2. (a) THE OLD NORTHERN VOWELS IN THE LOANWORDS.

The values given in the following tables are for Middle Scotch. The symbols used do not need explanation:

SHORT VOWELS.

a.

O.N. a in originally close syllable > ae, written a: anger, hansell, apert, ban, blabber, slak, cast, chaff, dash, dram, bang, fang, stang, lack, etc. O.N. a in originally close syllable before r remains a: bark, carl, carp, farrand, garth, harth, scarth, swarf, and harsk (O. Dan.). O.N., O. Dan. a in close syllable > e in blether, forjeskit, welter. a in close syllable > ɇ (ay, ai) in aynd, baittenin. a in close syllable remains a, written o in cog. O.N. a in originally open syllable regularly becomes ɇ, written a, ai, ay: dasen, flake, maik, scait, etc. O.N. a + g > ɇ written ai in braid, gane (to profit). a + g > aw in bawch. In mawch eth fell out and a developed as a before g.

e.

O.N. e remains in airt, bekk, bleck, cleck, cleg, egg (to incite), elding, esping, fleckerit, freckled, gedde, gengeld, kendell, melder, mensk, nevin, werr, spenn, stert, sker. O. Dan. e remains in sprent. O.N. e becomes i in lirk, kitling, and before ng in ding, flingin, hing, and also in skrip, styddy. O.N. e > ae, written a, in dapill, clag. Cp. sprattle in Burns. > ae before r in ware. > a before r in karling. O.N. e > i in neefe (nieve). O.N. e appears as u in studdy. See word list. O.N. e (from older aei) > ɇ in hailse. e + g > e written a, ai: e.g., haine, gane (to suit).

i.

O.N. i generally remains i: bing, grith, kist, link, lite, titling, wilrone, frequently written y: byng, chyngill, gyll, etc. O.N. i before st > e: gestning, restit. i > ɨ in ithand (ythand), and ei in eident.

o.

O.N. o remains o: boldin, bolle, brod, costlyk, loft, rock, etc. O.N. o + g > ow in low.

u.

O.N. u generally remains u: bught, buller, clunk, cunnand, lucken, ugg, clubbit, drucken, skugg. The sound of u in O.N., however, was approximately that of oo in "foot." O.N. u > u in drook.

y.

O.N. y always becomes i, written i, y: big, birr, filly, flit, trig, wyndland, gylmyr. The O.N. y had approximately the value of Germ. ue.

ae.

O.N. ae > e in ettle.

oe

O.N. oe > e in gleg, glegy, appears as u in slut. O.N. oe, u-v-umlaut of a, becomes ae, written a: daggit, ragweed, tangle. O.N. oe, u-umlaut of a in originally open syllable, like open a, > ɇ in spale.

Hence u-umlaut does not appear in loanwords.

ja (ia).

O.N. ja > a in assle-tooth, harn, starn. > e in sker and stern.

joe (ioe).

O.N. joe > a in tarn. O.N. joe > i before r in firth, gyrth (gjoerth), gyrthin.

LONG VOWELS.

ⱥ.

O.N. ⱥ regularly > ɇ, written a, ai, ay, ae, ei (?): baith, blae, bray, braith, fra, frae, lait, craik, ra, saikless, spay, etc. O.N. ⱥ + g > aw, awch, aigh, aich, awsome, law, sb. law, adj. lawch, beside laigh and laich in N. Sco. O.N. ⱥ + l > ow in chowk (O.N. kjalki).

ɇ.

O.N. ɇ remains in ser, seir. ɇ > [-ae], written a, in fallow. O.N. ɇ before tt > i, written y, in tytt. Cp. titt in W.Norse dial.

ɨ.

O.N. ɨ most frequently remains ɨ, written i, y: flyre, gryce, grise, myth, skrik, rive, ryfe, tithand, etc. O.N. ɨ appears as e in skrech, probably pronounced skrich. O.N. ɨ > ɇ, written ei, in quey, gleit, keik. O.N. ɨ > ĭ in scrip, wick, and before original xl in wissle (wyssyl). The corresponding word in Norse also has a short vowel, but changed to e, veksl, vessla (and versla).

ø.

O.N. ø > u, written o, oo, u, eu: crove, rove, unrufe, hoolie, hulie, lufe, ruse, roose, sleuth, tume. O.N. ø > ou in clour. ø > oy in toym (Bruce), exact sound uncertain. ø + l > ow in bow.

u.

O.N. u remains in buth, grouf. O.N. u generally > ou, ow: boun, bowne, bowk, cow, cour, etc. u > ø in solande, stot. u > ŭ in busk.

ɏ.

O.N. ɏ regularly > ɨ, written i, y: lythe, tyne, sit, skyrin, snite. Cp. y. O.N. ɏ appears as ɇ (ei) in neiris, exact sound not certain. Cp. ɏ before st > ĭ in thrist (O.N. rysta).

[-ae].

O.N. [-ae] remains in hething. [-ae] > e in sait. [-ae] > e, e, in rad, red, radness, etc.

DIPHTHONGS.

ai.

O.N. ai > ɇ, written a, ai, ay, ei: bait, bein, bayt, blaik, dey, grane, graip, graith, heid, laif, lairet, lairing, lak, laiching, thwaite, waith, slaik, swage, raise, tha. O.N. ai > i in nyte (?). O.N. ai is represented by i before r in thir. Cp. Cu. thur. O.N. ain > en initially in enkrely.

oey.

O.N. oey > ɇ, written e, ai: careing, dey, smaik. oey > e in yemsel (yhemsell), may be a case of Dan. monophthongation.

ou, au.

O.N. ou, au is regularly ou, ow in Sco.: blowt, douff, dowff, gowk, gowl, loup, louse, nowt, rout, rowste, soum. Very frequently appears as oi, oy: e.g., soym, doif, goilk, loip, etc. O.N. ou > u in gukk, vb. formed from gowk (?).

jo.

O.N. jo before r > a in starn (O.N. stjorn). jo > ei in leister. Appears as i in the N. Sco. word shiel.

ju.

O.N. ju > u in stroop. ju > i in skyle.

(b) THE OLD NORTHERN CONSONANTS.

b.

O.N. b regularly remains b. Is lost after m in gylmyr. b > p initially pirrye.

d.

O.N. d regularly remains. Is lost after n in hansell. An epenthetic d appears after n in solande, ythand; after l in boldin and rangeld. O.N. ld > ll in caller.

g.

O.N. g regularly remains g before guttural and palatal vowels alike. g > g before a palatal vowel in gengeld, yhemsel. O.N. g disappears after n in titlene. g > ch in bawch, lawch. On O.N. a + g, o + g, e + g, see the vowels.

p.

O.N. p regularly remains p. p > ph finally in sumph.

t.

O.N. t regularly remains t. t > tch in scratch. Seems to have become d in cadie (O.N. katr), but Dan. kadh may be the source. An epenthetic t after n appears in eident.

k.

O.N. k regularly remains k. k > ch finally in screch. Cp. also laiching. O.N. ks (x) > ss in assletooth, wissle. On O.N. sk, see s.

v.

O.N. v regularly becomes w: welter, witter, ware, werr, wicht, etc. O.N. v is represented by v in vath, vittirly, vyndland, all in Bruce. An epenthetic v appears after o (u) in crove, rove, unrufe.

_eth_, _

O.N. _eth_, _ quite regularly > _th_: _baith_, _bletherb_, _raith_, _buith_, _degraith_, _firth_, _garth_, _graith_, _ithand_, _lythe_, _mythe_, _hething_, _harth_, _grith_, _gyrth_, _waith_, _vath_, _sleuth_, _tath_, _skaith_, _wandreth_, etc. O.N. _eth_ > _d_ medially and finally in _eident_, _ydlanlie_, _heid_, _red_, _duds_, _stud_. O.N. _eth_ is lost in _mauch_. O.N. _ initially remains in _thrist_, _thra_, _thraif_, _tha_, _thir_, _thwaite_, _wan-threvin_. _ > _t_ in _tytt_, _tangle_.

f.

O.N. f initially always remains. Medially and finally f remains in cloff, nefe, lufe, laif. Medially and finally f > v in: nieve, nevin, rive, lave, crave. O.N. f > th in scarth (O.N. skarfr). An epenthetic f appears in unrufe (v?).

s.

O.N. s regularly remains s. s > ch in chyngill (?).

sk.

O.N. sk = sk initially medially and finally: skar, sker, skewit, skill, skugg, skrech, skant, scait, scool, scratch, scarth, skait, skail, scud, scudler, script, skyle, skeigh, busk, bask (dry), harsk, harskness, forjeskit, mensk(?). O.N. sk > sh finally in dash (?). sk > sh before a guttural vowel in shacklet (?), and schore (?). O.N. sk before i (ɨ) > sh in shiel. Cp. skyle above. sk > s finally in mense.

h.

O.N. h initially before vowels remains, except in aweband. O.N. h initially before r, l, n, is lost: rad, rangale, ruse, lack, loup, nieve, etc. O.N. ht remains, is not assimilated to tt, e.g., sacht, unsaucht. An inorganic h initially appears in hendir, hugsum.

hv.

O.N. hv regularly > qu, quh: quhelm, quey.

m, n, l, r.

O.N. m regularly remains. m before t > n in skant, skantlin.

O.N. n always remains, nd is not assimilated to nn. Cp. Cu. winnle.

O.N. l initially remains. Medially and finally generally remains. O.N. l after o > w: bowdyne, bowne, bow. l very frequently takes the place of w medially: golk, dolf. An excrescent l appears in gylmyr.

O.N. r regularly remains. Disappears before sk in bask, undergoes metathesis in gyrth. Inflexional r remains in caller.

* * * * *

Volume 1 in the Series of GERMANIC STUDIES from Columbia University

THE END