SECTION I. NATURE OF IDEAS COMMUNICATED

516. [Idea to be conveyed.] Meaning [Thing signified.] — N. meaning; signification, significance; sense, expression; import, purport; force; drift, tenor, spirit, bearing, coloring; scope. [important part of the meaning] substance; gist, essence, marrow, spirit &c 5. matter; subject, subject matter; argument, text, sum and substance. general meaning, broad meaning, substantial meaning, colloquial meaning, literal meaning, plain meaning, simple meaning, natural meaning, unstrained meaning, true meaning, &c (exact) 494 honest meaning, &c 543 prima facie meaning [Lat.]; &c (manifest) 525. letter of the law. literally; after acceptation. synonym; implication, allusion &c (latency) 526; suggestion &c (information) 527; figure of speech &c 521; acceptation &c (interpretation) 522. V. mean, signify, express; import, purport; convey, imply, breathe, indicate, bespeak, bear a sense; tell of, speak of; touch on; point to, allude to; drive at; involve &c (latency) 526; declare &c (affirm) 535. understand by &c (interpret) 522. Adj. meaning &c v.; expressive, suggestive, allusive; significant, significative^, significatory^; pithy; full of meaning, pregnant with meaning. declaratory &c 535; intelligible &c 518; literal; synonymous; tantamount &c (equivalent) 27; implied &c (latent) 526; explicit &c 525. Adv. to that effect; that is to say &c (being interpreted) 522.

517. [Absence of meaning.] Unmeaningness — N. meaninglessness, unmeaningness &c adj.^; scrabble. empty sound, dead letter, vox et praeterea nihil [Lat.]; a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing; sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal. nonsense, utter nonsense, gibberish; jargon, jabber, mere words, hocus-pocus, fustian, rant, bombast, balderdash, palaver, flummery, verbiage, babble, baverdage, baragouin^, platitude, niaiserie^; inanity; flap-doodle; rigmarole, rodomontade; truism; nugae canorae [Lat.]; twaddle, twattle, fudge, trash, garbage, humbug; poppy-cock [U.S.]; stuff, stuff and nonsense; bosh, rubbish, moonshine, wish-wash, fiddle- faddle; absurdity &c 497; vagueness &c (unintelligibility) 519. [routine or reflexive statements without substantive thought, esp. legal] boilerplate, clich_. V. mean nothing; be unmeaning &c adj.; twaddle, quibble, scrabble. Adj. unmeaning; meaningless, senseless; nonsensical; void of sense &c 516. inexpressive, unexpressive; vacant; not significant &c 516; insignificant. trashy, washy, trumpery, trivial, fiddle-faddle, twaddling, quibbling. unmeant, not expressed; tacit &c (latent) 526. inexpressible, undefinable, incommunicable.

518. Intelligibility — N. intelligibility; clearness, explicitness &c adj.; lucidity, comprehensibility, perspicuity; legibility, plain speaking &c (manifestation) 525; precision &c 494; phonanta synetoisy [Gr.]; a word to the wise. V. be intelligible &c adj.; speak for itself, speak volumes; tell its own tale, lie on the surface. render intelligible &c adj.; popularize, simplify, clear up; elucidate &c (explain) 522. understand, comprehend, take, take in; catch, grasp, follow, collect, master, make out; see with half an eye, see daylight, see one's way; enter into the ideas of; come to an understanding. Adj. intelligible; clear, clear as day, clear as noonday; lucid; perspicuous, transpicuous^; luminous, transparent. easily understood, easy to understand, for the million, intelligible to the meanest capacity, popularized. plain, distinct, explicit; positive; definite &c (precise) 494. graphic; expressive &c (meaning) 516; illustrative &c (explanatory) 522. unambiguous, unequivocal, unmistakable &c (manifest) 525; unconfused; legible, recognizable; obvious &c 525. Adv. in plain terms, in plain words, in plain English. Phr. he that runs may read &c (manifest) 525.

519. Unintelligibility — N. unintelligibility; incomprehensibility, imperspicuity^; inconceivableness, vagueness &c adj.; obscurity; ambiguity &c 520; doubtful meaning; uncertainty &c 475; perplexity &c (confusion) 59; spinosity^; obscurum per obscurius [Lat.]; mystification &c (concealment) 528; latency &c 526; transcendentalism. paradox, oxymoron; riddle, enigma, puzzle &c (secret) 533; diagnus vindice nodus [Lat.]; sealed book; steganography^, freemasonry. pons asinorum [Lat.], asses' bridge; high Dutch, Greek, Hebrew; jargon &c (unmeaning) 517. V. be unintelligible &c adj.; require explanation &c 522; have a doubtful meaning, pass comprehension. render unintelligible &c adj.; conceal &c 528; darken &c 421; confuse &c (derange) 61; perplex &c (bewilder) 475. not understand &c 518; lose, lose the clue; miss; not know what to make of, be able to make nothing of, give it up; not be able to account for, not be able to make either head or tail of; be at sea &c (uncertain) 475; wonder &c 870; see through a glass darkly &c (ignorance) 491. not understand one another; play at cross purposes &c (misinterpret) 523. Adj. unintelligible, unaccountable, undecipherable, undiscoverable, unknowable, unfathomable; incognizable^, inexplicable, inscrutable; inapprehensible^, incomprehensible; insolvable^, insoluble; impenetrable. illegible, as Greek to one, unexplained, paradoxical; enigmatic, enigmatical, puzzling (secret) 533; indecipherable. obscure, dark, muddy, clear as mud, seen through a mist, dim, nebulous, shrouded in mystery; opaque, dense; undiscernible &c (invisible) 447 [Obs.]; misty &c (opaque) 426; hidden &c 528; latent &c 526. indefinite, garbled &c (indistinct) 447; perplexed &c (confused) 59; undetermined, vague, loose, ambiguous; mysterious; mystic, mystical; acroamatic^, acroamatical^; metempirical; transcendental; occult, recondite, abstruse, crabbed. inconceivable, inconceptible^; searchless^; above comprehension, beyond comprehension, past comprehension; beyond one's depth; unconceived. inexpressible, undefinable, incommunicable. unpredictable, unforeseeable. Phr. it's Greek to me.

520. [Having a double sense] Equivocalness — N. equivocalness &c adj.; double meaning &c 516; ambiguity, double entente, double entendre [Fr.], pun, paragram^, calembour^, quibble, equivoque [Fr.], anagram; conundrum &c (riddle) 533; play on words, word play &c (wit) 842; homonym, homonymy [Gramm.]; amphiboly^, amphibology^; ambilogy^, ambiloquy^. Sphinx, Delphic oracle. equivocation &c (duplicity) 544; white lie, mental reservation &c (concealment) 528; paltering. V. be equivocal &c adj.; have two meanings &c 516; equivocate &c (alter) 544. Adj. equivocal, ambiguous, amphibolous^, homonymous^; double-tongued &c (lying) 544; enigmatical, indeterminate. Phr. on the one hand, on the other hand.

521. Metaphor — N. figure of speech; facon de parler [Fr.], way of speaking, colloquialism. phrase &c 566; figure, trope, metaphor, enallage^, catachresis^; metonymy [Gramm.], synecdoche [Sem.]; autonomasia^, irony, figurativeness &c adj.; image, imagery; metalepsis^, type, anagoge^, simile, personification, prosopopoeia^, allegory, apologue^, parable, fable; allusion, adumbration; application. exaggeration, hyperbole &c 549. association, association of ideas (analogy) 514.1 V. employ a metaphor &c n.; personify, allegorize, adumbrate, shadow forth, apply, allude to. Adj. metaphorical, figurative, catachrestical^, typical, tralatitious^, parabolic, allegorical, allusive, anagogical^; ironical; colloquial; tropical. Adv. so to speak, so to say, so to express oneself; as it were. Phr. mutato nomine de te fabula narratur [Lat.] [Horace].

522. Interpretation — N. interpretation, definition; explanation, explication; solution, answer; rationale; plain interpretation, simple interpretation, strict interpretation; meaning &c 516. translation; rendering, rendition; redition^; literal translation, free translation; key; secret; clew &c (indication) 550; clavis^, crib, pony, trot [U.S.]. exegesis; expounding, exposition; hermeneutics; comment, commentary; inference &c (deduction) 480; illustration, exemplification; gloss, annotation, scholium^, note; elucidation, dilucidation^; eclaircissement [Fr.], mot d'enigme [Fr.]. [methods of interpreting - list] symptomatology [Med.], semiology, semeiology^, semiotics; metoposcopy^, physiognomy; paleography &c (philology) 560; oneirology acception^, acceptation, acceptance; light, reading, lection, construction, version. equivalent, equivalent meaning &c 516; synonym; paraphrase, metaphrase^; convertible terms, apposition; dictionary &c 562; polyglot. V. interpret, explain, define, construe, translate, render; do into, turn into; transfuse the sense of. find out &c 480.1 the meaning of, &c 516 read; spell out, make out; decipher, unravel, disentangle; find the key of, enucleate, resolve, solve; read between the lines. account for; find the cause, tell the cause of &c 153; throw light upon, shed light upon, shed new light upon, shed fresh light upon; clear up, clarify, elucidate. illustrate, exemplify; unfold, expound, comment upon, annotate; popularize &c (render intelligible) 518. take in a particular sense, understand in a particular sense, receive in a particular sense, accept in a particular sense; understand by, put a construction on, be given to understand. Adj. explanatory, expository; explicative, explicatory; exegetical^; construable. polyglot; literal; paraphrastic, metaphrastic^; consignificative^, synonymous; equivalent &c 27. Adv. in explanation &c n.; that is to say, id est, videlicet, to wit, namely, in other words. literally, strictly speaking; in plain, in plainer terms, in plainer words, in plainer English; more simply.

523. Misinterpretation — N. misinterpretation, misapprehension, misunderstanding, misacceptation^, misconstruction, misapplication; catachresis^; eisegesis^; cross-reading, cross-purposes; mistake &c 495. misrepresentation, perversion, exaggeration &c 549; false coloring, false construction; abuse of terms; parody, travesty; falsification &c (lying) 544. V. misinterpret, misapprehend, misunderstand, misconceive, misspell, mistranslate, misconstrue, misapply; mistake &c 495. misrepresent, pervert; explain wrongly, misstate; garble &c (falsify) 544; distort, detort^; travesty, play upon words; stretch the sense, strain the sense, stretch the meaning, strain the meaning, wrest the sense, wrest the meaning; explain away; put a bad construction on, put a false construction on; give a false coloring. be at cross purposes, play at cross purposes. Adj. misinterpreted &c v.; untranslated, untranslatable.

524. Interpreter — N. interpreter; expositor, expounder, exponent, explainer; demonstrator. scholiast, commentator, annotator; metaphrast^, paraphrast^; glossarist^, prolocutor. spokesman, speaker, mouthpiece. dragoman, courier, valet de place, cicerone, showman; oneirocritic^; (Edipus; oracle) &c 513

SECTION II. MODES OF COMMUNICATION

525. Manifestation — N. {ant. 526} manifestation; plainness &c adj.; plain speaking; expression; showing &c v.; exposition, demonstration; exhibition, production; display, show; showing off; premonstration^. exhibit [Thing shown]. indication &c (calling attention to) 457. publicity &c 531; disclosure &c 529; openness &c (honesty) 543, (artlessness) 703; panchement. evidence &c 467. V. make manifest, render manifest &c adj.; bring forth, bring forward, bring to the front, bring into view; give notice; express; represent, set forth, exhibit; show, show up; expose; produce; hold up to view, expose to view; set before one, place before one, lay before one, one's eyes; tell to one's face; trot out, put through one's paces, bring to light, display, demonstrate, unroll; lay open; draw out, bring out; bring out in strong relief; call into notice, bring into notice; hold up the mirror; wear one's heart upon his sleeve; show one's face, show one's colors; manifest oneself; speak out; make no mystery, make no secret of; unfurl the flag; proclaim &c (publish) 531. indicate &c (direct attention to) 457; disclose &c 529; elicit &c 480.1. be manifest &c adj.; appear &c (be visible) 446; transpire &c (be disclosed) 529; speak for itself, stand to reason; stare one in the face, rear its head; give token, give sign, give indication of; tell its own tale &c (intelligible) 518. Adj. manifest, apparent; salient, striking, demonstrative, prominent, in the foreground, notable, pronounced. flagrant; notorious &c (public) 531; arrant; stark staring; unshaded, glaring. defined, definite. distinct, conspicuous &c (visible) 446; obvious, evident, unmistakable, indubitable, not to be mistaken, palpable, self-evident, autoptical^; intelligible &c 518. plain, clear, clear as day, clear as daylight, clear as noonday; plain as a pike staff, plain as the sun at noon-day, plain as the nose on one's face, plain as the way to parish church. explicit, overt, patent, express; ostensible; open, open as day; naked, bare, literal, downright, undisguised, exoteric. unreserved, frank, plain-spoken &c (artless) 703; candid (veracious) 543; barefaced. manifested &c v.; disclosed &c 529; capable of being shown, producible; inconcealable^, unconcealable; no secret. Adv. manifestly, openly &c adj.; before one's eyes, under one's nose, to one's face, face to face, above board, cartes sur table, on the stage, in open court, in the open streets; in market overt; in the face of day, face of heaven; in broad daylight, in open daylight; without reserve; at first blush, prima facie [Lat.], on the face of; in set terms. Phr. cela saute aux yeux [Fr.]; he that runs may read; you can see it with half an eye; it needs no ghost to tell us [Hamlet]; the meaning lies on the surface; cela va sans dire [Fr.]; res ipsa loquitur [Lat.]; clothing the palpable and familiar [Coleridge]; fari quae sentiat [Lat.]; volto sciolto i pensieri stretti [It]; you don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows [Bob Dylan].

526. Latency. Implication — N. {ant. 525} latency, inexpression^; hidden meaning, occult meaning; occultness, mystery, cabala^, anagoge^; silence &c (taciturnity) 585; concealment &c 528; more than meets the eye, more than meets the ear; Delphic oracle; le dessous des cartes [Fr.], undercurrent. implication, logical implication; logical consequence; entailment. allusion, insinuation; innuendo &c 527; adumbration; something rotten in the state of Denmark [Hamlet]. snake in the grass &c (pitfall) 667; secret &c 533. darkness, invisibility, imperceptibility. V. be latent &c adj.; lurk, smolder, underlie, make no sign; escape observation, escape detection, escape recognition; lie hid &c 528. laugh in one's sleeve; keep back &c (conceal) 528. involve, imply, understand, allude to, infer, leave an inference; entail; whisper &c (conceal) 528. [understand the implication] read between the lines. Adj. latent; lurking &c v.; secret &c 528; occult; implied &c v.; dormant; abeyant. unapparent, unknown, unseen &c 441; in the background; invisible &c 447; indiscoverable^, dark; impenetrable &c (unintelligible) 519; unspied^, unsuspected. unsaid, unwritten, unpublished, unbreathed^, untalked of^, untold &c 527, unsung, unexposed, unproclaimed^, undisclosed &c 529, unexpressed; not expressed, tacit. undeveloped, solved, unexplained, untraced^, undiscovered &c 480.1, untracked, unexplored, uninvented^. indirect, crooked, inferential; by inference, by implication; implicit; constructive; allusive, covert, muffled; steganographic^; understood, underhand, underground; delitescent^, concealed &c 528. Adv. by a side wind; sub silentio [Lat.]; in the background; behind the scenes, behind one's back; on the tip of one's tongue; secretly &c 528; between the lines. Phr. thereby hangs a tale [As You Like It]; tacitum vivit sub pectore vulnus [Lat.] [Vergil]; where there's smoke, there's fire.

527. Information — N. information, enlightenment, acquaintance, knowledge &c 490; publicity &c 531; data &c 467. communication, intimation; notice, notification; enunciation, annunciation; announcement; communiqu_e; representation, round robin, presentment. case, estimate, specification, report, advice, monition; news &c 532; return &c (record) 551; account &c (description) 594; statement &c (affirmation) 535. mention; acquainting &c v.; instruction &c (teaching) 537; outpouring; intercommunication, communicativeness. informant, authority, teller, intelligencer^, reporter, exponent, mouthpiece; informer, eavesdropper, delator, detective; sleuth; mouchard^, spy, newsmonger; messenger &c 534; amicus curiae [Lat.]. valet de place, cicerone, pilot, guide; guidebook, handbook; vade mecum [Lat.]; manual; map, plan, chart, gazetteer; itinerary &c (journey) 266. hint, suggestion, innuendo, inkling, whisper, passing word, word in the ear, subaudition^, cue, byplay; gesture &c (indication) 550; gentle hint, broad hint; verbum sapienti [Lat.], a word to the wise; insinuation &c (latency) 526. information theory. [units of information] bit, byte, word, doubleword [Comp.], quad word, paragraph, segment. [information storage media] magnetic media, paper medium, optical media; random access memory, RAM; read-only memory, ROM; write once read mostly memory, WORM. V. tell; inform, inform of; acquaint, acquaint with; impart, impart to; make acquaintance with, apprise, advise, enlighten, awaken; transmit. let fall, mention, express, intimate, represent, communicate, make known; publish &c 531; notify, signify, specify, convey the knowledge of. let one know, have one to know; give one to understand; give notice; set before, lay before, put before; point out, put into one's head; put one in possession of; instruct &c (teach) 537; direct the attention to &c 457. announce, annunciate; report, report progress; bringword^, send word, leave word, write word; telegraph, telephone; wire; retail, render an account; give an account &c (describe) 594; state &c (affirm) 535. [disclose inadvertently or reluctantly] let slip, blurt out, spill the beans, unburden oneself of, let off one's chest; disclose &c 529. show cause; explain &c (interpret) 522. hint; given an inkling of; give a hint, drop a hint, throw out a hint; insinuate; allude to, make allusion to; glance at; tip the wink &c (indicate) 550; suggest, prompt, give the cue, breathe; whisper, whisper in the ear. give a bit of one's mind; tell one plainly, tell once for all; speak volumes. undeceive^, unbeguile^; set right, correct, open the eyes of, disabuse, disillusion one of. be informed of &c; know &c 490; learn &c 539; get scent of, get wind of, gather from; awaken to, open one's eyes to; become alive, become awake to; hear, overhear, understand. come to one's ears, come to one's knowledge; reach one's ears. Adj. informed &c v.; communique; reported &c v.; published &c 531. expressive &c 516; explicit &c (open) 525, (clear) 518; plain spoken &c, (artless) 703. nuncupative, nuncupatory^; declaratory, expository; enunciative^; communicative, communicatory^. Adv. from information received. Phr. a little bird told me; I heard it through the grapevine.

527a. Correction [Correct an error of information; distinguish from correcting a flaw or misbehavior] — N. correction. disillusionment &c 616. V. correct, set right, set straight, put straight; undeceive^; enlighten. show one one's error; point out an error, point out a fallacy; pick out an error, pick out the fallacy; open one's eyes. pick apart an argument, confutation &c 479; reasoning &c 476. Adj. corrective. Phr. I stand corrected.

528. Concealment — N. concealment; hiding &c v.; occultation, mystification. seal of secrecy; screen &c 530; disguise &c 530; masquerade; masked battery; hiding place &c 530; cryptography, steganography^; freemasonry. stealth, stealthiness, sneakiness; obreption^; slyness &c (cunning) 702. latitancy^, latitation^; seclusion &c 893; privacy, secrecy, secretness^; incognita. reticence; reserve; mental reserve, reservation; arriere pensee [Fr.], suppression, evasion, white lie, misprision; silence &c (taciturnity) 585; suppression of truth &c 544; underhand dealing; closeness, secretiveness &c adj.; mystery. latency &c 526; snake in the grass; secret &c 533; stowaway. V. conceal, hide, secrete, put out of sight; lock up, seal up, bottle up. encrypt, encode, cipher. cover, screen, cloak, veil, shroud; cover up one's tracks; screen from sight, screen from observation; drawing the veil; draw the curtain, close the curtain; curtain, shade, eclipse, throw a view over; be cloud, be mask; mask, disguise; ensconce, muffle, smother; befog; whisper. keep from; keep back, keep to oneself; keep snug, keep close, keep secret, keep dark; bury; sink, suppress; keep from, keep from out of view, keep from out of sight; keep in the shade, throw into the shade, throw into background; stifle, hush up, smother, withhold, reserve; fence with a question; ignore &c 460. keep a secret, keep one's own counsel; hold one's tongue &c (silence) 585; make no sign, not let it go further; not breathe a word, not breathe a syllable about; not let the right hand know what the left is doing; hide one's light under a bushel, bury one's talent in a napkin. keep in the dark, leave in the dark, keep in the ignorance; blind, blind the eyes; blindfold, hoodwink, mystify; puzzle &c (render uncertain) 475; bamboozle &c (deceive) 545. be concealed &c v.; suffer an eclipse; retire from sight, couch; hide oneself; lie hid, lie in perdu [Fr.], lie in close; lie in ambush (ambush) 530; seclude oneself &c 893; lurk, sneak, skulk, slink, prowl; steal into, steal out of, steal by, steal along; play at bopeep^, play at hide and seek; hide in holes and corners; still hunt. Adj. concealed &c v.; hidden; secret, recondite, mystic, cabalistic, occult, dark; cryptic, cryptical^; private, privy, in petto, auricular, clandestine, close, inviolate; tortuous. behind a screen &c 530; undercover, under an eclipse; in ambush, in hiding, in disguise; in a cloud, in a fog, in a mist, in a haze, in a dark corner; in the shade, in the dark; clouded, wrapped in clouds, wrapt in clouds^; invisible &c 447; buried, underground, perdu [Fr.]; secluded &c 893. undisclosed &c 529, untold &c 527; covert &c (latent) 526; untraceable; mysterious &c (unintelligible) 519. irrevealable^, inviolable; confidential; esoteric; not to be spoken of; unmentionable. obreptitious^, furtive, stealthy, feline; skulking &c v.; surreptitious, underhand, hole and corner; sly &c (cunning) 702; secretive, evasive; reserved, reticent, uncommunicative, buttoned up; close, close as wax; taciturn &c 585. Adv. secretly &c adj.; in secret, in private, in one's sleeve, in holes and corners; in the dark &c adj.. januis clausis [Lat.], with closed doors, a huis clos [Fr.]; hugger mugger, a la derobee [Fr.]; under the cloak of, under the rose, under the table; sub rosa [Lat.], en tapinois [Fr.], in the background, aside, on the sly, with bated breath, sotto voce [Lat.], in a whisper, without beat of drum, a la sourdine^. behind the veil; beyond mortal ken, beyond the grave, beyond the veil; hid from mortal vision; into the eternal secret, into the realms supersensible^, into the supreme mystery. in confidence, in strict confidence, in strictest confidence; confidentially &c adj.; between ourselves, between you and me; between you and me and the bedpost; entre nous [Fr.], inter nos, under the seal of secrecy; a couvert [Fr.]. underhand, by stealth, like a thief in the night; stealthily &c adj.; behind the scenes, behind the curtain, behind one's back, behind a screen &c 530; incognito; in camera. Phr. it must go no further, it will go no further; don't tell a soul; tell it not in Gath, nobody the wiser; alitur vitium vivitque tegendo [Lat.]; let it be tenable in your silence still [Hamlet]. [confidential disclosure to news reporters] background information, deep background information, deep background; background session, backgrounder; not for attribution

529. Disclosure — N. disclosure; retection^; unveiling &c v.; deterration^, revealment, revelation; exposition, exposure; expose; whole truth; telltale &c (news) 532. acknowledgment, avowal; confession, confessional; shrift. bursting of a bubble; denouement. [person who discloses a secret] tattletale, snitch, fink, stool pigeon, canary. V. disclose, discover, dismask^; draw the veil, draw aside the veil, lift the veil, raise the veil, lift up the veil, remove the veil, tear aside the veil, tear the curtain; unmask, unveil, unfold, uncover, unseal, unkennel; take off the seal, break the seal; lay open, lay bare; expose; open, open up; bare, bring to light. divulge, reveal, break; squeal [Coll.], tattle [Coll.], sing [Coll.], rat [Coll.], snitch [Coll.]; let into the secret; reveal the secrets of the prison house; tell &c (inform) 527; breathe, utter, blab, peach; let out, let fall, let drop, let slip, spill the beans, let the cat out of the bag; betray; tell tales, come out of school; come out with; give vent, give utterance to; open the lips, blurt out, vent, whisper about; speak out &c (make manifest) 525; make public &c 531; unriddle &c (find out) 480.1; split. acknowledge, allow, concede, grant, admit, own, own up to, confess, avow, throw off all disguise, turn inside out, make a clean breast; show one's hand, show one's cards; unburden one's mind, disburden one's mind, disburden one's conscience, disburden one's heart; open one's mind, lay bare one's mind, tell a piece of one's mind [Fr.]; unbosom oneself, own to the soft impeachment; say the truth, speak the truth; turn King's evidence, Queen's evidence; acknowledge the corn [U.S.]. raise the mask, drop the mask, lift the mask, remove the mask, throw off the mask; expose; lay open; undeceive^, unbeguile^; disabuse, set right, correct, open the eyes of; d_esillusionner. be disclosed &c; transpire, come to light; come in sight &c (be visible) 446; become known, escape the lips; come out, ooze out, creep out, leak out, peep out, crop-out; show its face, show its colors; discover itself &c; break through the clouds, flash on the mind. Adj. disclosed &c v.; open, public &c 525. Int. out with it!, Phr. the murder is out; a light breaks in upon one; the scales fall from one's eyes; the eyes are opened.

530. Ambush [Means of concealment]. — N. camouflage; mimicry; hiding place; secret place, secret drawer; recess, hold, holes and corners; closet, crypt, adytum^, abditory^, oubliette. ambush, ambuscade; stalking horse; lurking hole, lurking place; secret path, back stairs; retreat &c (refuge) 666. screen, cover, shade, blinker; veil, curtain, blind, cloak, cloud. mask, visor, vizor^, disguise, masquerade dress, domino. pitfall &c (source of danger) 667; trap &c (snare) 545. V. blend in, blend into the background. lie in ambush &c (hide oneself) 528; lie in wait for, lurk; set a trap for &c (deceive) 545; ambuscade, ambush. camouflage. Adj. camouflaged, hidden, concealed. Adv. aux aguets^.

531. Publication — N. publication; public announcement &c 527; promulgation, propagation, proclamation, pronunziamento [It]; circulation, indiction^, edition; hue and cry. publicity, notoriety, currency, flagrancy, cry, bruit, hype; vox populi; report &c (news) 532. the Press, public press, newspaper, journal, gazette, daily; telegraphy; publisher &c v.; imprint. circular, circular letter; manifesto, advertisement, ad., placard, bill, affiche^, broadside, poster; notice &c 527. V. publish; make public, make known &c (information) 527; speak of, talk of; broach, utter; put forward; circulate, propagate, promulgate; spread, spread abroad; rumor, diffuse, disseminate, evulugate; put forth, give forth, send forth; emit, edit, get out; issue; bring before the public, lay before the public, drag before the public; give out, give to the world; put about, bandy about, hawk about, buzz about, whisper about, bruit about, blaze about; drag into the open day; voice. proclaim, herald, blazon; blaze abroad, noise abroad; sound a trumpet; trumpet forth, thunder forth; give tongue; announce with beat of drum, announce with flourish of trumpets; proclaim from the housetops, proclaim at Charing Cross. advertise, placard; post, post up afficher^, publish in the Gazette, send round the crier. raise a cry, raise a hue and cry, raise a report; set news afloat. be published &c; be public, become public &c adj.; come out; go about, fly about, buzz about, blow about; get about, get abroad, get afloat, get wind; find vent; see the light; go forth, take air, acquire currency, pass current; go the rounds, go the round of the newspapers, go through the length and breadth of the land; virum volitare per ora [Lat.]; pass from mouth to mouth; spread; run like wildfire, spread like wildfire. Adj. published &c v.; current &c (news) 532; in circulation, public; notorious; flagrant, arrant; open &c 525; trumpet-tongued; encyclical, encyclic^, promulgatory^; exoteric. Adv. publicly &c adj.; in open court, with open doors. Int. Oyez!, O yes!, notice!, Phr. notice is hereby given; this is to give, these are to give notice; nomina stultorum parietibus haerent [Lat.]; semel emissum volat irrevocabile verbum [Lat.].

532. News — N. news; information &c 527; piece of news [Fr.], budget of news, budget of information; intelligence, tidings. word, advice, aviso [Sp.], message; dispatch, despatch; telegram, cable, marconigram^, wire, communication, errand, embassy. report, rumor, hearsay, on dit [Fr.], flying rumor, news stirring, cry, buzz, bruit, fame; talk, oui dire [Fr.], scandal, eavesdropping; town tattle, table talk; tittle tattle; canard, topic of the day, idea afloat. bulletin, fresh news, stirring news; glad tidings; flash, news just in; on-the-spot coverage; live coverage. old story, old news, stale news, stale story; chestnut [Slang]. narrator &c (describe) 594; newsmonger, scandalmonger; talebearer, telltale, gossip, tattler. [study of news reporting] journalism. [methods of conveying news] media, news media, the press, the information industry; newspaper, magazine, tract, journal, gazette, publication &c 531; radio, television, ticker (electronic information transmission). [organizations producing news reports] [methods of conveying news] United Press International, UPI; Associated Press, AP; The Dow Jones News Service, DJ; The New York Times News Service, NYT; Reuters [Brit.]; TASS [Rus.]; The Nikkei [Jap.]. [person reporting news as a profession] newscaster, newsman, newswoman, reporter, journalist, correspondent, foreign correspondent, special correspondent, war correspondent, news team, news department; anchorman, anchorwoman^; sportscaster; weatherman. [officials providing news for an organization] press secretary, public relations department, public relations man. V. transpire &c (be disclosed) 529; rumor &c (publish) 531. Adj. many-tongued; rumored; publicly rumored, currently rumored, currently reported; rife, current, floating, afloat, going about, in circulation, in every one's mouth, all over the town. in progress; live; on the spot; in person. Adv. as the story goes, as the story runs; as they say, it is said; by telegraph, by wireless. Phr. airy tongues that syllable men's names [Milton]; what's up?; what's the latest?; what's new?; what's the latest poop?.

533. Secret — N. secret; dead secret, profound secret; arcanum^, mystery; latency &c 526; Asian mystery^; sealed book, secrets of the prison house; le desous des cartes [Fr.]. enigma, riddle, puzzle, nut to crack, conundrum, charade, rebus, logogriph^; monogram, anagram; Sphinx; crux criticorum [Lat.]. maze, labyrinth, Hyrcynian wood; intricacy, meander. problem &c (question) 461; paradox &c (difficulty) 704; unintelligibility &c 519; terra incognita &c (ignorance) 491. Adj. secret &c (concealed) 528; involved &c, 248; labyrinthine, labyrinthian^, mazy. confidential; top secret.

534. Messenger — N. messenger, envoy, emissary, legate; nuncio, internuncio^; ambassador &c (diplomatist) 758. marshal, flag bearer, herald, crier, trumpeter, bellman^, pursuivant^, parlementaire [Fr.], apparitor^. courier, runner; dak^, estafette^; Mercury, Iris, Ariel^. commissionaire [Fr.]; errand boy, chore boy; newsboy. mail, overnight mail, express mail, next-day delivery; post, post office; letter bag; delivery service; United Parcel Service, UPS; Federal Express, Fedex. telegraph, telephone; cable, wire (electronic information transmission); carrier pigeon. [person reporting news] (news) 532 reporter, gentleman of the press, representative of the press; penny-a-liner; special correspondent, own correspondent; spy, scout; informer &c 527.

535. Affirmation — N. affirmance, affirmation; statement, allegation, assertion, predication, declaration, word, averment; confirmation. asseveration, adjuration, swearing, oath, affidavit; deposition &c (record) 551; avouchment; assurance; protest, protestation; profession; acknowledgment &c (assent) 488; legal pledge, pronouncement; solemn averment, solemn avowal, solemn declaration. remark, observation; position &c (proposition) 514, saying, dictum, sentence, ipse dixit [Lat.]. emphasis; weight; dogmatism &c (certainty) 474; dogmatics &c 887. V. assert; make an assertion &c n.; have one's say; say, affirm, predicate, declare, state; protest, profess. put forth, put forward; advance, allege, propose, propound, enunciate, broach, set forth, hold out, maintain, contend, pronounce, pretend. depose, depone, aver, avow, avouch, asseverate, swear; make oath, take one's oath; make an affidavit, swear an affidavit, put in an affidavit; take one's Bible oath, kiss the book, vow, vitam impendere vero [Lat.]; swear till one is black in the face, swear till one is blue in the face, swear till all's blue; be sworn, call Heaven to witness; vouch, warrant, certify, assure, swear by bell book and candle. swear by &c (believe) 484; insist upon, take one's stand upon; emphasize, lay stress on; assert roundly, assert positively; lay down, lay down the law; raise one's voice, dogmatize, have the last word; rap out; repeat; reassert, reaffirm. announce &c (information) 527; acknowledge &c (assent) 488; attest &c (evidence) 467; adjure &c (put to one's oath) 768. Adj. asserting &c v.; declaratory, predicatory^, pronunciative^, affirmative, soi-disant [Fr.]; positive; certain &c 474; express, explicit &c (patent) 525; absolute, emphatic, flat, broad, round, pointed, marked, distinct, decided, confident, trenchant, dogmatic, definitive, formal, solemn, categorical, peremptory; unretracted^; predicable. Adv. affirmatively &c adj.; in the affirmative. with emphasis, ex-cathedra, without fear of contradiction. as God is my witness, I must say, indeed, i' faith, let me tell you, why, give me leave to say, marry, you may be sure, I'd have you to know; upon my word, upon my honor; by my troth, egad, I assure you; by jingo, by Jove, by George, &c; troth, seriously, sadly; in sadness, in sober sadness, in truth, in earnest; of a truth, truly, perdy^, in all conscience, upon oath; be assured &c (belief) 484; yes &c (assent) 488; I'll warrant, I'll warrant you, I'll engage, I'll answer for it, I'll be bound, I'll venture to say, I'll take my oath; in fact, forsooth, joking apart; so help me God; not to mince the matter. Phr. quoth he; dixi [Lat.].

536. Negation — N. negation, abnegation; denial; disavowal, disclaimer; abjuration; contradiction, contravention; recusation [Law], protest; recusancy &c (dissent) 489; flat contradiction, emphatic contradiction, emphatic denial, dementi [Lat.]. qualification &c 469; repudiation &c 610; retraction &c 607; confutation &c 479; refusal &c 764; prohibition &c 761. V. deny; contradict, contravene; controvert, give denial to, gainsay, negative, shake the head. disown, disaffirm, disclaim, disavow; recant &c 607; revoke &c (abrogate) 756. dispute; impugn, traverse, rebut, join issue upon; bring in question, call in question &c (doubt) 485; give the lie in his throat, give one the lie in his throat. deny flatly, deny peremptorily, deny emphatically, deny absolutely, deny wholly, deny entirely; give the lie to, belie. repudiate &c 610; set aside, ignore &c 460; rebut &c (confute) 479; qualify &c 469; refuse &c 764. recuse [Law]. Adj. denying &c v.; denied &c v.; contradictory; negative, negatory; recusant &c (dissenting) 489; at issue upon. Adv. no, nay, not, nowise; not a bit, not a whit, not a jot; not at all, nohow, not in the least, not so; negative, negatory; no way [Coll.]; no such thing; nothing of the kind, nothing of the sort; quite the contrary, tout au contraire [Fr.], far from it; tant s'en faut [Fr.]; on no account, in no respect; by no, by no manner of means; negatively. [negative with respect to time] never, never in a million years; at no time. Phr. there never was a greater mistake; I know better; non haec in faedera [Lat.]; a thousand times no.

537. Teaching — N. teaching &c v.; instruction; edification; education; tuition; tutorage, tutelage; direction, guidance; opsimathy^. qualification, preparation; training, schooling &c v.; discipline; excitation. drill, practice; book exercise. persuasion, proselytism, propagandism^, propaganda; indoctrination, inculcation, inoculation; advise &c 695. explanation &c (interpretation) 522; lesson, lecture, sermon; apologue^, parable; discourse, prolection^, preachment; chalk talk; Chautauqua [U.S.]. exercise, task; curriculum; course, course of study; grammar, three R's, initiation, A.B.C., &c (beginning) 66. elementary education, primary education, secondary education, technical education, college education, collegiate education, military education, university education, liberal education, classical education, religious education, denominational education, moral education, secular education; propaedeutics^, moral tuition. gymnastics, calisthenics; physical drill, physical education; sloyd^. [methods of teaching] phonics; rote, rote memorization, brute memory; cooperative learning; Montessori method, ungraded classes. [measuring degree of learning of pupils] test, examination, exam; final exam, mid-term exam grade [result of measurement of learning], score, marks; A,B,C,D,E,F; gentleman's C; pass, fail, incomplete. homework; take-home lesson; exercise for the student; theme, project. V. teach, instruct, educate, edify, school, tutor; cram, prime, coach; enlighten &c (inform) 527. inculcate, indoctrinate, inoculate, infuse, instill, infix, ingraft^, infiltrate; imbue, impregnate, implant; graft, sow the seeds of, disseminate. given an idea of; put up to, put in the way of; set right. sharpen the wits, enlarge the mind; give new ideas, open the eyes, bring forward, teach the young idea how to shoot [Thomson]; improve &c 658. expound &c (interpret) 522; lecture; read a lesson, give a lesson, give a lecture, give a sermon, give a discourse; incept^; hold forth, preach; sermonize, moralize; point a moral. train, discipline; bring up, bring up to; form, ground, prepare, qualify; drill, exercise, practice, habituate, familiarize with, nurture, drynurse^, breed, rear, take in hand; break, break in; tame; preinstruct^; initiate; inure &c (habituate) 613. put to nurse, send to school. direct, guide; direct attention to &c (attention) 457; impress upon the mind, impress upon the memory; beat into, beat into the head; convince &c (belief) 484. [instructional materials] book, workbook, exercise book. [unnecessary teaching] preach to the wise, teach one's grandmother to suck eggs, teach granny to suck eggs; preach to the converted. Adj. teaching &c v.; taught &c v.; educational; scholastic, academic, doctrinal; disciplinal^; instructive, instructional, didactic; propaedeutic^, propaedeutical^. Phr. the schoolmaster abroad; a bovi majori disscit arare minor [Lat.]; adeo in teneris consuecere multum est [Lat.] [Vergil]; docendo discimus [Lat.]; quaenocent docent [Lat.]; qui docet discit [Lat.]; sermons in stones and good in everything [As You Like It].

538. Misteaching — N. misteaching^, misinformaton, misintelligence^, misguidance, misdirection, mispersuasion^, misinstruction^, misleading &c v.; perversion, false teaching; sophistry &c 477; college of Laputa; the blind leading the blind. [misteaching by government agents] propaganda, disinformation, agitprop; indoctrination. V. misinform, misteach^, misdescribe^, misinstruct^, miscorrect^; misdirect, misguide; pervert; put on a false scent, throw off the scent, throw off the trail; deceive &c 545; mislead &c (error) 495; misrepresent; lie &c 544; ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces [Lat.] [Vergil]. propagandize, disinform. render unintelligible &c 519; bewilder &c (uncertainty) 475; mystify &c (conceal) 528; unteach. [person or government agent who misteaches] propagandist. Adj. misteaching &c v.; unedifying. Phr. piscem natare doces [Lat.]; the blind leading the blind.

539. Learning — N. learning; acquisition of knowledge &c 490, acquisition of skill &c 698; acquirement, attainment; edification, scholarship, erudition; acquired knowledge, lore, wide information; self-instruction; study, reading, perusal; inquiry &c 451. apprenticeship, prenticeship^; pupilage, pupilarity^; tutelage, novitiate, matriculation. docility &c (willingness) 602; aptitude &c 698. V. learn; acquire knowledge, gain knowledge, receive knowledge, take in knowledge, drink in knowledge, imbibe knowledge, pick up knowledge, gather knowledge, get knowledge, obtain knowledge, collect knowledge, glean knowledge, glean information, glean learning. acquaint oneself with, master; make oneself master of, make oneself acquainted with; grind, cram; get up, coach up; learn by heart, learn by rote. read, spell, peruse; con over, pore over, thumb over; wade through; dip into; run the eye over, run the eye through; turn over the leaves. study; be studious &c adj.. [study intensely] burn the midnight oil, consume the midnight oil, mind one's book; cram. go to school, go to college, go to the university; matriculate; serve an apprenticeship, serve one's apprenticeship, serve one's time; learn one's trade; be informed &c 527; be taught &c 537. [stop going to school voluntarily (intransitive)] drop out, leave school, quit school; graduate; transfer; take a leave. [cause to stop going to school (transitive)] dismiss, expel, kick out of school. [stop going to school involuntarily] flunk out; be dismissed &c Adj. studious; scholastic, scholarly; teachable; docile &c (willing) 602; apt &c 698, industrious &c 682. Adv. at one's books; in statu pupillari &c (learner) 541 [Lat.]. Phr. a lumber-house of books in every head [Pope]; ancora imparo! [Lat.]; hold high converse with the mighty dead [Thomson]; lash'd into Latin by the tingling rod [Gay].

540. Teacher — N. teacher, trainer, instructor, institutor, master, tutor, director, Corypheus, dry nurse, coach, grinder, crammer, don; governor, bear leader; governess, duenna [Sp.]; disciplinarian. professor, lecturer, reader, prelector^, prolocutor, preacher; chalk talker, khoja^; pastor &c (clergy) 996; schoolmaster, dominie [Fr.], usher, pedagogue, abecedarian; schoolmistress, dame, monitor, pupil teacher. expositor &c 524; preceptor, guide; guru; mentor &c (adviser) 695; pioneer, apostle, missionary, propagandist, munshi^, example &c (model for imitation) 22. professorship &c (school) 542. tutelage &c (teaching) 537. Adj. professorial. Phr. qui doet discet [Lat.].

541. Learner — N. learner, scholar, student, pupil; apprentice, prentice^, journeyman; articled clerk; beginner, tyro, amateur, rank amateur; abecedarian, alphabetarian^; alumnus, eleve [Fr.]. recruit, raw recruit, novice, neophyte, inceptor^, catechumen, probationer; seminarian, chela, fellow-commoner; debutant. [apprentice medical doctors] intern; resident. schoolboy; fresh, freshman, frosh; junior soph^, junior; senior soph^, senior; sophister^, sophomore; questionist^. [college and university students] undergraduate; graduate student; law student; medical student; pre-med; post-doctoral student, post-doc; matriculated student; part-time student, night student, auditor. [group of learners] class, grade, seminar, form, remove; pupilage &c (learning) 539. disciple, follower, apostle, proselyte; fellow-student, condisciple^. [place of learning] school &c 542. V. learn; practise. Adj. in statu pupillari [Lat.], in leading strings. Phr. practise makes perfect.

542. School — N. school, academy, university, alma mater, college, seminary, Lyceum; institute, institution; palaestra, Gymnasium, class, seminar. day school, boarding school, preparatory school, primary school, infant school, dame's school, grammar school, middle class school, Board school, denominational school, National school, British and Foreign school, collegiate school, art school, continuation school, convent school, County Council school, government school, grant-in-aid school, high school, higher grade school, military school, missionary school, naval school, naval academy, state-aided school, technical school, voluntary school, school; school of art; kindergarten, nursery, creche, reformatory. pulpit, lectern, soap box desk, reading desk, ambo^, lecture room, theater, auditorium, amphitheater, forum, state, rostrum, platform, hustings, tribune. school book, horn book, text book; grammar, primer, abecedary^, rudiments, manual, vade mecum; encyclopedia, cyclopedia; Lindley Murray, Cocker; dictionary, lexicon. professorship, lectureship, readership, fellowship, tutorship; chair. School Board Council of Education; Board of Education; Board of Studies, Prefect of Studies; Textbook Committee; propaganda. Adj. scholastic, academic, collegiate; educational. Adv. ex cathedra [Lat.].

543. Veracity — N. veracity; truthfulness, frankness, &c adj.; truth, sincerity, candor, unreserve^, honesty, fidelity; plain dealing, bona fides [Lat.]; love of truth; probity &c 939; ingenuousness &c (artlessness) 703. the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth; honest truth, sober truth &c (fact) 494; unvarnished tale; light of truth. V. speak the truth, tell the truth; speak by the card; paint in its true colors, show oneself in one's true colors; make a clean breast &c (disclose) 529; speak one's mind &c (be blunt) 703; not lie &c 544, not deceive &c 545. Adj. truthful, true; veracious, veridical; scrupulous &c (honorable) 939; sincere, candid, frank, open, straightforward, unreserved; open hearted, true hearted, simple-hearted; honest, trustworthy; undissembling &c (dissemble) &c 544 [Obs.]; guileless, pure; truth- loving; unperjured^; true blue, as good as one's word; unaffected, unfeigned, bona fide; outspoken, ingenuous &c (artless) 703; undisguised &c (real) 494. uncontrived. Adv. truly &c (really) 494; in plain words &c 703; in truth, with truth, of a truth, in good truth; as the dial to the sun, as the needle to the pole; honor bright; troth; in good sooth^, in good earnest; unfeignedly, with no nonsense, in sooth^, sooth to say^, bona fide, in foro conscientiae [Lat.]; without equivocation; cartes sur table, from the bottom of one's heart; by my troth &c (affirmation) 535. Phr. di il vero a affronterai il diavolo [It]; Dichtung und Wahrheit G; esto quod esse videris [Lat.]; magna est veritas et praevalet [Lat.]; that golden key that opes the palace of eternity [Milton]; veritas odium parit [Lat.]; veritatis simplex oratio est [Lat.]; verite sans peur [Fr.].

544. Falsehood — N. falsehood, falseness; falsity, falsification; deception &c 545; untruth &c 546; guile; lying &c 454; untruth &c 546; guile; lying &c v.. misrepresentation; mendacity, perjury, false swearing; forgery, invention, fabrication; subreption^; covin^. perversion of truth, suppression of truth; suppressio veri [Lat.]; perversion, distortion, false coloring; exaggeration &c 549; prevarication, equivocation, shuffling, fencing, evasion, fraud; suggestio falsi &c (lie) 546 [Lat.]; mystification &c (concealment) 528; simulation &c (imitation) 19; dissimulation, dissembling; deceit; blague^. sham; pretense, pretending, malingering. lip homage, lip service; mouth honor; hollowness; mere show, mere outside; duplicity, double dealing, insincerity, hypocrisy, cant, humbug; jesuitism, jesuitry; pharisaism; Machiavelism, organized hypocrisy; crocodile tears, mealy-mouthedness^, quackery; charlatanism^, charlatanry; gammon; bun-kum^, bumcombe, flam; bam [Slang], flimflam, cajolery, flattery; Judas kiss; perfidy &c (bad faith) 940; il volto sciolto i pensieri stretti [It]. unfairness &c (dishonesty) 940; artfulness &c (cunning) 702; misstatement &c (error) 495. V. be false &c adj., be a liar &c 548; speak falsely &c adv.; tell a lie &c 546; lie, fib; lie like a trooper; swear false, forswear, perjure oneself, bear false witness. misstate, misquote, miscite^, misreport, misrepresent; belie, falsify, pervert, distort; put a false construction upon &c (misinterpret); prevaricate, equivocate, quibble; palter, palter to the understanding; repondre en Normand [Fr.]; trim, shuffle, fence, mince the truth, beat about the bush, blow hot and cold, play fast and loose. garble, gloss over, disguise, give a color to; give a gloss, put a gloss, put false coloring upon; color, varnish, cook, dress up, embroider; varnish right and puzzle wrong; exaggerate &c 549; blague^. invent, fabricate; trump up, get up; force, fake, hatch, concoct; romance &c (imagine) 515; cry 'wolf!'. dissemble, dissimulate; feign, assume, put on, pretend, make believe; play possum; play false, play a double game; coquet; act a part, play a part; affect &c 855; simulate, pass off for; counterfeit, sham, make a show of; malinger; say the grapes are sour. cant, play the hypocrite, sham Abraham, faire pattes de velours, put on the mask, clean the outside of the platter, lie like a conjuror; hand out false colors, hold out false colors, sail under false colors; commend the poisoned chalice to the lips [Macbeth]; ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces [Lat.]; deceive &c 545. Adj. false, deceitful, mendacious, unveracious, fraudulent, dishonest, faithless, truthless, trothless; unfair, uncandid; hollow-hearted; evasive; uningenuous, disingenuous; hollow, sincere, Parthis mendacior; forsworn. artificial, contrived; canting; hypocritical, jesuitical, pharisaical; tartuffish; Machiavelian; double, double tongued, double faced, double handed, double minded, double hearted, double dealing; Janus faced; smooth-faced, smooth spoken, smooth tongued; plausible; mealy-mouthed; affected &c 855. collusive, collusory; artful &c (cunning) 702; perfidious &c 940; spurious &c (deceptive) 545; untrue &c 546; falsified &c v.; covinous. Adv. falsely &c adj.; a la tartufe, with a double tongue; silly &c (cunning) 702. Phr. blandae mendacia lingua [Lat.]; falsus in uno falsus in omnibus [Lat.]; I give him joy that's awkward at a lie [Young]; la mentira tiene las piernas cortas [Sp.]; O what a goodly outside falsehood hath [Merchant of Venice].

545. Deception — N. deception; falseness &c 544; untruth &c 546; imposition, imposture; fraud, deceit, guile; fraudulence, fraudulency^; covin^; knavery &c (cunning) 702; misrepresentation &c (falsehood) 544; bluff; straw-bail, straw bid [U.S.]; spoof [Slang]. delusion, gullery^; juggling, jugglery^; slight of hand, legerdemain; prestigiation^, prestidigitation; magic &c 992; conjuring, conjuration; hocus-pocus, escamoterie^, jockeyship^; trickery, coggery^, chicanery; supercherie^, cozenage^, circumvention, ingannation^, collusion; treachery &c 940; practical joke. trick, cheat, wile, blind, feint, plant, bubble, fetch, catch, chicane, juggle, reach, hocus, bite; card sharping, stacked deck, loaded dice, quick shuffle, double dealing, dealing seconds, dealing from the bottom of the deck; artful dodge, swindle; tricks upon travelers; stratagem &c (artifice) 702; confidence trick, fake, hoax; theft &c 791; ballot-box stuffing [U.S.], barney [Slang]; brace game [Slang], bunko game, drop game [Slang], gum game [U.S.], panel game [U.S.], shell game, thimblerig, skin game [U.S.]. snare, trap, pitfall, decoy, gin; springe^, springle^; noose, hoot; bait, decoy-duck, tub to the whale, baited trap, guet-a-pens; cobweb, net, meshes, toils, mouse trap, birdlime; dionaea^, Venus's flytrap^; ambush &c 530; trapdoor, sliding panel, false bottom; spring-net, spring net, spring gun, mask, masked battery; mine; flytrap^; green goods [U.S.]; panel house. Cornish hug; wolf in sheep's clothing &c (deceiver) 548; disguise, disguisement^; false colors, masquerade, mummery, borrowed plumes; pattes de velours [Fr.]. mockery &c (imitation) 19; copy &c 21; counterfeit, sham, make- believe, forgery, fraud; lie &c 546; a delusion a mockery and a snare [Denman], hollow mockery. whited sepulcher, painted sepulcher; tinsel; paste, junk jewelry, costume jewelry, false jewelry, synthetic jewels; scagliola^, ormolu, German silver, albata^, paktong^, white metal, Britannia metal, paint; veneer; jerry building; man of straw. illusion &c (error) 495; ignis fatuus &c 423 [Lat.]; mirage &c 443. V. deceive, take in; defraud, cheat, jockey, do, cozen, diddle, nab, chouse, play one false, bilk, cully^, jilt, bite, pluck, swindle, victimize; abuse; mystify; blind one's eyes; blindfold, hoodwink; throw dust into the eyes; dupe, gull, hoax, fool, befool^, bamboozle, flimflam, hornswoggle; trick. impose upon, practice upon, play upon, put upon, palm off on, palm upon, foist upon; snatch a verdict; bluff off, bluff; bunko, four flush [Slang], gum [U.S.], spoof [Slang], stuff (a ballot box) [U.S.]. circumvent, overreach; outreach, out wit, out maneuver; steal a march upon, give the go-by, to leave in the lurch decoy, waylay, lure, beguile, delude, inveigle; entrap, intrap^, ensnare; nick, springe^; set a trap, lay a trap, lay a snare for; bait the hook, forelay^, spread the toils, lime; trapan^, trepan; kidnap; let in, hook in; nousle^, nousel^; blind a trail; enmesh, immesh^; shanghai; catch, catch in a trap; sniggle, entangle, illaqueate^, hocus, escamoter^, practice on one's credulity; hum, humbug; gammon, stuff up [Slang], sell; play a trick upon one, play a practical joke upon one, put something over on one, put one over on; balk, trip up, throw a tub to a whale; fool to the top of one's bent, send on a fool's errand; make game, make a fool of, make an April fool of^, make an ass of; trifle with, cajole, flatter; come over &c (influence) 615; gild the pill, make things pleasant, divert, put a good face upon; dissemble &c 544. cog, cog the dice, load the dice, stack the deck; live by one's wits, play at hide and seek; obtain money under false pretenses &c (steal) 791; conjure, juggle, practice chicanery; deacon [U.S.]. play off, palm off, foist off, fob-off. lie &c 544; misinform &c 538; mislead &c (error) 495; betray &c 940; be deceived &c 547. Adj. deceived &c v.; deceiving &c; cunning &c 702; prestigious^, prestigiatory^; deceptive, deceptious^; deceitful, covinous^; delusive, delusory; illusive, illusory; elusive, insidious, ad captandum vulgus [Lat.]. untrue &c 546; mock, sham, make-believe, counterfeit, snide [Slang], pseudo, spurious, supposititious, so-called, pretended, feigned, trumped up, bogus, scamped, fraudulent, tricky, factitious bastard; surreptitious, illegitimate, contraband, adulterated, sophisticated; unsound, rotten at the core; colorable; disguised; meretricious, tinsel, pinchbeck, plated; catchpenny; Brummagem. artificial, synthetic, ersatz G; simulated &c 544. Adv. under false colors, under the garb of, under cover of; over the left. Phr. keep the word of promise to the ear and break it to the hope [Macbeth]; fronti nulla fides [Lat.]; ah that deceit should steal such gentle shapes [Richard III]; a quicksand of deceit [Henry VI]; decipimur specie recti [Lat.] [Horace]; falsi crimen [Lat.]; fraus est celare fraudem [Lat.]; lupus in fabula [Lat.]; so smooth, he daubed his vice with show of virtue [Richard III].

546. Untruth — N. untruth, falsehood, lie, story, thing that is not, fib, bounce, crammer, taradiddle^, whopper; jhuth^. forgery, fabrication, invention; misstatement, misrepresentation; perversion, falsification, gloss, suggestio falsi [Lat.]; exaggeration &c 549. invention, fabrication, fiction; fable, nursery tale; romance &c (imagination) 515; absurd story, untrue story, false story, trumped up story, trumped up statement; thing devised by the enemy; canard; shave, sell, hum, traveler's tale, Canterbury tale, cock and bull story, fairy tale, fake; claptrap. press agent's yarn; puff, puffery (exaggeration) 549. myth, moonshine, bosh, all my eye and Betty Martin, mare's nest, farce. irony; half truth, white lie, pious fraud; mental reservation &c (concealment) 528. pretense, pretext; false plea &c 617; subterfuge, evasion, shift, shuffle, make-believe; sham &c (deception) 545. profession, empty words; Judas kiss &c (hypocrisy) 544; disguise &c (mask) 530. V. have a false meaning. Adj. untrue, false, phony, trumped up; void of foundation, without- foundation; fictive, far from the truth, false as dicer's oaths; unfounded, ben trovato [It], invented, fabulous, fabricated, forged; fictitious, factitious, supposititious, surreptitious; elusory^, illusory; ironical; soi-disant &c (misnamed) 565 [Fr.]. Phr. se non e vero e ben trovato [It]; where none is meant that meets the ear [Milton].

547. Dupe — N. dupe, gull, gudgeon, gobemouche^, cull [Slang], cully^, victim, pigeon, April fool^; jay [Slang], sucker [Slang]; laughingstock &c 857; Cyclops, simple Simon, flat; greenhorn; fool &c 501; puppet, cat's paw. V. be deceived &c 545, be the dupe of; fall into a trap; swallow the bait, nibble at the bait; bite, catch a Tartar. Adj. credulous &c 486; mistaken &c (error) 495.

548. Deceiver — N. deceiver &c (deceive) &c 545; dissembler, hypocrite; sophist, Pharisee, Jesuit, Mawworm^, Pecksniff, Joseph Surface, Tartufe^, Janus; serpent, snake in the grass, cockatrice, Judas, wolf in sheep's clothing; jilt; shuffler^, stool pigeon. liar &c (lie) &c 544; story-teller, perjurer, false witness, menteur a triple etage [Fr.], Scapin^; bunko steerer [U.S.], carpetbagger [U.S.], capper [U.S.], faker, fraud, four flusher [Slang], horse coper^, ringer [Slang], spieler^, straw bidder [U.S.]. imposter, pretender, soi-disant [Fr.], humbug; adventurer; Cagliostro, Fernam Mendez Pinto; ass in lion's skin &c (bungler) 701; actor &c (stage player) 599. quack, charlatan, mountebank, saltimbanco^, saltimbanque^, empiric, quacksalver, medicaster^, Rosicrucian, gypsy; man of straw. conjuror, juggler, trickster, prestidigitator, jockey; crimp, decoy, decoy duck; rogue, knave, cheat; swindler &c (thief) 792; jobber. Phr. saint abroad and a devil at home [Bunyan].

549. Exaggeration — N. exaggeration; expansion &c 194; hyperbole, stretch, strain, coloring; high coloring, caricature, caricatura^; extravagance &c (nonsense) 497; Baron Munchausen; men in buckram, yarn, fringe, embroidery, traveler's tale; fish story, gooseberry [Slang]. storm in a teacup; much ado about nothing &c (overestimation) 482; puff, puffery &c (boasting) 884; rant &c (turgescence) 577 [Obs.]. figure of speech, facon de parler [Fr.]; stretch of fancy, stretch of the imagination; flight of fancy &c (imagination) 515. false coloring &c (falsehood) 544; aggravation &c 835. V. exaggerate, magnify, pile up, aggravate; amplify &c (expand) 194; overestimate &c 482; hyperbolize; overcharge, overstate, overdraw, overlay, overshoot the mark, overpraise; make over much, over the most of; strain, strain over a point; stretch, stretch a point; go great lengths; spin a long yarn; draw with a longbow, shoot with a longbow; deal in the marvelous. out-Herod Herod, run riot, talk at random. heighten, overcolor^; color highly, color too highly; broder^; flourish; color &c (misrepresent) 544; puff &c (boast) 884. Adj. exaggerated &c v.; overwrought; bombastic &c (grandiloquent) 577; hyperbolical^, on stilts; fabulous, extravagant, preposterous, egregious, outre [Fr.], highflying^. Adv. hyperbolically &c adj.. Phr. excitabat enim fluctus in simpulo [Lat.] [Cicero].

SECTION III. MEANS OF COMMUNICATING IDEAS

1. NATURAL MEANS

550. Indication — N. indication; symbolism, symbolization; semiology, semiotics, semeiology^, semeiotics^; Zeitgeist. [means of recognition: property] characteristic, diagnostic; lineament, feature, trait; fingerprint, voiceprint, footprint, noseprint [for animals]; cloven hoof; footfall; recognition (memory) 505. [means of recognition: tool] diagnostic, divining rod; detector. sign, symbol; index, indice^, indicator; point, pointer; exponent, note, token, symptom; dollar sign, dollar mark. type, figure, emblem, cipher, device; representation &c 554; epigraph, motto, posy. gesture, gesticulation; pantomime; wink, glance, leer; nod, shrug, beck; touch, nudge; dactylology^, dactylonomy^; freemasonry, telegraphy, chirology [Med.], byplay, dumb show; cue; hint &c 527; clue, clew, key, scent. signal, signal post; rocket, blue light; watch fire, watch tower; telegraph, semaphore, flagstaff; cresset^, fiery cross; calumet; heliograph; guidon; headlight. [sign (evidence) on physobj of contact with another physobj] mark, scratch, line, stroke, dash, score, stripe, streak, tick, dot, point, notch, nick. print; imprint, impress, impression. [symbols accompanying written text to signify modified interpretation] keyboard symbols, printing symbols; [Symbols for emphasis], red letter, italics, sublineation^, underlining, bold font; jotting; note, annotation, reference; blaze, cedilla, guillemets^, hachure [Topo.]; [Special Characters list], quotation marks, "; double quotes, " "; parentheses, "( )"; brackets, "[ ]"; braces, "{ }", curly brackets; arrows, slashes; left parenthesis, "("; right parenthesis, ")"; opening bracket, "["; closing bracket, "]"; left curly brace, "{"; right curly brace, "}"; left arrow, ""; forward slash, "/"; backward slash, ""; exclamation point, "!"; commercial at, "@"; pound sign, "#"; percent sign, "%"; carat, "^"; ampersand, "&"; asterisk, "*"; hyphen, "-"; dash, "-", "_"; em dash, "—"; plus sign, "+"; equals sign, "="; question mark, "?"; period, "."; semicolon, ";"; colon, ":"; comma, ","; apostrophe, "'"; single quote, "'"; tilde, "~". [For identification: general] badge, criterion; countercheck^, countermark^, countersign, counterfoil; duplicate, tally; label, ticket, billet, letter, counter, check, chip, chop; dib^; totem; tessera^, card, bill; witness, voucher; stamp; cacher [Fr.]; trade mark, Hall mark. [For identification of people, on a document] signature, mark, autograph, autography; attestation; hand, hand writing, sign manual; cipher; seal, sigil [Lat.], signet, hand and seal [Law]; paraph^, brand; superscription; indorsement^, endorsement. [For identification of people, to gain access to restricted (locations or information)] password, watchword, catchword; security card, pass, passkey; credentials &c (evidence) 467; open sesame; timbrology^; mot de passe [Fr.], mot du guet [Fr.]; pass-parole; shibboleth. title, heading, docket. address card, visiting card; carte de visite [Fr.]. insignia; banner, banneret^, bannerol^; bandrol^; flag, colors, streamer, standard, eagle, labarum^, oriflamb^, oriflamme; figurehead; ensign; pennon, pennant, pendant; burgee^, blue Peter, jack, ancient, gonfalon, union jack; banderole, old glory [U.S.], quarantine flag; vexillum^; yellow-flag, yellow jack; tricolor, stars and stripes; bunting. heraldry, crest; coat of arms, arms; armorial bearings, hatchment^; escutcheon, scutcheon; shield, supporters; livery, uniform; cockade, epaulet, chevron; garland, love knot, favor. [Of locality] beacon, cairn, post, staff, flagstaff, hand, pointer, vane, cock, weathercock; guidepost, handpost^, fingerpost^, directing post, signpost; pillars of Hercules, pharos; bale-fire, beacon-fire; l'etoile du Nord [Fr.]; landmark, seamark; lighthouse, balize^; polestar, loadstar^, lodestar; cynosure, guide; address, direction, name; sign, signboard. [Of the future] warning &c 668; omen &c 512; prefigurement &c 511. [Of the past] trace, record &c, 551. [Of danger] warning &c 668, alarm &c 669. [of authority]. scepter &c 747. [of triumph]. trophy &c 733. [of quantity]. gauge &c 466. [Of Distance] milestone, milepost. [Of disgrace], brand, fool's cap. [For detection], check, telltale; test &c (experiment) 463; mileage ticket; milliary^. notification &c (information) 527; advertisement &c (publication) 531. word of command, call; bugle call, trumpet call; bell, alarum, cry; battle cry, rallying cry; angelus^; reveille; sacring bell^, sanctus bell [Lat.]. exposition &c (explanation) 522, proof &c (evidence) 463; pattern &c (prototype) 22. V. indicate; be the sign &c n.. of; denote, betoken; argue, testify &c (evidence) 467; bear the impress &c n.. of; connote, connotate^. represent, stand for; typify &c (prefigure) 511; symbolize. put an indication, put a mark &c n.; note, mark, stamp, earmark; blaze; label, ticket, docket; dot, spot, score, dash, trace, chalk; print; imprint, impress; engrave, stereotype. make a sign &c n.. signalize; underscore; give a signal, hang out a signal; beckon; nod; wink, glance, leer, nudge, shrug, tip the wink; gesticulate; raise the finger, hold up the finger, raise the hand, hold up the hand; saw the air, suit the action to the word [Hamlet]. wave a banner, unfurl a banner, hoist a banner, hang out a banner &c n.; wave the hand, wave a kerchief; give the cue &c (inform) 527; show one's colors; give an alarm, sound an alarm; beat the drum, sound the trumpets, raise a cry. sign, seal, attest &c (evidence) 467; underline &c (give importance to) 642; call attention to &c (attention) 457; give notice &c (inform) 527. Adj. indicating &c v., indicative, indicatory; denotative, connotative; diacritical, representative, typical, symbolic, pantomimic, pathognomonic^, symptomatic, characteristic, demonstrative, diagnostic, exponential, emblematic, armorial; individual &c (special) 79. known by, recognizable by; indicated &c v.; pointed, marked. [Capable of being denoted] denotable^; indelible. Adv. in token of; symbolically &c adj.; in dumb show. Phr. ecce signum [Lat.]; ex ungue leonem [Lat.], ex pede Herculem [Lat.]; vide ut supra; vultus ariete fortior [Lat.].

551. Record — N. trace, vestige, relic, remains; scar, cicatrix; footstep, footmark^, footprint; pug; track mark, wake, trail, scent, piste^. monument, hatchment^, slab, tablet, trophy, achievement; obelisk, pillar, column, monolith; memorial; memento &c (memory) 505; testimonial, medal; commemoration &c (celebration) 883. record, note, minute; register, registry; roll &c (list) 86; cartulary, diptych, Domesday book; catalogue raisonne [Fr.]; entry, memorandum, indorsement^, inscription, copy, duplicate, docket; notch &c (mark) 550; muniment^, deed &c (security) 771; document; deposition, proces verbal [Fr.]; affidavit; certificate &c (evidence) 467. notebook, memorandum book, memo book, pocketbook, commonplace book; portfolio; pigeonholes, excerpta^, adversaria [Lat.], jottings, dottings^. gazette, gazetteer; newspaper, daily, magazine; almanac, almanack^; calendar, ephemeris, diary, log, journal, daybook, ledger; cashbook^, petty cashbook^; professional journal, scientific literature, the literature, primary literature, secondary literature, article, review article. archive, scroll, state paper, return, blue book; statistics &c 86; compte rendu [Fr.]; Acts of, Transactions of, Proceedings of; Hansard's Debates; chronicle, annals, legend; history, biography &c 594; Congressional Records. registration; registry; enrollment, inrollment^; tabulation; entry, booking; signature &c (identification) 550; recorder &c 553; journalism. [analog recording media] recording, tape recording, videotape. [digital recording media] compact disk; floppy disk, diskette; hard disk, Winchester disk; read-only memory, ROM; write once read mostly memory, WORM. V. record; put on record, place on record; chronicle, calendar, hand down to posterity; keep up the memory &c (remember) 505; commemorate &c (celebrate) 883; report &c (inform) 527; write, commit to writing, reduce to writing; put in writing, set down in writing, writing in black and white; put down, jot down, take down, write down, note down, set down; note, minute, put on paper; take note, make a note, take minute, take memorandum; make a return. mark &c (indicate) 550; sign &c (attest) 467. enter, book; post, post up, insert, make an entry of; mark off, tick off; register, enroll, inscroll^; file &c (store) 636. burn into memory; carve in stone. Adv. on record. Phr. exegi monumentum aere perennium [Horace]; read their history in a nation's eyes [Gray]; records that defy the tooth of time [Young].

552. [Suppression of sign.] Obliteration — N. obliteration; erasure, rasure^; cancel, cancellation; circumduction^; deletion, blot; tabula rasa [Lat.]; effacement, extinction. V. efface, obliterate, erase, raze^, rase^, expunge, cancel; blot out, take out, rub out, scratch out, strike out, wipe out, wash out, sponge out; wipe off, rub off; wipe away; deface, render illegible; draw the pen through, apply the sponge. be effaced &c; leave no trace &c 550; leave not a rack behind Adj. obliterated &c v.; out of print; printless^; leaving no trace; intestate; unrecorded, unregistered, unwritten. Int. dele; out with it!, Phr. delenda est Carthago [Lat.] [Cato].

553. Recorder — N. recorder, notary, clerk; registrar, registrary^, register; prothonotary [Law]; amanuensis, secretary, scribe, babu^, remembrancer^, bookkeeper, custos rotulorum [Lat.], Master of the Rolls. annalist; historian, historiographer; chronicler, journalist; biographer &c (narrator) 594; antiquary &c (antiquity) 122; memorialist^; interviewer.

554. Representation — N. representation, representment^; imitation &c 19; illustration, delineation, depictment^; imagery, portraiture, iconography; design, designing; art, fine arts; painting &c 556; sculpture &c 557; engraving &c 558; photography, cinematography; radiography, autoradiography [Bioch.], fluorography [Chem], sciagraphy^. personation, personification; impersonation; drama &c 599. picture, photo, photograph, daguerreotype, snapshot; X-ray photo; movie film, movie; tracing, scan, TV image, video image, image file, graphics, computer graphics, televideo, closed-circuit TV. copy &c 21; drawing, sketch, drought, draft; plot, chart, figure, scheme. image, likeness, icon, portrait, striking likeness, speaking likeness; very image; effigy, facsimile. figure, figure head; puppet, doll, figurine, aglet^, manikin, lay- figure, model, mammet^, marionette, fantoccini^, waxwork, bust; statue, statuette. ideograph, hieroglyphic, anaglyph, kanji [Jap.]; diagram, monogram. map, plan, chart, ground plan, projection, elevation (plan) 626. ichnography^, cartography; atlas; outline, scheme; view &c (painting) 556; radiograph, scotograph^, sciagraph^; spectrogram, heliogram^. V. represent, delineate; depict, depicture^; portray; take a likeness, catch a likeness &c n.; hit off, photograph, daguerreotype; snapshot; figure, shadow forth, shadow out; adumbrate; body forth; describe &c 594; trace, copy; mold. dress up; illustrate, symbolize. paint &c 556; carve &c 557; engrave &c 558. personate, personify; impersonate; assume a character; pose as; act; play &c (drama) 599; mimic &c (imitate) 19; hold the mirror up to nature. Adj. represent, representing &c v., representative; illustrative [Slang]; represented &c v.; imitative, figurative; iconic. like &c 17; graphic &c (descriptive) 594; cinquecento quattrocento [Fr.], trecento^.

555. Misrepresentation — N. misrepresentation, distortion, caricatura^, exaggeration; daubing &c v.; bad likeness, daub, sign painting; scratch, caricature; anamorphosis^; burlesque, falsification, misstatement; parody, lampoon, take-off, travesty. V. misrepresent, distort, overdraw, exaggerate, caricature, daub; burlesque, parody, travesty. Adj. misrepresented &c v..

556. Painting — N. painting; depicting; drawing &c v.; design; perspective, sciagraphy^, skiagraphy^; chiaroscuro &c (light) 420; composition; treatment. historical painting, portrait painting, miniature painting; landscape painting, marine painting; still life, flower painting, scene painting; scenography^. school, style; the grand style, high art, genre, portraiture; ornamental art &c 847. monochrome, polychrome; grisaille [Fr.]. pallet, palette; easel; brush, pencil, stump; black lead, charcoal, crayons, chalk, pastel; paint &c (coloring matter) 428; watercolor, body color, oil color; oils, oil paint; varnish &c 356.1, priming; gouache, tempera, distemper, fresco, water glass; enamel; encaustic painting; mosaic; tapestry. photography, heliography, color photography; sun painting; graphics, computer graphics. picture, painting, piece [Fr.], tableau, canvas; oil painting &c; fresco, cartoon; easel picture, cabinet picture, draught, draft; pencil drawing &c, water color drawing, etching, charcoal, pen-and-ink; sketch, outline, study. photograph, color photograph, black-and-white photograph, holograph, heliograph; daguerreotype, talbotype^, calotype^, heliotype^; negative, positive; print, glossy print, matte print; enlargement, reduction, life-size print; instant photo, Polaroid photo. technicolor, Kodachrome, Ektachrome; Polaroid. portrait &c (representation) 554; whole length, full length, half length; kitcat, head; miniature; shade, silhouette; profile. landscape, seapiece^; view, scene, prospect; panorama, diorama; still life. picture gallery, exhibit; studio, atelier; pinacotheca^. V. paint, design, limn draw, sketch, pencil, scratch, shade, stipple, hatch, dash off, chalk out, square up; color, dead color, wash, varnish; draw in pencil &c n.; paint in oils &c n.; stencil; depict &c (represent) 554. Adj. painted &c v.; pictorial, graphic, picturesque. pencil, oil &c n.. Adv. in pencil &c n.. Phr. fecit [Lat.], delineavit [Lat.]; mutum est pictura poema [Lat.].

557. Sculpture — N. sculpture, insculpture^; carving &c v.; statuary. high relief, low relief, bas relief [Fr.]; relief; relieve; bassorilievo^, altorilievo^, mezzorilievo^; intaglio, anaglyph^; medal, medallion; cameo. marble, bronze, terra cotta [Sp.], papier-mache; ceramic ware, pottery, porcelain, china, earthenware; cloisonne, enamel, faience, Laocoon, satsuma. statue, &c (image) 554; cast &c (copy) 21; glyptotheca^. V. sculpture, carve, cut, chisel, model, mold; cast [Slang]. Adj. sculptured &c, v.. in relief, anaglyptic^, ceroplastic^, ceramic; parian^; marble &c n.; xanthian^.

558. Engraving — N. engraving, chalcography^; line engraving, mezzotint engraving, stipple engraving, chalk engraving; dry point, bur; etching, aquatinta^; chiseling; plate engraving, copperplate engraving, steel engraving, wood engraving; xylography, lignography^, glyptography^, cerography^, lithography, chromolithography^, photolithography, zincography^, glyphography, xylograph, lignograph^, glyptograph^, cerograph^, lithograph, chromolithograph, photolithograph, zincograph^, glyphograph^, holograph. impression, print, engraving, plate; steelplate, copperplate; etching; mezzotint, aquatint, lithotint^; cut, woodcut; stereotype, graphotype^, autotype^, heliotype^. graver, burin^, etching point, style; plate, stone, wood block, negative; die, punch, stamp. printing; plate printing, copperplate printing, anastatic printing^, color printing, lithographic printing; type printing &c 591; three-color process. illustration, illumination; half tone; photogravure; vignette, initial letter, cul de lampe [Fr.], tailpiece. [person who inscribes on stone] lapidary, lapidarian. V. engrave, grave, stipple, scrape, etch; bite, bite in; lithograph &c n.; print. Adj. insculptured^; engraved &c v.. [of inscriptions on stone] lapidary. Phr. sculpsit [Lat.], imprimit [Lat.].

559. Artist — N. artist; painter, limner, drawer, sketcher, designer, engraver; master, old master; draftsman, draughtsman; copyist, dauber, hack; enamel, enameler, enamelist; caricaturist. historical painter, landscape painter, marine painter, flower painter, portrait painter, miniature painter, miniaturist, scene painter, sign painter, coach painter; engraver; Apelles^; sculptor, carver, chaser, modeler, figuriste^, statuary; Phidias, Praxiteles; Royal Academician. photographer, cinematographer, lensman, cameraman, camera technician, camera buff; wildlife photographer. Phr. photo safari; with gun and camera

2. CONVENTIONAL MEANS 1. Language generally

560. Language — N. language; phraseology &c 569; speech &c 582; tongue, lingo, vernacular; mother tongue, vulgar tongue, native tongue; household words; King's English, Queen's English; dialect &c 563. confusion of tongues, Babel, pasigraphie^; pantomime &c (signs) 550; onomatopoeia; betacism^, mimmation, myatism^, nunnation^; pasigraphy^. lexicology, philology, glossology^, glottology^; linguistics, chrestomathy^; paleology^, paleography; comparative grammar. literature, letters, polite literature, belles lettres [Fr.], muses, humanities, literae humaniores [Lat.], republic of letters, dead languages, classics; genius of language; scholarship &c (scholar) 492. V. express by words &c 566. Adj. lingual, linguistic; dialectic; vernacular, current; bilingual; diglot^, hexaglot^, polyglot; literary. Phr. syllables govern the world [Selden].

561. Letter — N. letter; character; hieroglyphic &c (writing) 590; type &c (printing) 591; capitals; digraph, trigraph; ideogram, ideograph; majuscule, minuscule; majuscule, minuscule; alphabet, ABC^, abecedary^, christcross-row. consonant, vowel; diphthong, triphthong [Gramm.]; mute, liquid, labial, dental, guttural. syllable; monosyllable, dissyllable^, polysyllable; affix, suffix. spelling, orthograph^; phonography^, phonetic spelling; anagrammatism^, metagrammatism^. cipher, monogram, anagram; doubleacrostic^. V. spell. Adj. literal; alphabetical, abecedarian; syllabic; majuscular^, minuscular^; uncial &c (writing) 590.

562. Word — N. word, term, vocable; name &c 564; phrase &c 566; root, etymon; derivative; part of speech &c (grammar) 567; ideophone^. dictionary, vocabulary, lexicon, glossary; index, concordance; thesaurus; gradus [Lat.], delectus [Lat.]. etymology, derivation; glossology^, terminology orismology^; paleology &c (philology) 560 [Obs.]. lexicography; glossographer &c (scholar) 492; lexicologist, verbarian^. Adj. verbal, literal; titular, nominal. conjugate [Similarly derived], paronymous^; derivative. Adv. verbally &c adj.; verbatim &c (exactly) 494. Phr. the artillery of words [Swift].

563. Neologism — N. neology, neologism; newfangled expression, nonce expression; back-formation; caconym^; barbarism. archaism, black letter, monkish Latin. corruption, missaying^, malapropism, antiphrasis^. pun, paranomasia^, play upon words; word play &c (wit) 842; double- entendre &c (ambiguity) 520 [Fr.]; palindrome, paragram^, anagram, clinch; abuse of language, abuse of terms. dialect, brogue, idiom, accent, patois; provincialism, regionalism, localism; broken English, lingua franca; Anglicism, Briticism, Gallicism, Scotticism, Hibernicism; Americanism^; Gypsy lingo, Romany; pidgin, pidgin English, pigeon English; Volapuk, Chinook, Esperanto, Hindustani, kitchen Kaffir. dog Latin, macaronics^, gibberish; confusion of tongues, Babel; babu English^, chi-chi. figure of speech &c (metaphor) 521; byword. colloquialism, informal speech, informal language. substandard language, vernacular. vulgar language, obscene language, obscenity, vulgarity. jargon, technical terms, technicality, lingo, slang, cant, argot; St. Gile's Greek, thieves' Latin, peddler's French, flash tongue, Billingsgate, Wall Street slang. pseudology^. pseudonym &c (misnomer) 565; Mr. So-and-so; wha d'ye call 'em^, whatchacallim, what's his name; thingummy^, thingumbob; je ne sais quoi [Fr.]. neologist^, coiner of words. V. coin words, coin a term; backform; Americanize, Anglicize. Adj. neologic^, neological^; archaic; obsolete &c (old) 124; colloquial; Anglice^.

564. Nomenclature — N. nomenclature; naming &c v.; nuncupation^, nomination, baptism; orismology^; onomatopoeia; antonomasia^. name; appelation^, appelative^; designation, title; heading, rubric; caption; denomination; by-name, epithet. style, proper name; praenomen [Lat.], agnomen^, cognomen; patronymic, surname; cognomination^; eponym; compellation^, description, antonym; empty title, empty name; handle to one's name; namesake. term, expression, noun; byword; convertible terms &c 522; technical term; cant &c 563. V. name, call, term, denominate designate, style, entitle, clepe^, dub, christen, baptize, characterize, specify, define, distinguish by the name of; label &c (mark) 550. be called &c v.; take the name of, bean the name of, go by the name of, be known by the name of, go under the name of, pass under the name of, rejoice in the name of. Adj. named &c v.; hight^, ycleped, known as; what one may well, call fairly, call properly, call fitly. nuncupatory^, nuncupative; cognominal^, titular, nominal, orismological^. Phr. beggar'd all description [Antony and Cleopatra].

565. Misnomer — N. misnomer; lucus a non lucendo [Lat.]; Mrs. Malaprop; what d'ye call 'em &c (neologism) 563 [Obs.]; Hoosier. nickname, sobriquet, by-name; assumed name, assumed title; alias; nom de course, nom de theatre, nom de guerre [Fr.], nom de plume; pseudonym, pseudonymy. V. misname, miscall, misterm^; nickname; assume a name. Adj. misnamed &c v.; pseudonymous; soi-disant [Fr.]; self called, self styled, self christened; so-called. nameless, anonymous; without a having no name; innominate, unnamed; unacknowledged. Adv. in no sense.

566. Phrase — N. phrase, expression, set phrase; sentence, paragraph; figure of speech &c 521; idiom, idiotism^; turn of expression; style. paraphrase &c (synonym) 522; periphrase &c (circumlocution) 573; motto &c (proverb) 496 [Obs.]. phraseology &c 569. V. express, phrase; word, word it; give words to, give expression to; voice; arrange in words, clothe in words, put into words, express by words; couch in terms; find words to express; speak by the card; call, denominate, designate, dub. Adj. expressed &c v.; idiomatic. Adv. in round terms, in set terms, in good set terms, set terms; in set phrases.

567. Grammar — N. grammar, accidence, syntax, praxis, punctuation; parts of speech; jussive^; syllabication; inflection, case, declension, conjugation; us et norma loquendi [Lat.]; Lindley Murray &c (schoolbook) 542; correct style, philology &c (language) 560. V. parse, punctuate, syllabicate^.

568. Solecism — N. solecism; bad grammar, false grammar, faulty grammar; slip of the pen, slip of the tongue; lapsus linguae [Lat.]; slipslop^; bull; barbarism, impropriety. V. use bad grammar, faulty grammar; solecize^, commit a solecism; murder the King's English, murder the Queen's English, break Priscian's head. Adj. ungrammatical; incorrect, inaccurate; faulty; improper, incongruous; solecistic, solecistical^.

569. Style — N. style, diction, phraseology, wording; manner, strain; composition; mode of expression, choice of words; mode of speech, literary power, ready pen, pen of a ready writer; command of language &c (eloquence) 582; authorship; la morgue litteraire [Fr.]. V. express by words &c 566; write. Phr. le style c'est de l'homme [Buffon]; style is the dress of thoughts [Chesterfield]. Various Qualities of Style

570. Perspicuity — N. perspicuity, perspicuousness &c (intelligibility) 518; plain speaking &c (manifestation) 525; definiteness, definition; exactness &c 494; explicitness, lucidness. Adj. lucid &c (intelligible) 518; explicit &c (manifest) 525; exact &c 494.

571. Obscurity — N. obscurity &c (unintelligibility) 519; involution; hard words; ambiguity &c 520; unintelligibleness; vagueness &c 475, inexactness &c 495; what d'ye call 'em &c (neologism) 563 [Obs.]; darkness of meaning. Adj. obscure &c n.; crabbed, involved, confused.

572. Conciseness — N. conciseness &c adj.; brevity, the soul of wit, laconism^; Tacitus; ellipsis; syncope; abridgment &c (shortening) 201; compression &c 195; epitome &c 596; monostich^; brunch word, portmanteau word. V. be concise &c adj.; condense &c 195; abridge &c 201; abstract &c 596; come to the point. Adj. concise, brief, short, terse, close; to the point, exact; neat, compact; compressed, condensed, pointed; laconic, curt, pithy, trenchant, summary; pregnant; compendious &c (compendium) 596; succinct; elliptical, epigrammatic, quaint, crisp; sententious. Adv. concisely &c adj.; briefly, summarily; in brief, in short, in a word, in a few words; for shortness sake; to come to the point, to make a long story short, to cut the matter short, to be brief; it comes to this, the long and the short of it is. Phr. brevis esse laboro obscurus fio [Lat.] [Horace].

573. Diffuseness — N. diffuseness &c adj.; amplification &c v.; dilating &c v.; verbosity, verbiage, cloud of words, copia verborum [Lat.]; flow of words &c (loquacity) 584; looseness. Polylogy^, tautology, battology^, perissology^; pleonasm, exuberance, redundancy; thrice-told tale; prolixity; circumlocution, ambages^; periphrase^, periphrasis; roundabout phrases; episode; expletive; pennya-lining; richness &c 577. V. be diffuse &c adj.; run out on, descant, expatiate, enlarge, dilate, amplify, expand, inflate; launch out, branch out; rant. maunder, prose; harp upon &c (repeat) 104; dwell on, insist upon. digress, ramble, battre la campagne [Fr.], beat about the bush, perorate, spin a long yarn, protract; spin out, swell out, draw out; battologize^. Adj. diffuse, profuse; wordy, verbose, largiloquent^, copious, exuberant, pleonastic, lengthy; longsome^, long-winded, longspun^, long drawn out; spun out, protracted, prolix, prosing, maundering; circumlocutory, periphrastic, ambagious^, roundabout; digressive; discursive, excursive; loose; rambling episodic; flatulent, frothy. Adv. diffusely &c adj.; at large, in extenso [Lat.]; about it and about it.

574. Vigor — N. vigor, power, force; boldness, raciness &c adj.; intellectual, force; spirit, point, antithesis, piquance, piquancy; verve, glow, fire, warmth; strong language; gravity, sententiousness; elevation, loftiness, sublimity. eloquence; command of words, command of language. Adj. vigorous, nervous, powerful, forcible, trenchant, incisive, impressive; sensational. spirited, lively, glowing, sparkling, racy, bold, slashing; pungent, piquant, full of point, pointed, pithy, antithetical; sententious. lofty, elevated, sublime; eloquent; vehement, petulant, impassioned; poetic. Adv. in glowing terms, in good set terms, in no measured terms. Phr. thoughts that breath and words that burn [Gray].

575. Feebleness — N. feebleness &c adj.. Adj. feeble, bald, tame, meager, jejune, vapid, bland, trashy, lukewarm, cold, frigid, poor, dull, dry, languid; colorless, enervated; proposing, prosy, prosaic; unvaried, monotonous, weak, washy, wishy- washy; sketchy, slight. careless, slovenly, loose, lax (negligent) 460; slipshod, slipslop^; inexact; puerile, childish; flatulent; rambling &c (diffuse) 573.

576. Plainness — N. plainness &c adj.; simplicity, severity; plain terms, plain English; Saxon English; household words V. call a spade 'a spade'; plunge in medias res; come to the point. Adj. plain, simple; unornamented, unadorned, unvarnished; homely, homespun; neat; severe, chaste, pure, Saxon; commonplace, matter-of- fact, natural, prosaic. dry, unvaried, monotonous &c 575. Adv. in plain terms, in plain words, in plain English, in plain common parlance; point-blank.

577. Ornament — N. ornament; floridness c^. adj.. turgidity, turgescence^; altiloquence &c adj.^; declamation, teratology^; well-rounded periods; elegance &c 578; orotundity. inversion, antithesis, alliteration, paronomasia; figurativeness &c (metaphor) 521. flourish; flowers of speech, flowers of rhetoric; frills of style, euphuism^, euphemism. big-sounding words, high-sounding words; macrology^, sesquipedalia verba [Lat.], Alexandrine; inflation, pretension; rant, bombast, fustian, prose run mad; fine writing; sesquipedality^; Minerva press. phrasemonger; euphuist^, euphemist. V. ornament, overlay with ornament, overcharge; smell of the lamp. Adj. ornament &c v.; beautified &c 847; ornate, florid, rich, flowery; euphuistic^, euphemistic; sonorous; high-sounding, big-sounding; inflated, swelling, tumid; turgid, turgescent; pedantic, pompous, stilted; orotund; high flown, high flowing; sententious, rhetorical, declamatory; grandiose; grandiloquent, magniloquent, altiloquent^; sesquipedal^, sesquipedalian; Johnsonian, mouthy; bombastic; fustian; frothy, flashy, flaming. antithetical, alliterative; figurative &c 521; artificial &c (inelegant) 579. Adv. ore rutundo [Lat.].

578. Elegance — N. elegance, purity, grace, ease; gracefulness, readiness &c adj.; concinnity^, euphony, numerosity^; Atticism^, classicalism^, classicism. well rounded periods, well turned periods, flowing periods; the right word in the right place; antithesis &c 577. purist [Slang]. V. point an antithesis, round a period. Adj. elegant, polished, classical, Attic, correct, Ciceronian, artistic; chaste, pure, Saxon, academical^. graceful, easy, readable, fluent, flowing, tripping; unaffected, natural, unlabored^; mellifluous; euphonious, euphemism, euphemistic; numerose^, rhythmical. felicitous, happy, neat; well put, neatly put, well expressed, neatly expressed

579. Inelegance — N. inelegance; stiffness &c adj.; unlettered Muse [Gray]; barbarism; slang &c 563; solecism &c 568; mannerism &c (affectation) 855; euphuism^; fustian &c 577; cacophony; words that break the teeth, words that dislocate the jaw; marinism^. V. be inelegant &c adj.. Adj. inelegant, graceless, ungraceful; harsh, abrupt; dry, stiff, cramped, formal, guinde [Fr.]; forced, labored; artificial, mannered, ponderous; awkward, uncourtly^, unpolished; turgid &c 577; affected, euphuistic^; barbarous, uncouth, grotesque, rude, crude, halting; offensive to ears polite. 2. Spoken Language

580. Voice — N. voice; vocality^; organ, lungs, bellows; good voice, fine voice, powerful voice &c (loud) 404; musical voice &c 413; intonation; tone of voice &c (sound) 402. vocalization; cry &c 411; strain, utterance, prolation^; exclamation, ejaculation, vociferation, ecphonesis^; enunciation, articulation; articulate sound, distinctness; clearness, of articulation; stage whisper; delivery. accent, accentuation; emphasis, stress; broad accent, strong accent, pure accent, native accent, foreign accent; pronunciation. [Word similarly pronounced] homonym. orthoepy^; cacoepy^; euphony &c (melody) 413. gastriloquism^, ventriloquism; ventriloquist; polyphonism^, polyphonist^. [Science of voice] phonology &c (sound) 402. V. utter, breathe; give utterance, give tongue; cry &c (shout) 411; ejaculate, rap out; vocalize, prolate^, articulate, enunciate, pronounce, accentuate, aspirate, deliver, mouth; whisper in the ear. Adj. vocal, phonetic, oral; ejaculatory, articulate, distinct, stertorous; euphonious &c (melodious) 413. Phr. how sweetly sounds the voice of a good woman [Massinger]; the organ of the soul [Longfellow]; thy voice is a celestial melody [Longfellow].

581. Aphony — N. aphony^, aphonia^; dumbness &c adj.; obmutescence^; absence of voice, want of voice; dysphony^; cacoepy^; silence &c (taciturnity) 585; raucity^; harsh voice &c 410, unmusical voice &c 414; falsetto, childish treble mute; dummy. V. keep silence &c 585; speak low, speak softly; whisper &c (faintness) 405. silence; render mute, render silent; muzzle, muffle, suppress, smother, gag, strike dumb, dumfounder; drown the voice, put to silence, stop one's mouth, cut one short. stick in the throat. Adj. aphonous^, dumb, mute; deafmute, deaf and dumb; mum; tongue-tied; breathless, tongueless, voiceless, speechless, wordless; mute as a fish, mute as a stockfish^, mute as a mackerel; silent &c (taciturn) 585; muzzled; inarticulate, inaudible. croaking, raucous, hoarse, husky, dry, hollow, sepulchral, hoarse as a raven; rough. Adv. with bated breath, with the finger on the lips; sotto voce [Lat.]; in a low tone, in a cracked voice, in a broken voice. Phr. vox faucibus haesit [Lat.] [Vergil].

582. Speech — N. speech, faculty of speech; locution, talk, parlance, verbal intercourse, prolation^, oral communication, word of mouth, parole, palaver, prattle; effusion. oration, recitation, delivery, say, speech, lecture, harangue, sermon, tirade, formal speech, peroration; speechifying; soliloquy &c 589; allocution &c 586; conversation &c 588; salutatory : screed: valedictory [U.S.]. oratory; elocution, eloquence; rhetoric, declamation; grandiloquence, multiloquence^; burst of eloquence; facundity^; flow of words, command of words, command of language; copia verborum [Lat.]; power of speech, gift of the gab; usus loquendi [Lat.]. speaker &c v.; spokesman; prolocutor, interlocutor; mouthpiece, Hermes; orator, oratrix^, oratress^; Demosthenes, Cicero; rhetorician; stump orator, platform orator; speechmaker, patterer^, improvisatore^. V. speak of; say, utter, pronounce, deliver, give utterance to; utter forth, pour forth; breathe, let fall, come out with; rap out, blurt out have on one's lips; have at the end of one's tongue, have at the tip of one's tongue. break silence; open one's lips, open one's mouth; lift one's voice, raise one's voice; give the tongue, wag the tongue; talk, outspeak^; put in a word or two, hold forth; make a speech, deliver a speech &c n.; speechify, harangue, declaim, stump, flourish, recite, lecture, sermonize, discourse, be on one's legs; have one's say, say one's say; spout, rant, rave, vent one's fury, vent one's rage; expatiate &c (speak at length) 573; speak one's mind, go on the stump, take the stump [U.S.]. soliloquize &c 589; tell &c (inform) 527; speak to &c 586; talk together &c 588. be eloquent &c adj.; have a tongue in one's head, have the gift of the gab &c n.. pass one's lips, escape one's lips; fall from the lips, fall from the mouth. Adj. speaking &c; spoken &c v.; oral, lingual, phonetic, not written, unwritten, outspoken; eloquent, elocutionary; oratorical, rhetorical; declamatory; grandiloquent &c 577; talkative &c 584; Ciceronian, nuncupative, Tullian. Adv. orally &c adj.; by word of mouth, viva voce, from the lips of. Phr. quoth he, said he &c; action is eloquence [Coriolanus]; pour the full tide of eloquence along [Pope]; she speaks poignards and every word stabs [Much Ado About Nothing]; speech is but broken light upon the depth of the unspoken [G. Eliot]; to try thy eloquence now 'tis time [Antony and Cleopatra].

583. [Imperfect Speech.] Stammering — N. inarticulateness; stammering &c v.; hesitation &c v.; impediment in one's speech; titubancy^, traulism^; whisper &c (faint sound) 405; lisp, drawl, tardiloquence^; nasal tone, nasal accent; twang; falsetto &c (want of voice) 581; broken voice, broken accents, broken sentences. brogue &c 563; slip of the tongue, lapsus linouae [Lat.]. V. stammer, stutter, hesitate, falter, hammer; balbutiate^, balbucinate^, haw, hum and haw, be unable to put two words together. mumble, mutter; maud^, mauder^; whisper &c 405; mince, lisp; jabber, gibber; sputter, splutter; muffle, mump^; drawl, mouth; croak; speak thick, speak through the nose; snuffle, clip one's words; murder the language, murder the King's English, murder the Queen's English; mispronounce, missay^. Adj. stammering &c v.; inarticulate, guttural, nasal; tremulous; affected. Adv. sotto voce &c (faintly) 405 [Lat.].

584. Loquacity — N. loquacity, loquaciousness; talkativeness &c adj.; garrulity; multiloquence^, much speaking. jaw; gabble; jabber, chatter; prate, prattle, cackle, clack; twaddle, twattle, rattle; caquet^, caquetterie [Fr.]; blabber, bavardage^, bibble-babble^, gibble-gabble^; small talk &c (converse) 588. fluency, flippancy, volubility, flowing, tongue; flow of words; flux de bouche [Fr.], flux de mots [Fr.]; copia verborum [Lat.], cacoethes loquendi [Lat.]; furor loquendi [Lat.]; verbosity &c (diffuseness) 573; gift of the gab &c (eloquence) 582. talker; chatterer, chatterbox; babbler &c v.; rattle; ranter; sermonizer, proser^, driveler; blatherskite [U.S.]; gossip &c (converse) 588; magpie, jay, parrot, poll, Babel; moulin a paroles [Fr.]. V. be loquacious &c adj.; talk glibly, pour forth, patter; prate, palaver, prose, chatter, prattle, clack, jabber, jaw; blather, blatter^, blether^; rattle, rattle on; twaddle, twattle; babble, gabble; outtalk; talk oneself out of breath, talk oneself hoarse; expatiate &c (speak at length) 573; gossip &c (converse) 588; din in the ears &c (repeat) 104; talk at random, talk nonsense &c 497; be hoarse with talking. Adj. loquacious, talkative, garrulous, linguacious^, multiloquous^; largiloquent^; chattering &c v.; chatty &c (sociable) 892; declamatory &c 582; open-mouthed. fluent, voluble, glib, flippant; long tongued, long winded &c (diffuse) 573. Adv. trippingly on the tongue; glibly &c adj.; off the reel. Phr. the tongue running fast, the tongue running loose, the tongue running on wheels; all talk and no cider; foul whisperings are abroad [Macbeth]; what a spendthrift is he of his tongue! [Tempest].