bookseller in South Carolina for many years, and published the South Carolina and American General Gazette. John Wells, Florida's first printer (1784), born in Charleston, served his apprenticeship at Donaldson's printing house in Edinburgh. Matthew Duncan, son of Major Joseph Duncan, of Scottish ancestry, introduced printing into Illinois in 1809, and published the first newspaper there. Major Nathaniel McLean, brother of John McLean, one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, was one of the first publishers in Minnesota (1849, the same year in which printing was introduced into the state). The township of McLean, Ramsey county, was named in honor of him. There is mention of a printing press being set up in Michigan in 1785 by Alexander and William Macomb, but nothing further is known of it. The first book printed in Montana was in 1864, and in August of the same year John Buchanan founded the Montana Post at Virginia City. John Dunlap (1747-1812), an Ulster Scot born in Strabane, was Congressional Printer and first printed the Declaration of Independence.

Thomas Ritchie (1778-1854), born of Scottish parentage. He wielded a powerful influence for good in both the national and state politics of Virginia, and his funeral was attended by nearly all the distinguished men of the times, including the President. Ritchie County, West Virginia, was named in his honor. Francis Preston Blair (1791-1876), political writer, negotiator of peace conference at Hampton Roads in 1864, and editor of the Washington Globe, was a descendant of Commissary Blair of Virginia. James Gordon Bennett (1795-1872), born near Keith, Banffshire, pioneer of modern American journalism and founder of the New York Herald, a newspaper which has long wielded a great influence on political affairs. Horace Greeley (1811-72), founder of the New York Tribune, unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in 1872, anti-slavery leader, and author of "The American Conflict" (1864-66), was of Ulster Scot descent. Of the same origin was Joseph Medill (1823-99), proprietor of the Chicago Tribune (1874); and Robert Bonner (1824-99), founder of the New York Ledger (1851), was born in Londonderry of Ulster Scot origin. James Thompson Callender (d. 1806), a political exile from Scotland, a controversial writer of great power, a severe critic of the administration of John Adams, founded the Richmond Recorder, predecessor of the Richmond Enquirer. John Swinton (1829-1901), born in Haddingtonshire, was editorial writer for the New York Times (1860-70), and Sun (1875-83, 1893-97). He took an active interest in social and industrial questions and was Progressive Labor Party's candidate for State Senator in 1887. James Redpath (1833-91), journalist and author, born in Berwick-on-Tweed, was prominently identified with the abolition movement, was organizer of the school system of South Carolina, founder of the Boston Lyceum Bureau, war correspondent for Northern newspapers during the Civil War, and author of several histories and biographical works. William Andrew Ure (b. 1839), of Scottish parentage, by his energy made the Newark, New Jersey, Sunday Call, one of the leading newspapers in the state. Whitelaw Reid is noted under Ambassadors. St. Clair McKelway (b. 1845), who became Regent and Vice-Chancellor of the University of the State of New York, was of Scots parentage. Andrew McLean, born in Renton, Dumbartonshire, in 1848, is editor-in-chief of the Brooklyn Citizen, which under his guidance has become an influential paper. Washington McLean and his son, John R. McLean, established one of the greatest newspapers in the Middle West, the Cincinnati Enquirer. David Alexander Munro (1848-1910), a native of Maryburgh, Ross-shire, educated at Edinburgh University, editor for many years of the North American Review. John Foord, born in Perthshire, came to the U.S. in 1869; became editorial writer on the New York Times and later editor-in-chief; after 1883, editor and publisher of the Brooklyn Union; editor of Harper's Weekly; leader writer on Journal of Commerce, and editor of Asia. Other journalists who may be mentioned are William Cauldwell (b. 1824) of New York, of Scottish parentage on both sides; George Dawson (1813-83) of Albany, born in Falkirk, Scotland; William Wiston Seaton (1785-1866) of Washington, D.C., a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution; and George Horace Lorimer (b. 1867), journalist and author of "Letters from a Self-made Merchant to His Son" (1902), etc. John J. McElhone (1832-90), famous as a stenographer and chief Official Reporter of the House of Representatives, was of Scottish ancestry.

Thomas Dobson, publisher of the first American edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1791), was a Scot who gave a great impulse to printing in the United States. Robert Carter (1807-89), publisher and founder of the house of Robert Carter and Brothers, so long and honorably known in New York city, was born in Earlston, Berwickshire. Henry Ivison (1808-84), born in Glasgow, became a prominent publisher in New York. His son, David Brinkerhoff Ivison, born in 1835, was also a prominent publisher and founder of the American Book Company. John Wilson (1802-68), born in Glasgow, was founder of the famous printing firm of John Wilson and Son of Cambridge, Massachusetts, now Harvard University Press. George Munro (1825-96), publisher of the Seaside Library, Fireside Companion, etc., was of Scottish descent. In the course of his life he gave away half a million dollars for educational purposes. Whatever may be thought of his appropriating the works of British authors without compensation it cannot be denied that he did a great deal to raise the literary taste among the poorer classes in this country. George William Quids (1829-94), publisher and proprietor of the Philadelphia Public Ledger, was of Scottish descent. Robert Clarke (1829-99), founded of the great Cincinnati publishing house of Robert Clarke and Co., was born in the town of Annan in Dumfriesshire. Norman Leslie Munro (1842-94), publisher of the Family Story Paper and founder of Munro's Publishing House, was born in Nova Scotia of Scottish ancestry.

John Baine, born in St. Andrews, in partnership with his grandson, established the first type-foundry in Philadelphia in 1787. Their firm cast the types for a portion of the American edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, reprinted in Philadelphia in 1791. Archibald Binny, (1763-1838), born in Portobello, near Edinburgh, and James Ronaldson (d. 1841), also born in Scotland, succeeded to and carried on the business established by Baine. In 1797 they cast the first $ sign used in this country. The quality and art of their product was in no wise inferior to the European and the sale of foreign made types ceased shortly after they established their business. Their foundry kept pace with the growth of the country and in the seventies of last century became the best and most extensive letter-foundry in the world. Archibald Binny loaned the United States Government the sum of 50,000 dollars for use in the war of 1812-14. Ronaldson was first president of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia (1824-41), an institution in which he took a great interest, and in 1831 presented to Philadelphia the beautiful cemetery bearing his name. He was described as "an upright, frugal and honest man, and a lover of his adopted country." George Bruce (1781-1866), born in Edinburgh, along with his brother David introduced the art of stereotyping, the secret of which David secured in Edinburgh. In 1816 they purchased a foundry for type making and stereotyping, and George Bruce in his seventy-eighth year of age produced type which has rarely been excelled for beauty of design and neatness of finish. "He did much toward facilitating American printing and towards making it a fine art, inventing, with the assistance of his nephew, David Bruce, Jr., a successful type-casting machine which has come into general use." Thomas Mackellar (1812-1899), printer and poet, also one of the leading type founders, was of Scottish parentage. William Vincent McKean, born in 1820 of Ulster Scot descent, was another distinguished type-founder and editor-in-chief of the Philadelphia Public Ledger for many years. Another individual who may be included under this head is Adam Ramage who was born in Scotland and died at an advanced age in Philadelphia in 1850. He was distinguished as a manufacturer of printing presses in the beginning of last century, and patented the "Ramage" press in 1818.



SOME PROMINENT SCOTS IN NEW YORK CITY

Many names mentioned in other sections apply equally to New York city but for lack of space they are not here again referred to. David Jamison, one of the early Colonial lawyers in New York, was born in Scotland. In 1707 he defended Francis Makemie, the Presbyterian clergyman, when he was arrested for preaching in the city without a license, and in 1710 he became Chief Justice of New Jersey. James Graham (died c. 1700), Recorder of the city, was also a native of Scotland. John Watts (1749-1836), of Scots parentage, was the last Royal Recorder of the city, Speaker of the New York Assembly, Member of Congress, 1793-96, and founder of the Leake and Watts Orphan Asylum. Archibald Gracie, born in Dumfries, emigrated to America about 1778. Through his business enterprise he largely developed the commercial importance of the port of New York. He was also founder of the first Savings Bank in America, founder of the Lying-in Hospital of the Cedar Street Presbyterian Church, President of the Chamber of Commerce for twenty years, etc. Cadwallader David Golden (1769-1834), grandson of Cadwallader Colden, was Mayor of the city from 1818 to 1821, and made an enviable record in that office. James Lenox (1800-80), merchant, philanthropist, bibliophile, and founder of the Lenox Library, now incorporated in the New York Public Library, was one of the most useful citizens New York ever possessed. His public benefactions were numerous, but only the largest were made public. Among these were the Lenox Library, formerly at Fifth Avenue and Seventieth Street; the Presbyterian Hospital, and liberal endowments to Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary. Alexander Turney Stewart (1803-76), merchant and philanthropist, born in Ireland of Scots parents, established the great dry goods business now owned by John Wanamaker. He was nominated as Secretary of the Treasury (1869) but was not confirmed. Hugh Maxwell (1787-1873), born in Paisley, was Assistant Junior Advocate General in 1814, District Attorney for the city from 1819 to 1829, and Collector of the Port (1849-52). Robert L. Stuart (1806-82) and his brother Alexander (1810-79), sugar refiners, both gave large sums, estimated at over two million dollars, to many charities, and the library, pictures, and mineral and shell collections of the former are preserved in a separate room of the New York Public Library. Hugh Auchincloss (1817-90) and John Auchincloss, his brother, sons of Hugh Auchincloss of Paisley, were prominent merchants in the city. Robert Lenox Kennedy (b. 1822), banker and public spirited citizen, grandson of a Scot, was President of the Trustees of the New York Public Library, an institution largely Scottish in its foundation and endowment. James Gibb, born in Scotland in 1829, a successful merchant, was President of Brooklyn Park Commission. James Cruikshank (b. 1831), of Scottish descent, was noted for his activity in furthering education in Brooklyn. Abram Stevens Hewitt (1822-1903), of Scottish parentage, was Member of Congress from New York (1875-79, 1881-86), and Mayor of the city (1887-88). John Stewart Kennedy (1830-1909), financier and philanthropist, born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, gave one million dollars to the Presbyterian Hospital as his golden wedding anniversary gift, five hundred thousand dollars to Columbia University, besides innumerable gifts to other institutions. His will left over sixty-seven million dollars, nearly half of it for charitable purposes. Alexander Ector Orr (1831-1914), President of New York Rapid Transit Commission, Vice-President of many financial institutions, was of Ulster Scot descent. Thomas Fitchie (1834-1905), of Scottish parentage, was an earnest worker for purity in civil life in Brooklyn. Charles A. Lamont (1835-1904), son of Neil Lamont from Scotland, was one of the original members of the Republican Party and of the Union League prominent in city affairs. He was the originator of the Ramapo scheme of water supply for the city. Robert Maclay (b. 1836), of Scottish parentage, was President of the Knickerbocker Ice Company (1875), Commissioner of Education, Rapid Transit Commissioner, etc. Dr. Albert Prescott Marble (1836-1906), a recognized leader in educational matters, President of the Board of Superintendents of the New York Department of Education, was a descendant of one of the Scots settlers of Maine. Robert Macy Galloway (b. 1837), merchant and banker, had a considerable part in developing the elevated railroads of the city. Eugene Gilbert Blackford (1839-1904), merchant and ichthyologist, of Scottish descent, "did more to advance the interests of fish culture in this country than any other man." He wrote much on the subject and to his efforts was due the creation of the Aquarium at the Battery. Alexander Taylor, born in Leith, Scotland, in 1821, was founder of the firm of Alexander Taylor's Sons. Walter Scott, managing Director of Butler Brothers, born in Canada, of Scottish parentage, is widely known as a liberal promoter of education, art, athletics, and patriotism.



SCOTTISH SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES

That the Scots in America have not been solely devoted to business and the promotion of their own selfish welfare is evidenced by the remarkable growth of their numerous Societies based upon the extension of fellowship among Scots in the New World and for the collection and distribution of charitable funds among the poor and needy of their countrymen. The oldest of these Societies, the Scots' Charitable Society of Boston, was founded January 6, 1657, with twenty-seven members. It was followed by the St. Andrew's Club of Charleston, S.C. (the first to bear the name of St. Andrew), 1729; the St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia, December 7, 1749; the St. Andrew's Society of Savannah, Ga., 1750; the St. Andrew's Society of the Province, afterward of the State of New York, November 19, 1756; and the St. Andrew's Society of Albany, N.Y., November 10, 1803; until at the present time, there is no city of any size or importance in the country that does not have its St. Andrew's Society, or Burns or Caledonian Club, which serves to keep alive the memories of the home-land, to instil patriotism toward the adopted country, and to aid the distressed among their kinsfolk. There are now more than one thousand of these Societies in America, including the Order of Scottish Clans (organized, 1878) a successful fraternal, patriotic and beneficial order, with more than one hundred separate clans, and the Daughters of Scotia, a rapidly growing order for women of Scottish blood, organized in 1898.



CONCLUSION

"It is the knowledge that Scotsmen have done their share in building up the great Republic that makes them proud of its progress and inspires them to add to its glories and advantages in every way. Scotsmen, as a nationality, are everywhere spoken of as good and loyal citizens, while Americans who can trace a family residence of a century in the country are proud if they can count among their ancestors some one who hailed from the land of Burns, and it is a knowledge of all this, in turn, that makes the American Scot of to-day proud of his country's record and his citizenship and impels him to be as devoted to the new land as it was possible for him to have been to the old had he remained in it. In America, the old traditions, the old blue flag with its white cross, the old Doric, are not forgotten, but are nourished, and preserved, and honored, and spoken by Scotsmen on every side with the kindliest sentiments on the part of those to whom they are alien. Americans know and acknowledge that the traditions and flag and homely speech have long been conserved to the development of that civil and religious liberty on which the great confederation of sovereign republican States has been founded. In the United States, Sir Walter Scott has more readers and quite as enthusiastic admirers as in Scotland, and if Americans were asked which of the world's poets came nearest to their hearts, the answer would undoubtedly be—Robert Burns."



LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO

Appleton. Cyclopaedia of American Biography. New York, 1887-89. 6v.

Bingham. Early History of Michigan. Lansing, 1888.

Breed. Presbyterians and the Revolution. Philadelphia, 1876.

Campbell, The Puritan in Holland, England, and America. New York, 1892.

Casson. The Sons of Old Scotland in America. New York, 1906.

Charlton. The Making of Georgia. Savannah, 1905.

Craighead. Scotch and Irish Seeds in American Soil. Philadelphia, 1879.

Dinsmore. The Scotch-Irish in America. Chicago, 1906.

Dyer. Early American Craftsmen. New York, 1915.

Ford. The Scotch-Irish in America. Princeton, 1915.

Green. The Scotch-Irish in America. Worcester, 1895.

Hanna. The Scotch-Irish. New York, 1902. 2 v.

Harrison. The Scot in Ulster. Edinburgh, 1888.

Jones. History of Georgia. Boston, 1883.

Kelly and Burrage. American Medical Biographies. Baltimore, 1920.

Lewis. Great American Lawyers. Philadelphia, 1907-09. 8 v.

Maclean. Historical Account of the Settlements of Scottish Highlanders in America Prior to the Peace of 1783. Cleveland, 1900.

National Cyclopaedia, of American Biography. New York, 1898-1906. 16 v.

Parker. History of Londonderry, New Hampshire. Boston, 1851.

Register of the Privy Council of Scotland. Edinburgh, v. 8, 9.

Reid. The Scot in America and the Ulster Scot. London, 1911.

Roberts. New York-Boston, 1904.

Ross. The Scot in America. New York, 1896.

Scotch-Irish in America. Proceeding of Scotch-Irish Congresses.

Scots Magazine. Edinburgh, 1768-1774.

Slaughter. History of Bristol Parish. Richmond, 1879.

Smith. History of the Colony of Nova Caesaria or New Jersey. Burlington, 1765.

Smith. History of New York. Philadelphia, 1792.

White. Southern Presbyterian Leaders. New York, 1911.



INDEX

Abercrombie, James, 21.

Abernethy, Gov. George, 59.

Adair, Gov. John, 56.

Adair, John Johnstone, 30.

Adair, William, 71.

Adams, James, 108.

Addison, Alexander, 49.

Agnew, Dr. David Hayes, 74.

Ainslie, Hew, 81.

Aitken, Robert, 108.

Aitken, Robert Ingersoll, 91.

Alexander, Archibald, 78.

Alexander, Dr. Archibald, 106.

Alexander, Cosmo, 88.

Alexander, James, 29.

Alexander, James Waddell, 78, 106.

Alexander, John, 70.

Alexander, John White, 89.

Alexander, Joseph Addison, 78.

Alexander, Gov. Nathaniel, 55.

Alexander, Stephen, 70.

Alexander, Brig.-Gen. William, 62.

Alexander, William C., 106.

Allison, Francis, 76.

Allen, Adam, 70.

Allerdyce, Samuel, 90.

Anderson, Dr. Alexander, 90.

Anderson, Charles, 29.

Anderson, Hugh, 90.

Anderson, Gov. Hugh Johnston, 53.

Anderson, Lt.-Col. Richard C., 60.

Arbuckle, John, 102.

Armour, James, 103.

Armours of Chicago, 103.

Armstrong, Brig.-Gen. John. 61.

Arthur, Pres. Chester Alan, 40.

Astor, John Jacob, 28.

Auchincloss, Hugh, Jr., 114.

Auchincloss, Hugh, Sr., 114.

Auchincloss, John, 114.

Auchmuty, Robert, 87.

Auchmuty, Rev. Samuel, 84.

Bain, George, 105.

Baine, John, 111.

Baird, George W., 97.

Baird, Matthew, 102.

Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 68.

Bancroft, George, 4.

Barbour, Edwin Hinckley, 70.

Barbour, Geo. Harrison, 103.

Barbour, Gov. James, 54.

Barbour, William, 104.

Barclay, Alexander, 30.

Barclay, David, 16.

Barclay, David Robert, 87.

Barclay, Rev. Henry, 84.

Barclay, John, 16, 84, 87.

Barclay, John Charles, 97.

Barclay, Gov. Robert, 16, 32.

Barclay, Col. Thomas, 99.

Baron, Alexander, 21.

Barr, William, 102.

Bartram, Gen. George, 28.

Baxter, George, 19.

Beall, Col. Ninian, 21.

Bean, Dr. James, 31.

Bean, John, 26.

Bean, Russell, 31.

Bean, Capt. William, 31.

Beath, Robert Burns, 106.

Beatty, John Wesley, 89.

Beck, Senator, James Burnie, 46.

Bell, Alexander Graham, 97.

Bell, Alex. Melville, 79.

Bell, Gov. Charles Henry, 53.

Bell, Gov. Charles James, 53.

Bell, John, 25.

Bell, John, 42.

Bell, Gov. John, 53.

Bell, Luther V., 25.

Bell, Gov. Peter Hansborough, 58.

Bell, Gov. Samuel, 49, 53.

Bell, Samuel Dana, 49.

Bell, Thomas Sloan, 49.

Bennett, James Gordon, 110.

Berkeley, Sir William, 34.

Bethune, Divie, 82.

Bethune, Mrs. Divie, 86.

Bethune, Rev. Geo. W., 82.

Beveridge, Gov. John Lourie, 57.

Bigger, Gov. Samuel, 57.

Binny, Archibald, 111, 112.

Birney, Gen. David Bell, 62.

Birney, James Gillespie, 62.

Black, Gavin, 17.

Blackburn, Gideon, 19.

Blackford, Eugene G., 114.

Blaine, James Gillespie, 43.

Blair, Dr. Archibald, 34.

Blair, Asso. Justice, 48.

Blair, Gov. Austin, 57.

Blair, Senator Francis Montgomery, 45.

Blair, Francis Preston, 110.

Blair, James, 76.

Blair, James, 96.

Blair, James, 105.

Blair, Commissary James, 29, 33, 34.

Blair, Gov. John, 34.

Blair, John Inslee, 105, 106.

Blair, Montgomery, 44.

Blair, Samuel, 106.

Bonner, Robert, 110.

Bouquet, Col. Henry, 20.

Bowe, (Bowie), John, 22.

Bowie, Gov. Robert, 54.

Bowie, James, 62.

Bowyer, Col. John, 20.

Bowyer, Col. William, 20.

Boyd, Adam, 109.

Boyd, David French, 79.

Boyd, Gov. James E., 58.

Boyd, John, 79.

Boyd, Thos. Duckett, 79.

Boyd, Rev. William, 14.

Brady, Gov. John Henry, 59.

Breathitt, Gov. John, 57.

Brechin, James, 29.

Breckenridge, Henry, 26.

Brackenridge, Henry Marie, 81.

Brackenridge, Hugh H., 81.

Breckenridge, John, 26.

Breckenridge, V.-Pres. John Cabell, 26, 41.

Breckenridge, Joseph Cabell, 26.

Breckenridge, Robert, 26.

Breckenridge, Robert Jefferson, 26.

Breckenridge, Wm. Campbell Preston, 26.

Breckinridge, Alexander, 19, 26.

Breghin, James, 29.

Brevard, Dr. Ephraim, 36.

Brice, Senator Calvin Stewart, 46.

Brisbane, Albert, 86.

Brisbane, Robert, 21.

Brown, Abel, 54.

Brown, Alexander, 105.

Brown, Mayor Andrew, 108.

Brown, Angus, 56.

Brown, Gov. Gratz, 58.

Brown, Brothers, 105.

Brown, David Paul, 81.

Brown, Gov. Frank, 54.

Brown, Dr. Gustavus, 73.

Brown, Dr. Gustavus (III), 73.

Brown, Dr. Gustavus R., 73.

Brown, Senator James, 45.

Brown, John, 77.

Brown, Gov. Neil S., 56.

Brownlee, Katherine M., 83.

Bruce, Alex. Campbell, 92.

Bruce, David, 112.

Bruce, David, Jr., 112.

Bruce, George (1635), 83.

Bruce, Dr. Archibald, 69.

Bruce, Catherine Wolf, 80.

Bruce, George, 80, 112.

Bruce, Wallace, 83.

Bruce, Dr. William, 69.

Bryce, Thomas, 17.

Bryson, Rear Admiral Andrew, 65.

Buchanan, Alexander, 22.

Buchanan, George, 31, 73.

Buchanan, Dr. George, 73.

Buchanan, Pres. James, 40, 47.

Buchanan, John, 17.

Buchanan, Judge John, 50.

Buchanan, John, 109.

Buchanan, Thomas, 50.

Buckham, Matthew Henry, 79.

Buist, Rev. George, 85.

Buist, Robert, 72.

Bulloch, Archibald, 27.

Bulloch, Irvine S., 27.

Bulloch, James, 27, 40.

Bulloch, James Dunwoody, 27.

Bulloch, William B., 27.

Burd, Col. James, 30.

Burden, Henry, 95, 103.

Burden, James Abercrombie, 103.

Burnet, David G., 47.

Burnet, Bishop Gilbert, 32.

Burnet, Major Ichabod, 47.

Burnet, Jacob, 47.

Burnet, Senator Jacob, 45.

Burnett, John, 22.

Burnet, Geo. William, 32.

Burnet, Dr. William, 45, 47.

Burnet, Dr. Wm. (of N.J.), 47.

Burnett, Gov. Peter H., 59.

Burns, Frank, 92.

Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., 53, 62.

Burt, Charles, 90.

Calder, Alex Milne, 91.

Calder, Alex Stirling, 91.

Caldwell, David, 36.

Caldwell, Rev. James, 84.

Caldwell, Major John, 21.

Caldwell, John E., 84.

Caldwell, Joseph, 77.

Caldwell, Gov. Tod R., 55.

Calhoun, V.-Pres. John Caldwell, 41, 81.

Calhoun, Senator John Ewing, 45.

Calhoun, Patrick, 21.

Callender, James Thompson, 110.

Callender, Walter, 103.

Calvin, Samuel, 70.

Cameron, Alexander, 103.

Cameron, Duncan, 22.

Cameron, Families, 103.

Cameron, Gilbert, 92.

Cameron, Col. James, 45.

Cameron, Senator James Donald, 42, 45.

Cameron, John, 22.

Cameron, Rev. John, 54.

Cameron, Senator Simon, 42, 45.

Cameron, Gov. William Ewan, 54.

Campbell, Rev. Alexander, 85.

Campbell, Senator Alexander, 45.

Campbell, Andrew, 96.

Campbell, Rev. Archibald, 74.

Campbell, Arthur, 20.

Campbell, Gov. David, 54.

Campbell, Duncan, 17.

Campbell, Duncan H., 96.

Campbell, Geo. Washington, 42.

Campbell, Hugh, 16.

Campbell, Hugh, 19.

Campbell, Hugh, 76.

Campbell, James, 44.

Campbell, Gov. James E., 57.

Campbell, James Hepburn, 51.

Campbell, John, 108.

Campbell, John Archibald, 49.

Campbell, John, Earl of London, 34.

Campbell, Capt. Lauchlin, 22.

Campbell, Lewis David, 51.

Campbell, Lord Neil, 32.

Campbell, Robert, 91.

Campbell, Sanders, 22.

Campbell. Gov. Thos. Mitchell, 58.

Campbell, William, 20.

Campbell, Lord William, 35.

Campbell, Gov. Wm. Bowen, 56.

Campbell, Wm. Harrison, 97.

Campbell, William Wallace, 49.

Campbell, Wm. Wallace, 71.

Cardross, Henry, Lord, 17.

Carnegie, Andrew, 102.

Carnochan, Dr. John Murray, 74.

Carrack, Samuel, 19.

Carter, Robert, 111.

Carwood, John, 21.

Cassatt, Alex. Johnson, 106.

Cauldwell, William, 110.

Chalmers, Hugh, 104.

Chalmers, Dr. Lionel, 73.

Chalmers, Thomas, 104.

Chambers, John, 27.

Chambers, Gov. John, 58.

Chambers, Robert, 27.

Chambers, Robert Craig, 105.

Chapman, James, 22.

Chapman, Mary, 62.

Chapman, Gov. Reuben, 56.

Charles, William, 91.

Charlton, Walter Glasco, 19.

Chase, Salmon P., 15.

Chassel, David, 78.

Chichester, Sir Arthur, 13.

Childs, George William, 111.

Chisholm, Henry, 96.

Chisholm, Hugh J., 102.

Chisholm, William, 96.

Christian, William, 20.

Chrystie, Lt.-Col. James, 61.

Claflin, Gov. William, 53.

Claperton, Thomas, 22.

Clark, George A., 104.

Clark, Gen. George Rogers, 4, 31.

Clark, William, 104.

Clarke, Robert, 111.

Cleland, Hon. John, 20.

Coates, J. & J. 104.

Coburn, Gov. Abner, 53.

Cochran, Gov. John P., 54.

Cochran, Rev. Joseph P., 85.

Cochrane, Alexander, 103.

Colbraith, Jeremiah Jones, 41.

Colden, Lt.-Gov. Cadwallader, 32, 113.

Colden, Cadwallader D., 113.

Colt, Samuel, 96.

Corbit, Daniel, 26.

Cowan, William, 22.

Cox, Gov. James M., 57.

Craig, James, 65.

Craig, Dr. James, 75.

Craig, Thomas, 68.

Craighead, Rev. Alexander, 36.

Craighead, Edwin Boone, 80.

Craighead, Rev. Robert, 77.

Craighead, Thomas, 36.

Craighead, Thomas, 77.

Craik, Dr. James, 73.

Crane, Robert Bruce, 89.

Crawford, Gov. Corie Isaac, 59.

Crawford, David, 42.

Crawford, Francis Marion, 83.

Crawford, Gov. Geo. Washington, 42, 56.

Crawford, Dr. John, 73.

Crawford, Dr. John Barclay, 75.

Crawford, Nathl. Macon, 78.

Crawford, Maj.-Gen. Sam. Wylie, 62.

Crawford, Thomas, 83.

Crawford, Thomas, 91.

Crawford, William, 47.

Crawford, William Harris, 42, 78.

Cree, Thomas Kirby, 86.

Crockett, David, 31.

Crooks, Ramsey, 104.

Crow, James, 103.

Cruickshank, Edwin A., 103.

Cruickshank, James, 114.

Cullen, Charles Mason, 49.

Cummings, Rev. Charles, 20.

Cummins, Gov. Albert Baird, 58.

Cummins, William, 22.

Cunningham, Arthur, 17.

Currie, Dr. William, 74.

Curry, Daniel, 78.

Dall, William, 68.

Dall, William Healey, 68.

Dallas, Alexander James, 41, 42.

Dallas, V.-Pres. George Mifflin, 41.

Dallas, Dr. Robert C., 42.

Dallas, Robert Frank, 89.

Dalzell, Robert M., 96.

D'Arnsmont, Mme. Francis, 86.

Davidson, Alexander, 96.

Davidson, Anstruther, 68.

Davidson, Charles, 22.

Davidson, George, 71.

Davidson, Thomas, 79.

Davidson, Brig.-Gen. William, 61.

Dawson, George, 110.

Dawson, Thomas Cleland, 52.

Dempster, John, 78.

Dempster, Rev. John, 85.

Denny, Geo. Hutcheson, 80.

Dick, Alexander L., 91.

Dick, James T., 89.

Dick, Robert, 96.

Dickinson, Pres. John, 30, 33, 39.

Dickinson, Thomas, 101.

Dinsmoor, Robert, 81.

Dinsmoor, Gov. Samuel Sen, 53, 81.

Dinsmoor, Gov. Samuel Jim, 53.

Dinsmore, Hugh Anderson, 52.

Dinwiddie, Gov. Robert, 31, 33.

Dobbin, James Cochrane, 43.

Dobson, Thomas, 111.

Dodge, Gov. Henry, 57.

Dougal, W.H., 91.

Douglas, Senator Stephen Arnold, 45.

Douglas, Thomas, 49.

Dowart, George, 17.

Dowie, Rev. John Alex., 85.

Drummond, James, Earl of Perth, 16.

Drummond, John, 16.

Drummond, Thomas, 49.

Drummond, Gov. William, 34.

Drysdale, Lt.-Gov. Hugh, 33.

Dudgeon, Richard, 98.

Duff, John, 22.

Dun, Rev. James, 106.

Dun, Robert Graham, 106.

Dunbar, Sir William, 30.

Duncan, James, 86.

Duncan, Gov. Joseph, 57.

Duncan, Major Joseph, 57.

Duncan, Matthew, 109.

Dunlap, James, 77.

Dunlap, John, 109.

Dunlap, Robert, 102.

Dunlap, Gov. Robert Pinckney, 53.

Dunlap, William, 88.

Dunlop Families, 103.

Dunlop, Rev. Samuel, 23.

Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 32, 34.

Dunsmore, John Ward, 90.

Eccles, Dr. Robert Gibson, 68.

Eckford, Henry, 101.

Eddy, Mary M.B. Glover, 85.

Edison, Thomas Alva, 97.

Edmundson, William, 20.

Elliot, Lt.-Gov. Andrew, 32.

Elliott, Charles, 21.

Erskine, Henry, Lord Cardross, 17.

Erskine, Robert, 60.

Erwin, Benjamin, 19.

Erwin (Ewen), Gov. William, 35.

Erwyn (Irvin), James, 22.

Ewen (Erwin), Gov. William, 35.

Ewing, Gen. James, 60.

Ewing, Thomas, 62.

Ewing, Senator Thomas, 42, 50.

Ewing, Gen. Thomas, 50, 62.

Ewing, Gov. Wm. Lee Davidson, 57.

Ferguson, Dr. Alex. Hugh, 75.

Ferguson, James, 51.

Ferguson, James, 70.

Ferguson, Gov. James Edward, 58.

Ferguson, Patrick, 22.

Ferguson, Thomas, 21.

Ferguson, Thomas Barker, 51.

Ferguson, Wm. Ezra, 96.

Fife, John, 93.

Findlay, Gov. William, 54.

Finlay, Samuel, 80.

Finley, John Huston, 80.

Finley, Robert, 77.

Finley, Samuel, 77.

Fitchie, Thomas, 114.

Fleming, Gov. Francis Philip, 56.

Fleming, John, 108.

Fleming, Peter, 106.

Fleming, Gov. William, 34.

Fleming, Williamina P., 71.

Foord, John, 110.

Forbes, Dr. David, 75.

Forbes, Gen. John, 30.

Forbes, John, 80.

Forbes, John, Jr., 80.

Forbes, John M., 51.

Forbes, Philip Jones, 80.

Forbes, Stephen Alfred, 68.

Forbes, Dr. Wm. Smith, 75.

Ford, Adm. John D., 66.

Forgan, James Berwick, 105.

Forney, Gen. Peter, 27.

Forrest, Edwin, 93.

Forsyth, Alexander, 26.

Forsyth, James Bennett, 97.

Forsyth, John 26.

Forsyth, Gov. John, 55.

Forsyth, Rev. John, 78.

Forsyth, Robert, 26.

Foster, Gov. Charles, 43.

Franklin, Benjamin, 29.

Fraser, Charles, 88.

Fraser, John, 79.

Frazer, John Fries, 69, 78.

Frazer, Persifor, 69.

Frazer, Lt.-Col. Persifor, 69

Frew, Walter E., 105.

Fulton, Robert, 25, 95.

Galloway, Beverly Thomas, 70.

Galloway, John, 70.

Galloway, Joseph, 37.

Galloway, Robert Macy, 114.

Galt, Dr. Alexander D., 75.

Galt, John, 17.

Galt, Dr. John Minson, 75.

Garden, Alexander, 22.

Garden, Dr. Alexander, 70.

Garden, Rev. Alex., 84.

Garden, Mary, 94.

Gardiner, Peter, 22.

Gear, Gov, John Henry, 58.

Geary, Gov. John White, 54.

Geddes, James, 80.

Geddes, James, 99.

Geddes, Brig.-Gen. James Lorraine, 62.

Geddes, Gov. John, 55.

Gibb, James, 114.

Gibboney, David C., 87.

Gibson, Geo. Rutledge, 106.

Gibson, J. & G.H., 93.

Gibson, John, 17.

Gibson, John Bannister, 50.

Gibson, Paris, 31.

Gibson, Randall, 46.

Gibson, Senator Randall Lee, 46.

Gilchrist Gov. Alex. Walter, 56.

Gilchrist, Nimrod, 56.

Gilchrist, Wm. Wallace, 93.

Gilfillan, James, 49.

Gillespie, Rev. George, 84.

Gilmer, Dr. George, 54, 55.

Gilmer, Gov. Geo. Rockingham, 55.

Gilmer, Gov. Thomas Walker, 54.

Gilmor, Robert, Sr., 101.

Gilmor, Robert, Jr., 101.

Gilmore, Mrs., 19.

Gilmour, Neil, 79.

Gilmour, Bishop Richard, 86.

Glassel, Andrew, 105.

Glen, Gov. James. 35.

Glenn, Gustavus R., 79.

Glenn, Nicholas, 79.

Goddard, William, 108.

Gordon, Gov. John Brown, 46, 56, 62.

Gordon, John George, 62.

Gordon, Gov. Patrick, 33.

Gordon, Robert, 16.

Gordon, Thomas, 29.

Gordon, Thomas, 76.

Gordon, Rev. Thomas, 84.

Gordon, Thomas F., 84.

Gordon, Hon. Thomas Knox, 20, 21.

Gordon, Walter Scott, 31.

Gordon, William, 76.

Gordon, Wm. Fitzhugh, 47.

Gorrie, Rev. Peter Douglas, 85.

Gouinlock, Dr. Wm. Chalk, 102.

Gracie, Archibald, 113.

Graeme, David, 20.

Graeme, Hon. James, 20.

Graeme, Judge James, 20.

Graham, David, 109.

Graham, George, 51.

Graham, Isabella, 77, 86.

Graham, Recorder James, 29, 113.

Graham, John, 51.

Graham, Gen. Joseph, 55.

Graham, William, 19.

Graham, William, 77.

Graham, Gov. Wm. Alexander, 43, 55.

Grant, Daniel, 22.

Grant, Gov. James Benton, 59.

Grant, John, 22.

Grant, John T., 106.

Grant, Matthew, 40.

Grant, Pres. U.S., 40.

Grant, William, 22.

Gray, Asa, 15, 70.

Gray, David, 83.

Gray, George, 49.

Gray, John, 22.

Greeley, Horace, 15, 110.

Gregg, David McMurtrie, 63.

Gregory, Judge William, 21.

Gregory, Gov. William, 54.

Grier, Robert Cooper, 48.

Grieve, Miller, 51.

Grimes, Gov. James Wilson, 58.

Grindlay, James, 21.

Guffey, James McClurg, 102.

Guffey, Wesley S., 102.

Guthrie, James, 42.

Guthrie, John, 67.

Guthrie, Dr. Samuel, 67.

Hadley, Prof. James, 78.

Haig, George, 21.

Haig, Thomas, 93.

Hall, David, 108.

Hall, James, 36.

Hall, William, 108.

Hallidie, Andrew L., 97.

Hamilton, Gen. Alexander, 28.

Hamilton, Andrew, 29.

Hamilton, Andrew, 43.

Hamilton, Gov. Andrew, 32, 33.

Hamilton, Gen. Charles S., 62.

Hamilton, Gov. James, 29, 33.

Hamilton, Gov. John, 32, 33, 80.

Hamilton, John L., 93.

Hamilton, Morris, R., 80.

Hanna, Senator Marcus Alonzo, 46.

Harkness, William, 71.

Harper, Gov. Joseph Morrill, 53.

Harper, William, 50.

Harrison, Pres. Benjamin, 40.

Harrison, Caroline Scott, 40.

Hart, James McDougall, 89.

Hart, William, 89.

Harvey, Geo. B. McC., 52.

Harvey, Stuart, 52.

Harvie, Andrew, 78.

Harvie, John, 30.

Hay, Sir Alexander. 13.

Hay, John, 43.

Hayes, George. 40.

Hayes, Pres. Rutherford B., 40.

Henderson, David. 93.

Henderson, David Bremner, 47.

Henderson, J., 93.

Henderson, John, 104.

Henderson, Peter, 71.

Henderson, Thomas, 104.

Hendricks, Gov. Thomas Andrews, 41, 57.

Hendry, James. 22.

Henry, Joseph, 67.

Henry, Patrick, 5, 28, 34, 36.

Henry, Theodore Crosby, 99.

Henry, Gen. Wm. Wirt, 60.

Hepburn, Alonzo Barton, 105.

Hepburn, Dr. Neil Jamieson, 75.

Hepburn, Patrick, 105.

Hewitt, Abram S., 114.

Hinschelwood, Robert, 90.

Hogg, Gov. James Stephen, 58.

Hogg, William James. 103.

Hooper, William (Signer), 30.

Hope, James, 88.

Hosack, Dr. David, 67.

Houston, Gov. George Smith, 56.

Houston, John, 58

Houston, Gov. John, 35.

Houston, John Wallace, 49.

Houston, Sir Patrick, 30, 35, 47.

Houston, Samuel, 19, 56, 58.

Houston. William, 30, 47.

Hume, Robert, 21.

Humphreys, Alex. Crombie, 68.

Hunter, Anne Nancy, 57.

Hunter, Gov. Robert, 32, 33.

Hunter, Whiteside Godfrey, 52.

Hunter, William, 51.

Hutchins, Elizabeth, 40.

Hutchins, Thomas. 99.

Hyslop, George, 80.

Hyslop, James Hervey, 79.

"Ik Marvel," 82.

Imlan, Gilbert, 81.

Inglis, Mungo, 76.

Inglis, William, 17.

Ingraham, Edward D., 87.

Innes, Harry, 50.

Innes. James, 76.

Innes. Col. James, 31.

Inness, George, 89.

Irving, Washington, 81.

Irwin, Theodore, 102.

Ivison, David B., 111.

Ivison, Henry, 111.

Jackson, Pres. Andrew, 40.

Jackson. Gen. Thomas, Jr., 63.

Jaffray, Jean, 67.

Jameson, Dr. David, 74.

Jameson, Dr. Horatio G., 74.

Jamison, David, 113.

Jay Chief Justice John, 4.

Jefferson, Thomas, 30.

John, Sir Augustus, 21.

Johnson, Gov. James, 56.

Johnson, Sir William, 23.

Johnson, Gen. Albert Sydney, 28.

Johnston, Bartlett, 27.

Johnston, Prof. Christopher, 28.

Johnston, Dr. Christopher, 28.

Johnston, Gov. Gabriel, 18, 27, 34, 76.

Johnston, Gilbert, 27.

Johnston, James, 27.

Johnston, Col. James, 27.

Johnston, Capt. James, 27.

Johnston, James, 109.

Johnston, Bishop James S., 86.

Johnston, John, 27.

Johnston, John, 28.

Johnston, John Humphreys, 89.

Johnston, Lt.-Col. Joseph Eccleston, 28.

Johnston, Gov. Joseph Forney, 27, 56.

Johnston, Mary, 83

Johnston, Peter, 28.

Johnston, Peter, 83.

Johnston, Robert, 28.

Johnston, Brig.-Gen. Robert, 27.

Johnston, Gov. Samuel, 27, 34.

Johnston, Col. William, 27.

Johnston, Dr. William, 27.

Johnston, Gov. William Freame, 54.

Johnstone, Gov. George, 35.

Johnstone, John, 16.

Jones, Admiral John. Paul, 65.

Kasson, John Adam, 51.

Kay, William, 83.

Keith, Benjamin Franklin, 94.

Keith, Rev. George, 29.

Keith, William, 89.

Keith, Sir William, 33.

Kell, Capt. John McIntosh, 65.

Kellogg, Edward Henry, 102.

Kemp, Bishop James, 85.

Kemp, John, 77.

Kennedy, Hon. Archibald, 29.

Kennedy, David, 22.

Kennedy, James, 83.

Kennedy, John S., 114.

Kennedy, Robert Lenox, 114.

Ker, Walter, 16.

Kerr, Edward, 102.

Kerr, Senator John Leeds, 45.

Kerr, Washington C., 69.

Killen, William, 48.

Kincannon, Andrew A., 80.

Kincannon, James, 80.

King, James, 22.

King, John Crookshanks, 91.

Kinloch, Hon. James, 20.

Kinloch, Dr. Robert A., 75.

Kinzie, John, 31.

Kirk, James Smith 102.

Kirk, Gov. Richard, 53.

Kirkpatrick, Chief Justice Andrew, 48.

Kirkpatrick, Judge Andrew, 48.

Kirkwood, Daniel, 78.

Kirkwood, James Pugh, 99.

Kirkwood, Mayor Robert, 58, 61.

Kirkwood, Robert, 78.

Kirkwood, Gov. Samuel Jordan, 43, 58.

Knox, Gen. Henry, 15, 60.

Laidlaw, William Grant, 47.

Laird, Samuel, 31.

Lamont, Charles A., 114.

Lamont, Daniel Scott, 42.

Lamont, Neil, 114.

Lamont, Thomas W., 105.

Lauder, George, 102.

Laurie, James, 99.

Lawrie, Gawen (Gavin), 16.

"Lawrie Todd," 71.

Lawson, Alexander, 90.

Lawson, Helen E., 91.

Lawson, James, 82.

Lawson, John, 81.

Lawson, Oscar A., 90.

Lee, Col. Henry, 28.

Lee, James P., 97.

Leiper, Thomas, 28.

Lenox, James, 113.

Leisley, J. Peter, 69.

Lewis, Andrew, 20.

Lewis, Ellis, 48.

Lewis, Gen. Morgan, 25.

Lindsay, Donald, 101.

Lindsay, E.J., 103.

Lindsay, James Edwin, 101.

Lindsay, John, 22.

Lindsay, Gov. Robert Burns, 56.

Linen, James Alex., 106.

Living, Dr. John, 73.

Littlejohn, Bishop Abram N., 85.

Littlejohn, Hugh, 85.

Livingston, Adam, 47.

Livingston, Edward, 25.

Livingston, Col. James, 61.

Livingston, Rev. John, 36.

Livingston, Leonidas Felix, 47.

Livingston, Peter Van Brugh, 25.

Livingston, Philip, 2nd Lord, 25.

Livingston, Philip (The Signer), 25, 39.

Livingston, Robert, 25, 33, 39.

Livingston, Robert R., 25.

Livingston, Dr. Robert R., 75.

Livingston. Gov. William, 25, 33.

Lockhart, Charles, 102.

Logan, David, 19.

Logan, Senator George, 45.

Logan, Judge James, 33.

Logan, Gov. James, 45.

Logan, Gen. John A., 63.

Logan, Patrick, 33.

Logan, Thomas, 87.

Logan, William, 21.

Longstreet, Augustus B., 81.

Longstreet, Augustus B., 95.

Longstreet, William, 95.

Lorimer, George Horace, 111.

London, John Earl of, 34.

Lovejoy, Francis T.F., 103.

Lowrie, Senator Walter, 45.

Lyall, James, 97.

Macalister, Charles, 78.

Macalister, James, 79.

McAllister, Addams S., 98.

McAllister, Archibald, 63.

McAllister, Hugh (of 1732), 98.

McAllister, Major Hugh, 31.

McAllister, James Gray, 80.

McAllister, Matthew Hall, 49.

McAllister, Maj.-Gen. Robert, 63.

McAllisters of Philadelphia, 68.

McAlpin, David Hunter, 103.

McArthur, John Arthur, 63.

McArthur, Lt.-Gen. Arthur, 63.

McArthur, Lt.-Gov. Arthur, 82.

McArthur, Chas. Lafayette, 63.

McArthur, Douglas, 63.

McArthur, Gov. Duncan, 57.

McArthur, John, 92.

McArthur, Maj.-Gen. John, 63.

McArthur, Rev. Robert S., 85.

MacBean, Thomas, 92.

MacBean, William, 22.

McBride, John McLaren, 79.

Macbride, Thos. Huston, 70.

McBurney, Dr. Charles, 75.

McCall, Gen. Geo. Archibald, 63.

McCall, Hugh, 81.

McCall, John Augustine, 106.

McCallum, Maj.-Gen. Daniel C., 63.

McCann, William Penn, 65.

McCauley, Alexander, 21.

McCaw, Dr. James, 74.

McCaw, Dr. James Brown, 74.

McClanahan, Alexander, 20.

McClellan, Dr. George, 74.

McClellan, George (the anatomist), 74.

McClellan, Gen. George B., 15, 26.

McClellan, Geo. B., 27.

McClellan, James, 26.

McClellan, Prof. John Hill B., 74.

McClelland, Gov. Robert, 57.

McClement, John Hall, 106.

McClintock, James, 17.

McClintock, Rev. John, 85.

McClintock, Rev. Samuel, 85.

McCook, Major Daniel, 63.

McCook, Gov. Edward Moody, 58.

McCook, Dr. John, 63.

MacCorkle, Capt. John, 55.

MacCorkle, Gov. Wm. Alexander, 55.

McCormack, Cyrus Hall, 95.

McCormack, James, 95.

McCosh, Rev. James, 78.

McCrea, James, 106.

McCue, John, 19.

McCulloch, Hugh, 15.

McCulloch, Hugh, 42.

McCurdy, Charles, Johnston, 51.

McCutcheon, George Barr, 83.

McCutcheon, John, 83.

Macdonald, Adam, 21.

Macdonald, Alexander, 91.

Macdonald, Alexander, 103.

McDonald, Senator Alexander, 46.

McDonald, Angus, 99.

McDonald, Gov. Chas. James, 55.

Macdonald, Duncan Black, 80.

McDonald, Flora, 17.

McDonald, Hunter, 99.

McDonald, James, 59.

Macdonald, Dr. James, 75.

McDonald, Gov. Jesse Fuller, 59.

McDonald, John, 46.

Macdonald, John Louis, 47.

Macdonald, Senator Joseph Ewing, 45.

McDonald, Marshall, 68.

McDonnell, John, 30.

Macdonough, Thomas, 26.

McDougal, Maj.-Gen. Clinton D., 63.

Macdougal, David Trembly, 70.

McDougall, Maj.-Gen. Alex, 60.

McDougall, Gov. John, 59.

MacDowell, Edward Alex., 93.

McDowell, Ephraim, 19.

McDowell, Dr. Ephraim, 73.

McDowell, Maj.-Gen. Irvin, 63.

McDowell, John, 19.

McDowell, Col. Samuel, 20, 31.

McDuffie, Gov. George, 55.

McElhone, John J., 111.

McElwain, William Howe, 103.

McEnery, Gov. John, 57.

McEnery, Gov. Samuel Douglas, 57.

MacEwen, Walter, 89.

Macfarlane, Robert. 82.

Macfarlane, Will. C., 93.

McGaw, Alexander, 92.

McGee, William John 69.

McGilvary, William, 42.

McGilvra, John Jay, 87.

MacGregor, Rev. James, 12, 14.

McIlvaine, Bishop Chas. P., 85.

McIlvaine, Senator Joseph, 46.

McIlvaine, Joshua Hall, 79.

Maclnnes, Duncan, 106.

McIntosh, Alexander, 21.

McIntosh, Col. John, 19.

McIntosh, John "Mor," 109.

McIntosh, Gen. Lachlan, 19, 61.

McIntosh, Maria J., 82.

McIntire, Samuel, 93.

MacIntyre, Finloe (Finlay), 22.

MacIntyre, John. 22.

McIntyre, Rev. Robert, 85.

Mackay, Ensign Charles, 19.

Mackay, Donald, 101.

Mackay, Geo. Devereux, 107.

McKay, Gordon, 96.

Mackay, Capt. Hugh, 18, 19.

Mackay, John (of 1760), 107.

Mackaye, James M. Steele, 83.

Mackaye, Percy Wallace, 83.

McKean, Joseph, 78.

McKean, Thomas (Signer), 38, 54.

McKean, Rev. Thomas, 36.

McKean, William, 38.

McKean, William Vincent, 112.

McKeand, John, 65.

McKeen, Joseph, 77.

McKeever, Commodore Isaac, 65.

MacKellar, Thomas, 112.

McKelway, St. Clair, 110.

Mackenzie, Alexander, 63.

Mackenzie, Donald. 104.

Mackenzie, James Cameron, 79.

McKenzie, John, 31.

Mackenzie, John, 80.

Mackenzie, Rev. Robert. 85.

Mackenzie, Robert Shelton. 82.

Mackenzie, Robert Tait, 91.

Mackenzie, William, 102.

Mackenzie, Rev. Wm. 91.

Mackenzie, Wm. Douglas, 80.

McKesson, John, 101.

Mackie, John Milton, 82.

McKie, Patrick, 21.

McKim, James Miller, 86.

McKinley, David, 40.

McKinley, Pres. William, 40.

McKinley, Gov. John, 33.

McLane, Col. Allan, 60.

McLane, Allen, 42, 51.

McLane, Gov. John, 53.

McLane, Louis. 42.

McLane, Gov. Robert Milligan, 42, 51, 54.

McLaren, Bishop Wm. Edward, 85.

McLaughlin, Andrew C., 80.

McLaurin, Gov. Anselm Joseph, 57.

Maclaurin, Richard C., 80.

Maclay, Robert, 114.

McLean, Andrew, 110.

Maclean, George Edwin, 79.

McLean, Gov. George Payne. 54.

McLean, Dr. James Henry, 75.

McLean, Dr. John, Sr., 67.

McLean, Dr. John, Jr., 67.

McLean, John, 43, 49.

McLean, John 79.

McLean, John, 86.

McLean, John, 109.

McLean, John R., 110.

McLean, Major Nathaniel, 109.

McLean, Washington, 110.

McLean, William, 100.

McLeod, Rev. Alexander, 82, 85.

McLeod, Angus A., 107.

Macleod, Donald, 82.

Macleod, Xavier Donald, 82.

Maclien (McLean), Allen, 22.

Maclure, William, 68.

McMillan, Alexander, 109.

McMillan, Senator Samuel Hugh, 46.

McMillan, John ("The Upright"), 46.

Macmillan, Sen. Sam. Jas. Renwick, 46.

Macmillan, William, 71.

McMillin, Gov. Benton, 56.

McMinn, Gov. Joseph. 56.

MacMonnies, Fred William, 91.

McMurtry. George Gibson, 101.

McNair, Gov. Alexander, 58.

McNair, Fred. V., 66.

McNair, Samuel, 66.

McNaught, William, 25.

McNaughton, Dr. James, 74.

MacNeil, Herman Atkins, 91.

McNeil, Brig.-Gen. John, 63.

McNeill, Neill, 17.

McNeill, Wm. Gibbs, 99.

McNess, John, 21.

MacNutt, Capt. John, 55.

McPheeters, William, 19.

Macpherson, Angus Neilson, 101.

Macpherson, Isaac, 21.

Macpherson, Gen. James B., 63.

Macpherson, Major John, 60.

Macpherson, Capt. John, 108.

McPherson, John H.T., 83.

McPherson, Robert, 83.

Macpherson, Gen. William, 61.

Macqueen, Dougall, 22.

McRae, Gov. John J., 57.

Macrae, Brig.-Gen. William, 64.

McRuer, Dr. Daniel, 74.

McVeagh, Franklin, 43.

McVeagh, Wayne, 51.

MacVicar, John, 86.

McVicar, Malcolm, 79.

McWhorter, Rev. Alex., 84.

McWillie, Gov. William, 57.

Machen, Matthew, 17.

Macomb, Alexander, 109.

Macomb, William, 109.

Magill Families, 103.

Magonigle, Harold Van B., 92.

Magonigle, John, 92.

Magoon, Isaac, 31.

Magruder, Commander George, 63.

Magruder, Gen. John B., 63.

Makemie, Rev. Frances, 22, 84. 113.

Malcolm, William, 97.

Mantell, Robert Bruce, 93.

Marble, Dr. Albert P., 114.

Marion, Gen., 27.

Marshall, John, 17.

Marshall, Chief Justice John, 48.

Marshall, Thomas, 17.

Marshall, William, 103.

Martin, Alexander, 79.

Martin, Gov. Alexander, 34.

Martin, Gov. John Alexander, 58.

Martin, Gov. Noah, 53.

Mason, Rev. John, 77, 84.

Mason, Rev. John Mitchell, 77.

Mather, Rev. Cotton, 15.

Mathews, Col. Samson, 20.

Maxwell, Dr. Geo. Troup, 75.

Maxwell, Hugh, 87, 113.

Maxwell, Hugh, 95.

Maxwell, Lawrence, 87.

Maywood, Robert C., 93.

Medill, Joseph, 110.

Mein, John, 108.

Melish or Mellish, John, 81.

Melvil, William, 22.

Melville, Rear Admiral George W., 66.

Mercer, Gen. Hugh, 54, 60, 74.

Mercer, Jesse, 77.

Mercer, John, 87.

Mercer, Gov. John Francis, 54.

Michie, Hon. James, 20.

Michie, Peter Smith, 68.

Middleton, Dr. Peter, 74.

Millar, Addison Thomas, 89.

Miller, Gov. Stephen Decatur, 55.

Milligan, John J., 48.

Mitchel, Gen. Ormsby McKnight, 70.