There are, however, in the different states, laws which do apply locally and which prohibit adulteration of all sorts. In New York State, for example, the law says that no person shall, within the state, manufacture, produce, compound, brew, distill, have, sell, or offer for sale any adulterated food or product, and the law further specifies that an article shall be deemed to be adulterated:—

"1. If any substance or substances has or have been mixed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality or strength.

"2. If any inferior or cheaper substance or substances have been substituted wholly or in part for the article.

"3. If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted.

"4. If it be an imitation or be sold under the name of another article.

"5. If it consists wholly or in part of diseased or decomposed or putrid or rotten animal or vegetable substance, whether manufactured or not, or in the case of milk, if it is the produce of a diseased animal.

"6. If it be colored, or coated, or polished, or powdered, whereby damage is concealed, or it is made to appear better than it really is, or of greater value.

"7. If it contain any added poisonous ingredient, or any ingredient which may render such article injurious to the health of the person consuming it. Provided that an article of food which does not contain any ingredient injurious to health shall not be deemed to have been adulterated, in the case of mixtures or compounds which may be now, or from time to time hereafter, known as articles of food under their own distinctive names, or which shall be labeled so as to plainly indicate that they are mixtures, combinations, compounds, or blends, and not included in definition fourth of this section.

"8. If it contains methyl or wood alcohol or any of its forms, or any methylated preparation made from it."

These provisions, just mentioned, are provisions of the New York State Health Law, and violations are in defiance of that law, the penalties for which are specifically stated to be $100 for every such violation.

There is also in New York a police code that prohibits adulteration of food, and in this code the adulteration of maple sirup or fruit juices or spoiled articles of food of all sorts, of milk from which part of the cream has been removed, and the sale of any article which is printed or labeled in such a way as to misrepresent the article, is called a misdemeanor, the penalty for which is left to the discretion of the judge and which would, under ordinary conditions, be a fine of several hundred dollars or imprisonment in a county jail for a term of months, or both.

Basis of pure food laws.

Adulteration of food may be considered from two points of view, the hygienic and the economic, and, while the laws are generally intended to preserve the public from impure food on account of the economic loss involved thereby, the hygienic aspect is really the more important. Adulterations which are plainly injurious to health are very few in number, and it is rather desirable that the economic phase should be the one to command attention of legislators, since, when that objection to adulteration has been so voiced as to result in laws prohibiting adulteration, the health of the public will be promoted by the elimination of objectionable foodstuffs. The long-continued discussion over the use of benzoate of soda in foods is an example of this twofold aspect; some, arguing against its use, protested that when long continued, it had a decidedly injurious effect upon the health of those eating or drinking it; others objected to the chemical, but contended that its use enabled spoiled fruits, like tomatoes, to be substituted for fresh fruits, and the price of the latter obtained where the value of the former only was given. No one seriously thinks that butter with a small amount of butter color added could have any injurious effect upon the human system, yet it is, in the eyes of the law, an adulteration because its appearance indicates a quality of the butter which it does not naturally possess.

PROTECTION OF MILK

The one article of food produced on the farm about which the greatest amount of agitation has been centered has been the adulteration of milk, as well as the question of the production of milk under unclean conditions. The responsibility for pure milk rests on the Department of Agriculture of the State, on the Department of Health of the State, on the Department of Health of the city where the milk is sold, and on the Board of Health in the village or town where the milk is produced. In a way, these four departments divide the responsibility for the milk, and, as in all cases of divided responsibility, the very fact of the number subtracts from their efficiency. The local Board of Health of the village or town where milk is produced is not usually interested or concerned particularly in the question of its quality.

If a case of contagious disease in any farmhouse occurs, the local health officer should see that a proper quarantine is established and that the individuals in such a house are instructed in the danger of contamination and in the necessity of avoiding infection in the dairy. It is, however, the Board of Health in the city where the milk is consumed who have a particular responsibility. Such a board has no jurisdiction or authority over matters outside of their city, so that their executive cannot go out into the country, into the district of another health board, and order improvements made in the methods of production. All that a city board can do is to enact and publish restrictions under which milk must be sold in that city.

This is the method pursued in the city of New York, where tons of milk are consumed every day and where manifestly the jurisdiction of the city officials cannot extend over the thousands of farms located in the five states from which the milk supply is drawn. In New York City the local sanitary code provides that no milk shall be received, held, kept, offered for sale, or delivered in the city of New York without a permit from the Board of Health, and the Board makes this permit depend upon the sanitary conditions existing at the dairy or farm where the milk is produced or handled. In order to find out whether the conditions at the dairies and farms throughout these five states are in a sanitary condition, the city has a force of twenty-five inspectors who are continually engaged in traveling among the farms and in reporting on their condition. If a farm is found where the cows are diseased, or if the buildings in which the cows are stabled or in which the milk is cooled and strained are not clean or are lacking in proper ventilation or otherwise unhygienic, or if the water-supply is bad, the farmer is notified that conditions are such that the city of New York will refuse to receive his milk. He is not forced to clean up, and no orders are given him, but the attitude of the city authorities is made plain, and then it is left to him to decide whether it may not be wise for him to accept the suggestions made by the inspectors. Dr. Darlington, late Health Commissioner of the city of New York, reported in 1907, after two years of inspection, that out of 35,000 dairies inspected, only 47 were shut out on account of unclean conditions, although many more were warned with the result that remedial measures were at once taken. The same sort of procedure may be adopted by any city, and is, in fact, practiced by a number.

Another method of securing a better grade of milk which results in forcing farmers to clean up the barn and barnyard, at the same time allowing the local official to remain within the strict letter of the law, which gives him no direct authority over conditions on farms outside a city, is to limit the number of bacteria found in samples of milk supplied by the dealer. A common rule is that no milk shall be distributed which contains more than 50,000 bacteria per c.c., and when milk contains a number in excess of this, the milkman is warned, and if, at the next sampling, the number is still higher, the milkman is notified that his milk will no longer be received. Experience has shown that a reasonable regard for cleanliness in the stable and dairy room, with a prompt cooling of the milk, will limit the bacterial growth to this standard, and the requirement, meaning, as it does, only a decent regard for such cleanliness as a self-respecting dairyman would recognize as essential, works no hardship on any one. New York City prints its dairy rules on linen and has them tacked up in every cow barn concerned in the city milk supply, and while they have merely the force of suggestions only, practically they have the force of law in that a disobedience to these rules is likely to involve the refusal of the milk from that particular dairy.

LAWS GOVERNING QUARANTINE

It is much to be regretted that, in these days of scientific knowledge, when the exact and fundamental causes and processes of diseases are so clearly known to medical men and when laws based on this knowledge have been enacted for the purpose of reducing mortality and preventing the spread of disease, ignorant individuals should allow their prejudices to stand in the way of compliance with the spirit of these laws.

In New York State, Section 24 of the Public Health Law requires the local Board of Health to isolate all persons and things infected with or exposed to infectious diseases. They are required to prohibit and prevent all intercourse and communication with or use of infected premises, places, and things, and to require and, if necessary, to provide the means for the thorough purification and cleansing of the same before general intercourse with the same or use thereof shall be allowed. The Penal Code of the state further provides that a person who, having been lawfully ordered by a health officer to be detained in quarantine and not having been discharged, willfully violates any quarantine law or regulation is guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine or imprisonment or both. In spite of this prohibition, it is very rare to find that a person in a quarantined house feels any personal obligation. He stays in or out, if obliged to by a policeman, or, if the sentiment among the neighbors is aroused in favor of quarantine, he waits until dark enough to escape observation.

In New York, two years ago, a case of diphtheria broke out in the family of a Christian Scientist. The health officer visited the house, offered to use antitoxin, which was refused, and instructed quarantine. The mother and one daughter died, and the healer was imprisoned for entering the house in defiance of the quarantine law. This case illustrates how the moral obligation may be distinctly repudiated because of religious prejudice. But even religious belief must be subservient to the laws governing the community in which a man chooses to live, and, so long as the residence continues, the laws governing quarantine, as all other laws, must be obeyed. In this case another count against parents may be found. Section 288 of the Penal Code provides "that a person who willfully omits without lawful excuse to perform a duty by law imposed upon him to furnish food, clothing, shelter, or medical attendance to a minor is guilty of a misdemeanor." It would seem, therefore, that the law is provided by which fanaticism may be overruled in the interests of the health of children, although it must be said that this phase of the law is generally disregarded. Again, in spite of the ample proof to the contrary, there are to be found persons who refuse to be vaccinated even in the midst of a smallpox epidemic. A law in New York State provides that no unvaccinated child shall attend public schools, the law being mandatory upon the school trustees. If this law were faithfully carried out, smallpox would entirely disappear from the state within a few years.

Other instances might be cited to show how the force of the law is invoked to minimize the effects of unhealthy living and to prevent that perfect individual liberty which a few irresponsible persons would assume to themselves. But it will always remain for the good sense of the individuals to direct their actions in such a way as to inflict no evil on the community. Unfortunately, laws are generally the result of some calamity. A law prohibiting child labor is passed only after the evil effects of such labor have been demonstrated by sad experience. Laws forbidding the sale of diseased meat or of spoiled fruit are passed only after repeated cases of illness have demonstrated the need of such laws. Laws involving quarantine are the result of epidemics which have showed plainly, at the cost of valuable lives, perhaps, the need of such quarantine.

It is the aim of hygiene, whether rural or urban, to raise the standards of living to such a degree that not only will any violation of health laws seem unreasonable and obnoxious, but also every instinct, of the individual will, even without specific laws, direct him so to live that no hygienic offense will be directed towards those with whom he comes in contact. Only in this way will the present violations of the requirements of hygienic living be avoided, and the normal man be enabled to live as he should in absolute harmony with his environment.



INDEX

Accuracy of death-rate records, 6.

Adenoids, 288.

Advantages, of gravity water-supply, 168, 169; of hydraulic rams, 172; of pond or lake water over brook water, 128.

Age and sex in disease, 299.

Aim of hygiene, 424.

Air, for breathing, 68; for consumptives, 341; in soils, 39.

Air-lifts for pumping, 107, 183.

Air-space in cellar walls, 53.

Alcohol as a stimulant, 275.

Allegheny Valley and cancer, 34.

Amount of food required, 269.

Analysis of proposed water-supply, 143.

Animal heat in barn, 88; pollution of water, 136.

Animals, fit for butchering, 306; in the study of disease, 250.

"Anopheles" mosquito, 380.

Antiseptics, 316; in milk, 235.

Antitoxin, 306; and disease, 396; for diphtheria, 403; for hydrophobia, 408; for tetanus, 408; for typhoid fever, 363.

Apparatus for driving wells, 119.

Appendicitis, 33.

Appetite for food, 266.

Application of sewage to land, 218.

Area for subsurface sewage disposal, 223.

Artificial sewage beds, 219.

Asphalt for cellar walls, 53.

Auto-intoxication, 312.

Automatic sewage syphon, 225.

Babylon, L. I., water-supply, 187.

Bacillus of typhoid fever, 351.

Back of cellar walls, 56.

Bacteria, and parasites, 302; and sewage purification, 213; in milk, 235.

Bacterial agencies, 304.

Bad air and its effects, 69.

Balanced rations, 263.

Barn ventilation, 88.

Barnyard drainage, 141.

Bathing for hygienic purposes, 285.

Beneficent bacteria, 304.

Billings's suggestion for ventilation, 80.

Billings's ventilation by stoves, 83.

Blankets, 281.

Blood resistance and disease, 297.

Bob-veal, 252.

Boiler for hot water, 198.

Boiling water for disinfection, 329.

Boston, Mass., water used in, 93.

Box radiators at window, 80.

Bright's disease in the country, 20.

Brooks as water-supply, 124.

Brush dam, 163.

Bubonic plague, 393.

Bucket water wheel, 175.

Cancer and soils, 33; in Europe, 34.

Carbohydrates and digestion, 261.

Carbolic acid as disinfectant, 322.

Carbon dioxid in the air, 75.

Causes of typhoid fever, 350.

Cell disintegration, 297.

Cellar, floors, 59; in limestone rock, 47; ventilation, 60; walls of dry masonry, 55.

Cellars and their drainage, 28.

Cement joints for well walls, 115.

Cesspools and wells, 116.

Changes in air breathed, 75.

Chemical poisons, 311.

Chicken pox, 375; preliminary symptoms of, 367.

Children, as affecting the death rate, 8; in Otsego and Putnam counties, 9.

Children's diseases, 364.

Chloride of lime, 325.

City milk, 247.

Cleanliness of stables, 63.

Clean milk, 242, 421.

Clean stables and their effects, 237.

Clothing, 280.

Coal-tar disinfectants, 323.

Coffee and tea, 272.

Cold baths, 286.

Composition, of air, 75; of soils, 32.

Computations for rain-water storage, 101.

Concrete, core for dam, 159; dam, 160; for spring-chamber, 158; in cellar floor, 60; in stables, 64; method of mixing, 66.

Construction, of air-tight barns, 89; of dug wells, 113; of houses, 49; of septic tanks, 230.

Consumption and bad ventilation, 74.

Contagion in children's diseases, 386.

Contagious diseases, 305.

Cooking and digestion, 268.

Cooling of milk, 242, 247.

Corn and pellagra, 391.

Corrosive sublimate, 324.

Cost, of driven wells, 121; of flush tank, 207; of fuel for pumping, 178; of operating gas engines, 178; of plumbing, 200; of ventilation, 87; of water pipe, 168.

Cows and ventilation, 71.

Cow stables, ventilation of, 62.

Creamery and typhoid fever epidemic, 147.

Creosols, 323.

Crib dam, 163.

"Culex" mosquito, 380.

Curb for well, 141.

Cure of hookworm disease, 390.

Cut-off wall for dam, 160, 161.

Damp cellars, 27.

Damp courses in house walls, 56.

Dampness, and disease, 26; of cellar walls, 52.

Damp soils, 27; and their effects, 40.

Dams for reservoirs, 158.

Danger, from drainage of barns and barnyards, 137; from leachings from privies and cesspools, 138.

Dangers, of polluted air, 73; of polluted water, 144.

Death-rate, from typhoid fever, 11; from typhoid fever in New York State, 15; of babies in Rochester, 237; records, accuracy of, 6.

Death-rates, at various ages, 10; in general, 2; in New York State, 4; in rural communities, 8; in various countries, 3; of children, 9; outside of New York City, 7.

Deaths from measles and scarlet fever, 365.

Decomposition in sewage, 209.

Deep well pump, 106.

Deep wells, 115.

Deficiency of water from well supply, 104.

Definition of sewage, 208.

Deodorizers, 317.

Detection of animal pollution, 137.

Diagnosis of diphtheria, 404.

Digestion and its requirements, 261.

Digestive processes, 259.

Dimensions of hydraulic rams, 173.

Diphtheria, 401; and milk, 239; antitoxin, 310, 402; in the country, 19.

Direct causes of disease, 302.

Dirt and disease, 296.

Dirt dam, 159.

Disadvantages, of hydraulic rams, 171; of windmills, 169.

Disease, the causes of, 295.

Diseases caused by milk, 238.

Disinfecting, agents, 315; a room, directions for, 319; gases, 318.

Disinfection, 314; by heat, 327; for chicken pox, 376; for consumption, 337; for measles, 373; for scarlet fever, 371; for whooping cough, 375.

Disposal of sewage and water-supply, 141.

Distilled water, 131.

Dogs and hydrophobia, 406.

"Don't Spit" axioms, 334.

Drafts from windows prevented, 79.

Drainage, 41; around the house, 44, 50.

Drain, for house on side hill, 42; from house plumbing, 200.

Drains leading to dug well, 104.

Driven well, in dug well, 105; machinery, 119.

Driven wells, 118.

Drugs and their immoderate use, 275.

Dry heat for disinfection, 328.

Dry masonry for cellar walls, 55.

Dug wells, 112.

Dust and its dangers, 301.

Earache, 288.

Effect of bad ventilation, 73; of hard water on health, 133; of vegetable pollution of water, 135.

Elimination, of dangers of surface pollution, 140; of mosquitoes, 381.

Enameled iron for plumbing fixtures, 196.

Epidemic diseases, 305.

Epidemics of typhoid fever, 354.

Eruption of measles, 372.

Eucalyptus trees and malaria, 378.

Evaporation from reservoirs, 103.

Exercise, after meals, 271; of the body, 278.

Expectorations in cases of consumption, 334.

Exposure, and pneumonia, 346; of a house, 29.

External causes of disease, 312.

Eyes and their troubles, 290.

Factory life and disease, 301.

Fall River, Mass., water used in, 93.

Faucets for plumbing, 195.

Field-stone dam, 160.

Filter beds for sewage in winter, 221.

Filtration of sewage, 219.

Finishing concrete surfaces, 67.

Fire protection and water-supply, 98.

Fire streams and water flow, 97.

Fish as destroyers of mosquitoes, 381.

Fixtures for plumbing, 191.

Fleas and the bubonic plague, 393.

Fletcher, and chewing, 259; and his two meals, 269.

Flies and typhoid fever, 359.

Floods and stone dams, 161.

Floor of cellars, 59.

Flow of underground water, 111, 143.

Flush tank for water-closet, 206.

Food, for consumptives, 340; for various body needs, 258.

Food adulteration laws, 416.

Foods and beverages, 257.

"Foos" gas engine, 178.

Formaldehyde, 321.

Forms for concrete cellar walls, 65.

Foul-air outlet for ventilation, 81.

Foundation for dam, 160.

Freezing in plumbing, 190.

Fresh-air inlet for ventilation, 77.

Friction with fire streams, 98.

Fried foods, 269.

Fuel for pumping, 178.

Galvanized iron water tanks, 185.

Garbage for filling low ground, 37.

Gas engines for pumping, 177.

Gastric juice, 260.

Gate house for reservoirs, 165.

Goiter and soils, 33.

Goulds Manufacturing Co. pumps, 181.

Grade, for house drains, 45; for cellar drains, 51; of subsurface tile, 222.

Ground water, 43.

Growth of mosquitoes, 384.

Habit and food, 267.

Hand basin in bath-room, 199.

Hands to be washed frequently, 287.

Hand valves for sewage tanks 227.

Hard water, 133.

Health departments, 416.

Heat, and plumbing, 190; as a disinfectant, 327.

Heating and ventilation, 87.

Heredity and health, 298.

Homer, N. Y., water-supply, 105.

Hookworm disease, 302, 388.

Hot-air engines for pumping, 175.

Hot-water boiler, 198.

Hot-water circulation, 194.

House drainage, 200.

House drains, 44.

Hydraulic rams, 171.

Hydrophobia, 407.

Hygiene, and its laws, 410; and its true purpose, 23.

Ice and typhoid fever, 353.

Ideality of life, 22.

Immunity—natural and artificial, 310.

Importance of bacteria, 305.

Impurity of surface water-supply, 140.

Indians and ventilation, 74.

Indirect causes of death, 312.

Infection in pneumonia, 348.

Influenza in the country, 19.

Inlet for fresh air, 78, 81.

Inspection of dairies, 421.

Installation of plumbing, 189.

Intermittent application of sewage on land, 213.

Iron pipe for conveying water, 167.

Irrigation and sickness, 36.

Irritation of cell tissue, 297.

Ithaca typhoid epidemic, 354.

Joints in soil-pipe, 203; in tile pipe, 167.

Kerosene and mosquitoes, 383.

Kewanee Water Supply Co. tanks, 187.

King of ventilation, 86.

King's experiments on ventilation, 70.

Kitchen sinks, 196.

Kitchen stove and hot water, 195.

Koch and consumption, 333.

Land treatment of sewage, 216

Laundry tubs, 196.

Law and hygiene, 410.

Laws against impure food, 416.

Lesions of tuberculosis, 252.

Level for house drain, 200.

Light, as a disinfectant, 330; in cow stables, 62.

Lime for disinfecting, 324.

Liquid disinfectant, 321.

Location, of a house, 29; of a house on a side hill, 32; of privies and cesspools, 31; of windmill, 171.

Long Island wells, 112.

Loss of head by friction, 129.

Lowell typhoid epidemic, 355.

Lungs, air required by the, 68; developed by exercise, 279.

Made ground and health, 37.

Malaria, 302, 377; caused by soil formation, 33; from cellars, 39.

Malarial attacks, 385.

Manure from cow stables, 244.

Maximum rate of water consumption, 95.

Measles, and its virulence, 371; preliminary symptoms, 367.

Meat and its dangers, 249.

Mercury as a disinfectant, 324.

Metchnikoff's theory of auto-intoxication, 233.

Methods of collection of water, 153; of securing fall for hydraulic rams, 175.

Milk, and its adulteration, 419; and its care, 233; and typhoid fever, 358; of lime, 325; supply of Rochester, N. Y., 237.

Milk-pail for clean milk, 245.

Mineral matter in water, 132.

Minimum rainfalls, 100.

Mixing concrete, 66.

Moisture and its dangers, 39.

Montclair typhoid epidemic, 359.

Mosquitoes, and malaria, 380; and yellow fever, 387.

Mount Savage typhoid epidemic, 357.

Mouth breathing, 287.

Muslin cloth to prevent drafts, 81.

Narrow-topped milk-pail, 245.

Natural immunity, 310.

Need for rural hygiene, 21.

Newton, Mass., water used in, 92.

New York State, death-rates in, 6.

Night air and malaria, 26.

Objectionable construction work at a spring reservoir, 154.

Objections to brooks as source of water-supply, 125.

Occupation and disease, 301.

Old age mortality in the country, 20.

Openings for ventilation, size of, 85.

Organic matter, in soil, 38; in the air, 76.

Outfall for cellar drain, 52.

Outlet, for drains, 47; for foul air, 81.

Ownership in streams, 415.

Oxygen in the air, 75.

Oysters and typhoid fever, 361.

Pancreatic juice and digestion, 261.

Parasites as causes of disease, 302.

Pasteurization for typhoid fever, 352.

Patented disinfectants, 317.

Patent medicines, 276.

Peeling, in measles, 373; in scarlet fever, 369.

Pellagra, 391.

Pipe lines, 165.

Plank dam, 159.

Pleasure in eating, 270.

Plumbing, 189; and heating, 190; and water consumption, 93.

Pneumonia, 333; germ, 344; in the country, 20.

Pollution, of streams, 211; of water, 414; of water by animal matter, 136; of wells, 142.

Ponds or lakes as water-supply, 127.

Position of fresh-air inlet, 81.

Precautions on part of consumptive, 337.

Preparation of rabies antitoxin, 309.

Pressure for water-supplies, 128.

Pressure tanks, 186.

Prevention of pneumonia, 346.

Principle of hygienic law, 411.

Privy, construction of, 61.

Process of bacterial attack, 307.

Production of diphtheria antitoxin, 403.

Protection, against mosquitoes, 385; against smallpox, 398.

Proteids in food, 260.

Ptomaines, 250.

Pump for deep well, 106.

Pumping water, 168.

Purity of water-supply, 131.

Quantity of water in stables, 94; of water per person, 92; of water used, 90.

Quarantine, regulations, 422; for scarlet fever, 369.

Quinine and malaria, 378, 386.

Rabies, 406; antitoxin, 309.

Radiators by windows, 79.

Rain-water, storage, 101; supply, 99.

Rates of water consumption, 95.

Rations for daily use, 263.

Register in the ceiling, 85.

Remedies, for consumption, 340; for pneumonia, 347.

Reservoir, for brook supply, 126; on a brook, 102.

Resistance, of body to disease, 297, 308; to tuberculosis, 335.

Rest for consumptives, 340.

Results of measles and scarlet fever, 366.

Rochester and the milk supply, 237.

Rock formations and hygiene, 35.

Roof of spring-chamber, 157.

Rubber boots, 283.

Running trap for main drain, 201.

Rusting of driven-well casing, 119.

Saliva from mouth, 260.

Sand filter beds for sewage, 219.

Scarlet fever, and milk, 240; preliminary symptoms of, 367; quarantine, 369.

Scarlatina, 369.

School vaccination, 412.

Scurvy and fresh vegetables, 266.

Sedimentation of sewage, 227.

Septic tanks, 229.

Sewage disposal, 208.

Sewage-sick land, 214.

Sewage treatment on land, 213.

Sewer pipe in wells, 105.

Sewers and sickness, 36.

Sex and age in disease, 299.

Shallow wells, 113.

Sinks, for kitchen, 196; and their discharges, 214.

Size, of openings for fresh air, 85; of pipe for conveying water, 166; of spring reservoir, 156; of waste weir, 163.

Slaughter-houses, 255.

Sleep, 292.

Smallpox, 396; and chicken pox, 399; instead of chicken pox, 376.

Smoking and its effects, 275.

Soap, as an antiseptic, 326; its relation to hard and soft water, 134.

Soil, air and its exclusion, 49; for disinfection, 331.

Soil-pipe in house, 201.

Somerville typhoid epidemic, 359.

Sources of water-supply, 108.

Space between houses, 30.

Spring-chamber, 157.

Spring, extensions, 123; reservoirs, 155.

Springs, 121; and their formation, 109.

Squirrels, and the bubonic plague, 395; in the attic, 30.

Stables, and dirty milk, 237; and water consumption, 94; for clean milk, 242; space required per cow, 63; ventilation, 86.

Stamford typhoid epidemic, 359.

Steam, for disinfection, 329; pumps, 179.

"Stegomyia mosquito," 386.

Sterilization of milk, 234.

Stone dam, 159.

Storage, on a brook, 102; reservoirs, 127; tank for rain-water, 101.

Stoves used in ventilation, 82.

Strainer for milk-pail, 246.

Stream, pollution, 210; supplies, 158.

Subsurface, irrigation field, 224; sewage disposal, 223.

Sulfur as a disinfectant, 318.

Sunlight as a disinfectant, 331.

Supply tank for domestic plumbing, 192.

Surface use of land for sewage treatment, 216.

Swamps and malaria, 381.

Symptoms of diphtheria, 401,404; of smallpox, 399; of yellow fever, 387.

Syphons, for automatic discharge, 225; for septic tanks, 229.

Systems of house drainage, 45.

Tanks, for sedimentation, 228; for water storage, 183.

Tannin in tea, 274.

Tapeworm, 303.

Tar, for cellar walls, 53; paper for water-proofing, 54.

Tea as a drink, 273.

Teeth and their care, 291.

Tetanus, 408.

Thymol for hookworm disease, 390.

Tile pipe line, 166.

Tobacco and its effects, 275.

Topography and hygiene, 34.

Toxic action, 308.

Transmission of typhoid fever by polluted water, 145.

Traps for plumbing, 204.

Trap-vents, 203.

Treatment, of hydrophobia, 408; of sewage on land, 213; of smallpox, 400; of typhoid fever, 361.

Trees and the hygienic home, 30.

Trichinosis, 253, 303.

Tuberculosis, 332; and milk, 240; death-rates, 18; in the country, 19; in the United States, 18.

Tuberculous meats, 251.

Typhoid bacillus, 351.

Typhoid fever, 308, 349; and milk, 238; epidemic at Butler, Pa., 146; epidemic at Caterham, England, 145; epidemic at Kerhonkson, N. Y., 150; epidemics, 354; in ice, 353; in New York State, 13; in small cities, 14; in Spanish-American War, 360; rates in the country, 12.

Unadilla Valley and cancer, 34.

Uncinariasis, 389.

Underdrains for sewage disposal, 231.

Underground waters, 109.

Underwear, 281.

United States Department of Agriculture and diseased meat, 251.

University of Pennsylvania radiators, 79.

Use of cement in well walls, 115.

Vaccination, 397.

Variation in maximum rates of water use, 96.

Vegetable, beds and sewage, 218; pollution of water, 135.

Ventilation, 68; experiments on hens, 71; by stoves, 82; of bedrooms, 283; of cellars, 60; of stables, 86; through walls, 72.

Vents for traps at fixtures, 203.

Vitality of the typhoid germ, 352.

Volume, of sewage, 209; of space in cow stables, 63.

Vomiting in whooping cough, 374.

Walls for spring reservoirs, 155, 156.

Wash-basin in bath-room, 199.

Washing, milk-pails, 246; soda for disinfection, 329.

Wash-tubs, 197.

Waste weirs, 163.

Water, in the soil, 38; needed for house, 90; transmission of typhoid fever, 354; used per head, 92; with meals, 272.

Water-closets, 205.

Water-proofing of cellar walls, 58.

Water-supply and intelligence, 91.

Water tanks, 183.

Water-tight masonry for wells, 142.

Weather and pneumonia, 345.

Wells, and cesspools, 31; and typhoid fever, 357; on Long Island, 112.

Well supplies, 104.

Whooping cough, 373.

Will power and sleep, 293.

Windmills, 169, 170.

Windmill with pressure tanks, 188.

Window openings for ventilation, 78.

Winter care for sewage beds, 221.

Wooden tank for water, 193.

Work of a farmer's day, 21.

Worthington pump, 182.

Yellow fever, 386.

* * * * *

The following pages contain advertisements of a few of the Macmillan books on kindred subjects.

Cyclopedia of American Agriculture

EDITED BY L. H. BAILEY

Director of the College of Agriculture and Professor of Rural Economy, Cornell University.

With 100 full-page plates and more than 2000 illustrations in the text; four volumes; the set, $20.00 net; half morocco, $32.00 net; carriage extra

VOLUME I—Farms VOLUME III—Animals VOLUME II—Crops VOLUME IV—The Farm and the Community

"Indispensable to public and reference libraries ... readily comprehensible to any person of average education."—The Nation.

"The completest existing thesaurus of up-to-date facts and opinions on modern agricultural methods. It is safe to say that many years must pass before it can be surpassed in comprehensiveness, accuracy, practical value, and mechanical excellence. It ought to be in every library in the country."—Record-Herald, Chicago.

Cyclopedia of American Horticulture

EDITED BY L. H. BAILEY

With over 2800 original engravings; four volumes; the set, $20.00 net; half morocco, $32.00 net; carriage extra

"This really monumental performance will take rank as a standard in its class. Illustrations and text are admirable.... Our own conviction is that while the future may bring forth amplified editions of the work, it will probably never be superseded. Recognizing its importance, the publishers have given it faultless form. The typography leaves nothing to be desired, the paper is calculated to stand wear and tear, and the work is at once handsomely and attractively bound."—New York Daily Tribune.

* * * * *

PUBLISHED BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth Avenue, New York

BOOKS ON AGRICULTURE

On Selection of Land, etc.

Thomas F. Hunt's How to Choose a Farm $1 75 net E. W. Hilgard's Soils: Their Formation and Relations to Climate and Plant Growth 4 00 net Isaac P. Roberts' The Farmstead 1 50 net

On Tillage, etc.

F. H. King's The Soil 1 50 net Isaac P. Roberts' The Fertility of the Land 1 50 net Elwood Mead's Irrigation Institutions 1 25 net F. H. King's Irrigation and Drainage 1 50 net William E. Smythe's The Conquest of Arid America 1 50 net Edward B. Voorhees' Fertilizers 1 25 net Edward B. Voorhees' Forage Crops 1 50 net H. Snyder's Chemistry of Plant and Animal Life 1 25 net H. Snyder's Soil and Fertilizers. Third edition 1 25 net L. H. Bailey's Principles of Agriculture 1 25 net W. C. Welborn's Elements of Agriculture, Southern and Western 75 net J. F. Duggar's Agriculture for Southern Schools 75 net G. F. Warren's Elements of Agriculture 1 10 net T. L. Lyon and E. O. Fippen's The Principles of Soil Management 1 75 net Hilgard & Osterhout's Agriculture for Schools on the Pacific Slope 1 00 net

On Plant Diseases, etc.

George Massee's Plant Diseases 1 60 net J. G. Lipman's Bacteria in Relation to Country Life 1 50 net E. C. Lodeman's The Spraying of Plants 1 25 net H. M. Ward's Disease in Plants (English) 1 60 net A. S. Packard's A Text-book on Entomology 4 50 net Stevens & Hall's Diseases of Economic Plants 2 00 net

On Production of New Plants

L. H. Bailey's Plant-Breeding 1 25 net L. H. Bailey's The Survival of the Unlike 2 00 net L. H. Bailey's The Evolution of Our Native Fruits 2 00 net W. S. Harwood's New Creations in Plant Life 1 75 net

On Garden-Making

L. H. Bailey's Manual of Gardening 2 00 net L. H. Bailey's Vegetable-Gardening 1 50 net L. H. Bailey's Horticulturist's Rule Book 75 net L. H. Bailey's Forcing Book 1 25 net A. French's Book of Vegetables 1 75 net

On Fruit-Growing, etc.

L. H. Bailey's Nursery Book 1 50 net L. H. Bailey's Fruit-Growing 1 50 net L. H. Bailey's The Pruning Book 1 50 net F. W. Card's Bush Fruits 1 50 net J. T. Bealby's Fruit Ranching in British Columbia 1 50 net

On the Care of Live Stock

D. E. Lyon's How to Keep Bees for Profit $1 50 net Nelson S. Mayo's The Diseases of Animals 1 50 net W. H. Jordan's The Feeding of Animals 1 50 net I. P. Roberts' The Horse 1 25 net George C. Watson's Farm Poultry 1 25 net C. S. Valentine's How to Keep Hens for Profit 1 50 net O. Kellner's The Scientific Feeding of Animals (translation) 1 90 net H. R. Lewis' Poultry Laboratory Guide 65 net

On Dairy Work

Henry H. Wing's Milk and its Products 1 50 net C. M. Aikman's Milk 1 25 net Harry Snyder's Dairy Chemistry 1 00 net W. D. Frost's Laboratory Guide in Elementary Bacteriology 1 60 net I. P. Sheldon's The Farm and the Dairy 1 00 net Chr. Barthel's Methods Used in the Examination of Milk and Dairy Products 1 90 net

On Economics and Organization

J. McLennan's Manual of Practical Farming 1 50 net L. H. Bailey's The State and the Farmer 1 25 net Henry C. Taylor's Agricultural Economics 1 25 net I. P. Roberts' The Farmer's Business Handbook 1 25 net George T. Fairchild's Rural Wealth and Welfare 1 25 net S. E. Sparling's Business Organization 1 25 net In the Citizen's Library. Includes a chapter on Farming Kate V. St. Maur's A Self-supporting Home 1 75 net Kate V. St. Maur's The Earth's Bounty 1 75 net G. F. Warren and K. C. Livermore's Exercises in Farm Management 80 net

On Everything Agricultural

L. H. Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: Vol. I. Farms, Climates, and Soils. Vol. II. Farm Crops. Vol. III. Farm Animals. Vol. IV. The Farm and the Community.

To be complete in four royal 8vo volumes, with over 2000 illustrations. Price of sets: Cloth, $20 net; half-morocco, $32 net.

* * * * *

For further information as to any of the above, address the publishers

* * * * *

PUBLISHED BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth Avenue, New York

BOOKS OF GENERAL INTEREST

A Self-Supporting Home

By KATE V. ST. MAUR

Cloth, Illustrated, 12mo, $1.75 net

Each chapter is the detailed account of all the work necessary for one month—in the vegetable garden, among the small fruits, with the fowls, guineas, rabbits, cavies, and in every branch of husbandry to be met with on the small farm. The book is especially valuable and simple for the beginner.

"One of the most sensible, practical books of the kind ever published."—Louisville Courier-Journal.

How to Keep Bees for Profit

By D. E. LYON

Cloth, Illustrated, 12mo, $1.50 net

Dr. Lyon is an enthusiast on bees. His work is a practical one. In it he takes up the numerous questions that confront the man who keeps bees, and deals with them from the standpoint of long experience.

How to Keep Hens for Profit

By C. S. VALENTINE

Cloth, Illustrated, $1.50 net

By the well-known writer on poultry raising in the New York Tribune Farmer.

Manual of Practical Farming

By DR. JOHN McLENNAN

Cloth, Illustrated, 12mo, $1.50 net

A book "worthy of a hearty welcome," says the New York Times, a help to orderly, practical farm management, an application of economic scientific methods to the common matters of the farm.

Manual of Gardening

By L. H. BAILEY

Cloth, Illustrated, 12mo, $2.00 net

This new work is a combination and revision of the main parts of two other books by the same author, Garden Making and Practical Garden-Book, together with much new material and the result of the experience of ten added years.

The Book of Vegetables and Garden Herbs

By ALLEN FRENCH

Cloth, Illustrated, 12mo, $1.75 net

A practical book "from the ground up." It gives complete directions for growing all vegetables cultivatable in the climate of the northern United States. It represents a departure in vegetable-garden literature. It does not generalize. The illustrations, numbering about 150, are all from original drawings.

* * * * *

PUBLISHED BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth Avenue, New York

THE END