MUTTON AND LAMB.

SADDLE OF MUTTON OR LAMB.

This very handsome joint is commonly and easily carved in long thin slices from each side of the bone, with a little additional fat cut from the left side. Or, with a little more care, the newer mode may be followed of carving oblique slices from the centre, beginning at the bone near the tail, and cutting the slices through the joint, thus mingling the fat and lean. A saddle of lamb, a pretty dish in season, must be carved in the same way.



LEG OF MUTTON OR LAMB.

The best part of this joint is in the middle, between the knuckle and farther end, and the best way to carve it is to make a deep cut at 1, and continue to cut thin slices as far as 2, on each side of the first incision; but as more fat is usually required than lies with the slice, a small neat slice may be added from the broad end at 3. The cramp-bone may be extracted, if asked for, by cutting down at 4, and passing the knife under in a semicircle to 5. The delicate fine meat of the under side, which lies beneath the "Pope's eye," is sometimes demanded by epicures.



SHOULDER OF MUTTON OR LAMB.

Make an incision at 1 down to the bone, which will then afford a deep gap, from which on each side you may help thin slices, adding a little fat from the outer edge marked 2. If the demands are more than can be supplied at the first opening, additional slices may be obtained by cutting down to the blade-bone, marked 3, on each side. Some of the party may prefer slices from the under side, the meat of which is juicy, though less fine in grain; these must be cut horizontally.

LOIN OF MUTTON.

A loin of mutton is always brought to table with the joints of the bones divided; it is therefore merely necessary to begin at the narrow end, and cut off one chop at a time, with a small portion of the kidney if required, or of the rich kidney fat.

NECK OF MUTTON.

The joints of a neck of mutton are always divided before cooking in the same way as those of the loin, and the carving is simple. It is only necessary to begin at the long bones, where the best meat lies, the scrag, as it is usually called, being coarse and gristly, and frequently taken off before the joint is dressed for the table.

LAMB.

Lamb is generally carved in the same way as mutton, but rather more sparingly, as there is less meat on the joint; but when sent to table in the quarter, as it commonly is when young, it must be cut up after its own fashion as follows.

FORE QUARTER OF LAMB.



This consists of the shoulder, ribs, and brisket. The shoulder must first be raised from the rest by passing the knife under the knuckle in the direction of 1, 2, 3, leaving a good portion of meat adhering to the ribs. A slice of butter, seasoned with pepper and salt, is laid between them, and the juice of a lemon squeezed over the ribs. This must remain a minute, and the shoulder may then be removed to another dish, for the convenience of carving the rest. The ribs and brisket must then be divided in the line 3, 4, the ribs separated, and brisket cut into small divisions, giving each person the choice of a rib or piece of the brisket. The shoulder, if required, must be cut in the same way as a shoulder of mutton.

BEEF.

SIRLOIN OF BEEF.

The principal joint of beef, the sirloin, must be carved outside or inside, according to the taste of the guests. The rich delicate meat under the bone, called the fillet, is carved in parallel slices across the joint and along the grain, contrary to the usual mode of cutting meat. The outer part is carved in long slices cut down to the bone in the direction 1, 2, beginning at the edge, the brown being the first slice. Many prefer to cut the slices across the joint, beginning in the middle; certainly easier for the carver, but destructive to the future appearance of the joint, nor is the meat so tender thus crossed. A portion of the under fat should be reserved for the upper slices.



RIBS OF BEEF.

Must be carved like the upper part of the sirloin. There is no fillet in this joint. It is usual to begin the slices at the thin end.

ROUND OF BEEF.

With a sharp thin-bladed knife shave off in a horizontal manner the first slice, leaving the round flat and smooth. The meat is disfigured if this smoothness is not preserved; it is therefore necessary that your knife be sharp and your hand steady. It must be served in very thin slices.



THE AITCH-BONE, OR EDGE-BONE

Is usually skewered and boiled with part of the rump, forming a sort of round, to be carved the same way as the round. The soft, marrow kind of fat is at the back of the bone, below 4, and must be supplied when required; the harder fat is at the edge of the meat, 3, and will accompany each slice.

RUMP OR BUTTOCK OF BEEF.

In carving the rump, buttock, or other joints of beef, it is merely necessary to observe, that every slice should be as neatly as practicable cut across the grain. Even in the brisket, the slices must be across the bones, and not through.



TONGUE.

The tongue may be sent to table either rolled or in length. If rolled, slices are cut as in a round of beef; if not rolled, it must be cut nearly in the middle, not quite through, and slices taken from each side, with a little of the fat which lies at the root, if liked.



VEAL.

CALF'S HEAD.

The half-head is often sent to table; but when a whole head is served, it is only necessary to know the delicate parts and to distribute them impartially. Long slices of the gelatinous skin, cut down to the bone from 1 to 2, must be served. The throat sweetbread, as it is called, lies at the thick neck end; and slices, from 3 to 4, must be added to the gelatine. The eye is also a delicacy: this must be extracted with the point of the knife, and divided at discretion. The palate, situated under the head, must also be apportioned, and, if necessary, the jaw-bone should be removed, to obtain the lean meat below it.

LOIN OF VEAL

Is usually divided into two portions—the chump end and the kidney end; the latter of which, the most delicate part, must be separated in bones which have been jointed before cooking. Part of the kidney, and of the rich fat which surrounds it, must be given to each. The chump end, after the tail is removed and divided, may be served in slices without bone, if preferred to the richer end.



FILLET OF VEAL.

The fillet of veal, corresponding to the round of beef, must be carved in the same way, in horizontal slices, with a sharp knife to preserve the smooth surface. The first, or brown slice, is preferred by some persons, and it should be divided as required. For the forcemeat, which is covered with the flap, you must cut deep into it between 1 and 2, and help to each a thin slice, with a little of the fat.

BREAST OF VEAL.

The breast is composed of the ribs and brisket, and these must first be separated by cutting through the line 1, 2. The taste of the guests must then be consulted; if the ribs be preferred, the bones are easily divided; if the brisket, which is thick, and contains the gristle, which many like, it must be in small transverse squares. The sweetbread is commonly served with a roast breast of veal, and a small portion of it must be given with every plate.



KNUCKLE OF VEAL.

This part is always boiled or stewed, and the fat and tendons render it a dish much esteemed: some good slices may also be cut, and the marrowy fat which lies between two of the outer bones must be carefully portioned out.

SHOULDER AND NECK OF VEAL.

Though the shoulder of veal may be carved in the same way as mutton, it is usual to turn it over, and cut moderately thick slices from the thick edge opposite to the bone, and parallel with it.

The neck, of which the best end only is usually roasted, and stuffed under the skin, must be divided in the same way as a neck of mutton.

* * * * *

PORK.

LEG OR HAND OF PORK.



Commonly the joints of pork are carved in the same way as the similar joints of mutton, in slices across, cut very deep, as marked 1, 2. In the leg, however, the close, firm flesh about the knuckle is more highly esteemed than in the same part of a leg of mutton, and must be dealt out impartially.

The hand is a delicate joint, and may be carved from the blade-bone as in mutton, or in thin, slices across, near the knuckle.

SPARE-RIB OF PORK

Is usually accompanied by apple sauce to correct the richness of the gravy. The fleshy part is first cut in long slices, and the spare bones are then easily divided.

HAM.



The usual method of carving the ham is by cutting down directly to the bone three or four thin slices in the direction 1, 2; then by passing the knife along the bone, you completely detach them, and give a due portion of fat to each. If you wish to be more economical, you must begin at the knuckle and gradually work onward, leaving a better appearance than when cut in the middle. A more extravagant method is by scooping a hole in the middle, and cutting circular slices round, on the principle of keeping the meat moist and retaining the gravy. This is obviously a wasteful plan.

A SUCKING PIG.

Before it is sent to table, the head is removed and opened, and the body split in two, thus rendering it very easy to carve. First separate the shoulders, then the legs from the body. The triangular piece of the neck between the shoulders is reckoned the most delicate part, and the ribs the next best. The latter are easily divided according to the number of guests, being commonly little more than gristle; there are choice bits also in the shoulders and thighs; the ear also is reckoned a delicacy. The portion of stuffing and gravy must not be forgotten by the carver.



* * * * *

POULTRY AND GAME.

Be careful first to have your proper carving-knife; and next to consider the number of the company. If a small number, it will only be necessary in carving a goose, turkey, or cluck, to cut deep slices from each side of the breast, without winging the birds. In a large party they must absolutely be cut up.

GOOSE

In carving a goose, the neck must be turned towards you, and the skin below the breast, called the apron, be removed in a semicircular direction, to enable you to reach the stuffing inside. Some carvers choose to pour in a glass of port wine, or claret mixed with mustard, before beginning to cut up. The slices first cut are on each side of the breast-bone, marked a, b. Then, if required, the wing may be removed, by putting the fork into the small end of the pinion, and pressing it close to the body until you divide the shoulder-joint at 1, carrying the knife on as far as 2, and then separating by drawing the fork back. The leg must be removed in the same manner in the direction 2, 3, and the thigh, which is by many considered the best part, must be separated from the inferior drumstick. The merry-thought may be removed by raising it a little from the neck, and then passing the knife beneath, and the delicate neck-bones are taken off the same way. The rump is looked on by epicures as a dainty. After each plate has been supplied with the part asked for, a spoon must be introduced at the neck to draw out the proper portion of stuffing.



A green goose is carved much in the same way, but is not stuffed, and only the breast regarded as very delicate.

TURKEY

The prime part of the turkey is the breast, and it is only after this is exhausted that the real cutting up of the bird is required. The knife must be passed down close to the bone and through the forcemeat which fills the breast, and then thin slices, with a due portion of the forcemeat, distributed; and except in a very large party, this usually is sufficient; but if more be required, the pinions and legs must be taken off like those of the goose. The thigh is good; the pinion and drumstick are usually tough, and reserved till the last; the side or neck-bones are delicate; also the small round piece of flesh on each side of the centre of the back called the oyster. Beyond these the turkey requires no more carving.

A FOWL.

The fork must be firmly fixed in the centre of the breast, draw the knife along the line 1 to 3, and then proceed to take off the wing, by inserting the knife under the joint at 1, and lifting the pinion with the fork, drawing off the wing with a slice of the breast attached. The leg, cut round, is easily released in the same way. The merry-thought may next be detached by turning it back from the breast; the neck-bones which are beneath the upper part of the wings are easily raised. Then the breast must be divided from the back by cutting through the ribs close under the breast. The back may then be turned uppermost, press the point of the knife in the midst, and raise the lower end to separate it. Then remove the rump, and cut off the side bones which lie on each side of the back by forcing the knife through the rump-bone and drawing them from the back-bone; these side bones include the delicate morsel called the oyster. The breast and wings are the choice parts; the liver, which is trussed under one wing, should be divided to offer part with the other wing, the gizzard being rarely eaten; but the legs in a young fowl, and especially in a boiled fowl, are very good; the merry-thought too is a delicacy. If the fowl be very large, it is commonly carved like a turkey, with slices first cut from the breast. When a fowl is sent to table cold at luncheon or supper, it is often carved first and then neatly tied together with white ribbons. This looks well, and is very convenient in a large party.



DUCK.

A duck, if large, must be carved as directed for a goose, by cutting slices from the breast, and afterwards removing the wings and legs; but if a very young bird, it is commonly disjointed first and then served in the same way as a fowl. The seasoned onions and sage placed under the apron may be removed with a spoon if required, but some have an objection to the strong flavour, and it is necessary to know that it is not disagreeable to them before you place it on the plate.

WILD DUCK.

The choice part of a wild duck is the breast, which is cut in long slices from the neck to the leg. It is rarely the bird is required to be disjointed, but if it be necessary, it can be cut up like a fowl.

PHEASANT.

In the same manner in which you carve a fowl fix your fork in the centre of the breast; cut slices from the breast; remove the leg, which is considered excellent, in a line at 3, and the wing at 3, 5. To draw off the merry-thought, pass the knife through the line 6 beneath it towards the neck, and it will easily be detached. In other respects serve it in the same way as a fowl, the breast and thigh being most valued.



GROUSE.

The first unrivalled bird of game, due on the 12th of August, breaking up the senate of the kingdom, and accessible only to the few whom wealth or privilege give the entree into the preserved regions, has, when even thrown into the market by the mercenary scions of the great, a considerable value; and perhaps it is only in the North that it is properly cooked and appreciated. A moor bird requires a particular sagacity in carving, which is a secret to the uninitiated. You may carve it like a common fowl; but the epicure alone knows that it is in the back that the true flavour of the heath is found, and in the North the back is recognized as the chief delicacy, and must be carefully proportioned among the guests.

PARTRIDGE.

The partridge is always well received in dinner society; and if the party be large and the supply of game small, the partridges must be jointed like a fowl, to make the most of them, but in a small party it is only necessary to fix the knife in the back, and separate the bird at once into back and breast, dividing it then according to the number of guests, always remembering that the back of a well-fed partridge is by no means a despicable morsel.

WOODSTOCK OR SNIPE.

The great peculiarity in carving the woodcock or snipe is, that the bird is not drawn like other birds, but roasted as it is plucked, suspended by the head, with a toast beneath, on which the trail, as it is called, or internal part, is allowed to drop; and when the birds are roasted, which should be rapidly done in twenty minutes, the trail should be spread over each toast and the bird served up on it. It is then only necessary to carve each bird through the breast and back, with its due proportion of the trail and toast. The best part, however, if carved, is the thigh.

PIGEONS.

As the pigeon is too small a bird to disjoint, it is the fairest division to cut it through the middle of the breast and back in two equal parts. Another mode is to insert the knife at 1, and cut on each side to 2 and 3, and forcing them asunder, to divide each portion into two; but this is not needed except in a large party.



SMALL BIRDS.

Fieldfares, larks, corn-crakes, quails, plovers, and ruffs and reeves, should be always cut through the breast, and served only for two helps.

HARE.



The old way of carving a hare, still insisted on at many economical tables, is somewhat elaborate. You must first insert the knife in the point of the shoulder marked 1, and divide it down along the line to the rump, 2; and doing the same at the opposite side, the hare falls into three pieces. Pass the knife under the shoulder, 2—1, and remove it; then the leg, which is really good, in a similar manner. The animal must be beheaded, for it is necessary to divide the head, which must be done by turning the mouth towards you, holding it steadily down with the fork, inserting the knife through the bone between the ears, and forcing it through, entirely dividing it. Half the head is given to any one that requires it, the crisp ears being first cut off, a delicacy some prefer. The back, which is the most tender part, must now be divided through the spine into several pieces; it is only after the back is distributed that it is necessary to have recourse to the shoulders and legs. If the hare be old, it is useless to attempt to carve it entirely at table, the joints become so stubborn with age; and it is then usual to cut long slices on each side of the back-bone. A great deal of the blood usually settles in the shoulders and back of the neck, giving the flesh a richness which epicures like; and these parts, called the sportsman's pieces, are sometimes demanded. The seasoning or stuffing of a hare lies inside, and must be drawn out with a spoon.

RABBIT.

The rules for carving a hare sufficiently direct the mode of carving a rabbit, except that, being so much smaller, the back is never divided into more than two or three pieces, and the head is served whole, if demanded. The wing is thought a choice part by many.



Toasts and Sentiments.

* * * * *

AMATORY.

British belles and British fashions.

Laughing lovers to merry maids.

Love and opportunity.

Love's slavery.

Love without licentiousness, and pleasure without excess.

Love, liberty, and length of blissful days.

Love without fear, and life without care.

Love for one.

Life, love, liberty, and true friendship.

Love in every breast, liberty in every heart, and learning in every head.

Love at liberty, and liberty in love.

Love: may it never make a wise man play the fool.

Artless love and disinterested friendship.

All that love can give, and sensibility enjoy.

A speedy union to every lad and lass.

Beauty's best companion—Modesty.

Beauty, innocence, and modest merit.

Beauty without affectation, and virtue without deceit.

Community of goods, unity of hearts, nobility of sentiment, and truth of feeling to the lovers of the fair sex.

Charms to strike the sight, and merit to win the heart.

Constancy in love, and sincerity in friendship.

Here's a health to the maid that is constant and kind, Who to charms bright as Venus's adds Diana's mind. I'll toast Britain's daughters—let all fill their glasses— Whose beauty and virtue the whole world surpasses. May blessings attend them, go wherever they will, And foul fall the man that e'er offers them ill.

Love without deceit, and matrimony without regret.

Love's garlands: may they ever entwine the brows of every true-hearted lover.

Lovely woman—man's best and dearest gift of life.

Love to one, friendship to a few, and good-will to all.

Long life, pure love, and boundless liberty.

May love and reason be friends, and beauty and prudence marry.

May the lovers of the fair sex never want the means to defend them.

May the sparks of love brighten into a flame.

May the joys of the fair give pleasure to the heart.

May we be loved by those whom we love.

May we kiss whom we please, and please whom we kiss.

May the bud of affection be ripened by the sunshine of sincerity.

May a virtuous offspring succeed to mutual and honourable love.

May the presence of the fair curb the licentious.

May the confidence of love be rewarded with constancy in its object.

May the honourable lover attain the object of his wishes.

May the lovers of the fair be modest, faithful, and kind.

May the wings of love never lose a feather.

May the blush of conscious innocence ever deck the faces of the British fair.

May the union of persons always be founded on that of hearts.

May the generous heart ever meet a chaste mate.

May the temper of our wives be suited to those of their husbands.

May true passion never meet with a slight.

May every woman have a protector, but not a tyrant.

* * * * *

BACCHANALIAN.

May we act with reason when the bottle circulates.

May good fortune resemble the bottle and bowl, And stand by the man who can't stand by himself.

May we never want wine, nor a friend to partake of it.

May our love of the glass never make us forget decency.

May the juice of the grape enliven each soul, And good humour preside at the head of each bowl.

May mirth exalt the feast.

May we always get mellow with good wine.

May the moments of mirth be regulated by the dial of reason.

Champagne to our real friends, and real pain to our sham friends.

Come, every man now give his toast— Fill up the glass—I'll tell you mine: Wine is the mistress I love most! This is my toast—now give me thine.

Cheerfulness in our cups, content in our minds, and competency in our pockets.

Come, fill the glass and drain the bowl: May Love and Bacchus still agree; And every Briton warm his soul With Cupid, Wine, and Liberty.

Good-humour: and may it ever smile at our board.

Full bags, a fresh bottle, and a beauty.

Good wine and good company to the lovers of reasonable enjoyment.

A friend and a bottle to give him.

A hearty supper, a good bottle, and a soft bed to every man who fights the battles of his country.

A full purse, a fresh bottle, and beautiful face.

A full bottle and a friend to partake of it.

A drop of good stuff and a snug social party, To spend a dull evening, gay, social, and hearty.

A mirth-inspiring bowl.

A full belly, a heavy purse, and a light heart.

A bottle at night and business in the morning.

Beauty, wit, and wine.

Clean glasses and old corks.

Wine: may it be our spur as we ride over the bad roads of life

While we enjoy ourselves over the bottle, may we never drive prudence out of the room.

Wine—for there's no medicine like it.

Wine—the parent of friendship, composer of strife, The soother of sorrow, the blessing of life.

Wine: the bond that cements the warm heart to a friend.

* * * * *

COMIC.

May the tax-gatherer be forgiven in another world.

To the early bird that catches the worm.

To the bird in the hand that is worth two in the bush.

Our native, land: may we never be lawfully sent out of it.

Sound hearts, sound sovereigns, and sound dispositions.

The Queen, and may true Britons never be without her likeness in their pockets.

The land we live in: may he who doesn't like it leave it.

The three great Generals in power—General Peace, General Plenty, and General Satisfaction.

The Bank of England's passport to travel with, and the Queen's picture for a companion.

May the parched pea never jump out of the frying-pan into the fire.

The three R's: Reading, 'Riting, and 'Rithmetic.

May evil communications never corrupt good manners.

May the celebrated pin a day, of which we have heard so much, always make the groat a year.

May the groat a year never be unwisely invested in a Joint-Stock Company.

May that man never grow fat Who carries two faces under one hat.

Here's to the best physicians—Dr. Diet, Dr. Quiet, and Dr. Merryman.

Here's to the feast that has plenty of meat and very little table-cloth.

Here's to the full purse that never lacks friends.

May fools make feasts, and wise men eat them.

Here's to the man who never lets his tongue cut his own throat.

Here's to the man who never quarrels with his bread and butter.

Here's to the man who never looks a gift-horse in the mouth.

Here's to the old bird that is not to be caught with chaff.

* * * * *

CONSERVATIVE.

A health to those ladies who set the example of wearing British productions.

May Her Majesty's Ministers ever have wisdom to plan our institutions, and energy and firmness to support them.

Confusion to all demagogues.

May the productions of Britain's isle never be invaded by foreigners.

May the throne and the altar never want standing armies to back them.

Our old nobility.

The man who builds up rather than he who pulls down.

The loyal adherents of the Queen and the true friends of the people.

The equilibrium of State, may it always be preserved.

The ancient ways.

Judicious reforms and reformers.

The universal advancement of the arts and sciences.

All our independent nobles and noble hearts.

May the dispensers of justice ever be impartial.

May French principles never corrupt English manners.

May the interests of the monarch and monarchy never be thought distinct.

May the worth of the nation be ever inestimable.

May taxation be lessened annually.

May the Gallic cock be always clipped by British valour if he crows too loud.

May the sword of justice be swayed by the hand of mercy.

May the seeds of dissension never find growth in the soil of Great Britain.

May the love of country be imprinted in every Briton's breast.

May our statesmen ever possess the justice of a More and the wisdom of a Bacon.

Queen and Country.

Liberty, not licence.

Confusion to all men who desert their party.

Party ties before all other ties.

The Queen: may she outlive her Ministers, and may they live long.

A lasting cement to all contending powers.

The protectors of commerce and the promoters of charity.

A revision of the code of criminal laws.

The Bar, the Pulpit, and the Throne.

* * * * *

GASTRONOMIC.

Old England's roast beef: may it ever be the standing dish of Britons.

Our constitutional friends—the Baron and the Sir-loin.

Roast beef: may it always ennoble our veins and enrich our blood.

The roast beef of old England.

The Union dish: English beef, Scotch kale, and Irish potatoes.

* * * * *

ENGLISH.

England, home, and beauty.

English oak and British valour.

England for ever: the land we live in.

England, Scotland, and Ireland: may their union remain undisturbed by plots or treachery to the end of time.

England, the queen of the isles and the queen of the main.

May old England's sons, the Americans, never forget their mother.

* * * * *

IRISH.

A high post to the enemies of Ould Ireland, Erin, the land of the brave and the bold.

Ireland; sympathy for her wrongs, and a determination to redress them.

The country that gave St. Patrick birth, the birthplace of wit, and hospitality's home—dear Ould Ireland.

May Great Britain and Ireland be ever equally distinguished by their love of liberty and true patriotism.

May the enemies of Great Britain and Ireland never meet a friend in either country.

Justice to Ireland.

Ireland, Scotland, and England: may their union be happier than it has been.

* * * * *

SCOTCH.

A health to the friends of Caledonia.

Caledonia, the nursery of learning and the birthplace of heroes.

Scotland and the productions of its soil.

Scottish heroes, and may their fame live for ever.

Scotland, the birthplace of valour, the country of worth.

The Queen and the Scottish Union.

The nobles of Caledonia and their ladies.

To the memory of Scottish heroines.

The Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock: may they flourish by the common graft of union.

To the memory of Scotland's heroes.

To the memory of those who have gloriously fallen in the noble struggle for independence.

* * * * *

LIBERAL.

Annihilation to the trade of corruption.

An Englishman's birthright: trial by jury.

Addition to our trade, multiplication to our manufactures, subtraction to taxes, and reduction to places and pensions.

All the honest reformers of our country.

Britain: may the land of our nativity ever be the abode of freedom, and the birthplace of heroes.

Britain's annals: may they never suffer a moral or political blot.

Confusion to those who barter the cause of their country for sordid gain.

Confusion to those who, wearing the mask of patriotism, pull it off and desert the cause of liberty in the hour of trial.

Confusion to those despots who combine against the liberties of mankind.

Disappointment to all those who form expectations of places and pensions on the ruin of their country.

Everlasting life to the man who gave the death-blow to the slave trade.

Community, unity, navigation, and trade.

Faith in every kind of commerce.

Freedom to the oppressed, and slavery to the oppressors.

Freedom to all who dare contend for it.

Oblivion to all party rage.

Humanity to all created beings, especially to our own species, whether black or white.

No party except mankind.

May the meanest Briton scorn the highest slave.

Old England: and may those who ill-use her be speedily kicked off.

May Great Britain and Ireland be ever equally distinguished by their love of liberty and true patriotism.

May every succeeding century maintain the principles of the glorious Revolution, enjoy the blessings of them, and transmit them to future ages unimpaired and improved.

May the whole universe be incorporated in one city, and every inhabitant presented with the freedom.

May Britons share the triumphs of freedom, and ever contend for the rights and liberties of mankind.

May freedom's fire take new birth at the grave of liberty.

May our country be, as it has ever been, a secure asylum to the unfortunate and oppressed.

High wages, and sense to keep them.

May the freedom of election be preserved, the trial by jury maintained, and the liberty of the press secured to the latest posterity.

May the tree of liberty flourish round the globe, and every human being partake of the fruits.

May truth and liberty prevail throughout the world.

May all partial and impolitic taxes be abolished.

May Britons never have a tyrant to oppose either in Church or State.

May the sons of liberty marry the daughters of virtue.

May Britons never suffer invasion, nor invade the rights of others.

May the miseries of war be banished from all enlightened nations.

May our trade and manufactures be unrestrained by the fetters of monopoly.

May the whole world become more enlightened and civilized.

May revolutions never cease while tyranny exists.

Our constitution as settled at the Revolution.

May the people of England always oppose a bad Ministry, and give vigour to a good one.

The British Lion: may he never rise in anger nor lie down in fear.

The majesty of the people of England.

The memory of our brave ancestors who brought about the Revolution, and may a similar spirit actuate their descendants.

The sacred decree of heaven—Let all mankind be free.

The British Constitution; and confusion to those who dislike it.

The people—the only source of legitimate power.

The subject of liberty and the liberty of the subject.

The non-electors of Great Britain: may they speedily be enfranchised.

The greatest happiness of the greatest number.

May the nation that plots against another's liberty or prosperity fall a victim to its own intrigues.

* * * * *

LITERARY.

Toleration and liberty of the press.

The Fourth Estate.

The liberty of the press, and success to its defenders.

The Press: the great bulwark of our liberties, and may it ever remain unshackled.

The glorious literature of Scotland.

The glorious literature of Ireland.

The glorious literature of England.

* * * * *

LOYAL.

QUEEN VICTORIA: and may her royal offspring adorn the position they are destined to fill.

All the royal family.

A speedy export to all the enemies of Britain without a drawback.

A lasting peace or an honourable war.

A health to our English patriots.

Agriculture and its improvers.

All the societies associated for promoting the happiness of the human race.

All the charitable institutions of Great Britain.

An Englishman's castle—his house: may it stand for ever.

Britons in unity, and unity in Britain.

British virtue: may it always find a protector, but never need one.

Great Britain's rising star: the Prince of Wales.

Holy pastors, honest magistrates, and humane rulers.

Improvement to the inventions of our country.

Improvement to our arts, and invention to our artists.

May the sword of Justice be swayed by the hand of Mercy.

May the love of country always prevail.

May St. George's Channel be the only difference ever known between England and Ireland.

May the eagles of the Continent never build their nests in this little island.

May British valour shine when every other light is out.

May Britons, when they do strike, strike home.

May the populace of our country be remarkable for their loyalty and domestic happiness.

May our sons be honest and fair, and our daughters modest and fair.

May every Briton's hand be ever hostile to tyranny.

May the annals of Great Britain's history be unstained with crime and unpolluted With bloody deeds.

May our jurors ever possess sufficient courage to uphold their verdict.

May every Briton manfully withstand corruption.

May we never be afraid to die for our country.

Our wives, homes, country, and Queen.

May the health of our sovereign keep pace with the wishes of her people.

May every Briton manfully withstand tyranny.

May the glory of Britain never cease to shine.

May the honours of our nobility be without stain.

May Britons be invincible by united force.

May the olive of peace renovate the sinking fund of the British nation.

May the throne and the altar never want standing armies to back them.

May Britons secure their conquests by clemency.

May we as citizens be free without faction, and as subjects loyal without servility.

May loyalty flourish for ever.

May liberty ever find an altar in Britain surrounded by devoted worshippers.

May the British bull never be cowed.

May our hearts ever be possessed with the love of country.

May the British soil alone produce freedom's sons.

May the brave never want protection.

May sovereigns and subjects reign in each other's hearts by love.

May we ever honestly uphold our rights.

May we never cease to deserve well of country.

May Britons ever defend, with bold unflinching hand, Their throne, their altar, and their native land.

May the liberties of the people be immortal.

May the heart of an Englishman ever be Liberty Hall.

May the brow of the brave be adorned by the hand of beauty.

May we never find danger lurking on the borders of security.

May the laurels of Great Britain never be blighted.

May all mankind make free to enjoy the blessings of liberty, but never take the liberty to subvert the principles of freedom.

May Britannia's hand ever be armed with the bolts of Jove.

May the ensign of loyalty float over us—the jack of pure patriotism lead us—and may the pendant of every British man-of-war serve as a cat-o-nine-tails to whip our enemies with.

May England's name and England's fame stand for ever pure, great and free.

May every true Briton be possessed of peace, plenty, and content.

May every Briton leave his native land at honour's call, To fight, to conquer, or, like Wolfe, to fall.

May every Briton act the patriot's part.

May victory spin the robe of glory for the brave, and fame enrol his deeds.

May the laws never be misconstrued.

May the weight of our taxes never bend the back of our credit.

May increasing success crown the island of traders, And its shores prove the grave of all foreign invaders.

* * * * *

MASONIC.

May every worthy brother who is willing to work and labour through the day, be happy at night with his friend, his love, and a cheerful glass.

May all freemasons be enabled to act in a strict conformity to the rules of their order.

May our actions as masons be properly squared.

May masonry flourish until nature expire, And its glories ne'er fade till the world is on fire.

The female friends of freemasons.

May the brethren of our glorious craft be ever distinguished in the world by their regular lives; more than by their gloves and aprons.

May concord, peace; and harmony subsist in all regular lodges, and always distinguish freemasons.

May masonry prove as universal as it is honourable and useful.

May every brother learn to live within the compass, and watch upon the square.

May the lodges in this place be distinguished for love, peace, and harmony.

All noblemen and right worshipful brothers who have been grand masters.

May peace, harmony, and concord subsist among freemasons, and may every idle dispute and frivolous distinction be buried in oblivion.

All regular lodges.

All the friends of the craft.

As we meet upon the level, may we part upon the square.

All faithful and true brothers.

All brothers who have been grand masters.

Every brother who keeps the key of knowledge from intruders, but cheerfully gives it to a worthy brother.

Every brother who maintains a consistency in love and sincerity in friendship.

Every worthy brother who was at first duly prepared, and whose heart still retains an awful regard to the three great lights of masonry.

Golden eggs to every brother, and goldfinches to our lodges.

Honour and influence to every public-spirited brother.

All freeborn sons of the ancient and honourable craft.

May the square, plumb-line, and level regulate the conduct of every brother.

May the morning have no occasion to censure the night spent by freemasons.

May the hearts of freemasons agree, although their heads should differ.

May every mason participate in the happiness of a brother.

May every brother have a heart to feel and a hand to give.

May discord, party rage, and insolence be for ever rooted out from among masons.

May covetous cares be unknown to freemasons.

May all freemasons go hand in hand in the road of virtue.

May we be more ready to correct our own faults than to publish the errors of a brother.

May the prospect of riches never induce a mason to do that which is repugnant to virtue.

May unity and love be ever stamped upon the mason's mind.

May no freemason desire plenty but with the benevolent view to relieve the indigent.

May no freemason wish for more liberty than constitutes happiness, nor more freedom than tends to the public good.

May the deformity of vice in other men teach a mason to abhor it in himself.

May the cares which haunt the heart of the covetous be unknown to the freemason.

Prosperity to masons and masonry

Relief to all indigent brethren.

To the secret and silent.

The great lodge of England.

The great lodge of Scotland.

To the memory of him who first planted the vine.

To the perpetual honour of freemasons.

The masters and wardens of all regular lodges.

To all masons who walk by the line.

To the memory of the Tyrian artist.

May all freemasons live in love and die in peace.

May love animate the heart of every mason.

May all freemasons ever taste and relish the sweets of freedom.

* * * * *

MILITARY.

May our commanders have the eye of a Hawke and the heart of a Wolfe.

To the memory of Wellington and all like him.

Chelsea Hospital and its supporters.

To the memory of Sir Thomas Picton, and all our brave countrymen who fell at Waterloo.

May every British officer possess Wolfe's conduct and courage, but not meet with his fate.

May the enemy's flag be surmounted by the British standard.

May the arms borne by a soldier never be used in a bad cause.

May British soldiers fight to protect, and conquer to save.

May the gifts of fortune never cause us to steer out of our latitude.

May the brow of the brave never want a wreath of laurel to adorn it.

May the army of Great Britain never feel dismayed at its enemies.

May the brave soldier who never turned his back to the enemy never have a friend turn his back to him.

May bronze and medals not be the only reward of the brave.

May no rotten members infect the whole corps.

May the laurels of Great Britain never be blighted.

May all weapons of war be used for warlike purposes only.

May the soldier never fall a sacrifice but to glory.

To the memory of Sir John Moore, and all the brave fellows who fell with him in the action of Corunna; and may their gallant conduct stimulate every British soldier in the hour of danger.

To the memory of all brave soldiers who fall in defence of their country.

The memory of a great general and splendid genius, though ambitious and tyrannic—Napoleon Bonaparte.

* * * * *

NAVAL.

May our iron-clads do as much as out-brave old oaks.

May John Bull ever be commander-in-chief of the ocean.

May Old England, a world within herself, reign safe for ever in her floating towers.

To the memory of Nelson, and all like him.

Greenwich Hospital and its supporters.

May every British seaman fight bravely and be rewarded honourably.

May rudders govern and ships obey.

May no true son of Neptune ever flinch from his gun.

May no son of the ocean ever be devoured by his mother.

May our navy never know defeat but by name.

May our sailors for ever prove lords of the main.

May the deeds never be forgot that were done at Trafalgar and Waterloo.

May the cause of British liberty ever be defended by her hearts of oak.

May our officers and tars be valiant and brave.

Success to the fair for manning the navy.

May gales of prosperity waft us to the port of happiness.

May our seamen, from the captain to the cabin-boy, be like our ships, hearts of oak.

More hard ships for Britain, and less to her enemies.

May the pilot of reason guide us to the harbour of rest.

May the memory of the noble Nelson inspire every seaman to do his duty.

May the tar who loses one eye in defence of his country, never see distress with the other.

Should the French come to Dover, may they mis-Deal in their landing.

To Nelson's memory here's a health, And to his gallant tars, And, may our British seamen bold Despise both wounds and scars; Make France and Spain, And all the main, And all their foes to know, Britons reign o'er the main While the stormy winds do blow.

The British navy, the world's check-string.

The heart of a sailor: may it be like heart of oak.

Though our bold tars are fortune's sport, may they ever be fortune's care.

The flag of England: may it ever brave the battle and the breeze.

The sea, the rough sea, the open sea: may our lives be spent upon it.

The sea, the sleepless guardian of the world.

The memory of Lord Howe and the glorious 1st of June.

Safe arrivals to our homeward and outward-bound fleets.

* * * * *

RELIGIOUS.

The friends of religion, liberty, and science in every part of the globe.

The honest reformers of our laws and religion.

The clergy of the United Kingdom who have always supported the good cause: may they continue to do so.

The Pulpit, the Bar, and the Throne.

The friends of religious toleration, whether they are within or without the Establishment.

* * * * *

SENTIMENTAL.

May we ever have a sufficiency for ourselves, and a trifle to spare for our friends.

May we always look forward to better times, but never be discontented with the present.

May the miseries of war never more have existence in the world.

May the wing of friendship never moult a feather.

May our artists never be forced into artifice to gain applause and fortune.

May solid honour soon take place of seeming religion.

May our thoughts never mislead our judgment.

May filial piety ever be the result of a religious education.

May real merit meet reward, and pretension its punishment.

May prosperity never make us arrogant, nor adversity mean.

May we live happy and die in peace with all mankind.

May the unsuspecting man never be deceived.

May noise and nonsense be ever banished from social company.

May the faults of our neighbours be dim and their virtues glaring.

May industry always be the favourite of Fortune.

May the rich be charitable and the poor grateful.

May the misfortunes of others be always examined at the chart of our own conduct.

May we never be so base as to envy the happiness of another.

May we live to learn, and learn to live well.

May we be more ready to correct our own faults than to publish the faults of others.

May we never hurt our neighbour's peace by the desire of appearing witty.

Modesty in our discourses, moderation in our wishes, and mutuality in our affections.

May we never envy those who are happy, but strive to imitate them.

May we derive amusement from business and improvement from pleasure.

May our faults be written on the sea-shore, and every good action prove a wave to wash them out.

May virtue find fortune always an attendant.

May we never repine at our condition, nor be depressed by poverty.

May reality strengthen the joys of imagination.

May we never make a sword of our tongue to wound a good man's reputation.

May our distinguishing mark be merit rather than money.

A total abolition of the slave trade.

A heart to glow for others' good.

A heart to feel and a heart to give.

A period to the sorrows of an ingenuous mind.

A health to our sweethearts, our friends, and our wives: May fortune smile on them the rest of their lives.

May genius and merit never want a friend.

Adam's ale: and may so pure an element be always at hand.

All that gives us pleasure.

All our wants and wishes.

All our absent friends on land and sea.

An honest guide and a good pilot.

As we bind so may we find.

As we travel through life may we live well on the road.

May truth and liberty prevail throughout the world.

May we never engage in a bad cause, and never fly from a good one.

May domestic slavery be abolished throughout the world.

May the fruits of England's soil never be denied to her children.

* * * * *

SPORTING.

May the lovers of the chase never want the comforts of life.

May every fox-hunter be well mounted.

May we always enjoy the pleasures of shootings and succeed with foul and fair.

The staunch hound that never spends tongue but where he ought.

The gallant huntsman that plunges into the deep in pursuit of his game.

The clear-sighted sportsman that sees his game with one eye.

The steady sportsman that always brings down his game.

The beagle that runs by nose and not by sight.

The jolly sportsman that never beats about the bush.

The huntsman's pleasures—the field in the morning and the bottle at night.

The joys of angling.

The jolly sportsman who enters the covert without being bit by the fox.

May the pleasures of sportsmen never know an end.

May the jolly fox-hunter never want freedom of soul nor liberality of heart.

May we always gain fresh vigour from the joys of the chase.

May the sportsman's day be spent in pleasure.

May strength the sportsman's nerves in vigour brace; May cruelty ne'er stain with foul disgrace The well-earned pleasures of the chase.

May the love of the chase never interrupt our attention of the welfare of the country.

May every sport prove as innocent as that of the field.

May the bows of all British bowmen be strong, their strings sound, and may their arrows fly straight to the mark.

May we always run the game breast high.

May those who love the crack of the whip never want a brush to pursue.

May the heart of a sportsman never know affliction but by name.

* * * * *

MISCELLANEOUS.

The three A's: Abundance, abstinence, and annihilation. Abundance to the poor. Abstinence to the intemperate. Annihilation to the wicked.

The three B's: Bachelors, banns, and buns. Bachelors, for the maidens. Banns for the bachelors. Buns after the consummation of the banns.

The three C's: Cheerfulness, content, and competency. Cheerfulness in our cups. Content in our minds. Competency in our pockets.

The three F's: Firmness, freedom, and fortitude. Firmness in the senate. Freedom on the land. Fortitude on the waves.

The three F's: Friendship, feeling, and fidelity. Friendship without interest. Feeling to our enemies. Fidelity to our friends.

The three F's: Fat, fair, and forty.

The three generals in peace: General peace. General plenty. General satisfaction.

The three generals in power: General employment. General industry. General comfort.

The three H's: Health, honour, and happiness. Health to all the world. Honour to those who seek for it. Happiness in our homes.

The three L's: Love, life, and liberty. Love pure. Life long. Liberty boundless.

The three M's: Mirth, music, and moderation. Mirth at every board. Music in all instruments. Moderation in our desires.

The three golden balls of civilization: Industry, commerce, and wealth.

The three companions of beauty: Modesty, love, and constancy.

The three blessings of this life: Health, wealth, and a good conscience.

The four comforts of this life: Love, liberty, health, and a contented mind.

The three spirits that have no souls: Brandy, rum, and gin.

The three L's; Love, loyalty, and length of days.

The three M's; Modesty, moderation, and mutuality. Modesty in our discourse. Moderation in our wishes. Mutuality in our affection.

THE MUSICIAN'S TOAST.—May a crotchet in the head never bar the utterance of good notes.

May the lovers of harmony never be in want of a note, and its enemies die in a common chord.

THE SURGEON'S TOAST.—The man that bleeds for his country.

THE WAITER'S TOAST.—The clever waiter who puts the cork in first and the liquor afterwards.

THE GLAZIER'S TOAST.—The praiseworthy glazier who takes panes to see his way through life.

THE GREENGROCER'S TOAST.—May we spring up like vegetables, have turnip noses, radish cheeks, and carroty hair; and may our hearts never be hard like those of cabbages, nor may we be rotten at the core.

THE PAINTER'S TOAST.—When we work in the wet may we never want for driers.

THE TALLOW CHANDLER'S TOAST.—May we make light of our misfortunes, melt the fair when we press them, and make our foes wax warm in our favour.

THE HATTER'S TOAST.—When the rogue naps it, may the lesson be felt.

THE TAILOR'S TOAST.—May we always sheer out of a lawsuit, and by so doing cut bad company.

THE BAKER'S TOAST.—May we never be done so much as to make us crusty.

THE LAWYER'S TOAST.—May the depth of our potations never cause us to let judgment go by default.

* * * * *

LATIN.

Ad finem esto fidelis. Be faithful to the end.

Amor patriae. The love of our country.

Dilige amicos. Love your friends.

Dum vivimus vivamus. Let us live while we live.

Esto perpetua. Be thou perpetual.

Palmam qid meruit ferate. Let him who has won bear the palm.

Pro aris et focis. For our altars and fireside.

Vox populi vox Dei. The voice of the people is the voice of God.



THE END.