In 1769, when Polish anarchy was at its height, as if to show at once how profound the anarchy was, and how profound the faith among many minds in the power of the new French theories, an application was made to Mably to draw up a scheme for the renovation of distracted Poland. Mably's notions won little esteem from the persons who had sought for them, and in 1771 a similar application was made to Rousseau in his Parisian garret. He replied in the Considerations on the Government of Poland, which are written with a good deal of vigour of expression, but contain nothing that needs further discussion. He hinted to the Poles with some shrewdness that a curtailment of their territory by their neighbours was not far off,[401] and the prediction was rapidly fulfilled by the first partition of Poland in the following year.

He was asked one day of what nation he had the highest opinion. He answered, the Spanish. The Spanish nation, he said, has a character; if it is not rich, it still preserves all its pride and self-respect in the midst of its poverty; and it is animated by a single spirit, for it has not been scourged by the conflicting opinions of philosophy.[402]

He was extremely poor for these last eight years of his life. He seems to have drawn the pension which George III. had settled on him, for not more than one year. We do not know why he refused to receive it afterwards. A well-meaning friend, when the arrears amounted to between six and seven thousand francs, applied for it on his behalf, and a draft for the money was sent. Rousseau gave the offender a vigorous rebuke for meddling in affairs that did not concern him, and the draft was destroyed. Other attempts to induce him to draw this money failed equally.[403] Yet he had only about fifty pounds a year to live on, together with the modest amount which he earned by copying music.[404]

The sting of indigence began to make itself felt towards 1777. His health became worse and he could not work. Theresa was waxing old, and could no longer attend to the small cares of the household. More than one person offered them shelter and provision, and the old distractions as to a home in which to end his days began once again. At length M. Girardin prevailed upon him to come and live at Ermenonville, one of his estates some twenty miles from Paris. A dense cloud of obscure misery hangs over the last months of this forlorn existence.[405] No tragedy had ever a fifth act so squalid. Theresa's character seems to have developed into something truly bestial. Rousseau's terrors of the designs of his enemies returned with great violence. He thought he was imprisoned, and he knew that he had no means of escape. One day (July 2, 1778), suddenly and without a single warning symptom, all drew to an end; the sensations which had been the ruling part of his life were affected by pleasure and pain no more, the dusky phantoms all vanished into space. The surgeons reported that the cause of his death was apoplexy, but a suspicion has haunted the world ever since, that he destroyed himself by a pistol-shot. We cannot tell. There is no inherent improbability in the fact of his having committed suicide. In the New Heloisa he had thrown the conditions which justified self-destruction into a distinct formula. Fifteen years before, he declared that his own case fell within the conditions which he had prescribed, and that he was meditating action.[406] Only seven years before, he had implied that a man had the right to deliver himself of the burden of his own life, if its miseries were intolerable and irremediable.[407] This, however, counts for nothing in the absence of some kind of positive evidence, and of that there is just enough to leave the manner of his end a little doubtful.[408] Once more, we cannot tell.

By the serene moonrise of a summer night, his body was put under the ground on an island in the midst of a small lake, where poplars throw shadows over the still water, silently figuring the destiny of mortals. Here it remained for sixteen years. Then amid the roar of cannon, the crash of trumpet and drum, and the wild acclamations of a populace gone mad in exultation, terror, fury, it was ordered that the poor dust should be transported to the national temple of great men.

FOOTNOTES:

[385] Streckeisen, ii. 315-328.

[386] Streckeisen, ii. 337.

[387] June 19, 1767. Corr., v. 172.

[388] Corr., v. 267, 375.

[389] Corr., v. 330-381, 408, etc.

[390] Bourgoin, Aug. 1768, to March, 1769. Monquin, to July 1770.

[391] See above, vol. i. chap. iv.

[392] The life of Bernardin de St. Pierre (1737-1814) was nearly as irregular as that of his friend and master. But his character was essentially crafty and selfish, like that of many other sentimentalists of the first order.

[393] Oeuv., xii. 69, 73.

[394] Oeuv., xii. 104, etc.; and also the Preambule de l'Arcadie, Oeuv., vii. 64, 65.

[395] St. Pierre, xii. 81-83.

[396] Dusaulx, p. 81. For his quarrel with Rousseau, see pp. 130, etc.

[397] Rulhieres in Dusaulx, p. 179. For a strange interview between Rulhieres and Rousseau, see pp. 185-186.

[398] Musset-Pathay, i. 181.

[399] Ib.

[400] Musset-Pathay, i. 209. Rousseau gave a copy of the Confessions to Moultou, but forbade the publication before the year 1800. Notwithstanding this, printers procured copies surreptitiously, perhaps through Theresa, ever in need of money; the first part was published four years, and the second part with many suppressions eleven years, after his death, in 1782 and 1789 respectively. See Musset-Pathay, ii. 464.

[401] Ch. v. Such a curtailment, he says, "would no doubt be a great evil for the parts dismembered, but it would be a great advantage for the body of the nation." He urged federation as the condition of any solid improvement in their affairs.

[402] Bernardin de St. Pierre, xii. 37. Comte had a similar admiration for Spain and for the same reason.

[403] Corancez, quoted in Musset-Pathay, i. 239. Also Corr., vi. 295.

[404] Corr., vi. 303.

[405] Robespierre, then a youth, is said to have invited him here. See Hamel's Robespierre, i. 22.

[406] See above, vol. i. pp. 16, 17.

[407] Corr., vi. 264.

[408] The case stands thus:—(1) There was the certificate of five doctors, attesting that Rousseau had died of apoplexy. (2) The assertion of M. Girardin, in whose house he died, that there was no hole in his head, nor poison in the stomach or viscera, nor other sign of self-destruction. (3) The assertion of Theresa to the same effect. On the other hand, we have the assertion of Corancez, that on his journey to Ermenonville on the day of Rousseau's burial a horse-master on the road had said, "Who would have supposed that M. Rousseau would have destroyed himself!"—and a variety of inferences from the wording of the certificate, and of Theresa's letter. Musset-Pathay believes in the suicide, and argued very ingeniously against M. Girardin. But his arguments do not go far beyond verbal ingenuity, showing that suicide was possible, and was consistent with the language of the documents, rather than adducing positive testimony. See vol. i. of his History, pp. 268, etc. The controversy was resumed as late as 1861, between the Figaro and the Monde Illustre. See also M. Jal's Dict. Crit. de Biog. et d'Hist., p. 1091.



INDEX.

ACADEMIES (French) local, i. 132.

Academy, of Dijon, Rousseau writes essays for, i. 133; French, prize essay against Rousseau's Discourse, i. 150, n.

Actors, how regarded in France in Rousseau's time, i. 322.

Althusen, teaches doctrine of sovereignty of the people, ii. 147.

America (U.S.), effects in, of the doctrine of the equality of men, i. 182.

American colonists indebted in eighteenth century to Rousseau's writings, i. 3.

Anchorite, distinction between the old and the new, i. 234.

Annecy, i. 34, 50; Rousseau's room at, i. 54; Rousseau's teachers at, i. 56; seminary at, i. 82.

Aquinas, protest against juristical doctrine of law being the pleasure of the prince, ii. 144, 145.

Aristotle on Origin of Society, i. 174.

Atheism, Rousseau's protest against, i. 208; St. Lambert on, i. 209, n.; Robespierre's protest against, ii. 178; Chaumette put to death for endeavouring to base the government of France on, ii. 180.

Augustine (of Hippo), ii. 272, 303.

Austin, John, ii. 151, n.; on Sovereignty, ii. 162.

Authors, difficulties of, in France in the eighteenth century, ii. 55-61.

BABOEUF, on the Revolution, ii. 123, n.

Barbier, ii. 26.

Basedow, his enthusiasm for Rousseau's educational theories, ii. 251.

Beaumont, De, Archbishop of Paris, mandate against Rousseau issued by, ii. 83; argument from, ii. 86.

Bernard, maiden name of Rousseau's mother, i. 10.

Bienne, Rousseau driven to take refuge in island in lake of, ii. 108; his account of, ii. 109-115.

Bodin, on Government, ii. 147; his definition of an aristocratic state, ii. 168, n.

Bonaparte, Napoleon, ii. 102, n.

Bossuet, on Stage Plays, i. 321.

Boswell, James, ii. 98; visits Rousseau, ii. 98, also ib. n.; urged by Rousseau to visit Corsica, ii. 100; his letter to Rousseau, ii. 101.

Boufflers, Madame de, ii. 5, ib. n.

Bougainville (brother of the navigator), i. 184, n.

Brutus, how Rousseau came to be panegyrist of, i. 187.

Buffon, ii. 205.

Burke, ii. 140, 192.

Burnet, Bishop, on Genevese, i. 225.

Burton, John Hill, his Life of Hume (on Rousseau), ii. 283, n.

Byron, Lord, antecedents of highest creative efforts, ii. 1; effect of nature upon, ii. 40; difference between and Rousseau, ii. 41.

CALAS, i. 312.

Calvin, i. 4, 189; Rousseau on, as a legislator, ii. 131; and Servetus, ii. 180; mentioned, ii. 181.

Candide, thought by Rousseau to be meant as a reply to him, i. 319.

Cardan, ii. 303.

Cato, how Rousseau came to be his panegyrist, i. 187.

Chamberi, probable date of Rousseau's return to, i. 62, n.; takes up his residence there, i. 69; effect on his mind of a French column of troops passing through, i. 72, 73; his illness at, i. 73, n.

Charmettes, Les, Madame de Warens's residence, i. 73; present condition of, i. 74, 75, n.; time spent there by Rousseau, i. 94.

Charron, ii. 203.

Chateaubriand, influenced by Rousseau, i. 3.

Chatham, Lord, ii. 92.

Chaumette, ii. 178; guillotined on charge of endeavouring to establish atheism in France, ii. 179.

Chesterfield, Lord, ii. 15.

Choiseul, ii. 57, 64, 72.

Citizen, revolutionary use of word, derived from Rousseau, ii. 161.

Civilisation, variety of the origin and process of, i. 176; defects of, i. 176; one of the worst trials of, ii. 102.

Cobbett, ii. 42.

Collier, Jeremy, on the English Stage, i. 323.

Condillac, i. 95.

Condorcet, i. 89; on Social Position of Women, i. 335; human perfectibility, ii. 119; inspiration of, drawn from the school of Voltaire and Rousseau, ii. 194; belief of, in the improvement of humanity, ii. 246; grievous mistake of, ii. 247.

Confessions, the, not to be trusted for minute accuracy, i. 86, n.; or for dates, i. 93; first part written 1766, ii. 301; their character, ii. 303; published surreptitiously, ii. 324, n.; readings from, prohibited by police, ii. 324.

Conti, Prince of, ii. 4-7; receives Rousseau at Trye, ii. 118.

Contract, Social, i. 136.

Corsica, struggles for independence of, ii. 99; Rousseau invited to legislate for, ii. 99-102; bought by France, ii. 102.

Cowper, i. 20; ii. 41; on Rousseau, ii. 41 n.; lines in the Task, ii. 253; his delusions, ii. 301.

Cynicism, Rousseau's assumption of, i. 206.

D'AIGUILLON, ii. 72.

D'Alembert, i. 89; Voltaire's staunchest henchman, i. 321; his article on Geneva, i. 321; on Stage Plays, i. 326, n.; on Position of Women in Society, i. 335; on Rousseau's letter on the Theatre, i. 336; suspected by Rousseau of having written the pretended letter from Frederick of Prussia, ii. 288; advises Hume to publish account of Rousseau's quarrel with him, ii. 294.

D'Argenson, ii. 180.

Dates of Rousseau's letters to be relied on, not those of the Confessions, i. 93.

Davenport, Mr., provides Rousseau with a home at Wootton, ii. 286; his kindness to Rousseau, ii. 306.

Deism, Rousseau's, ii. 260-275; that of others, ii. 262-265; shortcomings of Rousseau's, ii. 270.

Democracy defined, ii. 168; rejected by Rousseau, as too perfect for men, ii. 171.

D'Epinay, Madame, i. 194, 195, 205; gives the Hermitage to Rousseau, i. 229, n.; his quarrels with, i. 271; his relations with, i. 273, 276; journey to Geneva of, i. 284; squabbles arising out of, between, and Rousseau, Diderot, and Grimm, i. 285-290; mentioned, ii. 7, 26, 197; wrote on education, ii. 199; applies to secretary of police to prohibit Rousseau's readings from his Confessions, ii. 324.

D'Epinay, Monsieur, i. 254; ii. 26.

Descartes, i. 87, 225; ii. 267.

Deux Ponts, Duc de, Rousseau's rude reply to, i. 207.

D'Holbach, i. 192; Rousseau's dislike of his materialistic friends, i. 223; ii. 37, 256.

D'Houdetot, Madame, i. 255-270; Madame d'Epinay's jealousy of, i. 278; mentioned, ii. 7; offers Rousseau a home in Normandy, ii. 117.

Diderot, i. 64, 89, 133; tries to manage Rousseau, i. 213; his domestic misconduct, i. 215; leader of the materialistic party, i. 223; on Solitary Life, i. 232; his active life, i. 233; without moral sensitiveness, i. 262; mentioned, i. 262, 269, 271; ii. 8; his relations with Rousseau, i. 271; accused of pilfering Goldoni's new play, i. 275; his relations and contentions with Rousseau, i. 275, 276; lectures Rousseau about Madame d'Epinay, i. 284; visits Rousseau after his leaving the Hermitage, i. 289; Rousseau's final breach with, i. 336; his criticism, and plays, ii. 34; his defects, ii. 34; thrown into prison, ii. 57; his difficulties with the Encyclopaedists, ii. 57; his papers saved from the police by Malesherbes, ii. 62.

Dijon, academy of, i. 132.

Discourses, The, Circumstances of the composition of the first Discourse, i. 133-136; summary of it, i. 138-145 disastrous effect of the progress of sciences and arts, i. 140, 141; error more dangerous than truth useful, i. 141; uselessness of learning and art, i. 141, 142; terrible disorders caused in Europe by the art of printing, i. 143; two kinds of ignorance, i. 144; the relation of this Discourse to Montaigne, i. 145; its one-sidedness and hollowness, i. 148; shown by Voltaire, i. 148; its positive side, i. 149, 150; second Discourse, origin of the Inequality of Man, i. 154; summary of it, i. 159, 170; state of nature, i. 150, 162; Hobbes's mistake, i. 161; what broke up the "state of nature," i. 164; its preferableness, i. 166, 167; origin of society and laws, i. 168; "new state of nature," i. 169; main position of the Discourse, i. 169; its utter inclusiveness, i. 170; criticism on its method, i. 170; on its matter, i. 172; wanting in evidence, i. 172; further objections to it, i. 173; assumes uniformity of process, i. 176; its unscientific character, i. 177; its real importance, i. 178; its protest against the mockery of civilisation, i. 178; equality of man, i. 181; different effects of this doctrine in France and the United States explained, i. 182, 183; discovers a reaction against the historical method of Montesquieu, i. 183, 184; pecuniary results of, i. 196; Diderot's praise of first Discourse, i. 200; Voltaire's acknowledgement of gift of second Discourse, i. 308; the, an attack on the general ordering of society, ii. 22; referred to, ii. 41.

Drama, its proper effect, i. 326; what would be that of its introduction into Geneva, i. 327; true answer to Rousseau's contentions, i. 329.

Dramatic morality, i. 326.

Drinkers, Rousseau's estimate of, i. 330.

Drunkenness, how esteemed in Switzerland and Naples, i. 331.

Duclos, i. 206; ii. 62.

Duni, i. 292.

Dupin, Madame de, Rousseau secretary to, i. 120; her position in society, i. 195; Rousseau's country life with, i. 196; friend of the Abbe de Saint Pierre, i. 244.

EDUCATION, interest taken in, in France in Rousseau's time, ii. 193, 194; its new direction ii. 195; Locke, the pioneer of, ii. 202, 203; Rousseau's special merit in connection with, ii. 203; his views on (see Emilius, passim, as well as for general consideration of) what it is, ii. 219; plans of, of Locke and others, designed for the higher class, ii. 254; Rousseau's for all, ii. 254.

Emile, i. 136, 196.

Emilius, character of, ii. 2, 3; particulars of the publication of, ii. 59, 60; effect of, on Rousseau's fortunes, ii. 62-64; ordered to be burnt by public executioner at Paris, ii. 65; at Geneva, ii. 72; condemned by the Sorbonne, ii. 82; supplied (as also did the Social Contract) dialect for the longing in France and Germany to return to nature, ii. 193; substance of, furnished by Locke, ii. 202; examination of, ii. 197-280; mischief produced by its good advice, ii. 206, 207; training of young children, ii. 207, 208; constantly reasoning with them a mistake of Locke's, ii. 209; Rousseau's central idea, disparagement of the reasoning faculty, ii. 209, 210; theories of education, practice better than precept, ii. 211; the idea of property, the first that Rousseau would have given to a child, ii. 212; modes of teaching, ii. 214, 215; futility of such methods, ii. 215, 216; where Rousseau is right, and where wrong, ii. 219, 220; effect of his own want of parental love, ii. 220; teaches that everybody should learn a trade, ii. 223; no special foresight, ii. 224, 225; supremacy of the common people insisted upon, ii. 226, 227; three dominant states of mind to be established by the instructor, ii. 229, 230; Rousseau's incomplete notion of justice, ii. 231; ideal of Emilius, ii. 232, 233; forbids early teaching of history, ii. 237, 238; disparages modern history, ii. 239; criticism on the old historians, ii. 240; education of women, ii. 241; Rousseau's failure here, ii. 242, 243; inconsistent with himself, ii. 244, 245; worthlessness of his views, ii. 249; real merits of the work, ii. 249; its effect in Germany, ii. 251, 252; not much effect on education in England, ii. 252; Emilius the first expression of democratic teaching in education, ii. 254; Rousseau's deism, ii. 258, 260, 264-267, 269, 270, 276; its inadequacy for the wants of men, ii. 267-270; his position towards Christianity, ii. 270-276; real satisfaction of the religious emotions, ii. 275-280.

Encyclopaedia, The, D'Alembert's article on Geneva in, i. 321.

Encyclopaedists, the society of, confirms Rousseau's religious faith, i. 221; referred to, ii. 257.

Evil, discussions on Rousseau's, Voltaire's, and De Maistre's teachings concerning, i. 313, n., 318; different effect of existence of, on Rousseau and Voltaire, i. 319.

FENELON, ii. 37, 248; Rousseau's veneration for, ii. 321.

Ferguson, Adam, ii. 253.

Filmer contends that a man is not naturally free, ii. 126.

Foundling Hospital, Rousseau sends his children to the, i. 120.

France, debt of, to Rousseau, i. 3; Rousseau the one great religious writer of, in the eighteenth century, i. 26; his wanderings in the east of, i. 61; his fondness for, i. 62-72; establishment of local academies in, i. 132; decay in, of Greek literary studies, i. 146; effects in, of doctrine of equality of man, i. 182; effects in, of Montesquieu's "Spirit of Laws," i. 183; amiability of, in the eighteenth century, i. 187; effect of Rousseau's writings in, i. 187; collective organisation in, i. 222; St. Pierre's strictures on government of, i. 244; Rousseau on government of, i. 246; effect of Rousseau's spiritual element on, i. 306; patriotism wanting in, i. 332; difficulties of authorship in, ii. 55-64; buys Corsica from the Genoese, ii. 102; state of, after 1792, apparently favourable to the carrying out of Rousseau's political views, ii. 131, 132; in 1793, ii. 135; haunted by narrow and fervid minds, ii. 142.

Francueil, Rousseau's patron, i. 99; grandfather of Madame George Sand, i. 99, n.; Rousseau's salary from, i. 120; country-house of, i. 196.

Franklin, Benjamin, ii. 42.

Frederick of Prussia, relations between, and Rousseau, ii. 73-78; "famous bull" of, ii. 90.

Freeman on Growth of English Constitution, ii. 164.

French, principles of, revolution, i. 1, 2, 3; process and ideas of, i. 4; Rousseau of old, stock, i. 8; poetry, Rousseau on, i. 90, ib. n.; melody, i. 105; academy, thesis for prize, i. 150, n.; philosophers, i. 202, music, i. 291; music, its pretensions demolished by Rousseau, i. 294; ecclesiastics opposed to the theatre, ii. 322; stage, Rousseau on, i. 325; morals, depravity of, ii. 26, 27; Barbier on, ii. 26; thought, benefit, or otherwise of revolution on, ii. 54; history, evil side of, in Rousseau's time, ii. 56; indebted to Holland for freedom of the press, ii. 59; catholic and monarchic absolutism sunk deep into the character of the, ii. 167.

French Convention, story of member of the, ii. 134, n.

GALUPPI, effect of his music, i. 105.

Geneva, i. 8; characteristics of its people, i. 9; Rousseau's visit to, i. 93; influence of, on Rousseau, i. 94; he revisits it in 1754, i. 186-190, 218; turns Protestant again there, i. 220; religious opinion in, i. 223 (also i. 224, n.); Rousseau thinks of taking up his abode in, i. 228; Voltaire at, i. 308; D'Alembert's article on, in Encyclopaedia, i. 321; Rousseau's notions of effect of introducing the drama at, i. 327; council of, order public burning of Emilius and the Social Contract, and arrest of the author if he came there, ii. 72; the only place where the Social Contract was actually burnt, ii. 73, n.; Voltaire suspected to have had a hand in the matter, ii. 81; council of, divided into two camps by Rousseau's condemnation, in 1762, ii. 102; Rousseau renounces his citizenship in, ii. 104; working of the republic, ii. 104.

Genevese, Bishop Burnet on, i. 225; Rousseau's distrust of, i. 228; his panegyric on, i. 328; manners of, according to Rousseau, i. 330; their complaint of it, i. 331.

Genlis, Madame de, ii. 323.

Genoa, Rousseau in quarantine at, i. 103; Corsica sold to France by, ii. 102.

Germany, sentimental movements in, ii. 33.

Gibbon, Edward, at Lausanne, ii. 96.

Girardin, St. Marc, on Rousseau, i. 111, n.; on Rousseau's discussions, ii. 11, n.; offers Rousseau a home, ii. 326.

Gluck, i. 291, 296; Rousseau quarrels with, for setting his music to French words, ii. 323.

Goethe, i. 20.

Goguet on Society, ii. 127, n.; on tacit conventions, ii. 148, n.; on law, ii. 153, n.

Goldoni, Diderot accused of pilfering his new play, i. 275.

Gothic architecture denounced by Voltaire and Turgot, i. 294.

Gouvon, Count, Rousseau servant to, i. 42.

Government, disquisitions on, ii. 131-206; remarks on, ii. 131-141; early democratic ideas of, ii. 144-148; Hobbes' philosophy of, ii. 151; Rousseau's science of, ii. 155, 156; De la Riviere's science of, ii. 156, n.; federation recommended by Rousseau to the Poles, ii. 166; three forms of government defined, ii. 169; definition inadequate, ii. 169; Montesquieu's definition, ii. 169; Rousseau's distinction between tyrant and despot, ii. 169, n.; his objection to democracy, ii. 172; to monarchy, ii. 173; consideration of aristocracy, ii. 174; his own scheme, ii. 175; Hobbes's "Passive Obedience," ii. 181, 182; social conscience theory, ii. 183-187; government made impossible by Rousseau's doctrine of social contract, ii. 188-192; Burke on expediency in, ii. 192; what a civilised nation is, ii. 194; Jefferson on, ii. 227, 228, n.

Governments, earliest, how composed, i. 169.

Graffigny, Madame de, ii. 199.

Gratitude, Rousseau on, ii. 14, 15; explanation of his want of, ii. 70.

Greece, importance of history of, i. 184, and ib. n.

Greek ideas, influence of, in France in the eighteenth century, i. 146.

Grenoble, i. 93.

Gretry, i. 292, 296; ii. 323.

Grimm, description of Rousseau by, i. 206; Rousseau's quarrels with, i. 279; letter of, about Rousseau and Diderot, i. 275; relations of, with Rousseau, i. 279; some account of his life, i. 279; his conversation with Madame d'Epinay, i. 281; criticism on Rousseau, i. 281; natural want of sympathy between the two, i. 282; Rousseau's quarrel with, i. 285-290; ii. 65, 199.

Grotius, on Government, ii. 148.

HEBERT, ii. 178; prevents publication of a book in which the author professed his belief in a god, ii. 179.

Helmholtz, i. 299.

Helvetius, i. 191; ii. 65, 199.

Herder, ii. 251; Rousseau's influence on, ii. 315.

Hermitage, the, given to Rousseau by Madame d'Epinay, i. 229 (also ib. n.); what his friends thought of it, i. 231; sale of, after the Revolution, i. 237, n.; reasons for Rousseau's leaving, i. 286.

Hildebrand, i. 4.

Hobbes, i. 143, 161; his "Philosophy of Government," ii. 151; singular influence of, upon Rousseau, ii. 151, 183; essential difference between his views and those of Rousseau, ii. 159; on Sovereignty, ii. 162; Rousseau's definition of the three forms of government adopted by, inadequate, ii. 168; would reduce spiritual and temporal jurisdiction to one political unity, ii. 183.

Holbachians, i. 337; ii. 2.

Hooker, on Civil Government, ii. 148.

Hotel St. Quentin, Rousseau at, i. 106.

Hume, David, i. 64, 89; his deep-set sagacity, i. 156, ii. 6, 75; suspected of tampering with Boswell's letter, ii. 98, n.; on Boswell, ii. 101, n.; his eagerness to find Rousseau a refuge in England, ii. 282, 283; his account of Rousseau, ii. 284; finds him a home at Wootton, ii. 286; Rousseau's quarrel with, ii. 286-291 (also ii. 290, n.); his innocence of Walpole's letter, ii. 292; his conduct in the quarrel, ii. 293; saves Rousseau from arrest of French Government, ii. 295; on Rousseau's sensitiveness, ii. 299.

IMAGINATION, Rousseau's, i. 247.

JACOBINS, the, Rousseau's Social Contract, their gospel, ii. 132, 133; their mistake, ii. 136; convenience to them of some of the maxims of the Social Contract, ii. 142; Jacobin supremacy and Hobbism, ii. 152; how they might have saved France, ii. 167.

Jansen, his propositions, i. 81.

Jansenists, Rousseau's suspicions of, ii. 63; mentioned, ii. 89.

Jean Paul, ii. 216, 252.

Jefferson, ii. 227, n.

Jesuits, Rousseau's suspicions of the, ii. 64; the, and parliaments, ii. 65; movement against, ii. 65; suppression of the, leads to increased thought about education, ii. 199.

Johnson, ii. 15, 98.

KAMES, Lord, ii. 253.

LAMENNAIS, influenced by Rousseau, ii. 228.

Language, origin of, i. 161.

Latour, Madame, ii. 19, ib. n.

Lavater favourable to education on Rousseau's plan, ii. 251 (also ib. n.)

Lavoisier, reply to his request for a fortnight's respite, ii. 227, n.

Law, not a contract, ii. 153.

Lecouvreur, Adrienne, refused Christian burial on account of her being an actress, i. 323.

Leibnitz, i. 87; his optimism, i. 309; on the constitution of the universe, i. 312.

Lessing, on Pope, i. 310, n.

"Letters from the Mountain," ii. 104; burned, by command, at Paris and the Hague, ii. 105.

Liberty, English, Rousseau's notion of, ii. 163, n.

Life, Rousseau's condemnation of the contemplative, i. 10; his idea of household, i. 41; easier for him to preach than for others to practise, i. 43.

Lisbon, earthquake of, Voltaire on, i. 310; Rousseau's letter to Voltaire on, i. 310, 311.

Locke, his Essay, i. 87; his notions, i. 87; his influence upon Rousseau, ii. 121-126; on Marriage, ii. 126; on Civil Government, ii. 149, 150, n.; indefiniteness of his views, ii. 160; the pioneer of French thought on education, ii. 202, 203; Rousseau's indebtedness to, ii. 203; his mistake in education, ii. 209; subjects of his theories, ii. 254.

Lulli (music), i. 291.

Luther, i. 4.

Luxembourg, the Duke of, gives Rousseau a home, ii. 2-7, 9.

Luxembourg, the Marechale de, in vain seeks Rousseau's children, i. 128; helps to get Emilius published, ii. 63-64, 67.

Lycurgus, ii. 129, 131; influence of, upon Saint Just, ii. 133.

Lyons, Rousseau a tutor at, i. 95-97.

MABLY, De, i. 95; his socialism, i. 184; applied to for scheme for the government of Poland, ii. 324.

Maistre, De, i. 145; on Optimism, i. 314.

Maitre, Le, teaches Rousseau music, i. 58.

Malebranche, i. 87.

Malesherbes, Rousseau confesses his ungrateful nature to, ii. 14; his dishonest advice to Rousseau, ii. 60; helps Diderot, ii. 62; and Rousseau in the publishing of Emilius, ii. 62, 63; endangered by it, ii. 67; asks Rousseau to collect plants for him, ii. 76.

Man, his specific distinction from other animals, i. 161; his state of nature, i. 161; Hobbes wrong concerning this, i. 161; equality of, i. 180; effects of this doctrine in France and in the United States, i. 182; not naturally free, ii. 126.

Mandeville, i. 162.

Manners, Rousseau's, Marmontel, and Grimm on, i. 205, 206; Rousseau on Swiss, i. 329, 330; depravity of French, in the eighteenth century, ii. 25, 26.

Marischal, Lord, friendship between, and Rousseau, ii. 79-81; account of, ii. 80; on Boswell, ii. 98

Marmontel, on Rousseau's manners, i. 206; on his success, ii. 2.

Marriage, design of the New Heloisa to exalt, ii. 46-48, ib. n.

Marsilio, of Padua, on Law, ii. 145.

Men, inequality of, Rousseau's second Discourse (see Discourses), dedicated to the republic of Geneva, i. 190; how received there, i. 228.

Mirabeau the elder, Rousseau's letter to, from Wootton, ii. 305, 306; his character, ii. 309-312; receives Rousseau at Fleury, ii. 311.

Mirabeau, Gabriel, Rousseau's influence on, ii. 315.

Moliere (Misanthrope of), Rousseau's criticism on, i. 329; D'Alembert on, i. 329.

Monarchy, Rousseau's objection to, ii. 171.

Montaigu, Count de, avarice of, i. 101, 102.

Montaigne, Rousseau's obligations to, i. 145; influence of, on Rousseau, ii. 203.

Montesquieu, "incomplete positivity" of, i. 156; on Government, i. 157; effect of his Spirit of Laws on Rousseau, i. 183; confused definition of laws, ii. 153; balanced parliamentary system of, ii. 163; his definition of forms of government, ii. 169.

Montmorency, Rousseau goes to live there, i. 229; his life at, ii. 2-9.

Montpellier, i. 92.

Morals, state of, in France in the eighteenth century, ii. 26.

Morellet, thrown into the Bastile, ii. 57.

Morelly, his indirect influence on Rousseau, i. 156; his socialistic theory, i. 157, 158; his rules for organising a model community, i. 158, n.; his terse exposition of inequality contrasted with that of Rousseau, i. 170; on primitive human nature, i. 175; his socialism, ii. 52; influence of his "model community" upon St. Just, ii. 133, n.; advice to mothers, ii. 205.

Motiers, Rousseau's home there, ii. 77; attends divine service at, ii. 91; life at, ii. 91, 93.

Moultou (pastor of Motiers), his enthusiasm for Rousseau, ii. 82.

Music, Rousseau undertakes to teach, i. 60; Rousseau's opinion concerning Italian, i. 105; effect of Galuppi's, i. 105; Rousseau earns his living by copying, i. 196; ii. 315; Rameau's criticism on Rousseau's Muses Galantes, i. 211; French, i. 291; Rousseau's letter on, i. 292; Italian, denounced at Paris, i. 292; Rousseau utterly condemns French, i. 294; quarrels with Gluck for setting his, to French words, ii. 323.

Musical notation, Rousseau's, i. 291; his Musical Dictionary, i. 296; his notation explained, i. 296-301; his system inapplicable to instruments, i. 301.

NAPLES, drunkenness, how regarded in, i. 331.

Narcisse, Rousseau's condemnation of his own comedy of, i. 215.

Nature, Rousseau's love of, i. 234-241; ii. 39; state of, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Hume on, i. 156-158; Rousseau's, in Second Discourse, i. 171-180; his starting-point of right, and normal constitution of civil society, ii. 124. See State of Nature.

Necker, ii. 54, 98, n.

Neuchatel, flight to principality of, by Rousseau, ii. 73; history of, ii. 73, n.; outbreak at, arising from religious controversy, ii. 90; preparations for driving Rousseau out of, defeated by Frederick of Prussia, ii. 90; clergy of, against Rousseau, ii. 106.

New Heloisa, first conception of, i. 250; monument of Rousseau's fall, ii. 1; when completed and published, ii. 2; read aloud to the Duchess de Luxembourg, ii. 3; letter on suicide in, ii. 16; effects upon Parisian ladies of reading the, ii. 18, 19; criticism on, ii. 20-55; his scheme proposed in it, ii. 21; its story, ii. 24; its purity, contrasted with contemporary and later French romances, ii. 24; its general effect, ii. 27; Rousseau absolutely without humour, ii. 27; utter selfishness of hero of, ii. 30; its heroine, ii. 30; its popularity, ii. 231, 232; burlesque on it, ii. 31, n.; its vital defect, ii. 35; difference between Rousseau, Byron, and others, ii. 42; sumptuary details of the story, ii. 44, 45; its democratic tendency, ii. 49, 50; the bearing of its teaching, ii. 54; hindrances to its circulation in France, ii. 57; Malesherbes's low morality as to publishing, ii. 61.

OPTIMISM of Pope and Leibnitz, i. 309-310; discussed, ii. 128-130.

Origin of inequality among men, i. 156. See also Discourses.

PALEY, ii. 191, n.

Palissot, ii. 56.

Paris, Rousseau's first visit to, i. 61; his second, i. 63, 97, 102; third visit, i. 106; effect in, of his first Discourse, i. 139, n.; opinions in, on religion, laws, etc., i. 185; "mimic philosophy" there, i. 193; society in, in Rousseau's time, i. 202-211; his view of it, i. 210; composes there his Muses Galantes, i. 211; returns to, from Geneva, i. 228; his belief of the unfitness of its people for political affairs, i. 246; goes to, in 1741, with his scheme of musical notation, i. 291; effect there of his letter on music, i. 295; Rousseau's imaginary contrast between, and Geneva, i. 329; Emilius ordered to be publicly burnt in, ii. 65; parliament of, orders "Letters from the Mountain" to be burnt, ii. 295; also Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary, ii. 295; Danton's scheme for municipal administration of, ii. 168, n.; two parties (those of Voltaire and of Rousseau) in, in 1793, ii. 178; excitement in, at Rousseau's appearance in 1765, ii. 283; he goes to live there in 1770, ii. 314; Voltaire's last visit to, ii. 323, 324.

Paris, Abbe, miracles at his tomb, ii. 88.

Parisian frivolity, i. 193, 220, 329.

Parliament and Jesuits, ii. 64.

Pascal, ii. 37.

Passy, Rousseau composes the "Village Soothsayer" at, i. 212.

Paul, St., effect of, on western society, i. 4.

Peasantry, French, oppression of, i. 67, 68.

Pedigree of Rousseau, i. 8, n.

Pelagius, ii. 272.

Peoples, sovereignty of, Rousseau not the inventor of doctrine of, ii. 144-148; taught by Althusen, i. 147; constitution of Helvetic Republic in 1798, a blow at, ii. 165.

Pergolese, i. 292.

Pestalozzi indebted to Emilius, ii. 252.

Philidor, i. 292.

Philosophers, of Rousseau's time, contradicting each other, i. 87; Rousseau's complaint of the, i. 202; war between the, and the priests, i. 322; Rousseau's reactionary protest against, i. 328; troubles of, ii. 59; parliaments hostile to, ii. 64.

Philosophy, Rousseau's disgust at mimic, at Paris, i. 193; drew him to the essential in religion, i. 220; Voltaire's no perfect, i. 318.

Phlipon, Jean Marie, Rousseau's influence on, ii. 315.

Plato, his republic, i. 122; his influence on Rousseau, i. 146, 325, n.; Milton on his Laws, ii. 178.

Plays (stage), Rousseau's letter on, to D'Alembert, i. 321; his views of, i. 323; Jeremy Collier and Bossuet on, i. 323; in Geneva, i. 333, 334, n.; Rousseau, Voltaire, and D'Alembert on, i. 332-337.

Plutarch, Rousseau's love for, i. 13.

Plutocracy, new, faults of, i. 195.

Pompadour, Madame de, and the Jesuits, ii. 64.

Pontverre (priest) converts Rousseau to Romanism, i. 31-35.

Pope, his Essay on Man translated by Voltaire, i. 309; Berlin Academy and Lessing on it, i. 310, n.; criticism on it by Rousseau, i. 312; its general position reproduced by Rousseau, i. 315.

Popeliniere, M. de, i. 211.

Positive knowledge, i. 78.

Press, freedom of the, ii. 59.

Prevost, Abbe, i. 48.

Projet pour l'Education, i. 96, n.

Property, private, evils ascribed to i. 157, 185; Robespierre disclaimed the intention of attacking, i. 123, n.

Protestant principles, effect of development of, ii. 146-147.

Protestantism, his conversion to, i. 220; its influence on Rousseau, i. 221.

RAMEAU on Rousseau's Muses Galantes, i. 119, 211; mentioned, i. 291.

Rationalism, i. 224, 225; influence of Descartes on, i. 225.

Reason, De Saint Pierre's views of, i. 244.

Reform, essential priority of social over political, ii. 43.

Religion, simplification of, i. 3; ideas of, in Paris, i. 186, 187, 207, 208; Rousseau's view of, i. 220; doctrines of, in Geneva, i. 223-227, also n.; curious project concerning it, by Rousseau, i. 317; separation of spiritual and temporal powers deemed mischievous by Rousseau, ii. 173; in its relation to the state may be considered as of three kinds, ii. 175; duty of the sovereign to establish a civil confession of faith, ii. 176, 177; positive dogmas of this, ii. 176; Rousseau's "pure Hobbism," ii. 177. See Savoyard Vicar (Emilius), ii. 256, 281.

Renou, Rousseau assumes name of, i. 129; ii. 312.

Revelation, Christian, Rousseau's controversy on, with Archbishop of Paris, ii. 86-91.

Reveries, Rousseau's relinquishing society, i. 199; description of his life in the isle of St. Peter, in the, ii. 109-115; their style ii. 314.

Revolution, French, principles of, i. 1, 2; benefits of, or otherwise, ii. 54; Baboeuf on, ii. 123, 124, n.; the starting point in the history of its ideas, ii. 160.

Revolutionary process and ideal i. 4, 5.

Revolutionists, difference among, i. 2.

Richardson (the novelist), ii. 25, 28.

Richelieu's brief patronage of Rousseau, i. 195, 302.

Riviere, de la, origin of society, ii. 156, 157; anecdote of, ii. 156, 157, n.

Robecq, Madame de, ii. 56.

Robespierre, ii. 123, 134, 160, 178, 179; his "sacred right of insurrection," ii. 188, n.; Rousseau's influence on, ii. 315.

Rousseau, Didier, i. 8.

Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, i. 61, n.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, influence of his writings on France and the American colonists, i. 1, 2; on Robespierre, Paine, and Chateaubriand, i. 3; his place as a leader, i. 3; starting-point, of his mental habits, i. 4; personality of, i. 4; influence on the common people, i. 5; his birth and ancestry, i. 8; pedigree, i. 8, n.; parents, i. 10, 11; influence upon him of his father's character, i. 11, 12; his reading in childhood, i. 12, 13; love of Plutarch, i. 13; early years, i. 13, 14; sent to school at Bossey, i. 15; deterioration of his moral character there, i. 17; indignation at an unjust punishment, i. 17, 18; leaves school, i. 20; youthful life at Geneva, i. 21, 22; his remarks on its character, i. 24; anecdotes of it, i. 22, 24; his leading error as to the education of the young, i. 25, 26; religious training, i. 25; apprenticeship, i. 26; boyish doings, i. 27; harshness of his master, i. 27; runs away, i. 29; received by the priest of Confignon, i. 31; sent to Madame de Warens, i. 84; at Turin, i. 35; hypocritical conversion to Roman Catholicism, i. 37; motive, i. 38; registry of his baptism, i. 38, n.; his forlorn condition, i. 39; love of music, i. 39; becomes servant to Madame de Vercellis, i. 39; his theft, lying, and excuses for it, i. 39, 40; becomes servant to Count of Gouvon, i. 42; dismissed, i. 43; returns to Madame de Warens, i. 45; his temperament, i. 46, 47; in training for the priesthood, but pronounced too stupid, i. 57; tries music, i. 57; shamelessly abandons his companion, i. 58; goes to Freiburg, Neuchatel, and Paris, i. 61, 62; conjectural chronology of his movements about this time. i. 62, n.; love of vagabond life, i. 62-68; effect upon him of his intercourse with the poor, i. 68; becomes clerk to a land surveyor at Chamberi, i. 69; life there, i. 69-72; ill-health and retirement to Les Charmettes, i. 73; his latest recollection of this time, i. 75-77; his "form of worship," i. 77; love of nature, i. 77, 78; notion of deity, i. 77; peculiar intellectual feebleness, i. 81; criticism on himself, i. 83; want of logic in his mental constitution, i. 85; effect on him of Voltaire's Letters on the English, i. 85; self-training, i. 86; mistaken method of it, i. 86, 87; writes a comedy, i. 89; enjoyment of rural life at Les Charmettes, i. 91, 92; robs Madame de Warens, i. 92; leaves her, i. 93; discrepancy between dates of his letters and the Confessions, i. 93; takes a tutorship at Lyons, i. 95; condemns the practice of writing Latin, i. 96, n.; resigns his tutorship, and goes to Paris, i. 97; reception there, i. 98-100; appointed secretary to French Ambassador at Venice, i. 100-106; in quarantine at Genoa, i. 104; his estimate of French melody, i. 105; returns to Paris, i. 106; becomes acquainted with Theresa Le Vasseur, i. 106; his conduct criticised, i. 107-113; simple life, i. 113; letter to her, i. 115-119; his poverty, i. 119; becomes secretary to Madame Dupin and her son-in-law, M. de Francueil, i. 119; sends his children to the foundling hospital, i. 120, 121; paltry excuses for the crime, i. 121-126; his pretended marriage under the name of Renou, i. 129; his Discourses, i. 132-186 (see Discourses); writes essays for academy of Dijon, i. 132; origin of first essay, i. 133-137; his "visions" for thirteen years, i. 138; evil effect upon himself of the first Discourse, i. 138; of it, the second Discourse and the Social Contract upon Europe, i. 138; his own opinion of it, i. 138, 139; influence of Plato upon him, i. 146; second Discourse, i. 154; his "State of Nature," i. 159; no evidence for it, i. 172; influence of Montesquieu on him, i. 183; inconsistency of his views, i. 124; influence of Geneva upon him, i. 187, 188; his disgust at Parisian philosophers, i. 191, 192; the two sides of his character, i. 193; associates in Paris, i. 193; his income, i. 196, 197, n.; post of cashier, i. 196; throws it up, i. 197, 198; determines to earn his living by copying music, i. 198, 199; change of manners, i. 201; dislike of the manners of his time, i. 202, 203; assumption of a seeming cynicism, i. 206; Grimm's rebuke of it, i. 206; Rousseau's protest against atheism, i. 208, 209; composes a musical interlude, the Village Soothsayer, i. 212; his nervousness loses him the chance of a pension, i. 213; his moral simplicity, i. 214, 215; revisits Geneva, i. 216; re-conversion to Protestantism, i. 220; his friends at Geneva, i. 227; their effect upon him, i. 227; returns to Paris, i. 227; the Hermitage offered him by Madame d'Epinay, i. 229, 230 (and ib. n.); retires to it against the protests of his friends, i. 231; his love of nature, i. 234, 235, 236; first days at the Hermitage, i. 237; rural delirium, i. 237; dislike of society, i. 242; literary scheme, i. 242, 243; remarks on Saint Pierre, i. 246; violent mental crisis, i. 247; employs his illness in writing to Voltaire on Providence, i. 250, 251; his intolerance of vice in others, i. 254; acquaintance with Madame de Houdetot, i. 255-269; source of his irritability, i. 270, 271; blind enthusiasm of his admirers, i. 273, also ib. n.; quarrels with Diderot, i. 275; Grimm's account of them, i. 276; quarrels with Madame d'Epinay, i. 276, 288; relations with Grimm, i. 279; want of sympathy between the two, i. 279; declines to accompany Madame d'Epinay to Geneva, i. 285; quarrels with Grimm, i. 285; leaves the Hermitage, i. 289, 290; aims in music, i. 291; letter on French music, i. 293, 294; writes on music in the Encyclopaedia, i. 296; his Musical Dictionary, i. 296; scheme and principles of his new musical notation, i. 269; explained, i. 298, 299; its practical value, i. 299; his mistake, i. 300; minor objections, i. 300; his temperament and Genevan spirit, i. 303; compared with Voltaire, i. 304, 305; had a more spiritual element than Voltaire, i. 306; its influence in France, i. 307; early relations with Voltaire, i. 308; letter to him on his poem on the earthquake at Lisbon, i. 312, 313, 314; reasons in a circle, i. 316; continuation of argument against Voltaire, i. 316, 317; curious notion about religion, i. 317; quarrels with Voltaire, i. 318, 319; denounces him as a "trumpet of impiety," i. 320, n.; letter to D'Alembert on Stage Plays, i. 321; true answer to his theory, i. 323, 324; contrasts Paris and Geneva, i. 327, 328; his patriotism, i. 329, 330, 331; censure of love as a poetic theme, i. 334, 335; on Social Position of Women, i. 335; Voltaire and D'Alembert's criticism on his Letter on Stage Plays, i. 336, 337; final break with Diderot, i. 336; antecedents of his highest creative efforts, ii. 1; friends at Montmorency, ii. 2; reads the New Heloisa to the Marechale de Luxembourg, ii. 2; unwillingness to receive gifts, ii. 5; his relations with the Duke and Duchess de Luxembourg, ii. 7; misunderstands the friendliness of Madame de Boufflers, ii. 7; calm life at Montmorency, ii. 8; literary jealousy, ii. 8; last of his peaceful days, ii. 9; advice to a young man against the contemplative life, ii. 10; offensive form of his "good sense" concerning persecution of Protestants, ii. 11, 12; cause of his unwillingness to receive gifts, ii. 13, 14; owns his ungrateful nature, ii. 15; ill-humoured banter, ii. 15; his constant bodily suffering, ii. 16; thinks of suicide, ii. 16; correspondence with the readers of the New Heloisa, ii. 19, 20; the New Heloisa, criticism on, ii. 20-55 (see New Heloisa); his publishing difficulties, ii. 56; no taste for martyrdom, ii. 59, 60; curious discussion between, ii. 59; and Malesherbes, ii. 60; indebted to Malesherbes in the publication of Emilius, ii. 61, 62; suspects Jesuits, Jansenists, and philosophers of plotting to crush the book, ii. 63; himself counted among the latter, ii. 65; Emilius ordered to be burnt by public executioner, on the charge of irreligious tendency, and its author to be arrested, ii. 65; his flight, ii. 67; literary composition on the journey to Switzerland, ii. 69; contrast between him and Voltaire, ii. 70; explanation of his "natural ingratitude," ii. 71; reaches the canton of Berne, and ordered to quit it, ii. 72; Emilius and Social Contract condemned to be publicly burnt at Geneva, and author arrested if he came there, ii. 72, 73; takes refuge at Motiers, in dominions of Frederick of Prussia, ii. 73; characteristic letters to the king, ii. 74, 77; declines pecuniary help from him, ii. 75; his home and habits at Motiers, ii. 77, 78; Voltaire supposed to have stirred up animosity against him at Geneva, ii. 81; Archbishop of Paris writes against him, ii. 83; his reply, and character as a controversialist, ii. 83-90; life at Val de Travers (Motiers), ii. 91-95; his generosity, ii. 93; corresponds with the Prince of Wuertemberg on the education of the prince's daughter, ii. 95, 96; on Gibbon, ii. 96; visit from Boswell, ii. 98; invited to legislate for Corsica, ii. 99, n.; urges Boswell to go there, ii. 100; denounces its sale by the Genoese, ii. 102; renounces his citizenship of Geneva, ii. 103; his Letters from the Mountain, ii. 104; the letters condemned to be burned at Paris and the Hague, ii. 105; libel upon, ii. 105; religious difficulties with his pastor, ii. 106; ill-treatment of, in parish, ii. 106; obliged to leave it, ii. 108; his next retreat, ii. 108; account in the Reveries of his short stay there, ii. 109-115; expelled by government of Berne, ii. 116; makes an extraordinary request to it, ii. 116, 117; difficulties in finding a home, ii. 117; short stay at Strasburg, ii. 117, n.; decides on going to England, ii. 118; his Social Contract, and criticism on, ii. 119, 196 (see Social Contract); scanty acquaintance with history, ii. 129; its effects on his political writings, ii. 129, 136; his object in writing Emilius, ii. 198; his confession of faith, under the character of the Savoyard Vicar (see Emilius), ii. 257-280; excitement caused by his appearance in Paris in 1765, ii. 282; leaves for England in company with Hume, ii. 283; reception in London, ii. 283, 284; George III. gives him a pension, ii. 284; his love for his dog, ii. 286; finds a home at Wootton, ii. 286; quarrels with Hume, ii. 287; particulars in connection with it, ii. 287-296; his approaching insanity at this period, ii. 296; the preparatory conditions of it, ii. 297-301; begins writing the Confessions, ii. 301; their character, ii. 301-304; life at Wootton, ii. 305, 306; sudden flight thence, ii. 306; kindness of Mr. Davenport, ii. 306, 307; his delusion, ii. 307; returns to France, ii. 308; received at Fleury by the elder Mirabeau, ii. 310, 311; the prince of Conti next receives him at Trye, ii. 312; composes the second part of the Confessions here, ii. 312; delusion returns, ii. 312, 313; leaves Trye, and wanders about the country, ii. 312, 313; estrangement from Theresa, ii. 313; goes to Paris, ii. 314; writes his Dialogues there, ii. 314; again earns his living by copying music, ii. 315; daily life in, ii. 315, 316; Bernardin St. Pierre's account of him, ii. 317-321; his veneration for Fenelon, ii. 321; his unsociality, ii. 322; checks a detractor of Voltaire, ii. 324; draws up his Considerations on the Government of Poland, ii. 324; estimate of the Spanish, ii. 324; his poverty, ii. 325; accepts a home at Ermenonville from M. Girardin, ii. 326; his painful condition, ii. 326; sudden death, ii. 326; cause of it unknown, ii. 326 (see also ib. n.); his interment, ii. 326; finally removed to Paris, ii. 328.

SAINTE BEUVE on Rousseau and Madame d'Epinay, i. 279, n.; on Rousseau, ii. 40.

Saint Germain, M. de, Rousseau's letter to, i. 123.

Saint Just, ii. 132, 133; his political regulations, ii. 133, n.; base of his system, ii. 136; against the atheists, ii. 179.

Saint Lambert, i. 244; offers Rousseau a home in Lorraine, ii. 117.

Saint Pierre, Abbe de, Rousseau arranges papers of, i. 244; his views concerning reason, ib.; boldness of his observations, i. 245.

Saint Pierre, Bernardin de, account of his visit to Rousseau at Paris, ii. 317-321.

Sand, Madame G., i. 81, n.; Savoy landscape, i. 99, n.; ancestry of, i. 121, n.

Savages, code of morals of, i. 178-179, n.

Savage state, advantages of, Rousseau's letter to Voltaire, i. 312.

Savoy, priests of, proselytisers, i. 30, 31, 33 (also ib. n.)

Savoyard Vicar, the, origin of character of, ii. 257-280 (see Emilius).

Schiller on Rousseau, ii. 192 (also ib. n.); Rousseau's influence on, ii. 315.

Servetus, ii. 180.

Simplification, the revolutionary process and ideal of, i. 4; in reference to Rousseau's music, i. 291.

Social conscience, theory and definition of, ii. 234, 235; the great agent in fostering, ii. 237.

Social Contract, the, ill effect of, on Europe, i. 138; beginning of its composition, i. 177; ideas of, i. 188; its harmful dreams, i. 246; influence of, ii. 1; price of, and difficulties in publishing, ii. 59; ordered to be burnt at Geneva, ii. 72, 73, 104; detailed criticism of, ii. 119-196; Rousseau diametrically opposed to the dominant belief of his day in human perfectibility, ii. 119; object of the work, ii. 120; main position of the two Discourses given up in it, ii. 120; influenced by Locke, ii. 120; its uncritical, illogical principles, ii. 123, 124; its impracticableness, ii. 128; nature of his illustrations, ii. 128-133; the "gospel of the Jacobins," ii. 132, 133; the desperate absurdity of its assumptions gave it power in the circumstances of the times, ii. 135-141; some of its maxims very convenient for ruling Jacobins, ii. 142; its central conception, the sovereignty of peoples, ii. 144; Rousseau not its inventor, ii. 144, 145; this to be distinguished from doctrine of right of subjects to depose princes, ii. 146; Social Contract idea of government, probably derived from Locke, ii. 150; falseness of it, ii. 153, 154; origin of society, ii. 154; ill effects on Rousseau's political speculation, ii. 155; what constitutes the sovereignty, ii. 158; Rousseau's Social Contract different from that of Hobbes, ii. 159; Locke's indefiniteness on, ii. 160; attributes of sovereignty, ii. 163; confederation, ii. 164, 165; his distinction between tyrant and despot, ii. 169, n.; distinguishes constitution of the state from that of the government, ii. 170; scheme of an elective aristocracy, ii. 172; similarity to the English form of government, ii. 173; the state in respect to religion, ii. 173; habitually illogical form of his statements, ii. 173, 174; duty of sovereign to establish civil profession of faith, ii. 175, 176; infringement of it to be punished, even by death, ii. 176; Rousseau's Hobbism, ii. 177; denial of his social compact theory, ii. 183, 184; futility of his disquisitions on, ii. 185, 186; his declaration of general duty of rebellion (arising out of the universal breach of social compact) considered, ii. 188; it makes government impossible, ii. 188; he urges that usurped authority is another valid reason for rebellion, ii. 190; practical evils of this, ii. 192; historical effect of the Social Contract, ii. 192-195.

Social quietism of some parts of New Heloisa, ii. 49.

Socialism: Morelly, and De Mably, ii. 52; what it is, ii. 159.

Socialistic theory of Morelly, i. 158, 159 (also i. 158, n.)

Society, Aristotle on, i. 174; D'Alembert's statements on, i. 174, n.; Parisian, Rousseau on, i. 209; dislike of, i. 242; Rousseau's origin of, ii. 153; true grounds of, ii. 155, 156.

Socrates, i. 131, 140, 232; ii. 72, 273.

Solitude, eighteenth century notions of, i. 231, 232.

Solon, ii. 133.

Sorbonne, the, condemns Emilius, ii. 82.

Spectator, the, Rousseau's liking for, i. 86.

Spinoza, dangerous speculations of, i. 143.

Stael, Madame de, i. 217, n.

Stage players, how treated in France, i. 322.

Stage plays (see Plays).

State of Nature, Rousseau's, i. 159, 160; Hobbes on, i. 161 (see Nature).

Suicide, Rousseau on, ii. 16; a mistake to pronounce him incapable of, ii. 19.

Switzerland, i. 330.

TACITUS, i. 177.

Theatre, Rousseau's letter, objecting to the, i. 133; his error in the matter, i. 134.

Theology, metaphysical, Descartes' influence on, i. 226.

Theresa (see Le Vasseur).

Thought, school of, division between rationalists and emotionalists, i. 337.

Tonic Sol-fa notation, close correspondence of the, to Rousseau's system, i. 299.

Tronchin on Voltaire, i. 319, n., 321.

Turgot, i. 89; his discourses at the Sorbonne in 1750, i. 155; the one sane eminent Frenchman of eighteenth century, i. 202; his unselfish toil, i. 233; ii. 193; mentioned, ii. 246, 294.

Turin, Rousseau at, i. 34-43; leaves it, i. 45; tries to learn Latin at, i. 91.

Turretini and other rationalisers, i. 226; his works, i. 226, n.

UNIVERSE, constitution of, discussion on, i. 311-317.

VAGABOND life, Rousseau's love of, i. 63, 68.

Val de Travers, ii. 77; Rousseau's life in, ii. 91-95.

Vasseur, Theresa Le, Rousseau's first acquaintance with, i. 106, 107, also ib. n.; their life together, i. 110-113; well befriended, ii. 80, n.; her evil character, ii. 326.

Vauvenargues on emotional instinct, ii. 34.

Venice, Rousseau at, i. 100-106.

Vercellis, Madame de, Rousseau servant to, i. 39.

Verdelin, Madame de, her kindness to Theresa, ii. 80, n.; to Rousseau, ii. 118, n.

Village Soothsayer, the (Devin du Village), composed at Passy, performed at Fontainebleau and Paris, i. 212; marked a revolution in French Music, i. 291.

Voltaire, i. 2, 21, 63; effect on Rousseau of his Letters on the English, i. 86; spreads a derogatory report about Rousseau, i. 101, n.; his "Princesse de Navarre," i. 119; criticism on Rousseau's first Discourse, i. 147; effect on his work of his common sense, i. 155; avoids the society of Paris, i. 202; his conversion to Romanism, i. 220, 221; strictures on Homer and Shakespeare, i. 280; his position in the eighteenth century, i. 301; general difference between, and Rousseau, i. 301; clung to the rationalistic school of his day, i. 305; on Rousseau's second Discourse, i. 308; his poem on the earthquake of Lisbon, i. 309, 310; his sympathy with suffering, i. 311, 312; entreated by Rousseau to draw up a civil profession of religious faith, i. 317; denounced by Rousseau as a "trumpet of impiety," i. 317, 320, n.; his satire and mockery irritated Rousseau, i. 319; what he was to his contemporaries, i. 321; the great play-writer of the time, i. 321; his criticism of Rousseau's Letter on the Theatre, i. 336; his indignation at wrong, ii. 11; ridicule of the New Heloisa, ii. 34; less courageous than Rousseau, ii. 65; contrast between the two, i. 99, ii. 75; supposed to have stirred up animosity at Geneva against Rousseau, ii. 81; denies it, ii. 81; his notion of how the matter would end, ii. 81; his fickleness, ii. 83; on Rousseau's connection with Corsica, ii. 101; his Philosophical Dictionary burnt by order at Paris, ii. 105; his opinion of Emilius, ii. 257; prime agent in introducing English deism into France, ii. 262; suspected by Rousseau of having written the pretended letter from the King of Prussia, ii. 288; last visit to Paris, ii. 324.

WALKING, Rousseau's love of, i. 63.

Walpole, Horace, writer of the pretended letter from the King of Prussia, ii. 288, n.; advises Hume not to publish his account of Rousseau's quarrel with him, ii. 295.

War arising out of the succession to the crown of Poland, i. 72.

Warens, Madame de, Rousseau's introduction to, i. 34; her personal appearance, i. 34; receives Rousseau into her house, i. 43; her early life, i. 48; character of, i. 49-51; goes to Paris, i. 59; receives Rousseau at Chamberi, and gets him employment, i. 69; her household, i. 70; removes to Les Charmettes, i. 73; cultivates Rousseau's taste for letters, i. 85; Saint Louis, her patron saint, i. 91; revisited by Rousseau in 1754, i. 216; her death in poverty and wretchedness, i. 217, 218 (also i. 219, n.)

Wesleyanism, ii. 258.

Women, Condorcet on social position of, i. 335; D'Alembert and Condorcet on, i. 335.

Wootton, Rousseau's home at, ii. 286.

World, divine government of, Rousseau vindicates, i. 312.

Wuertemberg, correspondence between Prince of, and Rousseau, on the education of the little princess, ii. 95; becomes reigning duke, ii. 95, n.; seeks permission for Rousseau to live in Vienna, ii. 117.

THE END.

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