BYSNING, sb. a strange person, an unusually unfortunate person. Douglas, I, 2544; I, 339. O.N. bysna, to portend, bysn, a strange and portentous thing. Norse bysn, a prodigy, bysning, curiosity. See the adj. Cp. Shetland soni-bosni, O.N. sjonar-bysn, a marvel.

CADYE, adj. wanton. Lyndsay, LXXXVII, 2567. Also written cady, caidgy, caigie; sometimes means "sportive, cheerful." Dan. kaad, merry, lusty, lustful. So Sw. kat, O.N. katr, merry, cheerful, Norse kaat. Cp. Philotus 5, "the carle caiges," where the same word is used as a vb. to wanton, be wanton.

CALLER, adj. cool. Fergusson, 73. Very common in modern Sco. diall. O.N. kaldr, Norse kall, cold. Seems to be a case of the Norse inflexional r not disappearing in Sco.

CANGLER, a wrangler. Ramsay, II, 482. Norse kengla, kaeingla, kjaeingla, to quarrel. A Sco. vb. cangle, to quarrel, also exists. Cp. O.N. kangin-yrethi, jeering words, Yorkshire caingy, cross, ill-tempered.

CAPPIT, vb. pret. strove. Douglas, II, 154, 21. O.N. kapp, contest, zeal, deila kappi vieth, strive with. Norse kapp id. kappa, reflexive, to race. Dan. kamp, O.E. camp, cempam. The Sco. word exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of mp to pp, the form kapp, however, also existed in O. Sw. and exists in N.Dan. In Cu. a capper is one who excels. This is probably the same word. See, however, E.D.

CAREING (kɇr), pr. p. driving, from care, caire, to drive. Douglas, III, 166, 10; Wallace, IX, 1240. O.N. koeyra, O. Ic. keyra, Norse koyra, to drive, ride, O. Ic. keyrsla, a driving, Norse kjorsel, id. Cp. Shetland care, id. Monophthongation in O. Sw. koera, Dan. koere.

CARL, sb. a man, an old man, very frequently with an idea of disrespect. C.S., 144. O.N. karl, Norse kar, a man, fellow, but kall, an old man, with assimilation of rl to ll. W.Norse kadl exhibits the change of ll to dl. In Dan. and in Sw. dial karl. Cu. carl means a coarse fellow. Dunbar has the word wifcarl, man.

CARLAGE, adj. oldish, decrepit. Irving, 172. O.N. karl + leikr.

CARLING, KARLING, CARLINE, sb. an old woman, a slatternly woman. O.N. kerling, an old woman, karlinna, a woman. O. Dan. kaerlingh, O. Sw. kaerling, Norse kjaering, Dan. kiaerling (pronounced kaelling), id. Dan. dial. kerling. Cp. Gael. cailliach. Does not seem to exist in Eng. diall. south of the border.

CARP, KARP, vb. to talk, converse. Wyntoun, VI, 18, 313. O.N. karpa. See Skeat Et.D.

CASTINGS, sb. pl. cast off clothes. Dunbar's Complaynt, 43. Deriv. from cast. O.N. kasta.

CHAFT, sb. the jaw, also used vulgarly for the mouth. O.N. kjaptr, the jaw. Norse kjaeft, vulgar name for the mouth. O. Sw. kiaepter, M. Sw. kaeft, Dan. kjaeft, M.E. chaft.

CHAFT-BLADE, CHAFF-BLADE, sb. jaw. Mansie Wauch, 41, 20; 76, 23; 147, 28. Cp. Norse kjaefte-blad, id. See chaft.

CHOWK, sb. jawbone. Dalr., VIII, 112, 14; Isaiah, L, 6. O.N. kjalki, the jawbone, Norse kjⱥke.

CHYNGIEL, sb. gravel. Douglas, III, 302, 30. Norse singl, see Skeat, and Wall.

CLED, pp. clad, clothed. Wallace, I, 382. O.N. klaeddr, dressed, from klaeetha. O.E. claeethan, from which N. Eng. clothe, was borrowed from the Scand. in late O.E. See Kluge P.G.(2)I, 932.

CLAG, sb. a stain, a flaw. Dalr., VIII, 97, 17. The vowel in O.N. kleggi does not correspond. It is rather Dan. klag, see claggit.

CLAGGIT, adj. clagged, literally adhering, sticking, vb. clag, to stick. Lindsay, LXXXVII, 2667. Dan. klaeg, mud, sticky clay, as adj. sticky, cp. Cu. claggy, adhesive, clog, to stick to, O.E. claeg, from which N. Eng. clay. Possibly from an unpalatalized O. Nhb. claeg.

Cleading, sb. dress, clothing, A.P.B. 110 cp. Norse klaedning, Sco. formation, same as clothing in Eng. The Sco. vb. is cleed.

CLECKIN, sb. brood of chickens. Burns, 99, 4. Cp. O.N. klekking, chicken, but probably Sco. formation from cleck, to hatch, q.v.

CLEG, sb. the gadfly, horsefly. Burns, 88, I. O.N. kleggi, horsefly, Dan. kleg. See Wall.

CLEK, vb. to hatch. Dunbar, 105; Douglas, II, 198, 3. O.N. klekja, O. Sw. klaekkia, Norse kloekkja, kloettja, Dan. klaekke, Sw. klaecka, id.

CLOFF, sb. fork, fissure. Montg. F., 60. O.N. klof, bifurcation, O. Dan. klov, a rift in a tree, O. Sw. klovi, id. Norse klov, a cleft opening. Cp. Sco. long-cloved and Ic. klof-langr.

CLOUR, vb. to beat, strike; always used with reference to personal encounters. O.N. klora, to scratch, Norse kløra id., klør sb. used with reference to the scratch one gets as the result of a blow. In Sco. clour may also mean the blow itself.

CLOUR, CLOWRE, sb. a scratch or swelling after a blow. Fergusson, 120; Philotus, 153; Douglas, I, 6, 4. O.N. klor, a scratching. Norse klør. Probably Sco. formation.

CLUBBIT, adj. clubfooted, clumsy. Montg. S., XXVIII; M.P., 13, 30. O.N. klubba and klumba, Norse klubba, Dan., Norse klump. Cp. Eng. clump. Soederwall gives klubba, klobba, probably M. Sw. Cp. N.Dan. klubbe. Exhibits assimilation of mb to bb which is general in W. Scand. Also appears to some extent later in E. Scand. Eng. club is Scand. See Skeat.

CLUNK, vb. to emit a hollow and uninterrupted sound. Jamieson, Ayr. O.N. klunka, Norse klunka, to emit a gurgling sound. O. Sw. klunka, Eng. clink shows umlaut.

CLYFFT, sb. a cleft, a fissure. Wallace, VII, 859. Norse klyft, kluft, Ic. kluft, Sw. klyfta, Dan. kloft. See also Skeat under cleft, and B.S. cluft. The Sco. word like the M.E. exhibits the umlaut which has taken place in some places in Norway and Sweden.

COG, KOG, COGGIE, sb. a keg, a wooden vessel of any kind. Ferguson, 13; Burns, 195, 51, 2; 195, 50, 6. O.N. kaggi, Norse kagge, Dan. Sw. kagge, a cask, a barrel. Skeat cites the form cag for Eng. diall. The Sco. word preserves more closely the Norse sound, which is not o, but a. On L.G. cognates see Skeat Et.D.

COSTLYK, adj. costly, magnificent. Wyntoun, VIII, 28, 76; IX, 18, 66, costlike. O.N. kostligr, costly, choice, desirable. O. Sw. kosteliker, O. Dan. kostaelic, N. Dan. kostelig, Norse kosteleg, costly, magnificent. Deriv. costlykly. Wyntoun, VII, 5, 96.

COUR, vb. to bow, to croutch. O.N. kura, O. Dan. kurae, O. Sw. kura, Norse kura, kurra, bend down, become quiet, go to rest. Norse kurr, adj. silent, kurrende still, perfectly quiet, cowered to silence. The fundamental idea in the O.N. word was probably that of "lying quiet." Cp. Shetland to cur, to sit down. Isaiah, LVIII, 5: "His head till cower like a seggan flouir."

COW, vb. to overcome, surpass, "beat." O.N. kuga, to compel to something, to tyrannize over. Dan kue, underkue, suppress, oppress, Norse kua, press down, also put into subjection. The more general meaning in the modern diall. is "to beat." "To cow a'," in Barrie, to beat everything; cow'd, Fergusson 117, terrified.

CRAIK, sb. crow. Burns, 226, 119, 3, and 121, 1. O.N. kraka, Norse kraake, krauka, Dan. krage, Shetland kraga, crow. See also Wall.

CRAVE, vb. to demand payment of a debt, to dun. A regular Sco. use of the word. O.E. crafian is a loanword from Scand. See Kluge P.G.(2)I, 933. Cp. Norse kreva, to dun.

CROVE, sb. hut, cottage. Ramsay, I, 158. O.N. kro, a hut, a little cottage (Haldorson), Norse, kro, specialized to "wine or ale house." So in Dan.

CUNNAND, adj. knowing, skilful, dexterous. Wyntoun, VII, 3, 28; connand, V, 12, 1243; Douglas, II, 18, 22. O.N. kunnandi, knowing, learned, Norse kunnande, skilled. Deriv. cunnandly, conandly (Wallace, I, 248).

CUNNANDNESS, sb. skill, knowledge, wisdom. Wyntoun, V, 12, 280; VII, 8, 667. Sb. formation from cunnand.

DAGGIT, adj. pp. soaked. Montg. S., 68, 11. O.N. doeggva, to bedew, doeggottr, covered with dew, Norse dogga, id., Sw. dagg, thin, drizzling rain, O. Sw. dag, dew, Shetland dag, dew, "he's dagen," it is misting. Cp. Cu. daggy, misty.

DAPILL, adj. gray. Douglas, II, 257, 19; Scott 72, 126, "till hair and berd grow dapill." O.N. depill. See Skeat.

DAPPLET, adj. spotted, flecked. Burns, VII, 11. See dapple in Skeat Et.D.

DASH, vb. to strike. Burns, 210, 872, 8, 7. O.N. daska, to strike, sb. dask, a strike, Norse daska, Dan., Sw. daska, M.E. daschen. See Bradley's Stratmann.

DE, DEE, vb. to die, M.E. deyen. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word. Luik (91-93), agreeing with Napier, thinks the word is native from primitive Gmc. *daujan. I think, however, with Kluge, that if the word had existed in O.E. it would have appeared earlier. See Kluge P.G.(2)I, 933. O.N. doeyja, Norse doei, O. Dan. doeia, Dan, doe. On M.E. deyen see Brate.

DEGRAITHIT, pp. deprived of. Lyndsay, 523, 3935. Formed from the sb. graith, possessions, hence degraith, to dispossess. Cp. the Eng. parallel. See graith.

DEY, DEE, sb. maid, woman. A.P.B., 151; Ramsay 399. O.N. daeigja, a dairy maid, Norse deigja, servant, budeie, dairy maid, O. Sw. deghia, deijha, maid, girl, sweetheart, O. Dan. deije, mistress, deijepige, servant. The Sco. word has nearly always the general sense of "woman."

DING, vb. to drive, strike, beat, overcome. O.N. dengja, to hammer, Norse dengja, denge, to whip, beat, O. Sw. daengia id., Sw. daenge, O. Dan. daenge, M.E. dingen. A very common word in Sco., used quite generally as Eng. "beat," in the sense of "surpassing." "To ding a'" = to beat everything. Cp. "to cow a'."

DIRDUM, sb. tumult, uproar. Douglas, I, 117, 9. O.N. dyra-domr, "doordoom, an ancient tribunal held at the door of the house of the suspected person, which often was followed by uproar and bloodshed" (Small). The word appears in Gael. as durdan.

DOIF, adj. deaf, dull. Irving, 214. See douff. For similar parallel forms cp. gowk and goilk; nowt and nolt; howk and holk; lowp and loip; bowdyn and boildin, etc.

DONK, adj. damp, moist. Douglas, II, 196, 32; Dunbar, G.T., 97. Cu. donky. See Skeat under dank. Cp. donk sb.

DONK, sb. a moist place. Rolland, I, 2. Sw. dial. dank, a moist marshy place, small valley. O.N. doekk, a pool, Norse dok, a valley, Shetland dek. Exhibits E. Scand. non-assimilation of nk to kk.

DONK, vb. to moisten. Dunbar, T.M.W., 10, 512. M.E. donken, to moisten. See donk, adj.

DONNART, adj. stupid, stupefied. Mansie Wauch, 96, 29. Norse daana, Sw. dana, to faint. For the r cp. dumbfoundered, M.W., p. 210, 25. An excrescent r appears in a number of words, so in dynnart, a variant of the word above, Dunbar, T.M.W. 10. Cp. daunert, in stupor, Johnnie Gibb, 56, 44, and dauner, to wander aimlessly, Psalms CVII, 40.

DOOCK, DUCK. sb. a kind of coarse cloth. Jamieson. Probably in this case, as the form of the word indicates, from O.N. dukr, O. Sw. duker, cloth. Cp. Norse duk, Dan. dug, Sw. dial. duk. Skeat derives the Eng. duck from Du. dock, but the Sco. word agrees more closely with the Norse.

DOSEN, adj. stupefied. Burns 220, 107, 2. Cp. Cu. dozent, stupefied, and Mansie Wauch, 207, 24, dozing, whirling, sprawling. The Norse work dusen has the same meaning as dosen above. The form dosynt, pp. dazed, stunned (Burns), is to be explained from a Sco. vb. dosen (not necessarily dosnen in Scotland), corresponding to M.E. dasin, O.N. dasa. See Skeat under doze.

DOWFF, DOUF, DOLF, adj. deaf, dull, melancholy, miserable. Douglas, II, 63, 11; Burns, 44, 4. O.N. daufr, deaf, Norse dauv, drowsy, dull, dauva, make drowsy. See dowie.

DOWIE, DOWY, adj/ melancholy, dismal. O.N. doufr, dead, drowsy. Norse dauv, dau, id. Cp. Sco. doolie and Ir. doiligh, mournful, O.N. daufligr, dismal.

DOWLESS, adj. careless, worthless. Isaiah, 32, 11. O.N. duglauss, Norse duglaus, good for nothing, said of a person who has lost all courage or strength, as opposed to duglegr, capable. Norse dugloysa, weakness, inability. Cp. Dan. due, to be able. Germ. taugen.

DRAIK, vb. to drown, drench. Lyndsay, 247, 714; draikit, Isaiah, I, 22. Apparently from O.N. drekkja, to drown, to swamp. The vowel is difficult to explain. The Cu. form drakt, drenched, wet, indicates a verb, drak. The change in vowel would then be similar to that in dwall from O.N. dvelja, Eng. dwell. Uncertain.

DRAM, sb. a drink. Fergusson, 40; Mansie Wauch, 9, 9; 90, 2. Norse dram, a drink, always used with reference to a strong drink, so in Sco. Dan. dram, as much of a strong drink as is taken at one time (Molbeck). O. Sw. dramb, drinking in general, carousing. This usage of dram is distinctively Scand. and Sco. Cp. Eng. dram, Sco. vb. dram, to furnish with drinks.

DRAWKIT, adj. drenched. Dunbar 142, 102; Douglas, I, 56, 12; III, 303, 8. See draik. The vowel is difficult to explain. Absence of n before the k proves that it is either a Scand. loanword direct, or a Sco. formation from one. There is no Scand. word from which drawkit could come. It may be a Sco. formation from draik. For change of ai to aw cp. agent and awgent; various and vawrious, in Aberdeen dial. The M. Dan. drockne, N. Norse drokna, would hardly account for aw in drawkit.

DROOK, to drench, to drown. Isaiah, XVI, 9; LV, 10; Psalms, VI, 6. Cannot come from O.N. drekkja. Probably from O.N. drukna, to drown, Norse drukna, O. Dan. dronkne, by lengthening of the vowel. Cp. Cu. drookt, severely wet. The following infinitive forms also occur, draik, drowk, drawk.

DROUKIT, adj. drenched. Fergusson, 40. See drook.

DRUCKEN, DRUKEN, adj. drunken, addicted to drink. O.N., Norse drukken, pp. of drikka, to drink. Early E. Scand. has the unassimilated form. Cp. O. Dan. dronkne, drone. Later Dan. drougne, drocken. Early Sw. drokken.

DUDDY, adj. ragged. Fergusson, 146; Burns, 68, 48. See duds. Cp. Cu. duddy fuddiel, a ragged fellow.

DUDS, sb. pl. rags, clothes, O.N. dudi, "vestes plumatae" (Haldorson), duda (duetha), to wrap up heavily, to swaddle. Gael. dud, rag, is a loan-word from O.N. It is possible that the word may have come into Lowland Sco. by way of Gael.

EGG, vb. to urge on, to incite. O.N. eggja, goad, incite, Norse egga, Dan. egge, id. The word is general Gmc., but this specific sense is Scand. Cp. O. Fr. eggia, to quarrel, to fight. M.L.G. eggen, to cut, to sharpen a sword.

EGGING, sb. excitement, urging. Bruce, IV, 539. See egg.

EIDENT, YDAN, YTHAND, adj. diligent. Dalr., I, 233, 35; Fergusson, 94; Douglas, I, 86, 17. O.N. iethinn, assiduous, diligent, iethja, to be active. Norse idn, activity, industry. Cp. Dan. id, idelig.

ELDING, sb. fuel. Dalr., I, 10, 8. O.N. elding, firing, fuel. Norse elding, id. Cu. eldin. From O.N. eldr, fire. Cp. Shetland eld, fire. See N.E.D.

ELDNYNG, sb. passion, also jealousy. Dunbar, 36, 204; 119, 126, literally "firing up." O.N. eldr, fire. Cp. Sw. elding.

ENCRELY, YNKIRLY, adv. especially, particularly. Bruce, I, 92; I, 301; X, 287. O.N. einkarlegr, O. Dan. enkorlig, O. Sw. enkorlika, adj. adv. special, especially. Cp. Norse einkeleg, unusual, extraordinary. See B-S and Skeat's glossary to Barbour's Bruce.

END, sb. breath. Sat. P., 42, 63. See aynd.

END, vb. to breathe upon. Dalr., I, 29, 6. O.N. anda, Norse anda, breathe, M.E. anden.

ERD, vb. to bury. Dunbar, F., 372; Douglas, II, 266, 10; Bruce, XX, 291. O.N. jaretha, to bury, O. Sw. iora. O.E. eardian meant "to dwell, inhabit." See further Wall. A case of borrowed meaning, the form is Eng.

ERDING, sb. burial. Bruce, IV, 255; XIX, 86. See erd vb.

ESPYNE, sb. a long boat. Bruce, XVII, 719. O.N. espingr, a ship's boat, Sw. esping.

ETTIL, ETIL, sb. aim, design. Douglas, II, 249, 13; II, 254. See ettil vb.

ETLYNG, sb. aim, endeavor, intention. Bruce, II, 22; I, 587; R.R., 1906. Probably a deriv. from ettle, see below, but cp. O.N. etlun, design, plan, intention.

ETTLE, ETTIL, vb. to intend, aim at, attempt. O.N. aetla, intend, O. Dan. aetlae, ponder over, Norse etla, intend, determine, or get ready to do a thing. Cu. ettle, York, attle. In Isaiah, LIX, colophon, ettle signifies "means, have the meaning."

FALOW, vb. to match, compare. R. R., 3510. Also the regular form of the sb. in Sco., O.N. felagr. See Skeat, B-S under fɇlage. The Sco. vowel is long as in O.N. and M.E. The tendency in Sco. is toward a in a great many words that have e in Eng. Cp. Aberdeen wast for west; laft for left; stap for step; sattlit for settled, S. Sco. wat for wet. Similar unfronting of the vowel is seen in prenciple, reddance, enterdick.

FANG, vb. to catch, seize. O.N. fanga, to fetch, capture. Norse fanga, Dan. fange. This word in Northern England and Scotland is to be regarded as a Scand. loan-word. The word fangast, a marriageable maid, cited by Wall, proves this. Literally the word means something caught (cp. Norse fangst). This meaning could not possibly have arisen out of the O.E. word, but is explained by the Norse use of it and the peculiar Norse custom, cp. fanga konu, to wed a woman, kvan-fang, marriage, fangs-tieth, wedding-season, Norse brylloep < brudlaup, the "bride-run." Wall suggests that it may come from the root of O.E. pp. gefangen. Its presence in S.Eng. diall. in the meaning "to struggle, to bind," may be explained in this way.

FARANDNESS, sb. comeliness, handsomeness. R.R., 1931. See farrand. Cp. cunnandness, from pr. p. cunnand.

FARRAND, adj. appearing, generally well-appearing, handsome, e.g., a seemly farrand person. The word frequently means "fitting, proper," O.N. fara, to suit, to fit, a secondary sense of fara, to go.

FEIR, FER, adj. sound, unharmed. O.N. faerr, safe, well, in proper condition, originally applied to a way that was in proper condition or a sea that was safe, e.g., Petlandsfjoerethr var eigi faerr, the Pentland Firth was not safe, could not be crossed. Norse for also has this same meaning, also means "handy, skillful," finally "strong, well-built." Dan., Sw. foer, able. So in Dunbar, 258, 51. Sometimes spelled fier.

FELL, sb. mountain. O.N. fjald, Norse fjell. See Wall.

FILLOK, sb. a giddy young woman. Douglas, III, 143, 10; Lyndsay, 87, 2654. Diminutive of filly, q.v.

FILLY, sb. a chattering, gossipy young woman. Ramsay, II, 328. Sco. usage. See Skeat under filly, O.N. fylja.

FIRTH, sb. a bay, arm of the sea. O.N. fjoerethr, O. Sw. fjoerdher. See Skeat.

FLAKE, sb. a hurdle. Douglas, IV, 14, 10. O.N. flaki, a hurdle, or shield wicker-work. Norse flake, Sw. flake and O. Sw. flaki. Cu. flaks, pieces of turf, is probably the same. Cp. Norse flake, in kote-flake.

FLAT, adj. dull, spiritless. Rolland, Prol. 16. O.N. flat, Norse flat, ashamed, disappointed, fara flatt fyrir einem, to fare ill, be worsted, O. Dan. flad, weak.

FLECKERIT, pp. adj. spotted. Gol. and Gaw., 475. O.N. flekkr, a spot, flekkottr, spotted. The r in the Sco. word is frequentative, not the inflexional ending of the O.N. See also Skeat under fleck.

FLEGGER, sb. a flatterer. Dunbar, F., 242. Dan. dial. flaegger, false, flaegre, to flatter.

FLINGIN TREE, sb. a piece of timber hung by way of partition between two horses in a stable (Wagner), Burns, 32, 23. O.N. flengja, Norse flenga, flengja, to fling, to sling. Sw. flaenga, O. Ic. flengja, to whip up, to cause to hurry, to ride furiously. The Norse and the Dan., like the English, do not have the primary meaning seen in O. Ic. and N.Sw. See further Skeat.

FLIT, vb. to move, change abode. O.N. flyttja, Norse flytta, O. Dan. flyttae, O. Sw. flyttia, to move, M.E. flytten . The O.N. flyttja meant "to migrate," as also the M.E. word, otherwise the usage is the same in all the Scand. languages. Sco. flit is to be derived from O.N. not from Sw.

FLYRE, vb. to grin, leer, whimper, look surly. Montg. F., 188. Dunbar, T.M.W., 114. O.N., flira, Norse flira, smile at, leer, laugh, Dan. flire to leer, M.E. fliren. The three words flina, flira and flisa in Scand. mean the same. Cu. fliar, to laugh heartily. See also Wall.

FLYTTING, sb. furniture, moveable goods. Wyntoun, VIII, 38, 50. In Wallace simply in the sense of removal. O.N. flutning, transport, carriage of goods. The Sco. word is probably a deriv. from flyt, as indicated also by the umlauted vowel.

FORELDERS, sb. pl. parents. Gau. 15, 2. Dan. foraeldre, Sw. foeraeldrar, Norse foreldre, parents. In the sense "ancestors" the word is general Gmc, but the above use is specifically Scand. In Sco. the word usually has the general sense. Gau has Dan. elements that are not to be found in other Sco. works.

FORJESKIT, adj. jaded, fatigued. Burns, 44, 29. Dan. jask adj., jaske vb. to rumple, put in disorder, jask, a rag, jasket, hjasket left in disordered condition. Dan. dial. jasked, clumsy, homely. Sw. dial. jaska, to walk slovenly and as if tired, jasked, adj. in bad condition. R.L. Stevenson in "The Blast" uses forjaskit in the sense of "jaded." The prefix for may be either Eng. or Dan.

FORLOPPIN, adj. renegade. Sat., p. 44, 243. The pp. of loup, to leap, to run, with intensive prefix for. See loup. Cp. the Norse forloppen from laeupa, used precisely in the same way, and the Dan. dial. loben. Forloppin as sb., Dunbar, 139. See also loppert.

FORS, sb. a stream. O.N. fors, N.Ic. and Norse foss, Dan., Sw. foss, stream, waterfall, O.N. forsa, to foam, spout. The word is very common in Norway, not so common in Sweden and Denmark.

FORTH, sb. Dunbar, 316, 63. Same as firth.

FRA, FRAE, prep. and conj. from, since. Aberdeen form fae. O.N. fra, from, Dan. fra, Norse fra, Sw. fra. Deriv. from "from," according to Wall, by analogy of o', etc. I do not believe so. It is first found in Scand. settlements and is confined to them. Besides m would not be likely to fall out. The case is quite different with f and n in "of" and "in" when before "the." Furthermore, the conjunctive use of fra as in Sco. is Norse.

FRECKLIT, FRECKLED, adj. flecked, spotted, differing slightly from the Eng. use. Douglas, II, 216, 5; Mansie Wauch, 18, 5, "freckled corn." O.N. freknur. See Kluge and Lutz, and Skeat. In M.W. above: "The horn-spoons green and black freckled."

FREND, sb. relation, relative. Wyntoun, VII, 10, 354. O.N. fraendi, kinsman, O. Dan. fraendi, Norse fraende, Sw. fraende, id. O.E. frɇond, O.H.G. friunt, O. Fr. friond, friund, M.L.G. vrint, "friend." Cp. the Sco. proverb: "Friends agree best at a distance," relations agree best when there is no interference of interests, Jamieson.

FRESTIN, vb. to tempt, taunt, also to try. Gol. and Gaw., 902, 911; Ramsay, I, 271. O.N. fraeista, to tempt, Norse freista, frista, to tempt, try, O. Sw. fresta, Dan. friste, Sw. dial. freista, to attempt, O.E. frⱥsian.

GANAND, adj. fitting, proper. Dunbar, 294; Douglas, II, 24, 19. Pr. p. of gane. Cp. Eng. fitting. See gane.

GANE, vb. to be suitable. L.L., 991; Rolland, II, 135. O.N. gegna, to suit, to satisfy, from gegn. O. Sw. gen, same root in Germ. begegnen. See further Kluge. Entirely different from gane, to profit.

GANE, vb. to profit. L.L., 131; R.R., 1873. O.N. gagne, to help, be of use, gagn, use, profit, Norse gagna, id., O. Sw. gaghna, to profit, Dan. gavne.

GANE, sb. the mouth and throat. Douglas, III, 168, 26. Cannot come from O.E. gin, O.N. gin, mouth, because of the quality of the vowel, is, however, Norse gan, gane, the throat, the mouth and throat, Sw. gan, gap, the inside of the mouth.

GAIT, GATE, GAT, sb. road, way, manner. O.N. gata, O. Dan. gatae, M.E. gⱥte. See Wall. Cp. Northern Eng. "to gang i' that rwoad," to continue in that manner.

GARTH, GAIRTH, sb. the yard, the house with the enclosure, dwelling. O.N. garethr, a yard, the court and premises, O. Sw. garer, gardh, the homeplace, Dan. gaard, M.E. garth, and yeard from O.E. geard, Cu. garth, Shetland gard. Is in form more specifically Norse than Dan. Occurs in a number of place-names in South Scotland, especially Dumfries. See I, Sec.3.

GATEFARRIN, adj. wayfaring, in the sense of fit to travel, in suitable apparel for travel. Johnnie Gibb, 12, 35. Wall distinguishes rightly between the O.N. and the Eng. use of the word fare. This Scand. use of the word is confined to Norway and Iceland, and is, at any rate in the later period, more characteristic of Icelandic than Norse. Cp. a similar use of the word sitta, in Norse, to look well, said of clothes that look well on a person. Not quite the same.

GAWKY, adj. foolish. Burns, 78, 60. From gowk. Cp. gawkish.

GEDDE, sb. a pike (fish). Bruce, II, 576; Sat. P. I, 53, 9. O.N. gedda, the pike, Dan. gjedde, Sw. gaedda. Not in M.E., except in Sco. works, and does not seem to exist in Eng. diall.

GEMSAL, YEMSEILL, YHEMSALE, sb. concealment, secrecy. Bruce, XX, 231; Wyntoun, VIII, 19, 206; VIII, 36, 84. O.N. goeymsla, O. Ic. geymsla, Norse goymsla, goymsel, concealment. Dano-Norse gjemsel. The ending sal is distinctively Scand. Cp. traengsel, misery; laengsel, longing; horsel, hearing; pinsel, torture; trudsel, threat; opforsel, conduct; Sco. tynsell, hansell, etc.

GENGELD, sb. reward, recompense. Douglas, II, 100, 12; II, 111, 17; Scott, 59, 62. O.N. gegn-gjald, reward, O. Dan. gengaeld, giengiald id., giengielde, to reward, Norse gjengjaeld. Gen is the same as the gegn in gegna, to suit, -geld can be either Scand. or Eng. The palatal g is also Scand. in this word. The compound gengeld is Scand. In Sco. also spelled gangeld, gayngeild.

GER, GAR, vb. to make, cause, force. O.N. gera (Cl. and V.). O. Dan. goerae, Sw. goera, Norse gjera, to do, to make. O. Nh. goerva. Gar is the modern form which exhibits regular Sco. change of er to ar. Cp. serk, sark; werk, wark.

GESTNYNG, sb. hospitality. Douglas, III, 315, 8. O.N. gistning, a passing the night as a guest at a place, gista, vb. to spend the night with one, gestr, guest. O. Dan. gaestning, O. Sw. gaestning, gistning.

GLETE, GLEIT, vb. to glitter. Douglas, I, 33; II, 88, 16; Montg. C. and S., 1288; Dunbar, G.T., 66. O.N. glita, to glitter, Dan. glitte. Cp. Shetland glid, a glittering object. O.E. glitnian > M.E. glitenien, as O.E. glisnian > M.E. glistnian, N. Eng. glisten. The M.E. glitenian (N.Eng. *glitten) was replaced by the Scand. glitter.

GLEIT, sb. literally "anything shining," used in Palace of Honour, II, 8, for polish of speech. See the vb.

GLEY, sb. a look, glance, stare. Mansie Wauch, 85, 10; 117, 37. See Wall, gley, to squint, B-S. glien. Cp. Sw. dial. glia.

GLEG, adj. sharp. See Wall, deriv. glegly, quickly.

GLITTERIT, adj. full of glitter. Dunbar, T.M.W., 30. See glitter in Skeat.

GOWK, sb. a fool. O.N. gaukr, Norse gaeuk, O. Sw. goeker, Dan. gjoeg. In Sco. very frequently spelled goilk, golk. Cu. April-gowk, April fool.

GOWL, vb. to scream, yell. O.N. gaula, Norse gaeula, to yell, to scream. Shetland gjol, gol, to howl, seems to be the same word, but the palatal before o is strange. Cp. Sco. gowle.

GOWLYNGE, sb. screaming, howling. R.R. 823, pr. p. of gowl. Cp. O.N. gaulan, Norse gaeuling, sb. screaming.

GRAIP, sb. a dung-fork. Burns, 38, 1, 2. Johnnie Gibb, 102, 18; 214, 21. Norse graeip, id., Dan. greb, a three-pronged fork.

GRAITH, adj. ready, direct. Bruce, IV, 759; Wallace, V, 76. O.N. graeiethr, ready, Norse greid, simple, clear, ready. Deriv. graithly, directly, Gol. and Gau. 54. Cp. Yorkshire graidly, proper.

GRAITH, vb. make ready, dress, furnish, equip. C.S., 39; R.R., 424; Psalms XVIII, 32. O.N. graeietha, to disentangle, set in order, make ready. Norse greide, to dress (the hair). Cu. graitht, dressed.

GRANE, sb. twig, branch. Douglas, II, 10, 27; Dunbar, 76. O.N. graein, Norse grein, Dan. gren, O. Sw. gren, branch. The Dan. and Sw. forms show monophthongation. The Sco. word agrees best with the Norse.

GRANIT, adj. forked. Douglas, II, 133, 4. O.N. graeina, to branch, divide into branches, separate. Norse graeina, Sw., Dan. grena, id., O. Sw. grenadh, adj. forked, Cu. grainet.

GRAYTH, GRAITH, sb. equipment, possessions. Dunbar, 229; Lyndsay, 154, 4753; Burns, 23, 18. O.N. graeietha, means "tools, possessions," originally "order." Cp. the vb. In Douglas, III, 3, 25, graith means "preparation."

GRAITHLY, adv. directly, speedily. Bruce, XIX, 708; X, 205. O.N. graeiethliga, readily, promptly.

GRITH, sb. peace, truce. Wallace, X, 884. O.N., O. Dan. grieth, truce, protection, peace. O. Sw. grieth, grueth. Occurs very often in the parts of the A-S. Chronicle dealing with the wars with the Danes, for the first time in 1002. "Frieth and grieth," meant "truce," or "peace and protection." See Steenstrup's discussion of these words, pp. 245-250.

GROUF, on growfe, adj. prone, on one's face. Douglas, IV, 20, 24; Dunbar, 136, 12. O.N. a grufu, grovelling. Norse aa gruva, id., O. Sw. a gruvo. Sw. diall. gruva, a gruv, Dan. paa gru.

GRYS, GRYCE, sb. a pig. Douglas, II, 143, 14; Lyndsay, 218, 300; Montg., F., 88. O.N. griss, a young pig, swine, O. Dan. gris, Norse gris.

GUKK, vb. to act the fool. Dunbar, F., 497. Probably to be derived from gowk, sb. a fool. It cannot very well come from geck, to jest, the vowels do not correspond. In Poet. R., 108, 5, gukit means "foolish, giddy."

GYLL, sb. cleft, glen, ravine. Douglas, III, 148, 2; Sat. P., 12, 71. O.N. gil, a narrow glen with a stream at the bottom, Norse gil, gyl, a mountain ravine. Cp. Cu. gill, ghyll.

GYLMYR, sb. a ewe in her second year. C.S., 66. O.N. gymbr, a ewe lamb a year old, also gymbr-lamb, Norse gymber, Dan. gimber, M.E. gimbir, gimbyr, Cu. gimmer. In northwestern England and Scotland assimilation of mb to mm took place. Our word has excrescent l, cp. chalmer, not uncommon.

GYRTH, sb. a sanctuary, protection. Bruce, IV, 47; II, 44; C.S., 115. O.N. grieth, a sanctuary, a truce. O. Sw. grieth, grueth, M.Norse gred, protection. Cu. gurth, cp. grith.

GYRTH sb. a hoop for a barrel, the barrel. R.R., 27, 81. O.N. gjoereth, a girdle, a hoop, Dan. gjord, Norse gjord, gjaar, gjoir, hoop, girdle, O.E. form gyrd. Cp. O.N. giretha, to gird, and girethi, wood for making hoops.

GYRTHYN, sb. saddle-strap, saddle-band. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 64. O.N. gjoereth. See Skeat, girth. Our word is not nominative pl. as the editor of Wyntoun takes it, but is the singular originally pr. p. of girth, to gird, to strap. In Poet. R. 113, occurs the form girthing. Cp. Cu. girting, girtings.

HAILSE, vb. to greet, salute. Bruce, II, 153; C.S., 141. O.N. helsa, older haeilsa, to hailsay one, to greet, O. Sw. helsa, Dan. hilse, Norse helsa, id., M.E. hailsen. This word is entirely different from O.E. healsian, which is heals + ian and meant "beseech, implore," literally "embrace." The form of this was halsian in O. Nhb., from which Sco. hawse, to embrace.

HAILSING, HALSING, sb. a salute, greeting. Douglas, II, 243, 31; Dunbar "Freires of Berwick" 57; Rosw. and Lill. 589. O.N., O. Sw., Norse helsa, see above; Norse helsing, Dan. hilsning, a greeting. Hailsing formed direct from the vb. hailse.

HAINE, vb. to protect, save. Fergusson, 171; Psalms LXXVIII, 50; LXXX, 19; we're hain'd, we are saved. O.N. hegna, to hedge in, protect, hegnaethr, defence, Norse hegna, Dan. hegne, O. Sw. haeghna, to hedge in for the sake of protecting. Cu. hain.

HAINED, pp. adj. sheltered, secluded, cp. a hained rig, Burns, 8, 1. In modern usage very frequently means "saved up, hoarded," so hained gear, hoarded money. See haine above.

HAININ' TOWER, sb. fortress. Psalms XVIII, 2; XXXI, 2; LXII, 7. See hain.

HALING (hɇling), pr. p. pouring down. Douglas, II, 47, 31. O.N. hella, to pour out water, helling, sb. pouring. See Wall under hell. We should expect a short vowel as generally in Eng. diall. The form hale, however, occurs in Yorkshire too. Both are from O.N. hella. There is no Scand. or L.G. word with original a to explain hale, but cp. the two words dwell and wail, to choose. Dwell from O.N. dvelja, preserves both quality and quantity of the original vowel. The Sco. form is, however, dwall. Here the vowel has been opened according to Sco. tendency of changing e to a before liquids, cp. felag > falow, also frequently before other consonants. Cp. the same tendency in certain dialects in America, so tăll or even t[-ae]l for tell, băll for bell, wăll for well, etc. If e before l in hell, to pour, was changed to a, as e in dwell, and later lengthened, we would have the form h[-ae]l out of which hale would be regularly developed, and so a double development from the same word, hell and hale. Wail, to choose, might be explained in the same way from O.N. vb. velja. Well would be the regular form, but this is not found. The O.N. val, choice, is, however, sufficient to explain wail.

HAME-SUCKEN, sb. the crime of assaulting a person within his own house. O.N. haeim-sokn, O. Dan. hem-sokn, an attack on one's house. O. Sw. hem-sokn, O.E. hamsocn, E. ham-socne. See Steenstrup, pp. 348-349. The word seems to have come into Eng. during the time of the Danes in England, though both elements are Eng. as well as Scand. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 933.

HAMMALD, adj. domestic. Douglas, II, 26, 7. O.N. heimoll, heimill, domestic, O. Sw. hemoll, Norse heimholt. Excrescent d after l quite common in Scand. and appears in Sco. in a few words. See fald.

HANK, sb. thread as it comes from the measuring reel, a coil of thread. Burns, 584. See Skeat. Cu. hankle, to entangle, is probably the same word.

HANSEL, sb. gift. O.N. handsal. Bruce, V, 120, hansell used ironically means "defeat." See Skeat.

HARN, sb. brain. O.N. hjarni, brain, O. Dan. hiaernȩ, Norse hjarne, Dan. hjerne, O. Sw. hiaerne, haerne.

HARSK, adj. harsh, cruel. Wyntoun, IX, 1, 27; Douglas, II, 208, 17. O.N. *harsk, bitter, as proved by Shetland, ask, hask, hosk, and Norse hersk. Cp. Dan. harsk. O. Ic. herstr, bitter, hard, severe, is probably the same word, st to sk. Cp. Cu. hask weather, dry weather. Shetland, hoski wadder, dry and windy weather (Jakobson, p. 68). Dan. dial. harsk, bitter, dry. For dropping of r, as in the Shetland form, cp. kask, from karsk, in "Havelok," cited in Skeat's list.

HARSKNESS, sb. harshness. Dunbar, 104, 19. See harsk.

HARTH, adj. hard. Dunbar, F., 181; O.N. harethr, Norse har(d), Dan. haar(d), hard.

HAUGH, sb. a hill, a knoll. O.N. haugr, a hill, Norse haug, Old Gutnic haugr, Cu. howe. The O. Sw. hoegher, O. Dan. hoeg, hoew, Dan. hoei, Shetland hjog, hoeg, show later monophthongation. Cp. M.E. houg, hogh.

HAVER-MEAL, sb. oat-meal. Burns, 187, 32, 1. Cp. Norse, havremjoel, O.N. hafrmjoel, Dan. havre meel. The first element of the compound is used especially in Scand. settlements in England and is probably due to Scand. influence. An O.S. hafore exists, but if our word is native, it ought to be distributed in South Eng. diall. as well. The second element of the compound may be Eng.

HAYND, sb. Douglas, III, 119, 6. See aynd.

HEID, sb. brightness. Rolland, I, 122. O.N. haeieth, brightness of the sky, haeieth ok solskin, brightness and sunshine, haeietha, to brighten, haeiethbjartr, serene. Cp. heieths-ha-rann, the high hall of brightness, an O. poetical name for heaven. The Norse adj. heid, bright, like the Sco. word, shows change of eth to d.

HENDIR, adj. past, bygone. Bruce, 10, 551. Dunbar's poem, This hendir Night. O.N. endr, formerly. Cp. ender-day in Skeat's list.

HETHING, sb. scorn, mockery. Wyntoun, IX, 10, 92; Wallace, V, 739; Douglas, II, 209, 7. O.N. h['ae]ething, sb. scoffing, scorn, h['ae]etha, to scoff, to mock, Norse, haeding, scorn, mockery, O. Sw. haedha, hoedha.

HING, vb. to hang. Lindsay, 527, 4033; Gol. and Gaw., 438; Psalms LXIX, 6. Same as Cu. hing, for which see Wall.

HOOLI, HULIE, adj. quiet, slow, leisurely, careful. Dalr., I, 149, 27; A.P.B., 41; Fergusson, 54. O.N., hogligr, easy, gentle, hogleiki, meekness, hoglifi, a quiet life, hoglyndr, good-natured.

HUGSUM, adj. horrible. Wyntoun, VII, 5, 176. See ug, to fear.

HUSBAND, sb. a small farmer. Bruce, X, 387; VII, 151. O.N. hus- bondi, a house-master. See Skeat. For full discussion of this word as well as bonde, see Steenstrup, 97-100.

ILL, adj. evil, wicked. Bruce, III, 10. O.N. illr, adj. bad, Norse ill, idl, cross, angry, Dan. ilde, adv. badly. As an adv. common in M.E. The adj. use of it more specifically Sco. as in Norse. See Skeat.

IRKE, vb. to weary, to suffer. Dunbar, F., 429; R.R., 456; L.L., 2709. O.N. yrkja, to work, take effect, O. Sw. yrkja, O. Dan. yrki (Schlyter), Sw. yrke, to urge, enforce, Norse orka, be able, always used in the sense of "barely being able to," or, with the negative, "not being able to." Ramsay uses the word in the sense of "being vexed."

IRKE, adj. weary, lazy. Dunbar, 270, 36; R.R., 3570. See irke, vb. Irkit, pp. adj. tired, Montg., M.P., 521.

IRKING, sb. delay. Winyet, II, 76; I. Deriv. from irke, vb.

ITHANDLY, YTHANDLY, YDANLIE, adv. busily, assiduously. Dalr., II, 36, 12; R.R., 36, 95. O.N. iethinn, busy. See eident.

KARPING, CARPING, sb. speech, address. Wyntoun, VIII, 18, 85; VIII, 18, 189; IX, 9, 34. See carp.

KEIK, KEK, vb. to peep, to pry. O.N. kikja, to pry, Norse kika. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word, i>ei as in gleit, gley.

KENDLE, KENDILL, KENNLE, vb. to kindle. Lyndsay, 161, 4970; Gol. and Gaw., 1221; Rolland, I, 609. O.N. kendill, kynda, M.E. kindlen. See Brate.

KILT, vb. to tuck up, O.N. kelta, kjalta, O. Dan. kiltae, the lap, Dan., Norse kilte, to tuck up, O. Sw. kilta, sb. For discussion of this word see Skeat.

KIST, KYST, sb. chest, box. O.N. kista, Norse, Dan. kiste, a chest. O.E. cest would have given kest, or chest. See also Curtis, Sec.392. The tendency in Sco. is to change i to e before st, not e to i. Cp. restit, gestning.

KITTLING, KITTLEN, sb. kitten. Burns, 38, 2, 3; Mansie Wauch, 23, 19; 210, 10. O.N. ketlingr, diminutive of ketta, she-cat, Norse kjetling. Cp. Cu. kitlin. The same diminutive formation appears in Dan. kylling, older kykling, Norse kjukling, a chicken.

KNUSE, KNOOSE, vb. to bruise, to press down with the knees, to beat, also to knead. Ramsay, I, 236. See Jamieson for secondary meanings. O.N. knusa, to bruise, to beat, Norse knusa, Dan. knuse, crush, O. Sw. knosa, knusa, crush, press tight, beat. Cp. Goth. knusian. O.E. cnysian, shows umlaut.

KOW, sb. a fright, terror. Winyet, I, 107, 12. O.N. kuga, to cow. See cow, vb.

LACK, vb. to belittle, blame, reproach, despise. Mont., M.P., 43, 17; R.R., 3242; 3517; Gau., 17, 25. O.N. hlakka, to look down upon, O. Dan. lakke, to slander, O. Sw. belacka, id. See lak, sb.

LAICHING, sb. sport, play. R.R., 647. From Sco. vb. laike, to play, O.N. laeika. See lak.

LAIF, LAVE, sb. the rest. O.N. laeif, a leaving, pl. laeifar, remnants, Norse leiv, id., loyva, to leave. Cannot come from O.E. lⱥf. See Sec.20.

LAIGH, adj. low. Ramsay, II, 20; Mansie Wauch, 106, 23. Same as Eng. low, from O.N. lagr, O. Sw. lagher, O. Dan. lagh, lag, low. In Eng., O.N. ag > ow > ow. In Scotland ag > aw, did not become ow later. So the regular Sco. form is law, or, with guttural, lawch. In laigh, however, a has developed as a would when not before g or h. The form logh also occurs. In Dunbar occur low, law, laich, and loigh.

LAIGH, vb. to bend down, to kneel. Psalms XCV, 6. See laigh, adj.

LAIKE, sb. the stake for which one plays. Montg., C., I, 109. O.N. laeikr, a play, Norse leik, O. Dan. legh. Also means play in Sco., but the transferred meaning is common. It cannot come from O.E. lⱥc. The e-vowel in Cu., Westm., and S. Scotland proves an original aei-diphthong. See Part I, Sec.16.

LAIRET, adj. bemired. Psalms LXIX, 2. Norse laeir, clay. Dan. dial. ler, O. Sw. leer, ler, id., Eng. dial. lair. See Wall. Jamieson gives lair, vb. to stick in the mire, lair, sb. a bog, lairy, adj. boggy.

LAIRING, sb. gutter, deep mud. Burns, 10, 11. O.N. laeir, clay. Same as Yorkshire lyring, for which see Wall. Lyring seems to show original E. Scan. monophthongation of aei to e.

LAIT, sb. manner, trick. R.R., 273, 25, 36. O.N., Ic. lat, manners, skipta litum ok latum, change shape and manners. O. Sw. lat, manner, way of proceeding. Cp. O.N. lata-laeti, dissimulation, latbrageth, gestures, and Dan. lade, to dissimulate, pretend. Norse lata, id. Probably related to O.N. lat.

LAYKING, sb. jousting, a tournament. Wyntoun, VIII, 35. See laik.

LAK, sb. a plaything. Wallace, VIII, 1410. Norse leik, a game, leiker (pl.), games, toys. Sw. dial. leika, a doll, a play sister. Cp. Cu. lakin, a child's toy.

LAK, sb. contempt, reproach, disgrace. Rolland, I, 455; Rosw. and Lill., 784; R.R., 3092. O.N. lakr, defective, O. Dan. lak, fault, deficiency. Sw. lack, fault, slander. O. Sw. lakkare, a slanderer. Cp. Dan. lakkeskrift, a satirical piece. See lack, vb.

LEISTER, sb. a three-pronged salmon spear. Burns, 16, 1. Dumfries and Ayr., any spear for striking or spearing fish with. O.N. ljostr, a salmon spear. Norse ljoster, ljoster, Dan. lyster, Sw. ljuster, vb. Ljostra, vb. in Norse, to spear fish. Cu. lister, leester. See also Worsaae, p. 260. Vb. leister in Sco., to strike fish with a spear or leister.

LINK, vb. to walk briskly, smartly. Burns, 1291, 6, 5, 2. Norse linke, to hurry along, cp. Sw., Dan. linke, to limp along. Stevenson in Ille Terrarum 6, 3, uses link in the sense of "walking along leisurely," which is nearer the Dan. meaning of the word.

LIRK, vb. to crease, to rumple, shrivel. Ramsay, I, 307. O.N. lerka, to lace tight, lirk, sb. a crease, a fold.

LIPIN, LIPPEN, vb. to trust. R.R., 3501; Psalms, XVIII, 30, etc. O.N. litna (?), very doubtful. See B-S.

LITE, vb. to dye, to stain. Dalr., I, 48, 24; Douglas, IV, 190, 32. O.N. lita, to dye, Shetland, to litt. See Wall.

LITLING, sb. dyeing. Sat. P., 48, 1. See lit.

LOFT, sb. upper room, gallery. O.N. lopt, Norse loft, Aberdeen laft. See Skeat.

LOFT, vb. to equip with a loft. C.S., 96. See loft, sb.

LOKMEN, sb. pl. executioners. Wallace, 134. O. Dan., O. Sw. lagman. O.N. loegmaethr, literally "the law-man," was the speaker of the law. In Iceland, particularly, the loegmaethr was the law-speaker. In Norway a loegman seems also to have meant a country sheriff or officer, which comes closer to the use in Wallace. A little doubtful.

LOPPRIT, pp. clotted. Douglas, II, 157, 28; III, 306, 4. O.N. hlaupa (of milk), to curdle (of blood), to coagulate. So Norse lopen, lopen (from laeupa, loypa), thick, coagulated. Dan. at loebe sammen, to curdle, loebe, make curdle, loebe, sb. curdled milk. O.N. hloeypa mjolk, id., literally "to make milk leap together." O. Sw. loepa. In Cu. milk is said to be loppert when curdled.

LOUN, LOWN, adj. quiet, calm, sheltered. O.N. logn, O. Sw. lughn. See Wall under lownd.

LOUP, LOWP, vb. to leap, to jump. O.N. hlaupa, to leap, Norse laeupa, run, O. Sw. loepa, Dan. loebe. Cp. Cu. lowpy- dike, a husband of unfaithful habits, and the secondary meanings of Norse laupa given in Aasen.

LOUP, LOWP, sb. a jump, a spring. Bruce, VI, 638; X, 414; Sco. Pro. 3. See the verb.

LOUSE, LOWSE, adj. loose, free, unfettered. Wyntoun, IX, 2, 63; Douglas, I, 95, 9; I, 95, 23. O.N. lauss, Norse laeus, loose. See Wall. Sco. to be louse, to be abroad, about. The Norse word is similarly used. Cp. Germ. los, and Dan. loes. Waddell has the word godlowse, godless.

LOUSE, LOWSE, vb. to make loose, release. C.S., 121; Lyndsay, 460, 232; K.Q., 34. O.N. lauss. The O.N. vb. was loysa. See louse, adj.

LOW, vb. to humble. R.R., 148. Same as Eng. to lower. So in Sco. to hey, to heighten.

LOW, vb. to flame, to flare up, kindle. Dunbar, G.T., 45; Ramsay, II, 17; Psalms, LXXVI. O.N. loga, to burn with a flame, Norse loga, laaga, to blaze, but cp. the Sco. sb. lowe.

LOWE, sb. flame. O.N. logi, Norse laage. See Skeat.

LOWNE, vb. to shelter. Bruce, XV, 276; M.E. lounen, to shelter. See lowne, adj. Douglas, II, 236, 31, lownit, pp. serene, tranquil.

LUCK, vb. to succeed. Montg., C., 643. O.N. lukka, reflexive, to succeed (bene succedere, Haldorson), lukka, sb. luck. O. Sw. lukka, loecka and lykka. In Scand. dial. the latter umlauted form only is found for the vb., but Norse sb. lukka, Dan. sb. lykke. Undoubtedly Norse influence in Sco.

LUCKEN, vb. to give luck, cause to succeed. Sco. formation from luck. Cp. slok and sloken.

LUFE, LOOF, sb. the palm of the hand. O.N lofi, the hollow of the hand, the palm, Norse love, id., Sw. dial. love.

LUG, sb. the ear. See Skeat and Wall. Cp. Norse lugga, to pull, and lug as a sb. originally "that which is pulled." In Cu. lug means "the handle of a pail." Compare the Eng. to lug, to carry.

LYTHE, vb. to listen. Dunbar, 192, I. O.N. hlyetha, to listen, Dan. lytte, O. Sw. lya, id.

MAIK, sb. companion, partner, consort. Dunbar, T.M.W., 32; Philotus, 2. O.N. maki, partner, an equal, Norse make, Dan. mage, O. Sw. maki, M.E. make, consort, partner.

MAIKLESS, adj. without peer. Wyntoun, IX, Prol. 48; Montg. "The Lady Margaret Montgomery," 8. O.N. maki + laus, Norse makalaeus, Dan. mageloes, extraordinary.

MAUCH, adj. full of maggots. Dunbar, F., 241. O.N. maethkr, a maggot, W.Norse, with assimilation, makk, E. Norse mark, Dan. madik, Sw. dial. mark, O. Sw. matk, and madhker. The k is a diminutive ending, cp. Eng. moth < O.E. maetha. In the Sco. word eth fell out and a was lengthened for compensation. Cp. Cu. mawk, a midge, Eng. dial. mawkish. Skeat cites Eng. dial. form mad.

MELDER, sb. flour, meal just ground. Burns, 127, 113. O.N. meldr, flour, or corn in the mill, Norse melder, wheat about to be ground, or flour that has just been ground, melderlas, a load of wheat intended for the mill, meldersekk, a bag of flour. Cp. Cu. melder, the quantity of meal ground at one time.

MENSE, vb. to do grace to. Lyndsay, 529. See mensk, sb. The change of sk to s is characteristic of Sco. See mensk.

MENSEDOM, sb. wisdom. Psalms, CV, 22. See mensk.

MENSK, MENSE, sb. proper conduct, more generally honor. Dunbar, T.M.W., 352; Wyntoun, VIII, 42, 143; Burns, 90, 1. O.N. mennska. For discussion of this word see Wall. Deriv. menskless, menskful, menskly.

MIDDING, MYDDING, sb. a midden. C.S., 12; Lyndsay, 216, 269. Dan. moedding, older moeghdyngh, O.N. mykidyngja, Sw. dial. moedding, Cu. middin.

MON, MAN, MAUN, vb. must, O.N. monu (munu), will, shall, Norse mun, will, but used variously. Dan. monne, mon, as an auxiliary vb. used very much like do in Eng. Sw. man, Cu. mun. The form of the Sco. word is the same in all persons. So in Norse.

MYTH, vb. to mark, recognize. Wallace, V, 664; Douglas, I, 28, 26. O.N. mietha, to show, to mark a place, Norse mida, mark a place, mid sb. a mark by which to find a place. O.E. miethan, meant "to conceal, lie concealed," same as O.H.G. midan, vitare, occultare, Germ. meiden, vermeiden, avoid.

NEIRIS, sb. pl. the kidneys. C.S., 67. O.N. nyra, a kidney, Norse nyra, O. Dan. nyre, Sw. niura, Sw. dial. nyra, M.E. nere. Cp. Sco. eir, an eir, for a neir, as in Eng. augur, an augur, a naugur.

NEVIN, vb. to name. Gol. and Gaw., 506; Howlate, II, 3, 7. O.N. nefna, Norse nevna, Dan. naevne, to name, O.E. namnian.

NIEVE, NEEFE, NEVE, sb. the hand, the fist. O.N. hnefi, Norse neve, hand, fist, Shetland nev, Cu. neif, neive, neef. Wall considers this an unrecorded Eng. word, which is possible. Its general distribution in Scand. dial. and elsewhere in Scand. settlements, as Northern and Central England, Southern Scotland, Shetland, etc., as well as its absence in all other Gmc. languages, indicates, however, that the word is Scand. in Eng. diall.

NOUT, NOWT, sb. cattle. O.N. naut, cattle, Norse naeut id. Dan. noed, Sw. noet, Shetland nod. In M. Sco., also written nolt.

NYK, NEK, vb. to shake the head in denial of anything, "to nyk with nay." Gol. and Gaw, 115; Philotus, 32. Norse nikka, to bow slightly, nikk, a slight bow, Sw. neka, to deny, say no, M.E. nicken.

NYTE, vb. to deny. Gol. and Gaw., 889; Wyntoun, VIII, 2, 16. O.N. naeita, to deny, refuse, Norse neitta, neikta, nekta, id., neiting, a denial, neitan, id., Dan. naegte.

ONDING, sb. terror. Psalms, LXXXVIII, 15. See ding.

ONFARRAND, adj. ill-looking. Douglas, III, 250, 26. See farrand.

ON LOFT, adv. up. Gol. and Gaw., 485; Bruce, XIII, 652. O.N. a loft, up into the air. See Skeat aloft. Sco. Pro. 27, upon loft, up.

ON LOFT, adv. aloud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 338. See above.

OUTWALE, sb. the best, the choice. Lyndsay, XX, 4. Eng. out + O.N. val; similar formation to Norse udvalg, utval.

PIRRYE, sb. whirlwind. Sat. P., I, 178. See bir.

POCKNET, sb. from O.N. poki, pouch and net, a net. A Dumfriesshire word. Not found in any Sco. text but given by Worsaae, p. 260, and in Jamieson, where the following description is given of pocknet fishing. This is performed by fixing stakes or stours, as they are called, in the sand either in the channel of a river, or in the sand which is dry at low water. These stours are fixed in a line across the tideway at a distance of 46 inches from each other, about three feet high above the sand, and between every two of these stours is fixed a pocknet, tied by a rope to the top of each stour." P. Dorneck, Dumr. Statist. Acc., II, 1.

QUEY, QUOY, sb. a young cow, a yearling. Douglas, II, 178, 19; II, 299, 8; Burns, 595. O.N. Norse kviga, Dan. dial. kvie. Cp. Shetland hwaei and kwaei. Cu. why, wheye (guttural wh).

QUHELM, WHELM, vb. to overturn, to turn upside down. Douglas, II, 64, 14; II, 264, 16. Burns, 66, 1, also written quhelme, whamle, whemle. In Cu. whemmel, M.E. hwɇlmen. See Skeat under whelm. Cp. Norse kvelm and hvelm. The O.N. hvelfa, N. Norse kvelva, means "to turn upside down."

QUYOK, QUYACH, diminutive of quey, q. v.

RA (rɇ), sb. a sail-yard. Douglas, II, 274, 16. O.N., Ic. ra, Dan. raa, Norse raa, Sw. ra, Shetland roe, a sail- yard.

RAD, RED, adj. afraid. Bruce, XII, 431; Dunbar, T. M.W., 320; Montg. C. and S., 1392. O.N. hraeddr, timid, frightened, Norse raedd, Dan. raed, Sw. raedd, id., M.E. rad. Cp. O.N. hraeetha, to frighten, Norse raedda.

RADNESS, sb. timidity, fear. R. R., 1166; 1660. Deriv. from rad, q.v.

RADEUR, sb. fear. L.L., 1489. Sco. formation from rad adj., afraid. M.E. reddour, redour is a different word from O. Fr. reidur, later roideur, see B-S.

RAGGED, adj. full of rag, ragwort. Burns, 103, 85. See ragweed.

RAGWEED, sb. an herb, ragwort. Burns, 6, 5, 9. O.N. roegg, M.E. ragge for which see B-S. Cp. Sw. dial. ragg, rogga.

RAISE, RAIZE, vb. to incite, stir up. Burns, 6, 5, 4; and 7, 1, 1. Used here as Sco. bait would be used, otherwise generally as Eng. raise, from O.N. raeisa.

RAKE, RAIK (rɇk), vb. to go, walk, wander, also depart. Dunbar, T. M.W., 524; Gol. and Gaw., 72; Psalms, XVIII, 10. O.N. raeika, to wander, Norse raeka, to wander about aimlessly. Cp. Cu. rake, a journey, "He's teann a rake ower to Kendal." See also Wall.

RAMFEEZLED, adj. exhausted, fatigued. Burns, 42, 1, 3. One of a number of words in Sco. formed with ram, cp. ramshackle, ramstam, rammous, etc. The second element probably the same as Eng. fizzle in the expression to fizzle out, fail, come to nought. See fizz in Skeat. See rammys.

RAMMEIST, vb.pret. ran wild, frenzied. Montg., F., 511. Cp. rammous adj. Probably the same used as a vb. Cp. Norse ramsa, to slash together, do a thing hurriedly, also to make a noise.

RAMMYS, RAMMOUS, adj. excited, violent. R.R., 113. O.N. ramr, rammr, strong, vehement, Norse ram, powerful, risky, hazardous. Cl. and V. cites the N. Eng. form ram, bitter, which is the same word.

RAMSTAM, adj. indiscreet, with an idea of rushing into anything thoughtlessly. Burns, 32, 22. O.N. rammr, vehement, and stam, stiff, hard, unbending. Cp. Cu. ram, strong, and rammish, violent, and American slang rambunktious, obstreperous.

RANEGILL, sb. a scapegrace, a worthless fellow. Johnnie Gibb, 179, 11. Cp. Norse rangel, ranglefant, a loafer, rascal. Doubtful.

RANGALE, sb. rabble, mob. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 35; Bruce, XII, 474. O.N. hrang, noise, tumult, especially the noise a crowd makes.

RED, vb. to clear away, clear up, set to rights. R.R., 1242; Isaiah, LX, 10. O.N. hryethja, to clear away, Norse rydja, rydda, Sw. roedja, Dan. rydde. Cp. Eng. rid, O. Fr. hredda, O.E. hreddan, Norse redda, save, liberate. Germ. retten is another word.

RED UP, vb. open up. Isaiah, XL, 3; LXII, 10. O.N. hryethja upp, Norse rydde op, clear up. In Ramsay, II, 225, red up pp. means dressed. See also Wall under red.

REDDING, sb. growing afraid. Lyndsay, 356, 1263. See rad, red.

REESE, vb. to extol. Ramsay, I, 262. Eng. raise. See also raise above, as used in Burns.

RESTIT (very frequently reestit), adj. dry, withered. Burns, 6, 5. Dan. riste, to dry something over a rist, ristet, dried. O.N. rist, a gridiron. Cp. Cu. reestit, rancid, rusty.

RIVE, RYFE, RIF (rɨv), vb. to tear, break open, cleave. Lyndsay, 434, 156; Wynyet, II, 6514; Psalms, XXIX, 5. O.N. rifa, to tear, Norse riva, reiva, Dan. rive, Sw. rifwa, M.E. raven id. Cp. Dunbar, T.M.W., 350, "rif into sondir," tear to pieces, and Norse "rive sonde." Cu. reavv, and ryve.

ROCK, sb. a loom, spinning wheel, spinning distaff. Lyndsay, 109, 3330; Burns, 223, 112, 3; 240, 148, 1. O.N. rokkr, a loom, Norse rokk, Dan. rok, spinning wheel.

ROCKING, sb. "a chat, a friendly visit at which they would spin on the rock which the visitor carried along with her" (Wagner). Burns, 4, 28. See rock.

ROVE, RUFE, sb. rest, repose. Montg., M.P., VI, 20; Scott, 62, 19. O.N. ro, Norse, Dan. ro, quiet, rest, Orm. ro (see Brate). Final epenthetic v also occurs in other words in Sco. Cp. qhwov for qwho, cruive, besides crue, etc.

ROWSTE, vb. "to cry with a rough voice." Douglas, III, 304, 11. O.N. raust, the voice. Dan. roest, Sw. roest, Norse ryest. Cp. O.N. rausa, to talk loud or fast. Shetland ruz (Cl. and V.). The Sco. vb. seems to be formed from a sb. rowste, which occurs in Orm.

ROWT, ROUT, vb. to cry out, roar. Lyndsay, 538, 4353; Montg., F., 501; Rolland, IV, 406. O.N. rauta, O. Ic. routa, to roar, to bellow, Norse rauta, raeuta, Sw. dial. roeta, id. The Sw. word exhibits the E. Scand. monophthongation, which took place in Dan. about 900.

ROWT, sb. loud clamor. Poet. R., 157; Ramsay, I, 251. See vb. rowt.

RUCKLE, RICLE, sb. a little heap of anything. Lyndsay, 539, 4356; Burns, 596; M.W., 114, 3. See Wall under rook. Ruckle is the form of the word in Edinburgh dial. May be Eng. Skeat considers Eng. ruck Scand. and rick Eng., but in Scotland the one may be simply a variant of the other, not necessarily a doublet. Cp. fill and full.

RUIK, a heap. Lyndsay, 454, 2079; 494, 3075. Spelled ruck, meaning "a cock of hay," in Ramsay's "The Gentle Shepherd," 160. See Wall, under rook. Cp. Cu. ruck, the chief part, the majority.

ROOP AND STOOP. Ramsay, II, 527; M.W. 203, 8; 214, 5. Cp. rubb og stubb, every particle. Aasen defines "loest og fast, smaat og stort, selja rubb og stubb," sell everything, dispose of all one has; literally "stump and piece," "rump and stump." Used exactly the same way in Sco. Of very frequent occurrence in this sense in Norway.

RUND, ROOND, ROON, sb. the border of a web, the edge. Burns, 596. O.N. rond, rim, border, Dan. rand, a line, seam, the border, Norse rand, rond, a streak, seam, edge, border. Cp. Cu. randit, streaked, Norse randet, id.

RUNSIK, vb. to ransack. Wallace, VII, 120. O.N. rannsaka, to search a house, Norse ransaka, from ran, house, and saka, soeka, seek. See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz.

RUSARE, sb, a flatterer. R.R., 3356. See ruse.

RUSE, ROOSE, RUSS (rus), vb. to praise, to boast, pride oneself. Douglas, II, 57, 8; Rolland, I, 389; R.R., 2823. O.N. rosa, older hrosa, to praise, Norse rosa, Dan. rose, Sw. rosa, M.E. (h)rosen, Lincolnshire rose, reouse, Cu. roose.

RUSE, sb. praise, a boast. Dunbar, T. M.W., 431; Sat. P., 12, 17. O.N. hros, praise, Norse, Dan. ros.

SAIKLESS, adj. innocent. Lyndsay, 545, 4563. O.N. saklauss, O.E. saclɇas. The O.E. word is a loan-word from O. Nh. See Steenstrup, 210-211. In modern Eng. dial. the form is generally sackless.

SAIKLESSNESS, sb. innocence, innocency. Psalms, XXVI, 6, 11; LXXIII, 13. See saikless.

SAIT, sb. session, court. Dunbar, 79, 41. O.N. s['ae]ti, seat, sitting, Norse saete, id. See Skeat under seat.

SAUCHT, adj. reconciled, also at ease, undisturbed, tranquil. Bruce, N, 300; Douglas, II, 91, 22. O.E. saht, borrowed from O.N. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 934. For discussion of O.E. seht and sehtian see Steenstrup, 181-182. In Howlate, III, 16, sacht vb. pret., made peace.

SAY, sb. a milk-pail, also tub. Jamieson, Dumfries. O.N. sar, a large cask, Norse saa, a pail, a water-bucket, a wooden tub, Dan. saa, vandsaa, waterpail, Sw. sa, id.

SCAIT, sb. the skate fish. Dunbar, 261, 9. O.N. skata, Norse skata, the skate, M.E. scate. Ir. scat, sgat, id., is a loan-word from O.N. (Cp. Craigie, p. 163). O.N. sk becomes quite regularly sg in Ir. and Gael. Cp. also sgeir < skar. Cu. skeatt exhibits regular i-fracture from older a.

SCAITH, SCATH, vb. to injure. Bruce, IV, 363; XII, 392; R. R., 1323. Not from O. Nhb. sceethetha, but from O.N. skaetha, Norse skade, with which the vowel corresponds.

SCAR, sb. a precipitous bank of earth, a bare place on the side of a steep hill, a cliff. Ramsay, II, 205; Burns, 10, 11. Also written skard, scair, scaur. O.N. sker, a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea. Norse skjaer, a projecting cliff, a bank of rocky ground, Dan. skjaer, skaer, a rock in the water near the land, Sw. skaer, M.E. sker, scerre. Cp. Cu. skerr, a precipice. The fundamental idea is "something cut apart, standing by itself." Root the same as in the Norse skera, to cut, Eng. shear and shore, sea-shore. Cp. the O.E. vb. scorian cited by Sweet.

SCARTH, sb. the cormorant. Dunbar, T.M.W., 92; F., 194; Douglas, I, 46, 15. O.N. skarfr, Norse skarv, cormorant. Shetland, scarf.

SCHOIR, sb. a threat, menace. Bruce, VI, 621; Gol. and Gaw., 103. B-S. derive from O. Sw. skorra, O.N. skera.

SCOL, vb. to wish one health, an expression used in drinking, just as the Norse skaal is used. Montg. S., 69, 13. O.N. skal, Norse skaal, a drinking cup. Cp. Sco. skull, a goblet. Ir.-Gael. scala, sgaile, a beaker, is a Norse loan-word (Craigie).

SCOUG, scog, vb. to shelter. M.W., 20, 19; Isaiah, XVIII, 6. O.N. skuggi, shade, Norse skugge, to shade, Sw. skugga, sb., Dan. skygge, to shade. Spelled scug also in Sco.

SCRATCH, sb. an hermaphrodite. Jamieson. O.N. skratti, a monster. This form exists in Yorkshire, otherwise the form in Eng. dial. is scrat. See Wall.

SCRIP, a coarse or obscene gesture. Wallace, VI, 143. Probably from O.N. skripi. Cp. skripatal, scurrilous language, skripalaeti, buffoonery, scurrilous gestures. With the Sco. word cp. the Norse skripa, vb., skripa, sb. f., and Ic. skripr, sb. m. See Aasen.

SCUD, vb. to hurry away, hasten on. Burns, 55, 1, 4. Eng. scud Skeat derives from Dan. skyde, Sw. skutta. The Sw. form is nearest, the Dan. form shows umlaut. The corresponding O.E. word is scɇotan.

SCUDLER, a male kitchen servant. Wallace, 5, 10, 27. Cp. O.N. skutilsvaeinn, a page at a royal table. Skutil is the same as O.E. scutel, a dish, a trencher. In O.N. it means also "a small table." The unpalatalized sc, as well as the usage, would indicate that the word is a loan-word.

SEIR, SER, adj. various, separate. Rolland, Prol., 295; R.R., 990; "Freires of Berwick," 321. O.N. ser, for oneself, separately. Originally the dative of the refl. pron., but used very frequently as an adverb.

SEMELEY, adv. proper, looking properly. Wallace, I, 191; Wyntoun, IX, 26, 53. Seimly, semely-farrand, good-looking, handsome, also means "in proper condition." Redundant, since semely and farrand in Sco. mean the same. O.N. saemiligr. See Skeat.

SHACKLET, adj. crooked, distorted. Burns, 322, I, 7. O.N. skakkr, skew, wry, distorted, skakki-fotr, wry leg, Norse skakk, crooked, so Sw. dial. skak, Dan. skak, slanting. The palatal sh is unusual, but cp. dash from daska. Norse words generally preserve sk in all positions, genuine Eng. words do not. See Part I, 12 and 13.

SHIEL, sb. shelter, protection. Burns, 226, 119, 3. O.N, skjol, shelter, cover, refuge, Norse skjul, skjol, pron. shul, shol, Dan. skjul, id., skjule, to conceal. Shielin, sb. shelter, may be formed from the vb.

SHORE, vb. to threaten. Ramsay, I, 261. Origin rather doubtful. Has been considered Scand. See schoir.

SIT (sɨt), vb. to grieve. Wallace, I, 438. O.N. syta, Norse syta, to care. See syte, sb.

SITEFULL, adj. sorrowful, distressing. Douglas, I, 40, 19. Cp. Norse suteful. See syte, sb.

SKAIL, SKALE, SCALE, vb. to scatter, disperse, dismiss, part, leave. A very common word. O.N. skilja, separate, O. Dan. skiliae, Norse, skilja, Dan. skille, Sw. dial. skila. The long vowel is unusual. Cp. skeely in N. Sco. from O.N. skilinn. The same change of i to an e-vowel is observed in gleit and quey.

SKAIL, sb. a storm, a strong wind that "skails." Isaiah, XXVIII, 2. See skail, vb.

SKATH, SKAITH, SCAITH, sb. harm, misery. O.N. skaethi, harm, damage, Norse skade, id., Dan. skade, O.E. sceaetha.

SKANT, sb. want, poverty. Burns, 290, I, 3. O.N. skammt. See Skeat. Cp. skerum skamti, in short measure.

SKANTLIN, sb. little. Burns, 5, 5, 7. As adv. generally skantlins, scantlings, scarcely. O.N. skamt.

SKANTLY, adv. with difficulty, hardly. C.S., 69. See skant.

SKAR, sb. a scarecrow, a fright. Lyndsay, 437, 1633. From vb. skar, to frighten, Eng. scare, M.E. skerren. O.N. skirra. See Skeat.

SKEIGH, adj. originally meant timid, then very frequently, dainty, nice, finally, proud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 357. Burns, 193, 46, I. Norse sky, Dan. sky, adj. and also vb. sky, to avoid. B-S. compares Sw. skygg also, which is the same word, but the vowel is long. The Sco. word, furthermore, seems to suggest an older diphthong. It could, however, not be O.E. sceah, which gave M.E. scheah and should have become schee in N. Sco. Doubtful.

SKER, adj. timid, easily frightened. Dunbar, T.M.W., 357; Lyndsay, 227, 126. O.N. skjarr, shy, timid, Sw. dial. skar, M.E. scer, Cu. scar, wild.

SKEWYT, vb. pret. turned obliquely. Wallace, IX, 148. O.N. skaeifr, O. Ic. skeifr, oblique, Norse skaeiv, skjaiv, crooked, Dan. skjaev. The Dan word exhibits monophthongation of aei to ae (not to e, i, as in sten).

SKILL, sb. motive, reason. Gol. and Gaw., 147; Bruce, I, 214, 7. See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz. In Dunbar, 307, 63, "did nane skill," did not do a wise thing.

SKOG, SCOUG, sb. place of retreat, shelter, protection. Dalr., I, 30, 29; Isaiah, XXXII, 2. O.N. skuggi, shade, Norse skugge, O. Sw. skuggi.

SKOGY, adj. shady. Douglas, III, 1, 21, 16. See scoug.

SKRECH, SKRIK, sb. a scream, yell. C.S., 39; Rolland, IV, 336. O.N. Norse skrik, a cry, a yell, skrikja, vb. Dan. skrig. Cu. skrike to scream. Eng. shriek < O.E. *scrician.

SKRYP, sb. bag. Dunbar, F., 509. O.N. skreppa, a bag, Norse skreppa, Dan. skreppe, Sw. skraeppa, id.

SKUGG, sb. a shadow. Dunbar, III, 24, 12. O.N. skuggi. See skog. Cp. skog, vb. to hide. Isaiah, XXVIII, 15.

SKYLE, vb. to hide, cover. Jamieson, quotation from Henryson. O.N. skjula, O. Ic. skjola, to screen, shelter, Norse skjula, Dan. skjul, Sw. skyla, Fer. skỹla, Shetland skail, skol, cover, protect. Our word corresponds most closely to the Fer. word. Both are developed out of O.N. skjula. Cp. O.N. mjukr > meek, in standard Eng. Norse skjula has preserved the original unumlauted vowel. The O.N. word was pronounced sk-iula or sk-jula. Cp. skjenka, which is N. Norse dial. sheinka. From skj developed sh in shielin.

SKYRIN, adj. shining, conspicuous because of brightness, showy. Burns, 210, 87, 3. O.N. skirr, clear, bright, skira, to make clear, skyra, to purify. (Cp. Norse skjerr-torsdag, O.N. skiriorsdagr, Maundy Thursday.) O.E. scir > N. Eng. sheer.

SLAIK, vb. to smooth, to lick. L.L., 457, 2173. O.N. slaeikja, to lick, Norse sleikja, Dan. slikke, O. Sw. slekia, Sw. dial. slaekja. The Eng. word slick, with a short vowel, corresponds exactly to the Dan. word, but may be native. Cp. M.L.G. slicken. Slikke in Dan. may be a loan-word from L.G. The Sco. slaik corresponds in every way to the O.N., and is certainly a loan-word proved by quality and quantity of vowel.

SLAK, sb. a pit, a hollow in the ground, hollow place. Bruce, XIV, 536; R.R., 769. O.N. slakki, a slope, Norse slakke, Dan. slank. Exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of nk to kk. Cu. slack, a shallow dell (Dickinson), Kent, slank.

SLE, adj. experienced, skillful. Bruce, XVI, 355; XVII, 44. O.N. slaegr, O. Ic. slaegr, Eng. sly. See Skeat.

SLEEK, adj. neat, prancing, said of a horse. Burns, 7, 1, 1. O.N. slikr, smooth. Sleikit, smooth, Dunbar, 567, 38; Burns, 117, 114. See Skeat, under sleek, slick.

SLEUTH, sb. track. Bruce, VII, 1 and 44. O.N. sloeth, track, trail. Cp. Norse slod, slode.

SLOKE, vb. to quench. Isaiah, I, 2, 3; and 49, 26. O.N. sloekva, to quench. O. Ic. slaekva, Norse sloekka, id. The word does not show the Scand. umlaut o > oe. Cu. sleck has further developed the umlaut oe to e. Cp. O. Ic. ae < O. Nh. ae. All such words in Norse exhibit the intermediate stage oe up to the present time. In Ic. the oe developed to ae, in the first half of the 13th century. (See Noreen P.G.(2)I, 529.) In later O. Nhb. also ae > e.

SLOKEN, SLOKYN, vb. to quench, to satisfy. Dunbar, T.M.W., 283; K.Q., 42; M.W., 116, 35. O.N. slokna, Norse slokna, inchoative of sloekva. It may, however, be an infinitive in en from sloekkva, see slock.

SLOKNING, sb. the act of quenching, also the power of quenching. Douglas, II, 26, heading of Chapter XII; Montg. C. and S., 1377. Pr. p., see sloken. Cp. O.N. slokning, Dan. slukning.

SLONK, sb. a ditch, a depression in the land, also a slope on the mountain side. Winyet, II, 19, 5; Wallace, III, 4. Dan. slank, a depression in the land, a hollow, O.N. slakki, Norse slakke. The non-assimilation proves E. Scand. source. Cp. Sw. dial. slakk adj. bending, e.g., "bakken jaer no na slakk," the hill slopes a great deal, again a W. Scand. form in Sw. dial. The word is probably related to Eng. slack, loose, lax, Dan. slak, Norse slⱥk.

SLUT, sb. a slattern, an untidy woman. Dunbar, 119, 71. O.N., O. Ic. sloettr. See Skeat.

SMAIK, sb. a coward. Sat. P., 39, 175; Lyndsay, 425, 1320, and 434, 1562. O.N. smoeykr, adj. timid, M.L.G. smeker means "a flatterer," besides the vowel, as well as the final r of the L.G. word, is against a L.G. origin of the Sco. word. The Sco. ai indicates an original diphthong. Cp. Cu. smaik applied to a small boy, or any small being.

SNAPE-DIKE, sb. an enclosure. Jamieson, Ayr. Cp. O.N. snap, a pasture for cattle, especially a winter pasture (Haldorson), snapa, vb. to nibble, M.E. snaipen. The vowel in the Sco. word proves an original open a, hence it is from the vb. snapa. O.N. snap, sb. would have given snăp. Our word is snɇp.

SNIB, SNEB, vb. to snub, check, reprove. Sat., P., 33, 18; L.L., 3387. Dan. snibbe, M.E. snibben. Eng. snub and M.E. snubben correspond to O.N. snubba with original unumlauted vowel.

SNITE, vb. to blow the nose, to snuff a candle. Jamieson. O.N. snyta, Norse snyta, used exactly the same way, Dan. snyde. Sw. snute and M.L.G. snuten have unumlauted vowel which would have given snoot, snowt, or snoit in Sco.

SOCK, vb. to examine, investigate. Fergusson, 169. Probably from O.N. saekja, to seek, Norse soeka, soekja, Dan. soege since O. Nhb. saeca later became sɇca and developed as W.S. secan.

SOLANDE, sb. a soland goose. Dalr., I, 25, 1. O.N. sula + n (Skeat). The d is epenthetic. The n is the post-positive definite article, a peculiarly Scand. characteristic.

SOP, sb. a round, compact body. Bruce, III, 47. O.N. soppr, a ball (Skeat), Norse sopp, id. Cp. Cu. sop, "a milk- maid's cushion for the head."

SOUM, sb. The rope or chain a plow is drawn by. Dunbar, III, 126, 21. O.N. saumr, a seam, trace. In Bruce, X, 180, hede- soyme, sb. the trace.

SOYM, sb. trace of a cart. Bruce, X, 233. From O.N. saumr, a seam (Skeat), Norse saum, Dan. soem. For oy in place of ou, as we should expect, cp. gowk and goilk, lowp and loip, etc., and the Norse laupa and loipa.

SPAE, SPA, vb. to prophesy. Douglas, II, 142, 2; II, 2; Burns, 37, 2, 2. O.N. spa, to prophesy, Norse spaa, Dan. spaa, id. Cp. spaamand, spaafolk, and Sco. spaeman, spaefolk, spaewife.

SPAY, SPE, sb. prophecy, omen, augury. Dalr., II, 5, 8; Isaiah, XLVII, 12. O.N. spa, a prophecy. Voluspa, the vala's prophecy, M.E. spa.

SPAEQUEAN, sb. fortune teller, spaewife. Isaiah, XLVII. O.N. spakona, a woman who spaes. The compound may, however, be Sco.

SPALE, sb. lath, chip, splinter. R.R., 1979; Burns, 132, 114. Norse spela, spila, speil, a splinter, a chip, also spol. O.N. spoelr, a rail, bar, lattice work, sometimes means "a short piece of anything." Cu. speal. The O.E. word is speld. Cp. Fr. espalier.

SPENN, vb. to button, to lace. Jamieson. O.N. spenna, to clasp. Norse spenna, lace, spenne sb. a buckle, Dan. spaende, Sw. spaenne, to lace. The O.E. word is spannan, without umlaut. The meaning as well as the form of the Sco. word is Scand.

SPRACK, adj. lively, animated. Jamieson. O.N. spr['ae]kr, quick, strong, sprightly, Norse spraek, spry, nimble, Dan. spraek, M.E. sprac. This is one of a few undoubted Scand. words found in South Eng. diall.

SPIL, sb. a stake. Douglas, III, 250, 16. O.N. *spilr, variant of spoelr. Cp. Norse spil, in the diall. of Western Norway. See spale.

SPRATTLE, vb. to walk through mud, to scramble through wet and muddy places as the result of which one's clothes become soiled. Burns, 10, 11, 3; also 68, 1, 3. O.N. spretta, Norse spretta to spurt, sputter, splash, Sw. spritte. On assimilation of nt, cp. sprent. The l is frequentative. Exhibits characteristic Sco. change of e to a before t. Cp. wat for wet, swat for sweat.

SPRENT, vb. to start, spring. Wallace, N, 23. O. Dan. sprenta, spurt out, spring, start, O.N. spretta, Norse spretta, shoot forth, spurt. In Cu. a pen is said to sprent when it scatters the ink over the paper. So in Norse. The Sco. word agrees more closely in meaning with the Norse than with the Dan. but exhibits E. Scand. non-assimilation of nt to tt which took place in Norse before 1000. Sw. diall. which otherwise have many W. Scand. characteristics have both sprenta and spritta. The word spraette also occurs in later Dan.

SPRENT, sb. a spring, as the back spring of a knife. Wallace, IV, 238. See sprent, vb.

STAKKER, STACKER, vb. to stagger. Brace, II, 42; Gol. and Gaw., II, 25. O.N. stakra. See B-S. under M.E. stakerin. Cp. Norse stakra, to stagger, to fall.

STANG, vb. to sting. R.R., 771. O.N. stanga, to prick, goad, also to butt, Norse stanga, Dan. stange, id., M.E. stangen.

STAPP, vb. to put into, to stuff, fill. Dunbar, T.M.W., 99; Montg. C. and S., 1552; Isaiah, VI, 6; M.W. 21, 12. O.N. stappa, to stamp down, Norse stappa, to stuff, fill, same as O.E. stempan, Eng. stamp, Dan. stampe. The assimilated form stampa occurs in Norse beside stappa. The usage in Sco. is distinctively Norse and the vowel is the Norse vowel. Not the same as Eng. stop, O.E. (for)stoppian in Leechdoms. With the last cp. Dan. stoppe used just like Eng. stop.

STARN, sb. the helm of a vessel. Dunbar, F., 450. O.N. stjorn, steerage, helm, Norse stjorn, vb. stjorna, to steer, cognate with Eng. steer, O.E. styrian. For a similar difference between the Eng. and the Norse word cp. Eng. star and Norse stjerne.

STARR, sb. sedge, heavy coarse grass. Jamieson. See Wall under star.

STERN, STARN, sb. star. C.S., 48; Dunbar, G.T. 1; Lindsay, 239, 492. O.N. stjarna, Dan. stjerne, star, Norse stjerna.

STERT, vb. to start, rush. Poet. R., 109, 8. O.N. sterta. For discussion of this word see Skeat.

STOOP, sb. See roop.

STORKYN, vb. to become rigid, stiffen. Dunbar, 248, 48. Norse storkna, coagulate, become rigid. See Wall under storken.

STOT, sb. a young bull, bullock. Montg., C. and S., 1099; A.P.B. 1, 306; Burns, 231, 129, 4. Stratmann derives M.E. stot, "buculus," from Sw. stut; and stot, "caballus," from O.E. stotte. O.N. stutr is rather the source of the former. Norse stut, Dan. stud.

STOUR, sb. a pole. Douglas, III, 248, 27. O.N. staur, a pole, a stake, Norse staur, Sw. stoer, Dan. and Dano-Norse stoer. See the quotation under pocknet.

STOWIT, pt. p. cutoff, cropped. Douglas, III, 42, 3. O.N. stufa, a stump, styfa, to cut off, Dan. stuve, Sw. stuf, a piece left after the rest has been cut away, styva, to crop, O. Sw., Sw. dial. styva, stuva, id. An O.E. styfician, to root up, occurs once (Leechdoms). See B-T.

STOWP, sb. a pitcher, a beaker. Dunbar, 161, 26. O.N. staup, a beaker, a cup, Norse staup, id., Dan. stoeb, O.E. stɇap, O.H.G. stouf.

STRAY, STRAE, STRA, sb. straw. O.N. stra, Dan., Norse straa, Sw. stra , Cu. strea.

STROUP, (strup), sb. the spout of a kettle or pump. Burns, 602; Jamieson. O.N. strjupi, the spurting trunk, Norse strupe and striupe, the throat, gullet, Dan. strube, id., M.E. strupe, the throat.

STUDIE, sb. anvil. Dunbar, 141, 52. The word rhymes with smidy. See styddy.

STYDDY, STUDDIE, STUTHY, sb. anvil. Douglas, III, 926, 9; III, 180, 26; Dunbar 141, 52. See also Burns, 502. O.N. steethi, a stithy, an anvil. Norse sted. Sw. staed. Exhibits change of eth to d which is a Sco. characteristic, but does not often take place in Norse words. See, too, Cu. stiddy, steady.

SUMPH, sb. a blunt fellow. Burns, 98, 1. Norse sump, a bungler, a simpleton, sumpa, vb. to entangle, put into disorder, sump, a disordered mass. Cu. sumph. M.L.G. sump, and Dan. sump do not seem to be quite the same.

SWARF, vb. originally to turn, then to overturn, fall over, fall. Burns, 211, 87, 4. O.N. svarfa, to turn aside, to be turned upside down, Sw. swarfve, Norse svarva, turn, swing about, Dan. svarve or svarre. Eng. swerve does not quite correspond. O.E. sweorfan meant "to file, polish," O.S. swerban, to wipe off, polish, O.F. swerva, to creep.

SWAGE, SWEY, vb. sway, waver, also turn, make turn. Sat. P., 5, 8; Douglas, II, 104, 12. O.N. svaeigja, to bend, to sway, Dan. sveie, Sw. dial. svaeiga, Norse sveigja.

SYTE, sb. grief, suffering. Lyndsay, 273, 333. Montg., M.P., V, 14. O.N. syta, to wail, syting, sb., sut, grief, affliction, Norse sut, care, syta, to care. Skeat cites sut (in list) which would exactly correspond to the O.N. sb. Brate accepts an O.N. sb. syt.

TAIT, adj. foul. Montg., F., 755. O.N. taeth. The change of eth to t is unusual. See Wall.

TANGLE, sb. seaweed, stalk of a seaweed. Dalr., I, 62, 1; Burns, 91, 2, 2. O.N. oengul, tangle, seaweed. Cp. oenglabakki, Tangle-hill, name of a place in Iceland. In Norse tangel same as Eng. tangle, entangle.

TANGLING, pr. p., adj. clinging, intertwining. Burns, 60, 3, tangling roots, clinging together in tangles. See tangle.

TARN, sb. a small lake. Jamieson. O.N. tjoern, a small lake, Norse tjoenn, tjoern, Sw. tjaern, M.E. terne, a lake. Particularly Sco. and N.W. Eng. Cp. Shetland shon, shoden, a pool, a little lake. The last example exhibits W.Norse change of rn to dn. The form tjoedn occurs in Sogn, Norway.

TATH, sb. Jamieson. O.N. taeth. See Wall.

TEAL, TILL, vb. to entice. Wallace, VI, 151, and Jamieson. O.N. taela, to entice, related to Norse telja. Sco. tealer, sb. Jamieson. The form in i is strange.

TEYND, TEIND, sb, tithe. C.S., 123; Lyndsay, 152, 4690; Rolland, I, 546. O.N. tiund, the tenth, the tithe, Norse tiende, Dan. tiende, the regular ordinal of ti.

THA, dem. pron. these, those. Same form in all cases. Wallace, X, 41; Wyntoun, I, 1, 6. O.N. eir.

THECK, vb. to thatch. Ramsay, II, 224. Has been taken as a loan- word from O.N. ekja, to thatch, Norse tekka, Sw. taecka. Cp. O.E. eccan. Theck probably comes from O. Nhb. ecca.

THIR, dem. pron. these, those. Bruce, I, 76; Dunbar, G.T., 127; Lyndsay, 4, 20, 1175; R.R., 108. O.N. eir. Cp. M.E. ir, er, those, Cu. thur.

THRA, adj. eager. Bruce, XVIII, 71. O.N. rar, obstinate, persistent, Norse traa, untiring, also wilful, Sw. dial. tra, M.E. ra, bold, strong, thraly, adv. Wyntoun, II, 8, 55; VII, 8, 186. See Wall. Skeat cites Eng. dial. thro.

THRA, adv. boldly. Dunbar, T.M.W., 195. See above, thra.

TRAIF, sb. two stooks or twenty-four sheaves of grain. Dunbar, 228. O.N. refi, a number of sheaves, Dan. trave, Sw. trafwe, twenty sheaves of grain, M.E. rⱥve, a bundle, a number, Cu. threve, threeav.

THREAVE, sb. a crowd, a large number. Ramsay, II, 463. The same word as thraif, q.v.

THRIST, vb. to thrust, push, also means to clasp. Bruce, XIII, 156; R.R. 12, 9; Rolland, IV, 590. O.N. rysta, to thrust, force, Norse trysta, to press together, M.E. rɨsten, rɏstan. Lyndsay also uses the word in the sense of "to pierce."

THWAITE, sb. originally a small piece of cleared land on which ahouse was built, a cottage with its paddock. O.N. vaeit, O. Ic. veit. Northwest England thwaite, Norse tveit, tvaeit, Dan. tved. Occurs in a number of place-names in S. Scotland, especially in Dumfriesshire. Its form is Norse not Dan. Thweet or thwet would correspond to the Dan. word, but see also Part III, 1.

TIT, TYT, adv. soon, quickly. Bruce, II, 4; IV, 289. O.N. titt, adv. frequently, in quick succession, "hoeggva hart ok titt." The Sco. word comes from this O.N. form, which is simply the neuter inflected form of tiethr, adj. meaning "customary, familiar." The comparative titter often means "rather" in Sco., like Eng. sooner. Cp. Cu. "I'd as tite deat as nut," "I'd as lief do it as not."

TITHAND, TITAND, sb. news, tidings. Bruce, IV, 468; Lyndsay, 341, 720. O.N. tiethindi, news, Norse tidende, id., Dan. tidende, Orm. tiennde. Of O.E. tidung > tidings Bosworth says: "the use of the word, even if its form be not borrowed from Scand., seems to have Scand. influence."

TITLENE, sb. the hedge sparrow. C.S., 38. O.N. titlingr, a tit, a sparrow.

TOYM, TUME, sb. leisure. Bruce, V, 64, 2, XVII, 735. O.N. tom, leisure (Skeat).

TRAIST, vb. to trust. Bruce, I, 125; XVII, 273; Rolland, I, 27. Trast, adj. secure, traist, sb. confidence. Lindsay, 229, 195. Traisting, sb. confidence, reliance, L.L., 25. Cp. O.N. troeysta, adj. traustr, and Eng. trust, M.E. trusten. I do not at present understand the relation between the forms in e, and these in u and ou.

TRIG, adj. trim, neat, handsome. M.W., 159, 26. O.N. tryggr, true, trusty, unconcerned, trygging, security, O. Dan. trygd, trugd, confidence (Schlyter), Norse trygg, secure, unconcerned, confident, tryggja, to consider secure, tryggja sek, feel secure, Dan. tryg, fearless, confident. Cp. Cu. trig, tight, well-fitted, "trig as an apple." The M.E. trig means faithful, see B-S. Ramsay, II, 526, uses the adv. trigly in the sense of "proudly."

TWIST, sb. twig, branch. Bruce, VII, 188; Montg., C. and S., Irving, 468. O.N. kvistr, a twig, O. Dan., quist, Norse, Dan. kvist, Sw. quist, id. For the change of kv (kw) to tw cp. Norse, Dan. kviddre, Sw. quittra, Du. kwittern with Eng. twitter, and kj to tj in W.Norse. A regular change.

TYNE, vb. lose, impair, destroy. C.S., 3; Wyntoun, IX, 21, 14; R.R. 779. O.N. tyna, to lose, destroy, Norse tyna, to lose, sometimes impair, Sw. dial. tyna, to destroy.

TYNSELL, TYNSALE, sb. loss. Bruce, V, 450, XIX, 449; R.R., 505. In Wyntoun, IX, 3, 25, it means "delay, loss of time," frequently means "loss of life, slaughter." M.E. tinsel, loss, ruin, probably a Sco. formation from tyne, to lose, similarly in Norse tynsell, loss (not frequent), from tyna.

TYNSALE, vb. to lose, suffer loss. Bruce, XIX, 693. See the sb.

TYTT, adj. firm, tight. Wallace, VII, 21, 2. O.N. ittr, tight, close, Norse, tett or titt, Dan. taet, Sw. taet, close together, tight, Eng. dial. theet. The long vowel in theet is unusual.

UG, vb. to dislike, abhor. Winyet, II, 31, 32; Scott, 71, 119. O.N. ugga, abhor, Norse ugga, see B-S.

UGSUM, adj. fearful. Sat. P., 3, 135. See ug. Ougsum, Howlate, I, 8, means "ugly."

UNDERLIE, adj. wonderful. Gau, 29, 24. Dan. underlig, Norse, underleg, O.N. underlegr, wonderful, shows Scand. loss of w before u. The O.E. word is wundorlic, cp. Scand. ulf, Eng. wolf. The word is Dan. in Gau.

UNFLECKIT, adj. unstained. Psalms, XXIV, 4. See fleckerit.

UNGANAND (gɇn.), adj. unfit, unprepared. Douglas, II, 48, 16. See ganand.

UNRUFE, sb. restlessness, vexation. Gol. and Gaw., 499. See rove, sb. Cp. Norse uro, restlessness, noise, Dan. uro, id.

UNSAUCHT, adj. disturbed, troubled. Gol. and Gaw., II, 12. See saucht.

UPBIGARE, sb. a builder. Winyet, II, 3, 4. See big. Cp. Norse bygga up.

UPLOIP, vb. leap up. Montg., M.P., III, 33. See loup. On this change of ou to oi cp. the same word in Norse, laupa and loipa.

VATH, WAITH, sb. danger. Bruce, V, 418; Wallace, IX, 1737. O.N.vaethi, harm, mishap, disaster, Dan. vaade, danger, adversity, Sw. vade, an unlucky accident, M.E. wⱥe, peril. Does not seem to exist in the modern diall.

VITTERLY, adv. certainly. Bruce, IV, 771; X, 350. O.N. vitrliga, wisely, Dan. vitterlig, well-known, undoubted, M.E. witerliche, certainly.

VYNDLAND, pr. p. whirling around. Bruce, XVII, 721. O.N. vindla, to wind up. Norse vindel, a curl, anything twisted or wound. Cu. winnel. Cp. Dan. vindelbugt, a spiral twist. Skeat cites provincial Eng. windle, a wheel for winding yarn.

WAG, vb. to totter, walk unsteady. Dunbar, 120, 98. Norse, vagga, to swing, rock, sway, O.N. vaga, to waddle. See further Skeat.

WAGGLE, vb. to wag, sway from side to side, wabble. M.W., 16, 23; 51, 5. Sw. dial. vagla, vackla, to reel, Norse vakla, id. May be taken as a Sco. frequentative of wag, q.v. Not to be derived from the L.G. word. Confined to the Scand. settlements.

WAILIE, adj. excellent. Burns, 179, 2, 3, and 8, 7. See wale, sb.

WAILIT, adj. choice, fashionable, excellent. Rolland, I, 64. See wail, vb.

WALE, vb. to select, choose. Douglas, III, 3, 21; Dunbar, G.T., 186. Probably from the noun wale, choice. The vowel does not correspond with that of the O.N. vb. velja, which should have become well. But the forms dwall from O.N. dvelja, and hale, O.N. hella, appear in Sco. Wale may be a formation analogous to hale.

WAITH, sb. the spoil of the chase or of fishing. Wallace, I, 386. O.N. vaeiethr, a catch in hunting or fishing. Norse veidd, the chase, veida, to hunt. On Sco. faid, a company of hunters. See I, Sec.22.

WANDRETH, sb. sorrow, trouble. Douglas, I, 88, 14. O.N. vandraeethi, difficulty, trouble. Norse, vanraad, misery, poverty.

WANT, VANT, vb. lack, stand in need of, suffer. Montg., S., 48, 3; Lyndsay, 152, 40704; Bruce, V, 422; Burns, 113, 2, 3. O.N. vanta, to lack. Norse vanta, lack, never means desire. This is the regular use of the word in Sco.

WANTHREIVIN, adj. unthriven, miserable. Montg., F., 327. O.N. van + rifenn, Norse vantreven, O.N. vb. rifa, Norse triva, vantriva (refl.). See Skeat under Eng. thrive and thrift.

WAP (w[)ae]p), vb. to turn, overturn, throw, hurl. Douglas, I, 2, 20; III, 167, 28; Gol. and Gaw., 127. O.N. vappa, to waddle. Norse vappa, turn, wrap around. Sw. dial. vappla, wrap up. Cu. wap, to wrap.

WARE, vb. to lay out money, spend. Rolland, III, 450; Dunbar, 92, 13; R.R., 3553. O.N. verja, to invest money. See Wall.

WAUR, vb. to overcome. Burns, 7, 1, 7; Psalms, CXL, 2. See werr. Cp. Eng. worst as a vb. and superlative of bad, worse.

WEIK, vb. to weaken. Scott, 68, 14. Cp. Norse veikja, to weaken, make weak. O.N. vaeikja, to grow weak, both from adj. vaeikr, weak, same as O.E. wⱥc. The Sco. vb. may be formed directly from the adj., in which case its origin becomes uncertain. Skeat says Eng. weak, M.E. weyke (which replaced wook < O.E. wⱥc), is from O.N. vaeikr. But the M. Sco. form of O.E. or O. Nhb. wⱥc was wⱥke (wɇk); our word could come from this. The diphthong, however, rather indicates that it comes from the Norse vb.

WEILL-VARANDLY, adv. in a proper manner. R.R., 911. See farrand. Cp. O.N. fara vel, Norse fara vel, to go well, velfaren, gone well.

WELTER, vb. to roll, turn, overturn. Bruce, XI, 25; III, 700; Douglas, II, 125, 25; T.M.W., 439; Lyndsay, 342, 770. O.N. valtra, to be unsteady, not firm, easily shaken. O. Sw. valltra, Sw. dial. vaelltra, to roll.

WERR, WERE, WAR, VAR, WAUR, adj. worse. C.S., 57; Lyndsay, 428, 1392; R.R., 589, etc. O.N. verr, worse, Norse verr, verre, Dan. vaerre, Sw. vaerr, Cu. waar. This is the modern Sco. pronunciation of it. The O. Fr. wirra does not correspond to the Sco. forms of the word. It is most common in Scotland and N.W. England.

WICHT, adj. strong, vigorous, skillful. Bruce, VII, 263; Ramsay, I 253. O.N. vigr, fit for battle, skilled in war, from vig, battle, Sw. vig, active, M.E. wiht, valiant. B-S. queries the word, but thinks it may come from M.L.G. wicht, heavy, thus the same word as Eng. weight. This meaning is, however, not satisfactory. The Sco. usage is that of the Scand. word. The t is inflectional. Cp. O.N. eiga vigt um.

WICK, vb. to make to turn, to strike off on the side, strike a stone in an oblique direction, a term in curling, to hit the corner (Wagner). O.N. vikja, to turn, to veer, Sw. dial. vik, Sw. wika, Norse vikja, vika, to turn (causative). Dan. vige not quite the same word.

WILKATT, sb. a wild cat, Dalr., I, 723. Ramsay II, 500. O.N. vill + Eng., Norse cat, kat.

WILL, VILL, adj. adv. lost, bewildered, astray. Dunbar, 228, 74; Douglas, II, 24, 6, "to go will." O.N. villr, bewildered, fara villt, get lost, Norse vill, astray, Dan. vild, Sw. vill. Cp. Cu. wills, doubts, "Aaz i' wills whether to gang or nit."

WILRONE, sb. a wild boar. Scott, 71, 106. O.N. vill, wild, + runi, a boar, a wild boar, Norse rone, raane, Sw. dial. rane, Dan., with metathesis, orne.

WILSUM, adj. errant, wandering. Douglas, II, 65, 16; "a wilsome way," "Freires of Berwick," 410. See will, astray. Wilsum more frequently means "willful," is Eng.

WISSLE, VISSIL, WYSSIL. Douglas, III, 225, 8; Bruce, XII, 580; Montg., F., 578. O.N. vixla, to cross, to put across, vixlingr, a changeling (Cl. and V.), Norse veksla, vessla, to exchange, Dan. veksle. Sco. and Norse both show the change of ks to ss. The Norse form versla shows later dissimilation of ss to rs. This is W.Norse.

WITTIR, sb. a sign. Douglas, II, 231, 16. See wittering.

WITTERING, VITTERING, sb. information, knowledge. Bruce, IV, 562; Douglas, II, 185, 27. O.N. vitring, revelation, from vb. vitra, to reveal. Norse vitring, information, M.E. witering, id.

WELTER, sb. an overturning. Winyet, I, 49, 22. See the vb. welter.



PART III.

1. THE DIALECTAL PROVENIENCE OF LOANWORDS.

The general character of the Scand. loanwords in Sco. is Norse, not Dan. This is shown by (a) A number of words that either do not exist in Dan. or else have in Sco. a distinctively W. Scand. sense; (b) Words with a W. Scand. form.

(a). The following words have in Sco. a W. Scand. meaning or are not found in Danish:

AIRT, to urge. O.N. erta. Not a Dan. word. APERT, boldly. O.N. apr. Not Dan. AWEBAND, a rope for tying cattle. O.N. haband. Meaning distinctively W. Scand. BAUCH, awkward. Not E. Scand. BEIN, liberal. Meaning is W. Scand. BROD, to incite. O.N. brodda, id. Dan. brodde, means "to equip with points." BYSNING, monstrous. O.N. bysna. Not E. Scand. CARPE, to converse. Not E. Scand. CHOWK, jawbone. Rather W. Scand. than E. Scand. CHYNGILL, gravel. A Norse word. DAPILL, gray. A W. Scand. word. DYRDUM, uproar. W. Scand. The word is also found in Gael. Furthermore the form is more W. Scand. than Dan. Cp. dyr and dor. DOWLESS, worthless. Duglauss a W. Scand. word. DUDS, clothes. Not found in Dan. or Sw. ETTLE, aim at. W. Scand. meaning. O. Dan. aetlae meant "ponder over." FARRAND, handsome. This meaning is Icelandic and Norse. FELL, mountain. W. Scand. more than E. Scand. GANE, be suitable. O.N. gegna. Vb. not found in Dan. GYLL, a ravine. O.N. gil. Is W. Scand. HEID, brightness. O.N. haereth. Icel. and Norse. HOOLIE, slow. O.N. hogligr. Not in Dan. or Sw. KENDILL, to kindle. Ormulum kinndlenn is from O. Ic. kendill (Brate). LIRK, to crease. I have not found the word in E. Scand. MELDER, flour. O.N. meldr. Is W. Scand., particularly Norse. POCKNET, a fishnet. O.N. pøki-net. Not Dan. RAMSTAM, indiscreet, boisterous. Both elements are W. Scand. SCARTH, cormorant. W. Scand. TARN, a lake. Distinctively Norse. TYNE, to lose. O.N. tyna. Distinctively Norse. WAITH, booty. O.N. vaeiethr. Icel. and Sondmore, Norway. WARE, to spend. N. verja. W. Scand. WICK, to cause to turn. O.N. vikja. Not Danish.

(b). The following words are W. Scand. in form:

BOLAX, hatchet. O.N. boloex. The O. Dan. word has the vowel u, buloex. BOWN, O.N. buinn, cp. grouf < grufu; bowk < bukr; stroup < strjupr; dowless < duglauss, etc. The O. Dan. word was boin. The form in Orm. is bun, a Norse loanword. BUSK, to prepare, has W. Scand. reflexive ending sk. BUTH, O.N. bueth. The O. Dan., O. Sw. vowel was o, boeth and bodh, so in modern Dan. diall. In Norse diall. it is u. CAPPIT shows W. Scand. assimilation of mp < pp. CLUBBIT shows W. Scand. assimilation of mb < bb. DRUCKEN exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of nk > kk. Cp. O.Dan. dronkne, drone, but N.Dan. drukken. HARN corresponds better to O.N. hjarni than to umlauted Dan. hjerne, O.Sw. hiaerne. ILL, WILL. Both show assimilation of ld to ll. Cp. O.N. illr, villr, but Dan. ilde, vild. RUND, ROOND, is rather the O.N. rond than Dan. rand. SER, SEIR corresponds better to O.N., O. Ic. ser than to O.Dan. saer. This change of e to ae in Dan. was, however, late, i.e., in the last part of the 10th Century. See Noreen P.G.(2)I, 526. SLAK, O.N. slakki. Shows W. Scand. assimilation of nk > kk. STAPP, O.N. stappa. Has W. Scand. assimilation of mp > pp. Cp. cappit. STERT is O.N. sterta. Cp. Dan. styrte. WANDRETH is nearer to O.N. vandraeethi than to O. Dan. *vandra (Brate), from which N.Dan. vanraad.

Monophthongization of ou to o, ai to i (e), oey to oe took place in O. Dan. about 900. The Scand. loanwords in Eng., where the monophthong might be expected to appear, nearly always have the diphthong, however, which as we know was kept in W. Scand. Have such words been borrowed from W. Scand. then, or were they borrowed from Dan. before the period of monophthongation? Danish settlements began in the latter half of the 9th Century, but Dan. (and Norse) and Eng. did not merge immediately. Scand. continued to be spoken throughout the next century down to the beginning of the 11th Century (Noreen). Brate says the majority of loanwords probably came in in the beginning of the 10th Century. Wall points out that the Mercian and the Northumbrian Gospels of the 1st part of the 10th Century show extremely small traces of Scand. influence. It would seem, then, that the greater number of loanwords came in after monophthongation had taken place in Dan. The following dates for the appearance of loanwords in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle may be of interest. These are all taken from Egge's article, "Norse Words in the A-S. Chronicle."

Hold first appears in 905, then again in 911 and 921; law in the present sense is first used in 959; in 1002 is first found the word grith, peace, which at once became common; laetan, to think, is first found in 1005. In 1008 appears sagth; in 1011 hustinge; 1014 utlagian; 1048 the noun utlah; 1016 feologan; 1036, 1046, 1047, lithmen, sailors; lith, fleet, in 1012, 1066, 1068, 1069, 1071; in 1055 sciplith; in 1036, 1041, 1054, 1045, and 1071 huscarl; hamule, hamle 1039; ha 1040; hasata, rower, (O.N. ha-saeti) in 1052; in 1048 bunda and husbunda; 1049 nithing; in the same year also the phrase scylode of male, paid off (O.N. skilja af mali); 1052, 1066 butscarl, boatsman, hytte in 1066, wyrre 1066. In 1072 for the first time appears tacan; in 1076 hofding and brydlop, etc.

We may conclude that the Scand. elements that had come into O.Eng. in the beginning of the 10th Century were not large. From the middle of the century they came in in large numbers, but the period of most extensive borrowing seems rather to be the last part of the 10th and the first half of the 11th Century. Wall suggests that the Dan. spoken by the Dan. settlers in England was of a more archaic kind than that spoken in Denmark—that this might in many cases account for the archaic character of the loanwords. We know that the settlements in central England were predominantly Dan. as opposed to Norse. The Scand. place-names as well as the character of the loanwords in the Ormulum indicate that. It is probable, then, that monophthongation took place later in the Dan. spoken in England than in that spoken in Denmark. The following is a list of some of these words found in Scotch. O.N. aei, Dan. e: bayt, to graze; blaik, to cleanse; graip, a fork; grane, a branch; graith, to prepare; laike, to play; slaik, to smoothen; lairing, gutter; the Yorkshire form lyring (Wall) seems to show an original monophthong. O.N. oey: careing, smaik. O.N. ou, Dan. oe: blout, bare; douff, dull; gowk, a fool; haugh, a knoll; loup, to run; louse, loose; nout, cattle; rowt, to roar; rowst, to cry out; stowp, a beaker; stour, a pole.

It will be seen from the above, leaving out of consideration the diphthong ou and ai, that the character of a large number of the loanwords is Norse. In a great many cases the E. and W. Scand. form of the word was the same. There are, however, a few words in Sco. that bear a Dan. stamp: sprent, donk and slonk exhibit E. Scand. non-assimilation of nt and nk to tt and kk. Snib corresponds to Dan. snibbe, cp. M.E. snibben. All these have the umlaut. Eng. snub, M.E. snubben and O.N. snubba have the unumlauted vowel. Bud agrees closer with Dan. bud, budh, than O.N. boeth, Norse bod. Thraive (Dunbar) and threave (Ramsay) both indicate an original a-vowel, hence correspond better to Dan. trave than O.N. refi. To these may be added bask, flegger and forjeskit, which are not found in W. Scand.