The land on the north and east of North Bay is called Queennah, which means "all right," and was given to it in view of the fact that in winter it is filled with reindeer, who can go no farther south in their migration, and spend the winter on the Meta Incognita of Queen Elizabeth, or the Queennah of the Esquimaux. Akkolear means a narrow passage or channel, where the land is visible on both sides as you pass through. The natives we met here are more cleanly in their persons and dress than any others we saw on the Arctic, but there their superiority ends. They are most persistent beggars, and indeed require watching, or they will sometimes steal, a vice to which the Esquimaux as a nation are little given. I saw two of their women, while sitting in our cabin, comb their hair without discovering a single specimen of the genus pediculosum; while, should any one of the other tribes we met have done the same thing, the result would have been most overwhelmingly satisfactory. But though they are dirty they will neither lie nor steal, except in rare instances. The natives of the north shore of Hudson's Strait were spoken of by the early explorers of the present century—Parry, Back, and Lyon—as rude, dirty, and unreliable, and they have not improved much since that day, except in regard to dirt. They are certainly more cleanly—one good trait they have learned from association with white people, to counterbalance many vices thus acquired. But never was I more confounded than when an old woman, who brought a pair of fine fur stockings to Captain Baker, asked for a pack of cards in exchange. The captain had brought her to me to act as interpreter for him, but though the word she used sounded familiar to me I could not for the life of me remember what it meant in English until she made motions of dealing cards and said, "Keeng, kevven, zhak." Then the light burst upon me, but nothing had been further from my mind than playing-cards as an article of trade.

Three of these women wore calico skirts, but they looked as much out of place on them as they would on the men, and I came to the conclusion that it does indeed require some art to look well in a "pinned back." These women, when their skirts were in the way of climbing up the side of the vessel, either gathered them up out of the way or took them off and passed them up separately. Their clothing was complete without this civilized inconvenience, which had no more to do with their costume than the buttons on the back of a man's coat.

The temperature in Hudson's Strait was much lower than in the bay, and we felt the cold intensely. I began to imagine that my acclimatization had not been complete, until I noticed that the Inuits who came on board complained of the cold as much as we did. Indeed, I believe that one feels the cold in an Arctic summer much more disagreeably than in the winter. The low temperature in the strait is in all probability attributable to the ice that is constantly there, either local ice or the pack brought down from Fox Channel by the wind and current. The great Grinnell Glacier, on Meta Incognita, which Captain Hall estimated to be one hundred miles in extent, must also have considerable effect upon the climate. As we passed down toward Resolution Island we could see this great sea of ice from the deck of the vessel in all its solemn grandeur, surrounded by lofty peaks clad in their ever-enduring mantles of snow.

I did not go on shore while our vessel lay at anchor in North Bay, for I had no anxiety to encounter the mosquitoes which abound there, though not to the extent that makes life such a burden as upon the eastern shores of Hudson's Bay. While our water-casks were being filled at Marble Island in the early part of August, Captain Baker and I went in one of the ship's boats to the main-land, about fifteen miles to the south-west, to secure a lot of musk-ox skins and other articles of trade at a Kinnepatooan encampment there, and though we spent but one night on shore, I never before endured such torture from so small a cause as the mosquitoes occasioned us. Indeed, my hands and his for a month afterward, were swollen and sore from the venom of these abominable little pests. They are not like civilized mosquitoes, for no amount of brushing or fanning will keep them away. Their sociability is unbounded, and you have absolutely to push them off, a handful at a time, while their places are at once filled by others, the air teeming with them all the time. The natives keep their tents filled with smoke from a slow, smouldering fire in the doorway, which is the only plan to render them habitable at all; but the remedy is only one degree better than the disease, as Captain Baker remarked to me, with his eyes filled with tears. The only relief from these torments is a strong breeze from the water, which carries them away; but even then it is not safe to seek shelter in the lee of a tent, for there they swarm and are as vigorous in their attacks as during a calm. The men wear mosquito-net hoods over their heads and shoulders while in camp or hunting, and women and children live in the smoke of their smouldering peat fires.

The shores of Hudson's Bay are low and barren, and abound in lakes of every size and shape. They are too low to produce glaciers, but are just right for the production of the finest crop of mosquitoes to be found in the world, as has previously been remarked by Franklin, Richardson, Back, and, indeed, all the explorers of this territory. After leaving Marble Island we sailed toward Depot Island, Cape Fullerton, and Whale Point, so that we might see any other ships that had come in this season and get some news from them. We found plenty of ice in Daly Bay and the entrance to Rowe's Welcome, the ice bridge still extending from near Whale Point to Southampton Island.

On Sunday the 8th of August, while moving slowly through the ice-pack off Cape Fullerton, we saw a she-bear and cub asleep on a large cake of ice about a quarter of a mile from the ship, and one of the boats was lowered to go in pursuit. Lieutenant Schwatka, Mr. Williams, and I went in the boat, and quite enjoyed the exciting chase. Before the boat was lowered the bears seemed aware of the presence of danger, and took to the water, the old one in her motherly anxiety for the safety of her cub carrying it on her back most of the time. When they found the boat gaining upon them, and close at hand, they left the water and stood at bay on a cake of ice. A bullet from Lieutenant Schwatka's rifle broke the mother's backbone and she dropped, when Mr. Williams gave her the "coup de grace" with a bullet through her head at close range. We were quite anxious to capture the little fellow alive, but found it difficult to kill the mother without wounding him, as he clung to her poor wounded body with the most touching tenacity. It was heartrending to see him try to cover her body with his own little form, and lick her face and wounds, occasionally rising upon his hind legs and growling a fierce warning to his enemies. At this juncture Lieutenant Schwatka got out upon the ice, and, after several ineffectual attempts, at last succeeded in throwing a rope over the head of the cub, which put him in a towering passion. Nevertheless he was towed alongside the ship and hoisted on deck, together with the carcass of his mother, but he never ceased to growl and rush at every one who approached him. We would gladly have brought him alive to the United States, for he was a handsome little rascal, but the vessel was small and devoid of conveniences for that purpose; so the captain ordered him killed, and his fate was, consequently, sealed with a bullet from Mr. Williams's pistol.

We met the whaler 'Isabella' in Fisher's Strait, and the 'Abbott Lawrence' near Charles Island, and from both got some later news, but no letters from either. We learned from them that the 'Abby Bradford' had gone in already, and must have passed us in Fisher's Strait the day before we met the 'Isabella', in a thick fog that prevailed. We were sorry not to have met the 'Abby Bradford' also, for we felt pretty certain that she must have letters for us; but it seemed scarcely worth while to go back in search of her. The 'Isabella' and 'Abby Bradford' had been in company for twenty-seven days from Resolution Island to Nottingham Island, surrounded by ice all the time and narrowly escaping destruction. The 'Isabella' was carried by the current right upon a large iceberg, which would most certainly have wrecked the vessel; but, when just about to strike, the eddy swept them around and past the berg, though they had entirely lost control of the ship. They were both "nipped" by the ice several times, and on one of these occasions the 'Abby Bradford' suffered such a severe strain that her timbers creaked and groaned terribly, and her deck planks were bowed up. So imminent did their peril appear that the boats and provisions were got out upon the ice preparatory to abandoning the vessel, when, just as it seemed as if she must succumb, the pressure was relaxed and the crew returned to their ship. We had head winds before reaching Resolution Island, but after passing Cape Best the winds were fair, and we made a fine run of six days to the latitude of St. John, N. F. We saw a brig off Hamilton Inlet, evidently trying to beat into that harbor; but saw no more vessels until the 2d of September, when we saw a heavily laden bark some distance ahead of us making toward the west. We changed our course so as to endeavor to head her off, but though we gained upon her considerably, could not overtake her before dark. On the 3d we saw a number of vessels, including one steamer, all, except one large merchantman, bound eastward.

A little humpback whale that came playing around our ship, as if trying to get a harpoon in him, prevented our heading off the steamer and getting some late papers. But as soon as a boat was lowered into the water the fishy representative of King Richard thought it began to look too much like business at this time, and hastened off to look for his mother. We saw quite a large school of humpbacks during the same afternoon, but there was too much wind, with the near prospect of a gale, to render it worth while to hunt them. We had some pretty heavy blows on our way home, and on the last day of August we were struck by a squall that gave us a very good idea of what a gale would be like should it have continued for a day or two; but within twenty minutes of the time it struck us it had passed off, the sun was shining brightly, and we were making sail again, with nothing to indicate what had just taken place save a few barrels of immense hailstones that still covered the deck like so much coarse salt and a chilliness in the atmosphere that made you shiver in spite of yourself. It was fearful, though, while it lasted; the lightning and thunder crashes were almost synchronous, indicating a most unpleasant proximity. Since the night of the 2d of September we had been cut off by southwest winds and enveloped with fogs of varying density. Everything on deck was as wet as if a heavy rain-storm had just passed over, and great drops of water kept dropping from the sails and rigging, making it very unpleasant to venture beyond the cabin.

During the morning of the 7th the fog lifted a little and showed us three fishing-smacks anchored about a mile away, and we directed our course toward them, with the hope of getting some fresh fish as well as some fresh news. Mr. Gilbert, second officer of the 'George and Mary', took me in his boat on board the schooner 'Gertrude', of Provincetown, Mass., whose master, Captain John Dillon, extended a hearty welcome. In answer to our first question he told us who were the Presidential candidates. Captain Dillon prevailed upon me to recount some of the incidents of our sledge journey. He seemed very much interested in the recital, brief as it necessarily was, and hospitably pressed us to dine with him, as it was just about his dinner hour. Desiring to impress upon his steward the importance of his guests he said:—"Steward, it is a great treat to see these gentlemen. You ought to take a good look at them. They have had one of the toughest times you ever heard of. They have just come down from—where?" (aside to me). "King William's Land," said I, scarcely able to retain my composure. "King William's Land," he repeated, "and were looking for Franklin." The doubt in his mind as to who this mythical "Franklin" was seeming to add much to the interest that invested us.

We had a substantial meal of fried haddock, which was particularly enjoyable, in the absence of fresh meat on board our ship since the reindeer meat was exhausted. In the laudable pursuit of information I felt interested in seeing how they lived on board these fishing schooners, and had accepted the kind invitation to dinner as much on that account as for the sake of the fresh fish I anticipated. I saw that the cabin was too small to accommodate a dining-table, but had four very wide bunks in it, one of which was the captain's, and the others occupied by two men each. There is not the same amount of discipline on board these vessels, which are out for so short a time, as upon merchantmen or whalers, and all hands eat at the same table. We found the feast spread in the forecastle, which was also used as the galley, and was consequently oppressively warm to us from the north, in this thick, sultry weather. On each side of the forecastle I observed three large bunks, each of which accommodated at least two men. This was their second voyage this summer, they having been fortunate enough to fill up before their first three months had expired. The crews are usually shipped for three months, and receive about $50 compensation for the voyage. If they get full before the time is up, that is their gain. Sometimes, however, they have an interest in the voyage the same as whalers, but usually, I understand, are paid from $40 to $75 for a season, which means three months unless sooner filled. The men do not fish from the deck of the vessel, but from little flat-bottomed dories, each man paddling his own boat and changing its location to suit his whim. When brought on board the vessel the fish are immediately cleaned, split open and salted right down in the hold, without the formality of putting them in barrels or casks. After they are landed on shore they are dried and assorted according to size and sold by the quintal of 112 pounds, though 100 pounds is estimated as a quintal from the hold of the smack. The 'Gertrude' had already 175 quintals on her second cargo the day we were on board, but the captain seemed much more desirous of hearing of our strange adventures than of imparting the information that I sought. He appeared much impressed with the circumstance that we were "worth looking at," as he said, and dwelt much upon the fact that this summer was a good season for him to see strange things.

"On my first voyage this summer," said he, "that little dory, thirteen and a half feet long, in which two young men are going around the world, came alongside my vessel, and I gave them some water and lucky cake, and now I meet you gentlemen from—where?" (addressing me). "King William's Land," said I. "Oh, yes, King William's Land. Let me have some fish put into your boat before you go." And the kind-hearted fisherman gave us about a barrel of fine fresh cod and haddock, besides a fifty-fathom line and some hooks. He also gave us three late newspapers; and we sent him in return a copy of Hall's "Life Among the Esquimaux," and some other reading matter, besides a pair of sealskin slippers, and a fine walrus skull with the ivory tusks in it. This was a present from Mr. Gilbert. Just as we were about leaving I turned to Mr. Gilbert and said, "The Governor will be glad to hear the news."

"What!" said the surprised skipper, "have you got a real Governor on board?" And then I had to explain that it was merely a title we had bestowed upon Lieutenant Schwatka in view of the faithful care he took of his people, though, I believe, the youngest in the party. The incident was only amusing as showing that the captain had heard so many strange things this morning that he was prepared to believe anything, no matter how absurd it might appear.

The day following our visit to the fishing schooner was still foggy and without a breath of wind stirring. We therefore availed ourselves of the opportunity to use our fish-lines, and succeeded in securing about fifty fine cod and haddock, besides one huge dogfish, which snapped ferociously when hauled into the boat, and had to be despatched with a boat-hook. We experienced considerable squally weather about the middle of September, interspersed with head winds and calms. On the 15th there were several vessels in sight, and a large iron bark came so near that we concluded to send aboard for newspapers. The waist boat was cleared away and the second mate started to intercept the stranger, but scarcely had the boat been lowered into the water when a squall came up and the sea became very rugged, so that in passing to the leeward of the bark, though he shouted out that it was only papers that he wanted, the captain did not hear him, and luffed up into the wind to deaden his headway. But even then the bark drifted ahead so rapidly that it was hard work for our boat to catch it by rowing in such a heavy sea. The stranger then lowered his top-gallant sails and hauled his foreyards aback, and in about twenty-five minutes Mr. Gilbert was alongside. He sprang lightly up the side of the big vessel, and, standing before the captain, with all the characteristic politeness of the French people, presented Captain Baker's compliments and asked for some late papers. The captain of the bark was a splendid old Scotchman who had grown gray battling with stormy seas for many years. But when he found out that all we wanted was newspapers, he was so completely overpowered with surprise that all he could say was, "Well—I'll—be—blanked." This he kept repeating all the way to his cabin as he went to gather some late copies of the 'New York Herald'. When he again came upon deck he had recovered his accustomed composure, and asked where we were from and where bound. He said his vessel was the bark 'Selkirkshire', of Glasgow, from New York the night of the 12th inst., and then turning again to Mr. Gilbert said, "And is that all you wanted? And a fair wind? Why, man, you'll be home to-night. Well—I'll—be—blanked." Never before in all his experience had he known a vessel within two or three days' sail of home, with a fair wind, take so much trouble to stop another merely for the purpose of getting some newspapers. It was rather "a stunner," that is a fact, but at the same time was unintentional. The squall came up after our boat was lowered and prevented Mr. Gilbert doing what he had intended, which was merely to go alongside, get a few papers thrown overboard and drop back, without causing more than five minutes' detention, if any. But the wind prevented their hearing him, when he shouted to them that he only wanted papers, and for them to go ahead, as they missed getting close enough when they passed; so when he saw them taking so much trouble to stop he felt it his duty to pull up and explain on board. Captain Anderson, of the 'Selkirkshire', recovered his equanimity sufficiently to send his best respects to Captain Baker, with the very welcome papers—fresh for us, as there were some as late as the 'Herald' of the Saturday previous. I have no doubt, though, that every time he recalls the episode on his voyage to England he will say to himself, "Well, I'll be——"

Saturday, the 18th, we were becalmed on the George's Bank, about a quarter of a mile from another large bark, bound the same way as we were; and as it is so excessively monotonous at sea, especially in a calm, and knowing that we could not be causing any delay this time, we lowered a boat, and Captain Baker, Lieutenant Schwatka and I paid a visit to Captain Kelly, of the bark 'Thomas Cochrane', of St. John, N. B., fifty-seven days from Gloucester, England, bound for New York. We found Captain Kelly a genial, whole-souled sailor, who received us very cordially, and three hours slipped away most pleasantly in his society. He had his family on board, and said he would have been exceedingly comfortable had he not run short of provisions in such an exceptionally long voyage between the two ports. On the Banks of Newfoundland he had encountered a Norwegian bark loaded with grain, to which he sent a boat with an explanation of his necessities. The captain returned word that he was short himself, but sent a bag of wheat, which he remarked would sustain their lives for some time. Captain Kelly received the wheat graciously, and the next day met an old friend, who sent him stores sufficient to carry him home. Captain Baker told him he could supply him with ship's stores if he desired it, but he said he was all right now and did not require further assistance.

Tuesday noon, "Land, ho!" was shouted from the masthead, and soon the low, white shore of Nantucket was plainly visible. A strong head wind kept us out until Wednesday morning, when we took on board a pilot, and before night were ashore in New Bedford. During the entire trip Captain Baker had done everything in his power to promote the comfort of his passengers, and earned for himself their lasting gratitude.



CHAPTER XVII.

THE GRAVES OF THE EXPLORERS.

I will briefly bring this record to a conclusion. The map that accompanies it will give the reader an opportunity to more clearly understand the nature of the search conducted by Lieutenant Schwatka over the route of the retreating crews of the 'Erebus' and 'Terror', and by it he can also trace the sledge journey to and from King William Land as well as the preliminary sledge journeys in the winter of 1878 and 1879. The location of each spot where skeletons of the brave fellows were found is marked, and everywhere cenotaphs were erected to their memory. Owing to the length of time that has elapsed since this sad event, it was not always possible to tell the exact number of individuals represented in a pile of bones that we would gather sometimes from an area of nearly a half mile. The skeletons were always incomplete. Sometimes nothing but a skull could be found in the vicinity of a grave, and, again, often the skull would be missing. At one place we could distinguish four right femurs, and could therefore be positive that at least four perished here. This was at the boat place marked on Erebus Bay.

A number of natives whom we interviewed in the Netchillik country asserted most positively that there were two boat places in Erebus Bay, about a quarter of a mile apart; and Captain C. F. Hall obtained the same information while at Shepherd's Bay, in 1869. We therefore made a most careful search for another, after finding the first wreck of a boat at that portion of the coast, but without success. It seemed to us quite important to establish so interesting a fact, but nevertheless the effort was fruitless. We obtained from the natives wooden implements which were made from fragments of each boat, but the wood from one must have been entirely removed previous to our visit. Whether or not this is the same boat seen by McClintock is a matter that can be ascertained, for we have brought home the prow containing the inscription spoken of by him. He, however, saw portions of but two skeletons, while the collection of bones buried by us here were distinctly of four persons.

North of Collinsen Inlet we found but one grave—that of Lieutenant Irving. We, however visited the sites of several cairns, whose positions are marked upon the map. Although the route to and from Cape Felix is marked by a single line only, it should be remembered that our search extended inland so as to make a broad sweep about five miles from the coast. The point marked as the grave of an officer, between Franklin Point and Erebus Bay, is one of especial interest. The care with which the grave had originally been made seems to indicate the popularity of the individual and that the survivors had not yet exhausted their strength to such a degree as to be the cause of neglect. In fact, there were no evidences anywhere that they had ever neglected showing marked respect to the remains of those of their comrades who perished by their side; but, on the contrary, it is probable that all who died on the march were decently interred. A very significant fact in this connection is recognizable in the appearance of a grave which had been opened by the Esquimaux near Tallock Point. It was made of small stones, while larger and more appropriate abounded in the vicinity, showing the reduced physical condition of the party at the time. It was, indeed, a most touching indication of their devotion to each other under these most adverse circumstances that the grave had been made at all. The graves east of this point presented the same general appearance. This might be considered as an evidence that the boat in Erebus Bay had drifted in after the breaking up of the ice there, while these poor fellows were on their way back to the ships in search of food now known to have been there. It is not likely that the sick or dead would have been deserted by their comrades unless in the direst extremity.

The point marked as the location of the hospital tent is the place spoken of by Ahlangyah, where so many dead bodies were seen by her party after they had spent the summer on King William's Land in consequence of failing to get across Simpson Strait before the ice broke up. Where she met the starving explorers is also indicated. On the mainland the place is marked where the old Ookjoolik Esquimau saw the footprints of the last survivors of the 'Erebus' and 'Terror' in the spring snows of the year 1849. Also, near by is where he and his friends unwittingly scuttled the Northwest Passage ship—the Dangerous Rapids near the mouth of Back's River, the home of the Ooqueesiksillik Esquimaux, and the spot where we loaded our sleds with provisions on our way home. The route down Back's River, as we found its course, is put down, while dotted lines show how it is mapped on the Admiralty charts. It is not discreditable to Back's survey that an error should be made in tracing the course of the river, for it is probable that bad weather hid the sun from his observation at that portion of the river where he could travel very swiftly; while upon our return trip we were moving along this river by stages of not more than from five to nine miles a day. Our course up the river could not have been toward the southwest when we saw the sun rise to the right of our line of march almost daily. The place where the records were destroyed may be seen to the west of Point Richardson.

Among the most important relics of the expedition are two medals. The larger one, found at Lieutenant Irving's grave, is of solid silver; and the neat, cleanly cut edges which are as sharp to-day as if just from the die, indicate the value placed upon it and the care taken of it by its owner. It was buried with his remains at a spot about four miles below Victory Point, on King William's Land, and evidently remained undisturbed until the grave was found by Esquimaux who visited the vicinity some time after McClintock's search, more than twenty years ago. From its position when found by Lieutenant Schwatka it would appear that it had been taken out of the grave by the natives and laid upon one of the stones forming the wall of the tomb while they were seeking for further plunder, and was subsequently overlooked by them. The remains which were thus identified were sent to grateful relations in Scotland, and buried with due honor in a graveyard of Lieutenant Irving's native town.

The other medal, which was found at Starvation Cove, is of pewter, and may be described as a token commemorative of the launch of the steamship 'Great Britain', by Prince Albert, in July, 1843. The obverse bears a portrait of His Royal Highness, around it inscribed the words:—

PRINCE ALBERT, BORN AUGUST 26, 1819.

The inscription on the reverse reads as follows:—

THE GREAT BRITAIN. LENGTH 322 ft; BREADTH 50 ft. 6 in. DEPTH, 32 ft. 6 in. WEIGHT OF IRON, 1,500 TONS. 1,000 HORSE POWER. LAUNCHED, JULY 19, 1843, by H. R. H. PRINCE ALBERT.

The vessel was built entirely of iron, and was the largest ever constructed at the time of the launch. On that occasion a great banquet was given, and one of the guests carried away the medal, which was destined to be found so many thousand miles away.

Lieutenant Irving's remains were the only ones that could be sufficiently identified to warrant their removal. Had there been others we would have brought them away.

It was a beautiful though saddening spectacle that met our eyes at the only grave upon King William's Land, where the dead had been buried beneath the surface of the ground. Near Point le Vesconte some scattered human bones led to the discovery of the tomb of an officer who had received most careful sepulture at the hands of his surviving friends. A little hillock of sand and gravel—a most rare occurrence upon that forbidding island of clay-stones—afforded an opportunity for Christian-like interment. The dirt had been neatly rounded up, as could be plainly seen, though it had been torn open and robbed by the sacrilegious hands of the savages; and everywhere, amid the debris and mould of the grave, the little wild flowers were thickly spread as if to hide the desecration of unfriendly hands. The fine texture of the cloth and linen and several gilt buttons showed the deceased to have been an officer, but there was nothing to be seen anywhere that would identify the remains to a stranger. Every stone that marked the outline of the tomb was closely scrutinized for a name or initials, but nothing was found. After reinterring the remains, which were gathered together from an area of a quarter of a mile, and erecting a monument, Lieutenant Schwatka plucked a handful of flowers, which he made into a little bouquet, and brought home with him as a memento.



INDEX.

A.

Abbott Lawrence, The Adelaide, Peninsula Adlekok Admiralty, British Agloocar Ahlangyah Akkolear "Albert, Prince" Albert H. R. H. Prince America, United States of American Geographical Society Amitigoke Anderson, Captain Anookjook "Ansel Gibbs, The" Armow Arctic Asia, Northern-Eastern

B.

Back's River Back's Great Fish RiverBack, Lieut. Baker, Captain Banks of Newfoundland Barry, Capt. Thos. F. Barry's Rock Bay, Baffin's Bay, Cockburn Baffin's Bay Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Daly Bay, Erebus Bay, Hudson Bay, Irving Bay, North Bay, Pelly Bay, Repulse Bay, Shepherds Bay, Terror Bay, Wall Bay, Washington Bay, Wilmot Beechy Island Bellot Strait Best, Cape Big Lake, The Blucher Boothia, Gulf of Boothia, Isthmus "Bradford, The Abbie" Bristol Brevoort, Lake Brevoort, Jas. Carson British Admiralty Brooklyn Brown, Morrison & Button Island

C.

Camp Daly Camp, Kinnepatoo, The Cape Best Cape Crozier Cape Felix Cape Fullerton Cape Herschel Cape Jane Franklin Cape Maria Louisa Cape Sidney Channel, Fox Channel, Wellington Charles Island Chesapeake Bay Castor & Pollux, river Chesterfield Inlet "Cockeye" Cockburn Bay Collinson Inlet Connery River Connery, Thomas B. Constantinus, Captain Conwe-churgk Conweehungh Cornwallis Island Coston Cove, Starvation Cove, Thunder "Cow-e-sil-lik, Fish" Craycroft, Miss Crozier, Capt. F. M. Crozier McClintock "Crozier Record," The Crozier, Cape Cumberland Cumberland Sound

D.

Daly Bay Daly, Camp Daly, Judge, C. P. Daly, Mrs. Maria Dangerous Rapids, The Deadmen's Island Dease and Simpson Depot Island Des V——, Chas. F. Diggers, The Dillon, John, Captain "Doctor, The" Doktook (Doctor) "Domino" Duryea, Gen'l Hiram

E.

Ebierbing, Joseph (See "Esquimau Joe") Eclipse Sound Eeglee-leock Ekeeseek England Ephemeris Equeesik Eothen, The Erebus, The Erebus Bay Eve-too Eyertoo Esquimau Joe Esquimau Sampson Expedition, Franklin

F.

Felix, Cape Fisher, Captain Fisher's Straits Fitz-James, James, Captain Fletcher, The Fox Channel "Fox," The (see Melms) Frank Franklin, Jane, Cape Franklin, Lady Franklin Franklin Expedition Franklin, Sir John Franklin Point "Franklin Records," The Franklin Relics Franklin Spoon Franklin Arctic Search Party Franklin Stoves Fullerton, Cape

G.

Garvin, Capt. Geographical Society "George and Mary," The George's Bank "Gertrude," The Gilbert, Mr. Gilder, W. H. "Gibbs, The Ansel," "Glacier," The Glacier, Grinnell Glasgow Gloucester Gladman Point Glen Cove Goldner's Patent Gore, Graham, Gore, Commander Grant Point Great Fish River "Great Britain," The Great Britain Greenhithe, Kent Greenland, Dogs Greenwich Grinnell Glacier

H.

Hall, Captain C. F. Hamilton Inlet Harris's River Hayes, R. B. Hayes River Hayes, Dr. I. I. Hayes, Captain Hazard Hills Henry (see Klutschak) "Herald, The New York" Herschel, Cape Hills, Hazard Hobson, William R., Lieut. "Houghton, The A." Hudson's Bay Hudson Bay, North Hudson Bay Company Hudson Strait

I.

Igloolik Ikianelikpatolok Ik-omer "Independence Day" Inlet, Chesterfield Inlet, Collinson Inlet, Hamilton Inlet, Sherman Innokpizookzook Institute, Smithsonian Inuit Inuits Inuit Camp, The Invich River Irving, Lieutenant John Irving Bay "Isabella," The Ishnark Ishnach "Ish-n-mat-tah," The Island, Beechy Island, Charles Island, Cornwallis Island, Depot Island, Marble Island, Matty Island, Montreal Island, Nottingham Island, Resolution Island, Southampton Islands, Todd Issebluet Isthmus, Boothia Iteguark Iwillie Iwillik, Esquimaux Iwillichs "Iviek Seleko"

J.

"Jerry" "Jim" "Joe, Esquimau" (see Ebierbing), "Joe," Natchilli

K.

Karleko Kelly, Captain Kendall, Cape Kig-muk-too Kigynektower Kigynektuk Kioddelliks King William Land Kinnepatoos Kinnepatoo Camp, The Kinnepatoo Village Klutschak, Henry (see "Henry") Kodlunars Koomana Koo-pah Koumania Koumawa's Kutcheenwark Kyack (Mrs).

L.

Lake McDougal Lathe, Charles A. "Lawrence, The Abbott" Le Vesconte, Point Little, Point Little Rabbit Island Lorillard Lorillard River Lower Savage Island Lower Savage Islands Lyon

M.

"Mu-muk-poo-ama-suet-suk-o" (plenty good to see) Maria Louisa, Cape Marble Island Massachusetts Matty Island May, H. McClintock-Crozier McClintock, Sir Leopold McDougall, Lake Mitcolelee Meadowbank, Mount Melms, Frank E. (see "Frank") Melville Sound Melville Peninsula Meta Incognita Middle Savage Island Mit-colelee "Molasses" "Monkey" Montreal Island Morrison & Brown Mount Meadowbank Mozier, Captain

N.

Nanook Nantucket Narleyow Neepshark Netchillik Netchilliks Netchillik, Arn-ket-ko, The Netchillik Joe Netchillik Women Netchuk New Bedford Newfoundland, Banks of New Jersey New York North America North Bay North Bluff North Hudson Bay North-eastern Asia North-west Passage Nottingham Island Nu-lee-aug-ar Nu-oo-tar-ro Nu-tar-ge-ark

O.

Ockarnawole Ogzenckjenwock Okbillegeok Ookjoolik Ookwolik Esquimaux Ooquee-sik-sillicks Ooping Owanork Oxeomadiddlee Oyle Point O-yook

P.

"Papa," "Pandora," The Parry, Captain Pevwat Petrilark Petty Bay Picciulok Peninsula, Adelaide Peninsula, Melville Pfeffer River Point, Franklin Point, Grant Point, Gladman Point Le Vesconte Point Little Point, Oyle Point Richardson Point, Seaforth Point, Smith Point, Tulloch Point Whale Point, Victory Potter, Captain Pooyetah "Prince Albert" Prince Albert, H. R. H. Provincetown, Mass. Punnie

Q.

Queennah Queen Elizabeth

R.

Rabbit Island, Little Rapids, Dangerous, The Rae, Dr., his expedition "Record, Crozier, The" Reef, Trainor's Repulse Bay Resolution Island Richardson Point Richardson River, Back's River, Back's Great Fish River, Castor & Pollux River, Connery River, Great Fish River, Harris's River, Hayes's River, Lorrillard River, Pfeffer River, Wager Rock, Barry's "Ross, The A. J." Ross, Sir James Rowe's Welcome Roxy

S.

Saddle Rock Island Salisbury Islands "Sam" Schwatka, Lieut. Fred'k. Scotland Seaforth Point Sebeucktolee Seenteetuar Sekoselar "Selkirshire," The Shepherd's Bay Sherman, General Sherman Inlet Shok-pe-nark Sidney, Cape Simpson, Dease and Strait Sinclair, Capt. Sinuksook Swansea Smithsonian Institute Smith Point Smith Sound Sound, Cumberland Sound, Eclipse Sound, Melville Southampton Island South Street Spoon, Franklin Starvation Cove St. John, N. B. St. Johns, Newfoundland Strait, Bellot Strait, Hudson Strait, Simpson Strait, Victoria Straits, Fisher

T.

"Taylor, Alex." Taft, The Oray Terror Bay Terror, The Terre-ah-ne-ak Te-Wort "Thomas Cochrane, The" Thunder Cove Tling-yack-quark Tockoleegeetais Todd Islands Toekelegeto Tooktoocher Too-goo-lan Toolooah Toogoolar Toolooahelek Tos-ard-e-roak Trainor's Reef Tsedluk Tulloch Point

U.

United States

V.

Vernoi, George Victoria Strait Victoria Point Village, Esquimau Village, Kinnepatoo

W.

Wager River Wall Bay Washington Bay Welcome, Rowe's Wellington Channel Whale Point Wheatley, R. Wilks, H. Williams, Mr. Wilmot Bay Winchester Inlet



APPENDIX.

INUIT PHILOLOGY.

Perhaps no branch of Arctic research is of more interest to the scholar than the language of the people who inhabit that region. A careful comparison of the dialect of the different tribes is of great value in ascertaining their history, the origin of the race and the gradual extension of their journeyings to the remotest point from their native land yet reached by them. It is generally admitted that the North American Esquimaux are of Mongolian extraction; that at some period the passage of Behring Strait was affected and the immigrants gradually extended their migration to the eastward and finally occupied Greenland, where the mighty ocean headed them off and brought their wanderings in that direction to an abrupt termination. During what period of the world's history the exodus from Asia occurred is not known. There are those who believe it to have taken place when what is now known as Behring Strait was an isthmus, the shallowness of the water throughout that channel indicating the physical change to have been of comparitively recent date. This opinion was upheld by Lutke in his "Voyage Autour du Monde," vol. 2, page 209, and Whymper, in his work upon Alaska, page 94, alludes to the shallowness of Behring Strait and also of the sea so named, as permitting the whalers to ride at anchor in their deepest parts. Peschel in "Races of Man", page 401, prefers to believe that the transfer was made while Behring Strait still held its present character.

There are not wanting authorities who seek to show that the entire Western Continent was thus peopled by immigration from Asia, and similarity of feature with the Mongolian is traced even to the most southern tribes of South America. The close connection between the "medicine men" of the Indians, the arng-ke-kos of the Esquimaux, and the shamans of Siberia and Brazil, are also quoted to show the probability of one origin. It is, however, in the language of the hyperborean races of America and Asia that the strongest proofs of a like origin is found. The Tshuktshi of Northern Asia, the Esquimaux of America, and the Namollo, all bear a very close relationship, especially in linguistic characteristics.

In common with all the aboriginal languages of America, the Esquimaux language is agglutinative, though, for the accommodation of the white strangers who visit their shores, they separate the words and use them in a single and simple form. In its purity it employs suffixes only for the definition and meaning, though complex sentences are often formed of a single word—that is, it is a polysynthetic in character. No philologist familiar with the whole territory has ever made a comparison of the dialects of the polar tribes, probably because no philologist is familiar with all the dialects spoken there. Everything therefore that would tend to throw any light upon the subject or to place before the scholar material by which to prosecute such philological studies must be regarded as of importance.

The long residence of the Danes in Greenland and their intermarrying with the native Esquimaux, has led to a more thorough acquaintance with the language of the aborigines of that continent, than any other portion of the polar regions. In fact, as long ago as 1804 a complete dictionary of the Greenland tongue was published by Otho Fabricius, the translation being in the Danish language. With the exception of a few fragmentary vocabularies, this is the only work upon which the traveller or the student of the languages of the Polar regions can depend.

Mr. Ivan Petroff, the Alaskan traveller, has taken some pains to compile a vocabulary of the various dialects of the Pacific races with whom he has sojourned, which, when published, will form another link in the chain by which the scholar may trace the spread of the Asiatic tribes along the northern seaboard of America. With the publication of the subjoined vocabulary, in continuation of the philology of the central or Iwillik tribes, the chain may be considered complete.

With these people many of the familiar sounds of the civilized languages are found, as, for instance, the child's first words, an-an-na (mother), ah-dad-ah (father), ah-mam-mah (the mother's breast), ah-pa-pah (little piece of meat, either raw or cooked). Then there is the very natural expression for pain or sickness—ah-ah. Many words seem to indicate the meaning by imitating the action or sound to be described, as the motion of the kittewake when it swoops down toward you with its petulant cry, is well described by the word e-sow'-ook-suck'-too and the vibratory motion of a swinging pendulum by ow-look-a-tak'-took.

The superlative degree is expressed by the suffix adelo—as amasuet (plenty) and amasuadelo (an immense number); also tapsummary (long ago) and tapsumaneadelo (a very long time ago). Examples could be multiplied, but are not necessary. The suffix aloo has somewhat of a similar meaning, or as "Esquimau Joe" translated, it signifies "a big thing;" thus, ivick (walrus), ivicaloo (a big walrus); shoongowyer (beads), shoongowyaloo (big beads), etc. Persons are named usually after some animate or inanimate object, and in repeating to you their own or some one else's name they usually affix the word aloo, as ishuark is a black salmon and also a man's name, but in mentioning the name they always say Ishuark-aloo, though such ceremony is not indulged in on ordinary occasions.

Igeark-too signifies spectacles, and because Lieutenant Schwatka always wore eye-glasses he was known to the natives as Igeark-too-aloo. His companion, the 'Herald' correspondent, was known by a less dignified appellation. A similarity between his name, as they pronounced it, and the English word "mosquito,"—or, as they called it "missergeeter"—led them to distinguish him by the Innuit name for that little pest, keektoeyak-aloo—as "Joe" would translate it "a big mosquito." They make no distinction in gender, often the same name being applied to men and women. There were a man and a woman at Depot Island each named Shiksik (ground squirrel), and you had to distinguish which one you intended when you spoke of either.

They seldom take the trouble to make explanations, and a singular mistake occurred once at Depot Island in that way. On one of the small islands, near the mainland and Hudson Bay, Lieutenant Schwatka saw, in the fall of 1878, a very fine looking dog, called E-luck-e-nuk, and asked its owner's name. He was informed that it belonged to Shiksik, and, as the old woman of that name was in the camp and he knew of none other, he offered to buy it from her for his dog team. She consented to the proposed transfer very readily, and said it was a very fine dog indeed, she had no doubt it would give entire satisfaction. Some time during the winter, after the hunters had all returned from the reindeer country, a little old man offered to sell Lieutenant Schwatka a very fine large dog for one pound of powder and a box of caps, and, when requested to produce his dog, brought in E-luck-e-nuk. The Lieutenant recognized the animal at once by a broken ear and a loose-jointed tail, and, smiling graciously, told the would-be dog seller that the dog already belonged to him by purchase from Shiksik for a similar price, to her in hand paid about six weeks prior to the present occasion. The old man did not seem to understand the matter very clearly and went out for an interpreter, whom he found in "Esquimau Joe." The latter then stated that the dog in question belonged to the person then present, and when Lieutenant Schwatka indignantly asserted that every one in camp declared the dog belonged to Shiksik at the time of purchase, Joe remarked, "At's all right; he name Shiksik, too." As an example of the simplicity of the Innuit character, it should be remarked that when the purchase was originally made, all the people looked complacently and admiringly on without a word of explanation, though they well knew the mistake, merely remarking the unexampled generosity of Igeark-too-aloo. Under such adverse circumstances does the barterer ply his traffic with the Esquimaux.

It is exceedingly difficult to secure a good interpreter among these people. Even "Esquimau Joe," who travelled so long with Captain Hall, and lived so many years in the United States and England, had but an imperfect knowledge of the English language, though he had been conversant with it almost from infancy. There was, however, at Depot Island, a Kinnepatoo Innuit, who came there from Fort York in the fall of 1878, who spoke the English language like a native—that is to say, like an uneducated native. He would prove almost invaluable as an interpreter for any expedition that expected to come much in contact with the Esquimaux, as all their dialects were understood by him. His father had spoken English and was Dr. Rae's interpreter upon many of his Arctic journeys. This young man had also accompanied that veteran explorer upon his voyage up the Quoich River, and from Repulse Bay to Boothia, at the time he ascertained the fate of the Franklin expedition. In translating from the English to the Innuit language he usually employed the Kennepatoo, his native dialect, which at first was quite confusing, the accentuation of the words being so peculiar to one familiar with the Iwillik tongue only. From him much information concerning the language was derived, and through him one who would give careful consideration could secure much valuable matter, especially concerning the structure of the language.

In one instance, at least, the Innuit language has an advantage over the French. They have a word for "home." You ask an Innuit, Na-moon'? or Na-moon,-oct-pick (Where are you going?) and he may reply, Oo-op-tee'-nar (Home—that is, to my igloo, or my tent, as the case may be). There is an expression that sounds familiar to ears accustomed to the English tongue, but which has another meaning in their language—Ah-me or ar-my'. This is not an exclamation of regret, but simply means, "I do not know."

In the higher latitudes sounds are conveyed to a long distance, owing partially to the peculiar properties of the atmosphere, the comparative evenness of the surface and to the absence of other confusing sounds, for under other conditions they would not be transmitted to any unusual distance. It used to be the custom in the early summer of 1880 for those who had been hunting upon the mainland to come to a point on the shore nearest the Depot Island and to call for the boat to be sent to ferry them over. This nearest point was by triangulation two miles and a half distant. When, however, the distance would be too great for conversation, or the wind would be in the wrong direction, a few signals were used that could be distinguished a great way off. The signal to "come here" is given by standing with your face toward the party with whom you desire to communicate and then raising your right arm to the right and moving it up and down like a pump handle. The effect can be increased by holding a gun or your hat or anything that can be seen at a greater distance in the moving hand. The signal "yes" is made by turning your side to the party and bowing your body forward several times, forming a right angle at the waist.

The Esquimaux language, though comprising but few words, is one that is difficult for foreigners to acquire and equally difficult to write, owing to the existence of sounds that are not heard in any of the civilized tongues and not represented by any combination of the letters of the English alphabet. Though somewhat gutural it is not unmusical, and for the sake of euphony final consonants are often omitted in conversation. As for instance, the Inuit name for Repulse Bay, Iwillik, is more frequently called, "Iwillie," a really musical sound. And so with all such terminations. It is not difficult for a stranger to acquire a sufficient knowledge of the language to enable him to converse with the natives who inhabit the coasts and are in the habit of meeting the whalers who frequent the nothern waters in the pursuit of their avocation. There is a kind of pigeon English in use in these regions that enables the strangers to communicate with the natives and make themselves understood, though they would understand but little of a conversation between two natives. As an illustration, the word "notimer" means "where," and "ki-yete" is used for any form of the verb "to come;" therefore "notimer ki-yete" would be understood by them to mean "Where do you come from?" Now one native addressing another would not use that form at all, but would say "Nuke-pe-wickt," which bears no resemblance to the words used in the whalers' language. Also, take the same word "notimer" and follow it with "owego," which is used for any form of the verb to go, and you have "Notimer owego," "Where are you going?" The native, however, would say "Namoon-ock-pict," or perhaps "Nelle-ock-pin" (which way are you going?). Still they would readily understand the expression familiar to the whalers and traders, as the words are really Esquimaux words, but used in a free, broad sense; as, for instance, the reader would understand a foreigner who used the word "speak" instead of the other words expressing the same thought, as "tell," "ask," "talk," &c. "Speak Charles come here" would convey intelligence to your mind and be understood as well, though not so readily until accustomed to it, as "Tell Charles to come here."

There are also words that neither belong to the Esquimaux nor any other language, but are very valuable and expressive. "Sel-low" has been used for so long a time to express the idea "sit down," and the application of the latter term is so broad, that "sel-low" has been incorporated into the language and was understood even by the natives of the interior whom we met on our sledge journey and who had more of them never before seen a white man. As, for example, you would ask, "Emik sellow cattar?" (Is there any water in the pail?) and be thoroughly understood, though a native would say, "Cattar, emik ta-hong-elar?" Another useful word adopted from the unknown is "seliko," which means to kill, shoot, break, bend, scratch, destroy or any kindred thought. "Took too, seliko, ichbin?" (Did you kill any reindeer?) The old fashion way of putting it is, "Took too par?" But that would only be understood by the natives.

Our interpreter, Ebierbing (Esquimau Joe), says that the language has undergone considerable change since the advent of white men, and even since his early boyhood, and sometimes would tell me of meeting strangers, who came into camp, from the interior who spoke "old fashion," as he called it. This, he said, was especially the case with the inhabitants of Southampton Island, called by the natives "Sedluk." Though situated directly in the line of travel of the whalers in Hudson Bay, all of whom pass directly along its rocky coast, it is an almost unknown territory. It is known to be inhabited, but its people are seldom seen. The head of the island is far from Iwillik, and the frozen straits that separate the two countries would afford an admirable route of communication. The island is said to be well stocked with game and the inhabitants are comparatively comfortable. While our party was in Hudson Bay a whaler was wrecked on the western coast of Southampton, north of cape Kendall, and the crew easily secured a reindeer the day they landed. They remained there but two days and then sought the other shore of Rowe's Welcome, so as to be in the course of the other whalers then in the bay in order that they might be picked up by them. They said, however, that if compelled to remain on the island they had no doubt of their ability to secure plenty of game to maintain them, or at least to keep off scurvy. Last year the captain of the wrecked vessel visited the island of the scene of the wreck in order to save as much as possible from destruction. He went in a whale boat with a crew of Iwillik Esquimaux, and while there met with a party of the natives. I subsequently had a talk with the captain's Iwillik crew and inquired about the people of Sedluk. They told me that their language was "old-fashioned" and that their arms and implements were mostly of the obsolete pattern of the Stone Age.

Though living so near together there had been no communication between the nations; and only once before, about three years previous to my visit to Hudson Bay, when a whale had gone ashore on Sedluk, an Iwillik native on board the vessel that killed the whale went with the crew to claim the carcases and brought news of the foreign country and its people. I was told that the language of these people of Sedluk was similar to that spoken by the fathers and grandfathers of the Iwillik tribe. They had evidently the same origin, and while one became improved by intercourse with foreign nations and adopted words from foreign tongues, the other remained as it was in the past, unimproved by interchange of ideas. I have never seen anything like a full glossary of the Esquimaux language, and believe that at this time, when Arctic affairs are attracting so much attention everywhere, a list of the most important words used in communicating with the natives, and the method of uniting them, would prove quite interesting. My experience was that though we at first found it difficult to talk with the interior tribes they soon caught the idea and conversation became easy. Innukpizookzook, an Ooqueesiksillik woman who with her husband joined our party on Hayes River, learned the method of communication in two weeks, so that it was as easy to hold conversation with her as with any of those who came with us from Hudson Bay and had been accustomed to the peculiar language since their birth. In fact, as a general thing, we found the women much brighter than the men, not only in acquiring language but in understanding the descriptions of wonderful things in the white men's country.

It used to be an endless source of amusement to the men, women, and children in the Arctic regions to look at the pictures in the illustrated books and journals. Colored maps were also very attractive to them, and the large type in advertisements apparently afforded them great pleasure. They were not at particular to hold the pictures right side up; side-wise or upside down seemed quite as satisfactory. Though admiring pictures exceedingly, I did not find them very proficient draughtsmen, and yet nothing seemed to give them more pleasure than to draw with a lead pencil on the margin of every book they could get hold of, and my Nautical Almanac and "Bowditch's Epitome" are profusely illustrated by them. Their favorite subjects were men and women and other animals, always drawn in profile and with half the usual number of feet and legs visible.



GLOSSARY.

The following glossary comprises all the words in general use in conversation between the natives and traders in Hudson Bay and Cumberland Sound, and a thorough knowledge of it would enable the student to make himself understood throughout the entire Arctic, with the assistance of a few signs which would naturally suggest themselves at the proper time:

A.

Arrow—Kok'-yoke. Arm—Tel'-oo. Another—I-pung'-er. All night—Kuee-en'-nah. Angry—Mar-me-an'-nah. All—Ter-mok-er-mingk. Autumn—Oo-ke-uk'-shark. Afraid—Kay-pe-en'-nah. A little while ago, to-day—Wateh-eur'. Ask—O-kow-te-vah'-vor. Antlers—Nug'-le-you. Axe—Oo'-lee-mar. Aurora Borealis—Ok-sel-e-ak-took, ok-shan'-ak-took. Air—Ar-ne-yung'-ne-uk. After, or last—O-puk'-too. After (to carry)—Ok-la-loo'-goo. After (to bring)—I'-vah. Always—E-luk-o-she'-ar. Alone—In-nu-tu-a-rk'. A game (like gambling)—Nu-glu-tar. A herd—Ah-mik-kok'-too. Act of medicine men—Suk-ki'-u. Apples (dried)—Poo-wow'-yak. Ankle—Sing-yeung'-mik. Arm—Ok-sek'-too.

B.

Bear—Nan'-nook. Bear (cub)—Ar-took'-tar. Bullet—Kok'-yoke. Bow—Pet-e'-chee. Bird—Tig'-me-ak. Boots—Kum'-ming. Blood—Owg. Black—Muk'-tuk. Belch—Neep'-shark. Brother—An'-ing-er. Bones—Sow'-ner. Bag—Ik-pe-air'-re-oo. Book—Muk-pet-toe'-up. Belt—Tep'-shee. Blubber—E-din-yer'. Bashful—Kung-we-shook'-pook. Blue—Too-mook'-took. Breastbone—Sok'-e-djuck. Backbone—Kee-mik'-look. Belly—Nong'-ik. Brain—Kok'-i-tuk. Beard—Oo'-mik. Beads—Shoong-ow'-yah. Blanket—Kep'-ig. Break—Sel'-li-ko. Bark—Oo-we-uk'-too. Boil—Kul-ak'-pook. Bite—Kee'-wah, O-kum-wik'-poo. Breathe—Ar-nuk-ter-re'-uk. Build snow house—Ig-loo-le'-yook. Burn—Oon-ok'-took. Big river—Koog-ooark'. Brass headband—Kar'-roong. Butcher knife—Pee'-low. Before (or first)—Kee'-sah-met, Oo-tung-ne-ak'-pung-ar. Bring (verb)—Tik-e-u-dje'-yoo. Body—Kot'-e-jeuk. Black moss—Kee-now'-yak. Big lake—Tussig-see'-ark. Berries (like red raspberries)—Ok'-pict. Berries (small black)—Par-wong. Berries (large yellow)—Kob'-luk. Bill (of bird)—See'-goo. Button—See'-ah-cote. Buttonhole—See-ok-wahk'-pe-ok. Blubber—Oke-zook. Blubber (oil tried out)—Tung'-yah. Bitch—Ahg'-neuck. Ball of foot—Man-nook'-kok. Bend (verb)—Ne-yook'-te-pook. Break (verb)—E-ling-nuk'-poo, Nok'-ok-poe, Noo-week'-pook, Kow'-poo. Beat (as a drum, verb)—Moo'-mik-took. Beat (snow off of clothing, verb)—Tee-look'-took-took. Beat (with club, verb)—Ah-now-look-took. Boots (deerskin)—Ne'-u, Mit-ko'-lee-lee.

C.

Caps—See'-ah-dout. Cheek—Oo-loo'-ak. Codfish—Oo'-wat. Come here—Ki-yeet', ki-low', ki-ler-root'. Clothing—An'-no-wark. Clear weather—Nip-tark'-too. Cold—Ik'-kee. Cup—E-mu'-sik. Cairn—In-nook'-sook. Clam—Oo-wil'-loo. Child—Noo-ter-ark'. Cloud—Nu'-yer. Chief—Ish-u-mat'-tar. Cook—Coo-lip-sip'-too. Canoe—Ky'-ak. Coat (inside)—Ar-tee'-gee. Coat (outside)—Koo'-lee-tar. Cloth—Kob-loo-nark'-tee. Child, or little one—Mik'-ke (abbreviation of mik-e-took-e-loo, little). Cask—Kah-tow-yer. Cry (verb)—Kee-yie'-yook. Cap, or hood—Nah'-shuk. Carry (verb)—Ok-lah-loo'-goo. Chew (verb)—Tum-wah'-wah. Cut (verb)—Pe-luk'-took. Cross-eyed—Nak-oon-i'-yook. Copper—Kod-noo'-yer. Calf (of leg)—Nuk-i-shoong'-nuk. Crawl (verb)—Parm'-nook-took. Cough (verb)—Coo-ik-suk'-took. Come (verb)—Tee-kee-shark'-took-too. Commence (verb)—Ah-too-ik-now'-ook-took.

D.

Dog—Ki'-mak, King'-me. Doe (old)—No-kal'-lee. Doe (young)—Nu-ki'-etoo. Day, or to-day—O-gloo'-me. Day after to-morrow—Oo-al-e-an'-nee. Day before yesterday—Ik-puk-shar'-nee. Duck—Me'-ah-tuk. Dangerous—Nang-e-yang-nak'-took. Dog harness—Ar'-no. Dead—Tuk'-ah-wuk. Dark—Tark, ta-ko'-nee. Down—Tow'-nau-ee. Dawn—Kow-luk'-poo. Door—Mat'-dor, par, koo-tuk. Daughter—Pun'-ne. Dress—Au-a-wark'-took. Drown—Ki-yar'-wuk. Drink—E'-mik-took. Dream—See-muk'-took-pook. Do you like?—U-mar'-ke-let-it-la? Dripping water—Ko-duk'-too, Kush-e-koo'-ne. Do (verb)—I-u-met'-u. Dried Salmon—Pe-ip'-se. Deerskin drawers—E'-loo-par. Deerskin trousers—See'-lah-par. Dive (verb)—Me'-pook. Dislike (verb)—Pe-u-wing-nah-lah'-yar.

E.

Ear—See'-a-tee. Eyes—E'-yah. Ermine—Ter'-re-ak. Elbow—E-quee'-sik. East—Tar'-wan-ne. Early-Oo'-blah. Every day—Kow'-ter-man. End for end—Ig-loo'-an-ar. Entrails—Ein'-er-loo. Egg—Mun'-nik. Eat—Ner-ee-uk'-took-too. Empty—E-mah'-ik-took. Everything or every one—Soo-too-in'-nuk. Every night—Ood'-nook-ter-mock'-er-mingk. Eye tooth—Too-loo'-ah-el'-lek. Enough—Te-ter'-par.

F.

Fox—Ter-re-ar-ne'-ak. Fire—Ik'-o-mar. Fish—Ik'-kal-uk. Fur—Mit'-kote. Foot—Is'-se-kut. Face-Kee'-nark. Finger ring—Mik-e-le-rar'-oot. Female—Nee-we-ak-sak. Far—Oon-wes'-ik-poo. Farewell—Tare-wow'-e-tee. Finished—In-nuk'-par. File—Ag'-e-yuk. Flipper—Tel'-ar-rook. Faster—Ok-shoot'. Fork—Kok-e-jerk. Fringe—Ne'-ge-ver. Feather—Soo'-look. Fingers—Arg'-ite. Finger (index)—Tee'-kee-ur. Finger (second)—Kig-yuck'-tluk. Finger (third)—Mik-ke-lak. Finger (little)—Ik-ik-ote. Full—Put-tah'-took. Fly—E-sow-ook-suk'-too. Fight—Neng-nik-par'. Feel—Tep-sik-ak'-took. Freeze—Keegk-e-yook'. Forget—Poo-yuk'-too. Find (verb)—Nin-e-va'-ha. Finish (verb)—In-nuk'-par, Koo-lee-war'. Fall (verb, neuter)—E-yook-ar'-took. Fall (verb, a person)—Pard'-la-took. Float (verb)—Pook-tah-lak'-too. Fetch (verb)—I-ik-sek'-took. Finger-nail—Kook'-ee. Fore arm—Ah'-goot. Follow (verb)—Toob-yok'-she-yook. Fish (verb)—On-le-ak'-took. Feed dogs (verb)—Kig-me-ar'-re-ook. Fold (verb)—Pir'-re-pook. Forehead—Kow'-roong. Frozen (or frost)—Quark.

G.

Gun—Suk-goo'-te-gook. Goose—Ne-uk'-a-luk. Gloves—Po'-ah-lo. Good—Mah-muk'-poo. Glad—Kuyan'-a-mik. Gone—Peter-hong'-a-too. Go—Owd-luk'-poo. Give me—Pel'-e-tay. Grave—E-le'-wah. Green—Too-me-ook'-took. Gun cover—Powk. Give (verb)—Na-look'-ze-yook. Ground squirrel—Shik'-sik. Gravel—Too-wah'-pook. Get (verb)—Shoo-mig'-le-wik.

H.

Here—Una, Muk'-kwar. Hole—Kid'-el-look. Handkerchief—Tuk-ke-o'-tee. Halo—Ka-tow'-yar. Hiccough (verb)—Neer-e-soo-ock'-took. Home—Oo-op'-te-nar. Hot—Oo-oo'-nah Hard (verb)—Se-se-o-ad'-elo Hunt (verb) reindeer—Ah-wak'-took. Hunt (verb) musk ox—Oo-ming-muk'-poo. Howl (verb)—Mee'-ook-took. Hang (verb)—Ne-wing-i'-yook. Hurry—Too-wow'-ik-took, Shoo-kul'-ly. Help—E-see-uk'-par. Herring (peculiar to King William Land and vicinity)—Cow-e-sil'-lik. Here (or there)—Tap'-shoo-mar. Hammer (of gun)—Ting-me-ok'-tar. Heel—King'-mik. Hand—Puk'-beeg. Hair—New'-yark. Hand—Ar'-gut. Husband—Wing'-ah. Hard bread—She'-bah. How far?—Karn'-noo-oon-wes'-ok-ik-te'-vah. Half—E-lar'-ko. Hate—Took-pah'. He—Una. How many—Kap-shay'-ne. Hard—See'-see-yoke. Hand me—Ki-jook. Hill—King-yar'-ko. Hungry—Kahk-too. Hear or understand—Too-shark'-po. Handle—E'-poo-ah. How—Kon'-no. Heart—Oo'-mut.

I.

Ice—Se'-ko. Iron—Sev'-wick. I, me, mine, etc.—Oo-wung'-ar. Ice chisel—Too'-woke. Instep—Ah-look. It is better, OR, is it better—Pe-e-uke'. Island—Kig-yeuck'-tuck. Island (small)—Kig-yuk-tow'-ar. Inside—E-loo-en'-ne. Intestines—Ein'-er-loo. Indian—Ik'-kil-lin.

J.

Jack knife—O-koo-dock'-too. Jump (verb)—Ob-look'-took. Jump—Ob-look'-took. Just right—Nah-muck-too.

K.

Kettle—Oo-quee'-zeek. Kidney—Tock'-too. Kill—To-ko-pah'-hah. Knee—Nub-loo'-te. Knuckles—Nub-we'-yan. Kiss (rub noses)—Coon'-e-glew. Kittewake—E-muk-koo-tar'-yer. Kill (verb, reindeer)—Took'-too-par. Kill (verb, bear)—Nan-noo'-me-owd. Keep (verb)-Pah'-pah-took.

L.

Little river—Koog-ah-lar'. Lose (verb)—I-see'-u-wuck. Lower jawbone—Ah-gleer'-roke. Like (verb)—Pe-u-we'-we-yook. Lungs—Poo'-wite. Long ago—Tap-shoo-man'-ne. Lead—Ok'-ke-gook. Lip (upper)—Kok-tu'-we-ak. Lip (lower)—Kok'-slu. Leg—Ne'-yoo. Loon—Kok'-saw. Look—Tuk'-ko. Large—An'-no-yoke. Love—Kou-yah-e'-vah-vick. Liver—Ting'-you. Lake—Tus-sig. Light—Ood'-luk, oo'-blook. Laugh—Ig-luk'-too. Lift—Kee'-wik-took. Leak—Arng-mi-yook.

M.

Musk-ox—Oo'-ming-munk. Midnight—Oo'-din-wark. Moon—Tuk'-luk. Man—Ang'-oot Mouth—Kang'-yook. Medicine man—Arng'-ek-ko. Male—Nu-kup'-e-ak. Much—Am-a-suet'. Meat—Neer'-kee. Meat cooked—Oo-yook'. My son—Ear'-ken-ear-ar. Marrow—Pat'-ak. Musquito—Keek-toe'-yak. Make—Mix-uk'-too. Moss (running)—Ik-shoot-ik. Moss (spongy)—Mun'-ne. Mix (verb)-Kar'-te-took. Milk—Ah-mar'-mik-took. Milkbag—E-we-eng'-ik. Match—Ik-keen'.

N.

Never—I-pung'-ar. Now—Man'-na. Nail—Kee'-kee-uk. Navel—Col-es'-ik. Nostrils—Shook'-loot. Night—Oo'-din-nook. Needle—Mit'-cone. Nose—Tling'-yak. Neck—Koon-wes'-ok. Near—Kon-e-took'-ah-loo. No—Nok'-er, nok-i'. Noon—Kig-yuk-kah'-poo-kik-ah. Naked—Ar-noo-wi-lee-ak'-took. Nest—Oo'-blood. Narrow—Ah-me'-too.

O.

Old—Oh'-to-kok. Outside—See-lah-tau'-ne. Oar—E-poot. Old man—Ik-tu'-ar. Old woman—Ah'-de-nok. Over there—Ti'-mar. Out doors—See'-lar-me. Observation of sun—Suk-a-nuk'-ah-yook.

P.

Pencil—Titch'-e-row. Pemmican—Poo'-din-ik. Pant (verb)—Arng-ni-u-ak'-took. Pup—King-me-ak'-yook. Pour (verb)—Koo'-we-yook. Promise—Pee-da-go-war'-ne. Place anything in its sheath—E-lee-wah'. Put down (verb)—E-leeg'-yoke. Place (verb)—Im'-in-ar. Play (verb)—Kik'-it-toon. Powder—Ok'-de-ur. Pretty—Mah-muk'-poo. Promise—Pe-dah-go-wah'-nah. Paper—Al-le-lay'-yook. Ptarmigan—Ok-ke-ge'-ah. Pan—Ah-wap'-se-lah. Pail—Kat'-tar. Pin—Too-be-tow'-yer.

Q.

Quickly—Shoo-kul'-ly.

R.

Round—Pang'-ar, Arng-mar-look'-too. Reside (verb)—Noo-mig'-e. Row (verb)—E'-poo-too. Runners of sled—See'-woong-nar, We-ung'-nuk. Roll (a bundle)-E-moo'-war. Rest (verb)—Noo-kung-ah'-took. Rot (verb)—Shoo-yook'-too, E-vood'-nok. Reindeer—Took'-too. Reindeer (big buck)—Pang'-neuck Reindeer (young buck)—Nu-kar-tu'-ar. Reindeer (fawn)—No'-kark. Ramrod—Kok'-dook-sook. Red—Owg. River—Koog. Rabbit—Oo-kae'-ut. Rock—We-ar'-zook. Rain—Mok'-uk-too. Raven—Too-loo'-ah. Rapids—E-tem-nark'-zeack. Ribs—Too-lee-med'-jit. Run—Ood-luk-too. Ride—Ik-e-mi'-yuk. Resemble—Ar-djing'-er. Remember—Kow-ye-mu'-wuk-er.

S.

Sledge—Kom'-mo-tee. Seal—Net'-chuk. Seal (large)—Ook'-jook. Seal (bladder nose)—Nets-che'-wuk. Seal (fresh water) Kosh-e-geer'. Seal (jumping)—Ki-o-lik. Snow—Ap'-poo. Stockings (long)—Ah-luk'-tay. Stockings (short)—E-king'-oo-ark, e-nook-too. Sun—Suk'-e-nuk. Star—Oo-bloo'-bleak. Skin—Am'-ingk. Swan—Coke'-jeuk. Sea or salt—Tar'-re-o. Salmon—Ek'-er-loo. Salmon (black)—Ish'-u-ark. Stone—We'-ark. Snow knife—Pan-an'-yoke. Small—Mik-e-took'-e-loo. Some—Tah-man'-ar-loo. Swim (verb)—Poo'-e-mik-took, Na-'look-took. Sink (verb)—Kee'-we-wook. Smile (verb)—Koong'-ik-kook. Spit (verb)—Oo-e-ak'-took. Stare (verb)—E e-e'-yook. Shake (verb)—Oo-look'-took. Stretch (verb)—Tesh-ik-ko'-me-yook. Slats of sled—Nup'-poon Screw—Kee-gee-ar'-lee. Snow drift or bank—O-que'-che-mik. Squid (whale food)—Ig-le'-yahk. Spyglass—King'-noot. Strong smell—Tee-pi'-e-took. Shin—Kuh'-nok. Shoulder—Ke-es'-ik. Swap (verb)—Ok-ke-la'-yook. Sharpen—Kee-nuk'-took, Air-e-yook'-took. Sing (men)—Pe'-se-uk. Sing (women)-Im'-nyick-took. Sweat—Ar-mi-yok'-took. Sneeze—Tug-e-yook'-took. Squint—Kahn-ing-noo'-yook. Scare—Kock-se-tek'-poong-ar, Ik'-see-book. Starve—Pik'-lik-took, Pig-le-rark'-pook. See anything coming far off—Og-le-luk'-pook. Spinal cord—Kitch-e'-ruk. Seal spear—Oo-nar'. Sealskin slippers—Pee'-nee-rok. Sealskin boots (short)—E'-keek-kuk. Sorry—Ah-kow'-mit-u. Stomach—Neer-u'-ker. Shot (discharge of a gun)—Suk-ko'-eet. Sealskin—Kis'-ingk. Saw—Oo'-loot'. Spotted—Oo-kee-leur-yere', Ar-glark'-took. Svuare—Se-nar'. Soft—Ah-kut-too-ah'-loo. Strong—Shung-e'-yook. Snake—Ne-meur'-e-ak. Scratch another thing (verb)—Ah-guk'-took. Stumble (verb)—Pard'-look-took. Snore (verb)—Kom-noo'-we-ook. Swear (verb)—O-kah-look'-took. Suck (verb)—Tum-woi'-yook. Swallow (verb)—E'-wah. So—Ti'-ma-nar. Summer—Ow'-yer. Shirt—Ar-tee'-gee. Spring—Oo-ping'-yark. Same—Ti'-ma-toe. Sister—Nur-year'-ger. Scraper—Suk'-koo. Snow stick—An-owt'-er. Snow-block—Ow'-ik. Spectacles—Ig-eark'-too. Spoon—Al'-lute. Sinew—Oo-lee-ute'-ik. Sick—Ah'-ah, Ar-ne-ok'-took. Scissors—Kib-e-ow'-te. Smoke—E'-shik. Stranger—Ahd'-lah. Sunrise—Suk-ah-ne-uk'-poke. Sunset—Ne-pe'-woke. Sit down—Ing-e'-tete. Stand up—Nik-e'-we-tete. Steam—Poo'-yook-took. Sand—See'-ah-wark. Snowing—Con'-nuk-too. Snow shovel—Po-ald'-er-it. Speak—O-kok'-po. Sleep—Sin'-nik-poo. Ship—Oo'-me-ak. Smoke (verb)—Pay-u'-let-tee. Scratch—Koo'-muk-took. See—Tak'-ko-wuk. Smell—Tee'-pee. Steal—Tig'-lee-poo. Show—Tuk-o-shu-ma'-uk-too. Sweetheart—E-veuck'-seuck.

T.

To-morrow—Cow'-pert, Ok'-ar-go. Two or three days ago—Ik'-puk-shar'-nee. Tallow—Tood'-noo. Teeth—Ke'-u-tee. Tongue—Oo'-guark. Tent—Tu'-pik Thunder—Kod'-ah-look. Thunderstorm—Sel'-ah-look. Trousers—Kok-ah-leeng'. There—Ta'-boir. Thanks—Quee-en'-nah-coo'-nee. These people—Ta'-ma-quar. Those people—Tuk'-o-quar. Then—Oo-bah'. Thread—Eve'-er-loo. Tusk—Too'-rok. Tenderloin—Oo-lee-oo-she'-ne. Tail—Pam'-e-oong'-gar. There (in the distance)—Tite'-quar. Track—Too'-me. Tired—Too-ki'-yoo. Thumb—Koo-bloo'. Thick weather—Tock-se-uk'-too. Thirsty—E-me-rook'-too. Thick—Eb-zhoo'-zhook. Thin—Sah'-took. Tatoo—Tood-ne'-uk. Think—Ish-u-mi'-yuk. Tell—Kow'-you-yor. Trace—Ok-zu-nar'. That will do—Ti'-mar-nar. Think—Ere-kert-sert'-ro. Take—Pe-e-ock-i'-re. Tear (verb)—Al'-ik-pook. Trigger—No-kok-tah. Toe (big)—Po'-to-wok. Toe (first)—Tee'-kee-ur. Toe (middle)—Kig-yuck'-tluck. Toe (third)—Mik'-e-lak. Toe (little)—Ik'-ik-ote. Thread (verb)—Noo-wing-yok'-par. Thigh—Kok-too'-ok. Throat—Too-koo-ed'-jik. This person—Tab'-shoor mar. Throw (verb)—Me-loo-e-ak'-took.

U.

Ugly—Pe'-ne-took. Understand or hear—Too-shack'-poo. Up or north—Tap-an'-ny. Upset (verb)—Koo'-e-yook. Upset a kyack and inmates—Poo'-she-pook. Undress—We-ze-tk'ook.

V.

Vibrate (verb)-Ow'-look-a-tak'-took.

W.

Will you?—E'-ben-loo. Why?—Shu. What?—Shu'-ar. Who, which, what?—Kee'-nar. What is the matter?—Kon-ah-we'-pin. Wolverine—Cow'-bik. Weak—Shung-e'-took. Whistle—Oo-we-nyack'-too. Wake up (verb)—Too-puk'-poo. Work (verb)—Sen-uk'-suk-too. Walrus—I'-vick. Water—E'-mik. Wood—Ke'-yook. Woman—Ah'-de-nok. Woman's boat—Oo'-mi-eu. Whale—Ok'-bik. White man—Kob-lu-nar. Wife—Nu-le-ang'-er. Whalebone—Shoo'-kok. Walrus hide—Kow. White gull—Now'-yer. Wind—An'-no-way. White—Kowd'-look, Kok'-uk-too When—Kong'-er. Wait—Watch'-ow. Where—No-ti'-mer. What is—Kish-oo'. Winter—Oke'-e-yook. Window—E'-o-lar. Warm—O'-ko. Wolf—Ar-mow. Whip—Ip-pe-row'-ter. What—Shoo'-ar. Wing—E'-sar'-ro. Wide—Se-lik'-too. Wrist—Nub-gwok. Walk—Pe-shook'-too. Write—Titch-e-ruk'-kut. Whisper—E-shib-zhook'-took. Wake up—Too-pook'-poo. Want—Tah-oom-ar-wung'-ar. Work—Sen-uk-euck'-too. Wink—Kob-loo-shook'-too. West—Tar'-wan-ne.

Y.

Yesterday—Ip-puk'-shur. Young man—Nu-ku-pe-air-we'-nee. Young woman—Nu-le-uk-sar-we'-nee. Yes—Ar'-me-lar. You—Ich'-bin. You and I—Oo-bah-gook'. Year—Ok-ar-ny. Yawn (verb)—I-ter'-uk-poo. Yell (verb)—Ko-ko-ok'-took.

PHRASES.

Go ahead—At-tee'. What is the name of—I-ting'-er. What are you making?—Shu-lah-vik'. Who is it?-Kee-now'-yer. Where are you going?-Nah-moon-okt'-pict. Where do you come from?—Nuk ke-pe'-wict. I have found it—Nin-e-vah'-hah. Is it good?—Pe-e-uke'. I don't know—Am-e-a'-soot. Shut the door—Oo'-me-yook. Open the door—Mock'-tere-yook. Do just as you please—Is-you-muk-e-yang'-ne. I guess—Shu'-a-me. Give me a light—Ik-ke-de-lung'-ar. Give me a drink—Im'-ing-ar Give me a smoke—Pay-u'-let-e-de-lung'-ar. I don't know anything about it—Kow-you-mum-e-mum'-me. Where does it come from?—Nuk-ke-nu'-nar? Come in—Ki-low'-it. Right here—Muk'-ko-war. Who is it?—Kee-now-yer. I am not sure—Shu'-ah-me. Is the meat done?—Oo-par'? Too much—Pee-lo-ak'-poke. Too little—Mik-ke-loo-ak-poke. Which way?—Nel-le-ung'-nook? A poor thing—Nug-a-leen'-ik.

NUMERALS.

1 (One)—An-tow' zig. 2 (Two)—Mok'-o, Mud'-el-roc. 3 (Three)—Ping'-ah-su-eet. 4 (Four)—See'-tah-mut. 5 (Five)—Ted'-el-e-mut. 6 (Six)—Ok'-bin-uk. 7 (Seven)—Ok'-bin-uk-mok'-o-nik. 8 (Eight)—Ok'-bin-uk-mok'-a-sun-ik. 9 (Nine)—Ok'-bin-uk-see'-tah-mut. 10 (Ten)—Ko'-ling. 20 (Twenty)—Mok'-ko-ling.

They have little idea of numbers beyond the number of their fingers, and such as they can borrow by calling attention to their neighbors' fingers. Any sum that calls for more than that is to them amasuet (many) or amasuadelo (a great many).

NO IDEA OF LENGTH OF YEARS.

It is not at all singular, then, that they have no idea of their ages when they get beyond the number of years that the mother can keep upon one of the wooden or ivory buttons that hold her belt in place. It is impossible, therefore, to tell whether they are a long-lived race. There are many among them who bear the marks of advanced age, but such may have resulted more from hardships and exposure than from the accumulation of years. There is a gray-haired old dame with the Iwillik tribe at Depot Island who was a grown woman at the time of Sir William Edward Parry's visit there in 1821, and remembers the circumstances with all the distinctness that marks the early reminiscences of the old in every country. There was another woman there apparently as old, but there was no early event by which her age could be traced except that she told 'The Herald' correspondent that she remembered having seen Parry on board of a ship in Baffin's Bay when she was a little girl.



[Transcriber's Notes: Some words which appear to be typos are printed thus in the original book. Some of these possible misprints are:

Chap. II "Boxy" ("Roxy") Chap. IV case (ease) Chap. XIII scarely (scarcely) Chap. XIV trival (trivial) Chap. XVII Collinsen Inlet (Collinson)

Index: River, Lorrillard (Lorillard) Selkirshire (Selkirkshire) more than 10 of the Inuit names

Appendix: comparitively (comparatively) gutural (guttural) nothern (northern) carcases (carcass)

Glossary: svuare (square)

The phonetic transcriptions of many Inuktitut names and terms are inconsistent throughout the original text and have not been changed.]

THE END