#706. Hindrance. N. prevention, preclusion, obstruction, stoppage; embolus, embolism [medical]; infarct [medical]; interruption, interception, interclusion ; hindrance, impedition ; retardment[obs3], retardation; embarrassment, oppilation !; coarctation[obs3], stricture, restriction; restraint &c. 751; inhibition &c. 761; blockade &c. (closure) 261. interference, interposition; obtrusion; discouragement, discountenance. impediment, let, obstacle, obstruction, knot, knag[obs3]; check, hitch, contretemps, screw loose, grit in the oil. bar, stile, barrier; [barrier to vehicles] turnstile, turnpike; gate, portcullis. beaver dam; trocha[obs3]; barricade &c. (defense) 717; wall, dead wall, sea wall, levee breakwater, groyne[obs3]; bulkhead, block, buffer; stopper &c. 263; boom, dam, weir, burrock[obs3]. drawback, objection; stumbling-block, stumbling-stone; lion in the path, snag; snags and sawyers. encumbrance, incumbrance[obs3]; clog, skid, shoe, spoke; drag, drag chain, drag weight; stay, stop; preventive, prophylactic; load, burden, fardel[obs3], onus, millstone round one's neck, impedimenta; dead weight; lumber, pack; nightmare, Ephialtes[obs3], incubus, old man of the sea; remora. difficulty &c. 704; insuperable &c. 471; obstacle; estoppel [Law]; ill wind; head wind &c. (opposition) 708; trammel, tether &c. (means of restraint) 752; hold back, counterpoise. [person who hinders] damper, wet blanket, hinderer, marplot, killjoy; party pooper[coll]; party crasher, interloper. trail of a red herring; opponent &c. 710. V. hinder, impede, filibuster [U.S.], impedite[obs3], embarrass. keep off, stave off, ward off; obviate; avert, antevert ; turn aside, draw off, prevent, forefend, nip in the bud; retard, slacken, check, let; counteract, countercheck[obs3]; preclude, debar, foreclose, estop[Law]; inhibit &c. 761; shackle &c. (restrain) 751; restrict. obstruct, stop, stay, bar, bolt, lock; block, block up; choke off; belay, barricade; block the way, bar the way, stop the way; forelay[obs3]; dam up &c. (close) 261; put on the brake &c. n.; scotch the wheel, lock the wheel, put a spoke in the wheel; put a stop to &c. 142; traverse, contravene; interrupt, intercept; oppose &c. 708; hedge in, hedge round; cut off; inerclude . interpose, interfere, intermeddle &c. 682. cramp, hamper; clog, clog the wheels; cumber; encumber, incumber; handicap; choke; saddle with, load with; overload, lay; lumber, trammel, tie one's hands, put to inconvenience; incommode, discommode; discompose; hustle, corner, drive into a corner. run foul of, fall foul of; cross the path of, break in upon. thwart, frustrate, disconcert, balk, foil; faze, feaze[obs3], feeze [obs3][U.S.]; baffle, snub, override, circumvent; defeat &c. 731; spike guns &c. (render useless) 645; spoil, mar, clip the wings of; cripple &c. (injure) 659; put an extinguisher on; damp; dishearten &c (dissuade) 616; discountenance, throw cold water on, spoil sport; lay a wet blanket, throw a wet blanket on; cut the ground from under one, take the wind out of one's sails, undermine; be in the way of, stand in the way of; act as a drag; hang like a millstone round one's neck. Adj. hindering &c. v.; obstructive, obstruent[obs3]; impeditive[obs3], impedient[obs3]; intercipient ; prophylactic &c. (remedial) 662; impedimentary. in the way of, unfavorable; onerous, burdensome; cumbrous, cumbersome; obtrusive. hindered &c v.; windbound[obs3], waterlogged, heavy laden; hard pressed. unassisted &c. (see assist &c. 707); single-handed, alone; deserted &c. 624. Phr. occurrent nubes[Lat].



#707. Aid. N. aid, aidance[obs3]; assistance, help, opitulation , succor; support, lift, advance, furtherance, promotion; coadjuvancy &c. (cooperation) 709[obs3]. patronage, championship, countenance, favor, interest, advocacy. sustentation, subvention, alimentation, nutrition, nourishment; eutrophy; manna in the wilderness; food &c. 298; means &c. 632. ministry, ministration; subministration[obs3]; accommodation. relief, rescue; help at a dead lift; supernatural aid; deus ex machina[Lat]. supplies, reinforcements, reenforcements[obs3], succors, contingents, recruits; support &c. (physical) 215; adjunct, ally &c. (helper) 711. V. aid, assist, help, succor, lend one's aid; come to the aid &c. n. of; contribute, subscribe to; bring aid, give aid, furnish aid, afford aid, supply aid &c. n.; give a helping hand, stretch a hand, lend a helping hand, lend a hand, bear a helping hand, hold out a hand, hold out a helping hand; give one a life, give one a cast, give one a turn; take by the hand, take in tow; help a lame dog over a stile, lend wings to. relieve, rescue; set up, set agoing[obs3], set on one's legs; bear through, pull through; give new life to, be the making of; reinforce, reenforce, recruit; set forward, put forward, push forward; give a lift, give a shove, give an impulse to; promote, further, forward, advance expedite, speed, quicken, hasten. support, sustain, uphold, prop, hold up, bolster. cradle, nourish; nurture, nurse, dry nurse, suckle, put out to nurse; manure, cultivate, force; foster, cherish, foment; feed the flame, fan the flame. serve; do service to, tender to, pander to; administer to, subminister to[obs3], minister to; tend, attend, wait on; take care of &c. 459; entertain; smooth the bed of death. oblige, accommodate, consult the wishes of; humor, cheer, encourage. second, stand by; back, back up; pay the piper, abet; work for, make interest for, stick up for, take up the cudgels for; take up the cause of, espouse the cause of, adopt the cause of; advocate, beat up for recruits, press into the service; squire, give moral support to, keep in countenance, countenance, patronize; lend oneself to, lend one's countenance to; smile upon, shine upon; favor, befriend, take in hand, enlist under the banners of; side with &c. (cooperate) 709. be of use to; subserve &c. (instrument) 631; benefit &c. 648; render a service &c. (utility) 644; conduce &c. (tend) 176. Adj. aiding &c. v.; auxiliary, adjuvant, helpful; coadjuvant &c. 709[obs3]; subservient, ministrant, ancillary, accessory, subsidiary. at one's beck, at one's beck and call; friendly, amicable, favorable, propitious, well-disposed; neighborly; obliging &c. (benevolent) 906. Adv. with the aid, by the aid &c. of; on behalf of, in behalf of; in aid of, in the service of, in the name of, in favor of, in furtherance of; on account of; for the sake of, on the part of; non obstante[Lat]. Int. help! save us! to the rescue! Phr. alterum alterius auxilio eget [Lat][Sallust]; "God befriend us as our cause is just" [Henry IV]; at your service.



#708. Opposition. N.. opposition, antagonism; oppugnancy[obs3], oppugnation[obs3]; impugnation !; contrariety; contravention; counteraction &c. 179; counterplot. cross fire, undercurrent, head wind. clashing, collision, conflict. competition, two of a trade, rivalry, emulation, race. absence of aid &c. 708; resistance &c. 719; restraint &c. 751; hindrance &c. 706. V. oppose, counteract, run counter to; withstand &c. (resist) 719; control &c. (restrain) 751; hinder &c. 706; antagonize, oppugn, fly in the face of, go dead against, kick against, fall afoul of, run afoul of; set against, pit against; face, confront, cope with; make a stand, make a dead set against; set oneself against, set one's face against; protest against, vote against, raise one's voice against; disfavor, turn one's back upon; set at naught, slap in the face, slam the door in one's face. be at cross purposes; play at cross purposes; counterwork[obs3], countermine; thwart, overthwart[obs3]; work against, undermine. stem, breast, encounter; stem the tide, breast the tide, stem the current, stem the flood; buffet the waves; beat up against, make head against; grapple with; kick against the pricks &c. (resist) 719; contend &c. 720; do battle &c. (warfare) 722 -with, do battle against. contradict, contravene; belie; go against, run against, beat against, militate against; come in conflict with. emulate &c. (compete) 720; rival, spoil one's trade. Adj. opposing, opposed &c.v.; adverse, antagonistic; contrary &c. 14; at variance &c. 24; at issue, at war with. unfavorable, unfriendly; hostile, inimical, cross, unpropitious. in hostile array, front to front, with crossed bayonets, at daggers drawn; up in arms; resistant &c. 719. competitive, emulous. Adv. against, versus, counter to, in conflict with, at cross purposes. against the grain, against the current, against the stream, against the wind, against the tide; with a headwind; with the wind ahead, with the wind in one's teeth. in spite, in despite, in defiance; in the way, in the teeth of, in the face of; across; athwart, overthwart[obs3]; where the shoe pinches; in spite of one's teeth. though &c. 30; even; quand meme[Fr]; per contra. Phr. nitor in adversum[Lat].

#709. Cooperation. — N. cooperation; coadjuvancy[obs3], coadjutancy[obs3]; coagency[obs3], coefficiency[obs3]; concert, concurrence, complicity, participation; union &c. 43; additivity, combination &c. 48; collusion. association, alliance, colleagueship[obs3], joint stock, copartnership[obs3]; cartel; confederation &c. (party) 712; coalition, fusion; a long pull a strong pull and a pull all together; logrolling, freemasonry. unanimity &c. (assent) 488; esprit de corps, party spirit; clanship[obs3], partisanship; concord &c 714. synergy, coaction[obs3]. V. cooperate, concur; coact[obs3], synergize. conduce &c. 178; combine, unite one's efforts; keep together, draw together, pull together, club together, hand together, hold together, league together, band together, be banded together; pool; stand shoulder to shoulder, put shoulder to shoulder; act in concert, join forces, fraternize, cling to one another, conspire, concert, lay one's heads together; confederate, be in league with; collude, understand one another, play into the hands of, hunt in couples. side with, take side with, go along with, go hand in hand with, join hands with, make common cause with, strike in with, unite with, join with, mix oneself up with, take part with, cast in one's lot with; join partnership, enter into partnership with; rally round, follow the lead of; come to, pass over to, come into the views of; be in the same boat, row in the same boat; sail in the same boat; sail on the same tack. be a party to, lend oneself to; chip in; participate; have a hand in, have a finger in the pie; take part in, bear part in; second &c. (aid) 707; take the part of, play the game of; espouse a cause, espouse a quarrel. Adj. cooperating &c. v.; in cooperation &c.n., in league &c. (party) 712; coadjuvant[obs3], coadjutant[obs3]; dyed in the wool; cooperative; additive; participative; coactive[obs3], synergetic, synergistic. favorable &c. 707 to; unopposed &c. 708. Adv. as one &c. (unanimously) 488; shoulder to shoulder; synergistically; cooperatively. Phr. due teste valgono piu che una sola [It].



#710. Opponent. — N. opponent, antagonist, adversary; adverse party, opposition; enemy &c. 891; the other side; assailant. oppositionist, obstructive; brawler, wrangler, brangler[obs3], disputant; filibuster [U.S.], obstructionist. malcontent; Jacobin, Fenian; demagogue, reactionist[obs3]. rival, competitor. bete noir[Fr].

#711. Auxiliary. N. auxiliary; recruit; assistant; adjuvant, adjutant; ayudante[obs3], coaid[obs3]; adjunct; help, helper, help mate, helping hand; midwife; colleague, partner, mate, confrere, cooperator; coadjutor, coadjutrix[obs3]; collaborator. ally; friend &c. 890, confidant, fidus Achates[Lat][obs3], pal, buddy, alter ego. [criminal law] confederate; accomplice; complice; accessory, accessory after the fact; particeps criminis[Lat]; socius criminis[Lat]. aide-de-camp, secretary, clerk, associate, marshal; right-hand, right- hand man, Friday, girl Friday, man Friday, gopher, gofer; candle-holder, bottle-holder; handmaid; servant &c. 746; puppet, cat's-paw, jackal !. tool, dupe, stooge, ame damnee[Fr]; satellite, adherent. votary; sectarian, secretary; seconder, backer, upholder, abettor, advocate, partisan, champion, patron, friend at court, mediator; angel [theater, entertainment]. friend in need, Jack at a pinch, deus ex machina[Lat], guardian angel, tutelary genius.

#712. Party. N. party, faction, side, denomination, communion, set, crew, band. horde, posse, phalanx; family, clan, &c. 166; team; tong. council &c. 696. community, body, fellowship, sodality, solidarity; confraternity; familistere[obs3], familistery[obs3]; brotherhood, sisterhood. knot, gang, clique, ring, circle, group, crowd, in-crowd; coterie, club, casino !; machine; Tammany, Tammany Hall [U.S.]. corporation, corporate body, guild; establishment, company; copartnership[obs3], partnership; firm, house; joint concern, joint-stock company; cahoot, combine [U.S.], trust. society, association; institute, institution; union; trades union; league, syndicate, alliance, Verein[Ger], Bund[Ger], Zollverein[Ger], combination; Turnverein[Ger]; league offensive and defensive, alliance offensive and defensive; coalition; federation; confederation, confederacy; junto, cabal, camarilla[obs3], camorra[obs3], brigue ; freemasonry; party spirit &c. (cooperation) 709. Confederates, Conservatives, Democrats, Federalists, Federals, Freemason, Knight Templar; Kuklux, Kuklux Klan, KKK; Liberals, Luddites, Republicans, Socialists, Tories, Whigs &c. staff; dramatis personae[Lat]. V. unite, join; club together &c. (cooperate) 709; cement a party, form a party &c. n.; associate &c. (assemble) 72; enleague[obs3], federalize, go cahoots. Adj. in league, in partnership, in alliance &c. n. bonded together, banded together, linked &c. (joined) 43- together; embattled; confederated, federative, joint. Adv. hand in hand, side by side, shoulder to shoulder, en masse, in the same boat.

#713. Discord. N. disagreement &c. 24; discord, disaccord[obs3], dissidence, dissonance; jar, clash, shock; jarring, jostling &c. v.; screw loose. variance, difference, dissension, misunderstanding, cross purposes, odds, brouillerie[Fr]; division, split, rupture, disruption, division in the camp, house divided against itself, disunion, breach; schism &c. (dissent) 489; feud, faction. quarrel, dispute, tiff, tracasserie[obs3], squabble, altercation, barney *[obs3], demel, snarl, spat, towrow[obs3], words, high words; wrangling &c. v.; jangle, brabble[obs3], cross questions and crooked answers, snip-snap; family jars. polemics; litigation; strife &c. (contention) 720; warfare &c. 722; outbreak, open rupture, declaration of war. broil, brawl, row, racket, hubbub, rixation ; embroilment, embranglement[obs3], imbroglio, fracas, breach of the peace, piece of work[Fr], scrimmage, rumpus; breeze, squall; riot, disturbance &c (disorder) 59; commotion &c. (agitation) 315; bear garden, Donnybrook, Donnybrook Fair. subject of dispute, ground of quarrel, battle ground, disputed point; bone of contention, bone to pick; apple of discord, casus belli[Lat]; question at issue &c. (subject of inquiry) 461; vexed question, vexata quaestio[Lat], brand of discord. troublous times[obs3]; cat-and-dog life; contentiousness &c. adj.; enmity &c. 889; hate &c. 898; Kilkenny cats; disputant &c. 710; strange bedfellows. V. be discordant &c. adj.; disagree, come amiss &c. 24; clash, jar, jostle, pull different ways, conflict, have no measures with, misunderstand one another; live like cat and dog; differ; dissent &c. 489; have a bone to pick, have a crow to pluck with. fall out, quarrel, dispute; litigate; controvert &c. (deny) 536; squabble, wrangle, jangle, brangle[obs3], bicker, nag; spar &c. (contend) 720; have words &c. n. with; fall foul of. split; break with, break squares with, part company with; declare war, try conclusions; join issue, put in issue; pick a quarrel, fasten a quarrel on; sow dissension, stir up dissension &c. n.; embroil, entangle, disunite, widen the breach; set at odds, set together by the ears; set against, pit against. get into hot water, fish in troubled waters, brawl; kick up a row, kick up a dust; turn the house out of window. Adj. discordant; disagreeing &c. v.; out of tune, ajar, on bad terms, dissentient &c. 489; unreconciled, unpacified; contentious &c. 720. quarrelsome, unpacific[obs3]; gladiatorial, controversial, polemic, disputatious; factious; litigious, litigant; pettifogging. at odds, at loggerheads, at daggers drawn, at variance, at issue, at cross purposes, at sixes and sevens, at feud, at high words; up in arms, together by the ears, in hot water, embroiled. torn, disunited. Phr. quot homines tot sententiae [Lat][Terence]; no love lost between them, non nostrum tantas componere lites [Lat][Vergil]; Mars gravior sub pace latet [Lat][Claudius].



#714. Concord. — N. concord, accord, harmony, symphony; homologue; agreement &c. 23; sympathy, empathy &c. (love) 897; response; union, unison, unity; bonds of harmony; peace &c. 721; unanimity &c. (assent) 488; league &c. 712; happy family. rapprochement; reunion; amity &c. (friendship) 888; alliance, entente cordiale[Fr], good understanding, conciliation, peacemaker; intercessor, mediator. V. agree &c. 23; accord, harmonize with; fraternize; be -concordant &c. adj.; go hand in hand; run parallel &c. (concur) 178; understand one another, pull together &c. (cooperate) 709; put up one's horses together, sing in chorus. side with, sympathize with, go with, chime in with, fall in with; come round; be pacified &c. 723; assent &c. 488; empathize with, enter into the ideas of, enter into the feelings of; reciprocate. hurler avec les loups[Fr]; go with the stream, swim with the stream. keep in good humor, render accordant, put in tune; come to an understanding, meet halfway; keep the peace, remain at peace. Adj. concordant, congenial; agreeing &c.v.; in accord &c. n.; harmonious, united, cemented; banded together &c. 712; allied; friendly &c. 888; fraternal; conciliatory; at one with; of one mind &c. (assent) 488. at peace, in still water; tranquil &c. (pacific) 721. Adv. with one voice &c. (assent) 488; in concert with, hand in hand; on one's side. Phr. commune periculum concordiam parit[Lat][obs3].

#715. Defiance. N. defiance; daring &. v.; dare; challenge, cartel !; threat &c. 909; war cry, war whoop. chest-beating, chest-thumping; saber rattling. V. defy, dare, beard; brave &c. (courage) 861; bid defiance to; set at defiance, set at naught; hurl defiance at; dance the war dance, beat the war drums; snap the fingers at, laugh to scorn; disobey &c. 742. show fight, show one's teeth, show a bold front; bluster, look big, stand akimbo, beat one's chest; double the fist, shake the fist; threaten &c. 909. challenge, call out; throw down the gauntlet, fling down the gauntlet, fling down the gage, fling down the glove, throw down the glove. Adj. defiant; defying &c. v.;"with arms akimbo". Adv. in defiance of, in the teeth of; under one's very nose. Int. do your worst! come if you dare! come on! marry come up! hoity toity ! Phr. noli me tangere[Lat]; nemo me impune lacessit[Lat]; don't tread on me; don't you dare; don't even think of it; "Go ahead, make my day!" [Dirty Harry].



#716. Attack. N. attack; assault, assault and battery; onset, onslaught, charge. aggression, offense; incursion, inroad, invasion; irruption; outbreak; estrapade[obs3], ruade[obs3]; coupe de main, sally, sortie, camisade[obs3], raid, foray; run at, run against; dead set at. storm, storming; boarding, escalade[obs3]; siege, investment, obsession !, bombardment, cannonade. fire, volley; platoon fire, file fire; fusillade; sharpshooting, broadside; raking fire, cross fire; volley of grapeshot, whiff of the grape, feu d'enfer [Fr]. cut, thrust, lunge, pass, passado[obs3], carte and tierce[Fr][obs3], home thrust; coupe de bec[Fr]; kick, punch &c. (impulse) 276. battue[obs3], razzia[obs3], Jacquerie, dragonnade[obs3]; devastation &c. 162; eboulement[Fr]. assailant, aggressor, invader. base of operations, point of attack; echelon. V. attack, assault, assail; invade; set upon, fall upon; charge, impugn, break a lance with, enter the lists. assume the offensive, take the offensive; be the aggressor, become the aggressor; strike the first blow, draw first blood, throw the first stone at; lift a hand against, draw the sword against; take up the cudgels; advance against, march against; march upon, harry; come on, show fight. strike at, poke at, thrust at; aim a blow at, deal a blow at; give one a blow, fetch one a blow, fetch one a kick, give one a kick; have a cut at, have a shot at, take a cut at, take a shot at, have a fling at, have a shy at; be down upon, pounce upon; fall foul of, pitch into, launch out against; bait, slap on the face; make a thrust at, make a pass at, make a set at, make a dead set at; bear down upon. close with, come to close quarters; bring to bay. ride full tilt against; attack tooth and nail, go at hammer and tongs. let fly at, dash at, run a tilt at, rush at, tilt at, run at, fly at, hawk at, have at, let out at; make a dash, make a rush at; strike home; drive one hard; press one hard; be hard upon, run down, strike at the root of. lay about one, run amuck. aim at, draw a bead on [U.S.]. fire upon, fire at, fire a shot at; shoot at, pop at, level at, let off a gun at; open fire, pepper, bombard, shell, pour a broadside into; fire a volley, fire red-hot shot; spring a mine. throw a stone, throw stones at; stone, lapidate[obs3], pelt; hurl at, hurl against, hurl at the head of; rock beset[U.S.], besiege, beleaguer; lay siege to, invest, open the trenches, plant a battery, sap, mine; storm, board, scale the walls. cut and thrust, bayonet, butt; kick, strike &c. (impulse) 276; whip &c. (punish) 972. [attack verbally] assail, impugn; malign (detract) 934. bomb, rocket, blast. Adj. attacking &c.v.; aggressive, offensive, obsidional[obs3]. up in arms. Adv. on the offensive. Int. "up and at them!" Phr. "the din of arms, the yell of savage rage, the shriek of agony, the groan of death" [Southey]; "their fatal hands no second stroke intend" [Paradise Lost]; "thirst for glory quells the love of life" [Addison].

#717. Defense N. defense, protection, guard, ward; shielding &c.v.; propugnation , preservation &c. 670; guardianship. area defense; site defense. self-defense, self-preservation; resistance &c. 719. safeguard &c. (safety) 664; balistraria[obs3]; bunker, screen &c. (shelter) 666; camouflage &c. (concealment) 530; fortification; munition, muniment[obs3]; trench, foxhole; bulwark, fosse[obs3], moat, ditch, entrenchment, intrenchment[obs3]; kila[obs3]; dike, dyke; parapet, sunk fence, embankment, mound, mole, bank, sandbag, revetment; earth work, field-work; fence, wall dead wall, contravallation[obs3]; paling &c. (inclosure) 232; palisade, haha, stockade, stoccado[obs3], laager[obs3], sangar[obs3]; barrier, barricade; boom; portcullis, chevaux de frise[Fr]; abatis, abattis[obs3], abbatis[obs3]; vallum[obs3], circumvallation[obs3], battlement, rampart, scarp; escarp[obs3], counter-scarp; glacis, casemate[obs3]; vallation[obs3], vanfos[obs3]. buttress, abutment; shore &c. (support) 215. breastwork, banquette, curtain, mantlet[obs3], bastion, redan[obs3], ravelin[obs3]; vauntmure[obs3]; advance work, horn work, outwork; barbacan[obs3], barbican; redoubt; fort-elage[Fr], fort-alice; lines. loophole, machicolation[obs3]; sally port. hold, stronghold, fastness; asylum &c. (refuge) 666; keep, donjon, dungeon, fortress, citadel, capitol, castle; tower of strength, tower of strength; fort, barracoon[obs3], pah[obs3], sconce, martello tower[obs3], peelhouse[obs3], blockhouse, rath[obs3]; wooden walls. [body armor] bulletproof vest, armored vest, buffer, corner stone, fender, apron, mask, gauntlet, thimble, carapace, armor, shield, buckler, aegis, breastplate, backplate[obs3], cowcatcher, face guard, scutum[obs3], cuirass, habergeon[obs3], mail, coat of mail, brigandine[obs3], hauberk, lorication[obs3], helmet, helm, bassinet, salade[obs3], heaume[obs3], morion[obs3], murrion[obs3], armet[obs3], cabaset[obs3], vizor[obs3], casquetel[obs3], siege cap, headpiece, casque, pickelhaube, vambrace[obs3], shako &c. (dress) 225. bearskin; panoply; truncheon &c. (weapon) 727. garrison, picket, piquet; defender, protector; guardian &c. (safety) 664; bodyguard, champion; knight-errant, Paladin; propugner[obs3]. bulletproof window. hardened site. V. defend, forfend, fend; shield, screen, shroud; engarrison[obs3]; fend round &c. (circumscribe) 229; fence, entrench, intrench[obs3]; guard &c. (keep safe) 664; guard against; take care of &c. (vigilance) 459; bear harmless; fend off, keep off, ward off, beat off, beat back; hinder &c. 706. parry, repel, propugn[obs3], put to flight; give a warm reception to [ironical]; hold at bay, keep at bay, keep arm's length. stand on the defensive, act on the defensive; show fight; maintain one's ground, stand one's ground; stand by; hold one's own; bear the brunt, stand the brunt; fall back upon, hold, stand in the gap. Adj. defending &c.v.; defensive; mural !; armed, armed at all points, armed cap-a-pie, armed to the teeth; panoplied[obs3]; iron-plated, ironclad; loopholed, castellated, machicolated[obs3], casemated[obs3]; defended &c.v.; proof against. armored, ballproof !, bulletproof; hardened. Adv. defensively; on the defense, on the defensive; in defense; at bay, pro aris et focis[obs3][Lat]. Int. no surrender! Phr. defense not defiance; Dieu defend le droit [Fr]; fidei defensor [Lat: defender of the faith].



#718. Retaliation. — N. retaliation, reprisal, retort, payback; counter-stroke, counter-blast, counterplot, counter-project; retribution, lex talionis[Lat]; reciprocation &c. (reciprocity) 12. tit for tat, give and take, blow for blow, quid pro quo, a Roland for an Oliver, measure for measure, diamond cut diamond, the biter bit, a game at which two can play; reproof valiant, retort courteous. recrimination &c. (accusation) 938; revenge &c. 919; compensation &c. 30; reaction &c. (recoil) 277. V. retaliate, retort, turn upon; pay, pay off, pay back; pay in one's own coin, pay in the same coin; cap; reciprocate &c. 148; turn the tables upon, return the compliment; give a quid pro quo &c. n., give as much as one takes, give as good as one gets; give and take, exchange fisticuffs; be quits, be even with; pay off old scores. serve one right, be hoist on one's own petard, throw a stone in one's own garden, catch a Tartar. Adj. retaliating &c. v.; retaliatory, retaliative; talionic[obs3]. Adv. in retaliation; en revanche. Phr. mutato nomine de te fabula narratur [Lat][Horace]; par pari refero [Lat][Terence]; tu quoque[Lat: you too]; you're another; suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo [Lat]; a beau jeu beau retour[Fr]; litem [Lat]. . . lite resolvit [Lat][Horace].

#719. Resistance. — N. resistance, stand, front, oppugnation[obs3]; oppugnancy[obs3]; opposition &c. 708; renitence[obs3], renitency; reluctation[obs3], recalcitration[obs3]; kicking &c. v. repulse, rebuff. insurrection &c. (disobedience) 742; strike; turn out, lock out, barring out; levee en masse[Fr], Jacquerie; riot &c. (disorder) 59. V. resist; not submit &c. 725; repugn[obs3], reluct, reluctate[obs3], withstand; stand up against, strive against, bear up under, bear up against, be proof against, make head against; stand, stand firm, stand one's ground, stand the brunt of, stand out; hold one's grounds, hold one's own, hold out, hold firm. breast the wave, breast the current; stem the tide, stem the torrent; face, confront, grapple with; show a bold front &c. (courage) 861; present a front; make a stand, take one's stand. kick, kick against; recalcitrate[obs3], kick against the pricks; oppose &c. 708; fly in the face of; lift the hand against &c. (attack) 716; rise up in arms &c. (war) 722; strike, turn out; draw up a round robin &c. (remonstrate) 932; revolt &c. (disobey) 742; make a riot. prendre le mors aux dents [French: take the bit between the teeth]; sell one's life dearly, die hard, keep at bay; repel, repulse. Adj. resisting &c.v.; resistive, resistant; refractory &c. (disobedient) 742; recalcitrant, renitent; up in arms. repulsive, repellant. proof against; unconquerable &c. (strong) 159; stubborn, unconquered; indomitable &c. (persevering) 604a; unyielding &c. (obstinate) 606. Int. hands off! keep off!



#720. Contention. N. contention, strife; contest, contestation[obs3]; struggle; belligerency; opposition &c. 708. controversy, polemics; debate &c. (discussion) 476; war of words, logomachy[obs3], litigation; paper war; high words &c. (quarrel) 713; sparring &c. v. competition, rivalry; corrivalry[obs3], corrivalship[obs3], agonism , concours[obs3], match, race, horse racing, heat, steeple chase, handicap; regatta; field day; sham fight, Derby day; turf, sporting, bullfight, tauromachy[obs3], gymkhana[obs3]; boat race, torpids[obs3]. wrestling, greco-roman wrestling; pugilism, boxing, fisticuffs, the manly art of self-defense; spar, mill, set-to, round, bout, event, prize fighting; quarterstaff, single stick; gladiatorship[obs3], gymnastics; jiujitsu, jujutsu, kooshti[obs3], sumo; athletics, athletic sports; games of skill &c. 840. shindy[obs3]; fracas &c. (discord) 713; clash of arms; tussle, scuffle, broil, fray; affray, affrayment ; velitation ; colluctation , luctation[obs3]; brabble[obs3], brigue , scramble, melee, scrimmage, stramash[obs3], bushfighting[obs3]. free fight, stand up fight, hand to hand, running fight. conflict, skirmish; rencounter[obs3], encounter; rencontre[obs3], collision, affair, brush, fight; battle, battle royal; combat, action, engagement, joust, tournament; tilt, tilting [medieval times]; tournay[obs3], list; pitched battle. death struggle, struggle for life or death, life or death struggle, Armageddon[obs3]. hard knocks, sharp contest, tug of war. naval engagement, naumachia[obs3], sea fight. duel, duello[It]; single combat, monomachy[obs3], satisfaction, passage d'armes[Fr], passage of arms, affair of honor; triangular duel; hostile meeting, digladiation[obs3]; deeds of arms, feats of arms; appeal to arms &c. (warfare) 722. pugnacity; combativeness &c. adj.; bone of contention &c. 713. V. contend; contest, strive, struggle, scramble, wrestle; spar, square; exchange blows, exchange fisticuffs; fib !, justle[obs3], tussle, tilt, box, stave, fence; skirmish; pickeer[obs3]; fight &c. (war) 722; wrangle &c. (quarrel) 713. contend &c. with, grapple with, engage with, close with, buckle with, bandy with, try conclusions with, have a brush &c. n. with, tilt with; encounter, fall foul of, pitch into, clapperclaw[obs3], run a tilt at; oppose &c. 708; reluct. join issue, come to blows, go to loggerheads, set to, come to the scratch, exchange shots, measure swords, meet hand to hand; take up the cudgels, take up the glove, take up the gauntlet; enter the lists; couch one's lance; give satisfaction; appeal to arms &c. (warfare) 722. lay about one; break the peace. compete with, cope with, vie with, race with; outvie[obs3], emulate, rival; run a race; contend &c. for, stipulate for, stickle for; insist upon, make a point of. Adj. contending &c. v.; together by the ears, at loggerheads at war at issue. competitive, rival; belligerent; contentious, combative, bellicose, unpeaceful[obs3]; warlike &c. 722; quarrelsome &c. 901; pugnacious; pugilistic, gladiatorial; palestric[obs3], palestrical[obs3]. Phr. a verbis ad verbera[Lat]; a word and a blow; "a very pretty quarrel as it stands" [Sheridan]; commune periculum concordiam parit[Lat]; lis litem generat[Lat].

#721. Peace. — N. peace; amity &c. (friendship) 888; harmony &c. (concord) 714; tranquility, calm &c. (quiescence) 265; truce, peace treaty, accord &c. (pacification) 723; peace pipe, pipe of peace, calumet of peace. piping time of peace, quiet life; neutrality. [symbol of peace] dove of peace, white dove. [person who favors peace] dove. pax Romana[Lat]; Pax Americana[Lat][obs3]. V. be at peace; keep the peace &c. (concord) 714. make peace &c. 723. Adj. pacific; peaceable, peaceful; calm, tranquil, untroubled, halcyon; bloodless; neutral. dovish Phr. the storm blown over; the lion lies down with the lamb; "all quiet on the Potomac"; paritur pax bello [Lat][Nepos]; "peace hath her victories no less renowned than war" [Milton]; "they make a desert and they call it peace".



#722. Warfare. — N. warfare; fighting &c.v.; hostilities; war, arms, the sword; Mars, Bellona, grim visaged war, horrida bella[Lat]; bloodshed. appeal to arms, appeal to the sword; ordeal of battle; wager of battle; ultima ratio regum[Lat], arbitrament of the sword. battle array, campaign, crusade, expedition, operations; mobilization; state of siege; battlefield, theater of operations &c. (arena) 728; warpath. art of war, tactics, strategy, castrametation[obs3]; generalship; soldiership; logistics; military evolutions, ballistics, gunnery; chivalry. gunpowder, shot. battle, tug of war &c. (contention) 720; service, campaigning, active service, tented field; kriegspiel[Ger], Kriegsspiel[Ger]; fire cross, trumpet, clarion, bugle, pibroch[obs3], slogan; war-cry, war-whoop; battle cry, beat of drum, rappel, tom-tom; calumet of war; word of command; password, watchword; passage d-armes[Fr]. war to the death, war to the knife; guerre a mort[Fr], guerre a outrance[Fr][obs3]; open war, internecine war, civil war. V. arm; raise troops, mobilize troops; raise up in arms; take up the cudgels &c. 720; take up arms, fly to arms, appeal to arms, fly to the sword; draw the sword, unsheathe the sword; dig up the hatchet, dig up the tomahawk; go to war, wage war, 'let slip the dogs of war' [Julius Caesar]; cry havoc; kindle the torch of war, light the torch of war; raise one's banner, raise the fire cross; hoist the black flag; throw away, fling away the scabbard; enroll, enlist; take the field; take the law into one's own hands; do battle, give battle, join battle, engage in battle, go to battle; flesh one's sword; set to, fall to, engage, measure swords with, draw the trigger, cross swords; come to blows, come to close quarters; fight; combat; contend &c. 720; battle with, break a lance with. [pirates engage in battle] raise the jolly roger, run up the jolly roger. serve; see service, be on service, be on active service; campaign; wield the sword, shoulder a musket, smell powder, be under fire; spill blood, imbrue the hands in blood; on the warpath. carry on war, carry on hostilities; keep the field; fight the good fight; fight it out, fight like devils, fight one's way, fight hand to hand; sell one's life dearly; pay the ferryman's fee. Adj. contending, contentious &c. 720; armed, armed to the teeth, armed cap-a-pie; sword in hand; in arms, under arms, up in arms; at war with; bristling with arms; in battle array, in open arms, in the field; embattled; battled. unpacific[obs3], unpeaceful[obs3]; belligerent, combative, armigerous[obs3], bellicose, martial, warlike; military, militant; soldier- like, soldierly. chivalrous; strategical, internecine. Adv. flagrante bello[Lat], in the thick of the fray, in the cannon's mouth; at the sword's point, at the point of the bayonet. Int. vae victis[Lat]! to arms! to your tents O Israel! Phr. the battle rages; a la guerre comme a la guerre[Fr]; bis peccare in bello non licet[Lat][obs3]; jus gladii[Lat]; "my voice is still for war" [Addison]; "'tis well that war is so terrible, otherwise we might grow fond of it" [Robert E. Lee]; "my sentence is for open war" [Milton]; "pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war" [Othello]; "the cannons have their bowels full of wrath" [King John]; "the cannons . . .spit forth their iron indignation" [King John]; "the fire-eyed maid of smoky war" [Henry IV]; silent leges inter arma [Lat][Cicero]; si vis pacem para bellum[Lat].

#723. Pacification. N. pacification, conciliation; reconciliation, reconcilement; shaking of hands, accommodation, arrangement, adjustment; terms, compromise; amnesty, deed of release. peace offering; olive branch; calumet of peace, preliminaries of peace. truce, armistice; suspension of arms, suspension of hostilities, stand-down; breathing time; convention; modus vivendi[Lat]; flag of truce, white flag, parlementaire[Fr], cartel !. hollow truce, pax in bello[Lat]; drawn battle. V. pacify, tranquilize, compose; allay &c. (moderate) 174; reconcile, propitiate, placate, conciliate, meet halfway, hold out the olive branch, heal the breach, make peace, restore harmony, bring to terms. settle matters, arrange matters, accommodate matters, accommodate differences; set straight; make up a quarrel, tantas componere lites[Lat]; come to an understanding, come to terms; bridge over, hush up; make it, make matters up; shake hands; mend one's fences [U.S.]. raise a siege, lift a siege; put up the sword, sheathe the sword; bury the hatchet, lay down one's arms, turn swords into plowshares; smoke the calumet of peace, close the temple of Janus; keep the peace &c. (concord) 714; be pacified &c.; come round. Adj. conciliatory; composing &c.v.; pacified &c.v. Phr. requiescat in pace[Lat].



#724. Mediation. — N. mediation, mediatorship[obs3], mediatization[obs3]; intervention, interposition, interference, intermeddling, intercession; arbitration; flag of truce &c. 723; good offices, peace offering; parley, negotiation; diplomatics[obs3], diplomacy; compromise &c. 774. [person who mediates] mediator, arbitrator, intercessor, peacemaker, makepeace[obs3], negotiator, go-between; diplomatist &c. (consignee) 758; moderator; propitiator; umpire. V. mediate, mediatize[obs3]; intercede, interpose, interfere, intervene; step in, negotiate; meet halfway; arbitrate; magnas componere lites[Lat]. bargain &c. 794 Adj. mediatory.

#725. Submission. — N. submission, yielding; nonresistance; obedience &c. 743. surrender, cession, capitulation, resignation; backdown[obs3]. obeisance, homage, kneeling, genuflexion[obs3], courtesy, curtsy, kowtow, prostration. V. succumb, submit, yeild, bend, resign, defer to. lay down one's arms, deliver up one's arms; lower colors, haul down colors, strike one's flag, strike colors. surrender, surrender at discretion; cede, capitulate, come to terms, retreat, beat a retreat; draw in one's horns &c. (humility) 879; give way, give round, give in, give up; cave in; suffer judgment by default; bend, bend to one's yoke, bend before the storm; reel back; bend down, knuckle down, knuckle to, knuckle under; knock under. eat dirt, eat the leek, eat humble pie; bite the dust, lick the dust; be at one's feet, fall at one's feet; craven; crouch before, throw oneself at the feet of; swallow the leek, swallow the pill; kiss the rod; turn the other cheek; avaler les couleuvres[Fr], gulp down. obey &c. 743; kneel to, bow to, pay homage to, cringe to, truckle to; bend the neck, bend the knee; kneel, fall on one's knees, bow submission, courtesy, curtsy, kowtow. pocket the affront; make the best of, make a virtue of necessity; grin and abide, grin and bear it, shrug the shoulders, resign oneself; submit with a good grace &c. (bear with) 826. Adj. surrendering &c. v.; submissive, resigned, crouching; downtrodden; down on one's marrow bones; on one's bended knee; unresistant, unresisting, nonresisting; pliant &c. (soft) 324; undefended. untenable, indefensible; humble &c. 879. Phr. have it your own way; it can't be helped; amen &c. (assent) 488; da locum melioribus[Lat]; tempori parendum[Lat].

#726. Combatant. — N. combatant; disputant, controversialist, polemic, litigant, belligerent; competitor, rival, corrival[obs3]; fighter, assailant; champion, Paladin; mosstrooper[obs3], swashbuckler fire eater, duelist, bully, bludgeon man, rough. prize fighter, pugilist, boxer, bruiser, the fancy, gladiator, athlete, wrestler; fighting-cock, game-cock; warrior, soldier, fighting man, Amazon, man at arms, armigerent[obs3]; campaigner, veteran; swordsman, sabreur[obs3], redcoat, military man, Rajput. armed force, troops, soldiery, military forces, sabaoth[obs3], the army, standing army, regulars, the line, troops of the line, militia, yeomanry, volunteers, trainband, fencible[obs3]; auxiliary, bersagliere[obs3], brave; garde-nationale, garde-royale[Fr]; minuteman [Am. Hist.]; auxiliary forces, reserve forces; reserves, posse comitatus[Lat], national guard, gendarme, beefeater; guards, guardsman; yeomen of the guard, life guards, household troops. janissary; myrmidon; Mama, Mameluke; spahee[obs3], spahi[obs3], Cossack, Croat, Pandoz. irregular, guerilla, partisan, condottiere[obs3]; franctireur[Fr], tirailleur[obs3], bashi-bazouk; vietminh[guerilla organization names: list], vietcong; shining path; contras; huk, hukbalahap. mercenary, soldier of fortune; hired gun, gunfighter, gunslinger; bushwhacker, free lance, companion; Hessian. hit man[criminals specializing in violence: see bad man], torpedo, soldier. levy, draught; Landwehr[Ger], Landsturm[Ger]; conscript, recruit, cadet, raw levies. infantry, infantryman, private, private soldier, foot soldier; Tommy Atkins[obs3], rank and file, peon, trooper, sepoy[obs3], legionnaire, legionary, cannon fodder, food for powder; officer &c. (commander) 745; subaltern, ensign, standard bearer; spearman, pikeman[obs3]; spear bearer; halberdier[obs3], lancer; musketeer, carabineer[obs3], rifleman, jager[Ger], sharpshooter, yager[obs3], skirmisher; grenadier, fusileer[obs3]; archer, bowman. horse and foot; horse soldier; cavalry, horse, artillery, horse artillery, light horse, voltigeur[Fr], uhlan, mounted rifles, dragoon, hussar; light dragoon, heavy dragoon; heavy; cuirassier[Fr]; Foot Guards, Horse Guards. gunner, cannoneer, bombardier, artilleryman[obs3], matross[obs3]; sapper, sapper and miner; engineer; light infantry, rifles,chasseur[Fr], zouave; military train, coolie. army, corps d'armee[Fr], host, division, battalia[obs3], column, wing, detachment, garrison, flying column, brigade, regiment, corps, battalion, sotnia[obs3], squadron, company, platoon, battery, subdivision, section, squad; piquet, picket, guard, rank, file; legion, phalanx, cohort; cloud of skirmishers. war horse, charger, destrier. marine, man-of-war's man &c. (sailor) 269; navy, wooden walls, naval forces, fleet, flotilla, armada, squadron. [ships of war] man-of-war; destroyer; submarine; minesweeper; torpedo- boat, torpedo-destroyer; patrol torpedo boat, PT boat; torpedo-catcher, war castle, H.M.S.; battleship, battle wagon, dreadnought, line of battle ship, ship of the line; aircraft carrier, carrier. flattop[coll.]; helicopter carrier; missile platform, missile boat; ironclad, turret ship, ram, monitor, floating battery; first-rate, frigate, sloop of war, corvette, gunboat, bomb vessel; flagship, guard ship, cruiser; armored cruiser, protected cruiser; privateer. [supporting ships] tender; store ship, troop ship; transport, catamaran; merchant marine.



#727. Arms. — N. arm, arms; weapon, deadly weapon; armament, armaments, armature; panoply, stand of arms; armor &c. (defense) 717; armory &c. (store) 636; apparatus belli[Lat]. ammunition; powder, powder and shot; cartridge; ball cartridge, cartouche, fireball; "villainous saltpeter" [Hen. IV]; dumdum bullet. explosive; gunpowder, guncotton; mercury fulminate; picrates; pentaerythritol tetranitrate[ISA:chemsub][Chemsub], PETN. high explosive; trinitrotoluene, TNT; dynamite, melinite[obs3], cordite, lyddite, plastic explosive, plastique; pyroxyline[obs3]. [knives and swords: list] sword, saber, broadsword, cutlass, falchion[obs3], scimitar, cimeter[obs3], brand, whinyard, bilbo, glaive[obs3], glave[obs3], rapier, skean, Toledo, Ferrara, tuck, claymore, adaga[obs3], baselard[obs3], Lochaber ax, skean dhu[obs3], creese[obs3], kris, dagger, dirk, banger[obs3], poniard, stiletto, stylet[obs3], dudgeon, bayonet; sword-bayonet, sword-stick; side arms, foil, blade, steel; ax, bill; pole-ax, battle-ax; gisarme[obs3], halberd, partisan, tomahawk, bowie knife[obs3]; ataghan[obs3], attaghan[obs3], yataghan[obs3]; yatacban[obs3]; assagai, assegai[obs3]; good sword, trusty sword, naked sword; cold steel. club, mace, truncheon, staff, bludgeon, cudgel, life preserver, shillelah, sprig; hand staff, quarter staff; bat, cane, stick, knuckle duster; billy, blackjack, sandbag, waddy[obs3]. gun, piece[Fr]; firearms; artillery, ordnance; siege train, battering train; park, battery; cannon, gun of position, heavy gun, field piece[Fr], mortar, howitzer, carronade[obs3], culverin[obs3], basilisk; falconet, jingal[obs3], swivel, pederero[obs3], bouche a feu[Fr]; petard, torpedo; mitrailleur[Fr], mitrailleuse[Fr]; infernal machine; smooth bore, rifled cannon, Armstrong gun[obs3], Lancaster gun, Paixhan gun, Whitworth gun, Parrott gun, Krupp gun, Gatling gun, Maxim gun, machine gun; pompom[obs3]; ten pounder. small arms; musket, musketry, firelock[obs3], fowling piece[Fr], rifle, fusil[obs3], caliver[obs3], carbine, blunderbuss, musketoon[obs3], Brown Bess, matchlock, harquebuss[obs3], arquebus, haguebut[obs3]; pistol, postolet[obs3]; petronel; small bore; breach-loader, muzzle-loader; revolver, repeater; Minis rifle, Enfield rifle, Flobert rifle, Westley Richards rifle, Snider rifle, Martini-Henry rifle, Lee-Metford rifle, Lee- Enfield rifle, Mauser rifle, magazine rifle; needle gun, chassepot[obs3]; wind gun, air gun; automatic gun, automatic pistol; escopet[obs3], escopette[obs3], gunflint, gun-lock; hackbut[obs3], shooter, shooting iron * [U.S.], six-shooter [U.S.], shotgun; Uzzi, assault rifle, Kalashnikov. bow, crossbow, balister[obs3], catapult, sling; battering ram &c. (impulse) 276; gunnery; ballistics &c. (propulsion) 284. missile, bolt, projectile, shot, ball; grape; grape shot, canister shot, bar shot, cannon shot, langrel shot[obs3], langrage shot[obs3], round shot, chain shot; balista[obs3], ballista[obs3], slung shot, trebucbet[obs3], trebucket[obs3]; bullet, slug, stone, brickbat, grenade, shell, bomb, carcass, rocket; congreve[obs3], congreve rocket[obs3]; shrapnel, mitraille[Fr]; levin bolt[obs3], levin brand[obs3]; thunderbolt. pike, lance, spear, spontoon[obs3], javelin, dart, jereed[obs3], jerid[obs3], arrow, reed, shaft, bolt, boomerang, harpoon, gaff; eelspear[obs3], oxgoad[obs3], weet-weet, wommerah[obs3]; cattle prod; chemical mace. Phr. en flute; nervos belli pecuniam infinitam[Lat].



#728. Arena. — N. arena, field, platform; scene of action, theater; walk, course; hustings; stare, boards &c. (playhouse) 599; amphitheater; Coliseum, Colosseum; Flavian amphitheater, hippodrome, circus, race course, corso[Sp], turf, cockpit, bear garden, playground, gymnasium, palestra, ring, lists; tiltyard[obs3], tilting ground; Campus Martins, Champ de Allars[obs3]; campus [U.S.]. boxing ring, canvas. theater of war, seat of war; battle-field, battle-ground; field of battle, field of slaughter; Aceldama[obs3], camp; the enemy's camp; trusting place &c. (place of meeting) 74.

% Section V. RESULTS OF VOLUNTARY ACTION %

#729. Completion. — N. completion, accomplishment, achievement, fulfillment; performance, execution; despatch, dispatch; consummation, culmination; finish, conclusion; close &c. (end) 67; terminus &c. (arrival) 292; winding up; finale, denouement, catastrophe, issue, upshot, result; final touch, last touch, crowning touch, finishing touch, finishing stroke; last finish, coup de grace; crowning of the edifice; coping-stone, keystone; missing link &c. 53; superstructure, ne plus ultra[Lat], work done, fait accompli[Fr]. elaboration; finality; completeness &c. 52. V. effect[transitive], effectuate; accomplish, achieve, compass, consummate, hammer out; bring to maturity, bring to perfection; perfect, complete; elaborate. do, execute, make; go through, get through; work out, enact; bring about, bring to bear, bring to pass, bring through, bring to a head. despatch, dispatch; knock off, finish off, polish off; make short work of; dispose of, set at rest; perform, discharge, fulfill, realize; put in practice, put in force; carry out, carry into effect, carry into execution; make good; be as good as one's word. do thoroughly, not do by halves, go the whole hog; drive home; be in at the death &c. (persevere) 604a; carry through, play out, exhaust; fill the bill [U.S.]. finish, bring to a close &c. (end) 67; wind up, stamp, clinch, seal, set the seal on, put the seal; give the final touch &c.n. to; put the last, put the finishing hand to, put the finishing touches on; crown, crown all; cap. [intransitive] ripen, culminate; come to a head, come to a crisis; come to its end; die a natural death, die of old age; run its course, run one's race; touch the goal, reach the goal, attain the goal; reach &c. (arrive) 292; get in the harvest. Adj. completing, final; concluding, conclusive; crowning &c. v.; exhaustive. done, completed &c. v.; done for, sped, wrought out; highly wrought &c. (preparation) 673; thorough &c. 52; ripe &c. (ready) 673. Adv. completely &c.(thoroughly) 52; to crown all, out of hand. Phr. the race is run; actum est[Lat]; finis coronat opus[Lat]; consummatum est[Lat]; c'en est fait[Fr]; it is all over; the game is played out, the bubble has burst; aussitot dit aussitot fait[Fr]; aut non tentaris aut perfice [Lat][Ovid].

#730. Noncompletion. — N. noncompletion, nonfulfillment; shortcoming &c. 304; incompleteness &c. 53; drawn battle, drawn game; work of Penelope. nonperformance, inexecution[obs3]; neglect &c. 460. V. not complete &c. 729; leave unfinished &c. adj., leave undone, drop, put down; neglect &c. 460; let alone, let slip; lose sight of (forget) 506. fall short of &c. 304; do things by halves, parboil, scotch the snake not lull it; hang fire; be slow to; collapse &c. 304. drop out. Adj. not completed &c. v.; incomplete &c. 53; uncompleted, unfinished, unaccomplished, unperformed, unexecuted; sketchy, addle. in progress, in hand; ongoing, going on, proceeding; on one's hands; on the anvil; in the fire, in the oven. parboiled, half-baked. Adv. re infecta[Lat].



#731. Success. N. success, successfulness; speed; advance &c. (progress) 282. trump card; hit, stroke, score; lucky hit, fortunate hit, good hit, good stroke; direct hit, bull's eye; goal, point, touchdown; home run, homer, hole-in-one, grand slam; killing[make money], windfall bold stroke, master stroke; ten strike [U.S.]; coup de maitre[Fr], checkmate; half the battle, prize; profit &c. (acquisition) 775. continued success; good fortune &c. (prosperity) 734; time well spent. advantage over; upper hand, whip hand; ascendancy, mastery; expugnation , conquest, victory, subdual[obs3]; subjugation &c. (subjection) 749. triumph &c. (exultation) 884; proficiency &c. (skill) 698. conqueror, victor, winner; master of the situation, master of the position, top of the heap, king of the hill; achiever, success, success story. V. succeed; be successful &c. adj.; gain one's end, gain one's ends; crown with success. gain a point, attain a point, carry a point, secure a point, win a point, win an object; get there *[U.S.]; manage to, contrive to; accomplish &c. (effect, complete) 729; do wonders, work wonders; make a go of it. come off well, come off successful, come off with flying colors; make short work of; take by storm, carry by storm; bear away the bell; win one's wings, win one's spurs, win the battle; win the day, carry the day, gain the day, gain the prize, gain the palm; have the best of it, have it all one's own way, have the game in one's owns hands, have the ball at one's feet, have one on the hop; walk over the course; carry all before one, remain in possession of the field; score a success. speed; make progress &c. (advance) 282; win one's way, make one's way, work one's way, find one's way; strive to some purpose; prosper &c. 734; drive a roaring trade; make profit &c. (acquire) 775; reap the fruits, gather the fruits, reap the benefit of, reap the harvest; strike oil * [U.S.], gain a windfall; make one's fortune, get in the harvest, turn to good account; turn to account &c. (use) 677. triumph, be triumphant; gain a victory, obtain a victory, gain an advantage; chain victory to one's car; nail a coonskin to the wall. surmount a difficulty, overcome a difficulty, get over a difficulty, get over an obstacle &c. 706; se tirer d'affaire[Fr]; make head against; stem the torrent, stem the tide, stem the current; weather the storm, weather a point; turn a corner, keep one's head above water, tide over; master; get the better of, have the better of, gain the better of, gain the best of, gain the upper hand, gain the ascendancy, gain the whip hand, gain the start of; distance; surpass &c. (superiority) 33. defeat, conquer, vanquish, discomfit; euchre; overcome, overthrow, overpower, overmaster, overmatch, overset[obs3], override, overreach; outwit, outdo, outflank, outmaneuver, outgeneral, outvote; take the wind out of one's adversary's sails; beat, beat hollow; rout, lick, drub, floor, worst; put down, put to flight, put to the rout, put hors de combat[Fr], put out of court. silence, quell, nonsuit[obs3], checkmate, upset, confound, nonplus, stalemate, trump; baffle &c. (hinder) 706; circumvent, elude; trip up, trip up the heels of; drive into a corner, drive to the wall; run hard, put one's nose out of joint. settle, do for; break the neck of, break the back of; capsize, sink, shipwreck, drown, swamp; subdue; subjugate &c. (subject) 749; reduce; make the enemy bite the dust; victimize, roll in the dust, trample under foot, put an extinguisher upon. answer, answer the purpose; avail, prevail, take effect, do, turn out well, work well, take, tell, bear fruit; hit it, hit the mark, hit the right nail on the head; nick it; turn up trumps, make a hit; find one's account in. Adj. succeeding &c. v.; successful; prosperous &c. 734; triumphant; flushed with success, crowned with success; victorious, on top; set up; in the ascendant; unbeaten &c. (see beat &c. v.); well-spent; felicitous, effective, in full swing. Adv. successfully &c. adj.; well flying colors, in triumph, swimmingly; a merveille[Fr], beyond all hope; to some purpose, to good purpose; to one's heart's content. Phr. veni vidi vici[Lat], the day being one's own, one's star in the ascendant; omne tulit punctum[Lat]. bis vincit qui se vincit in victoria[obs3][Lat]; cede repugnanti cedendo victor abibis [Lat][Ovid]; chacun est l'artisan de sa fortune[Fr]; dies faustus[Lat]; l'art de vaincre est celui de mepriser la mort[Fr]; omnia vincit amor [Lat: love conquers all]; "peace hath her victories no less renowned than war" [Milton]; "the race by vigor not by vaunts is won" [Pope]; vincit qui patitur[Lat]; vincit qui se vincit[Lat]; "The race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, but that's the way to bet" [Mark Twain].



#732. Failure. N. failure; nonsuccess[obs3], nonfulfillment; dead failure, successlessness[obs3]; abortion, miscarriage; brutum fulmen &c. 158[Lat]; labor in vain &c. (inutility) 645; no go; inefficacy[obs3]; inefficaciousness &c. adj.; vain attempt, ineffectual attempt, abortive attempt, abortive efforts; flash in the pan, "lame and impotent conclusion" [Othello]; frustration; slip 'twixt cup and lip &c. (disappointment) 509. blunder &c. (mistake) 495; fault, omission, miss, oversight, slip, trip, stumble, claudication , footfall; false step, wrong step; faux pas[Fr], titubation[obs3], bvue[Fr], faute[Fr], lurch; botchery &c. (want of skill) 699[obs3]; scrape, mess, fiasco, breakdown; flunk [U.S.]. mishap &c. (misfortune) 735; split, collapse, smash, blow, explosion. repulse, rebuff, defeat, rout, overthrow, discomfiture; beating, drubbing; quietus, nonsuit[obs3], subjugation; checkmate, stalemate, fool's mate. fall, downfall, ruin, perdition; wreck &c. (destruction) 162; deathblow; bankruptcy &c. (nonpayment) 808. losing game, affaire flambe. victim; bankrupt; flunker[obs3], flunky [U.S.]. V. fail; be unsuccessful &c. adj.; not succeed &c. 731; make vain efforts &c.n.; do in vain, labor in vain, toil in vain; flunk [U.S.]; lose one's labor, take nothing by one's motion; bring to naught, make nothing of; wash a blackamoor white &c. (impossible) 471; roll the stones of Sisyphus &c. (useless) 645; do by halves &c. (not complete) 730; lose ground &c. (recede) 282; fall short of &c. 304. miss, miss one's aim, miss the mark, miss one's footing, miss stays; slip, trip, stumble; make a slip &c., n. blunder &c. 495, make a mess of, make a botch of; bitch it , miscarry, abort, go up like a rocket and come down like the stick, come down in flames, get shot down, reckon without one's host; get the wrong pig by the tail, get the wrong sow by the ear &c. (blunder, mismanage) 699. limp, halt, hobble, titubate[obs3]; fall, tumble; lose one's balance; fall to the ground, fall between two stools; flounder, falter, stick in the mud, run aground, split upon a rock; beat one's head against a stone wall, run one's head against a stone wall, knock one's head against a stone wall, dash one's head against a stone wall; break one's back; break down, sink, drown, founder, have the ground cut from under one; get into trouble, get into a mess, get into a scrape; come to grief &c. (adversity) 735; go to the wall, go to the dogs, go to pot; lick the dust, bite the dust; be defeated &c. 731; have the worst of it, lose the day, come off second best, lose; fall a prey to; succumb &c. (submit) 725; not have a leg to stand on. come to nothing, end in smoke; flat out ; fall to the ground, fall through, fall dead, fall stillborn, fall flat; slip through one's fingers; hang fire, miss fire; flash in the pan, collapse; topple down &c. (descent) 305; go to wrack and ruin &c. (destruction) 162. go amiss, go wrong, go cross, go hard with, go on a wrong tack; go on ill, come off ill, turn out ill, work ill; take a wrong term, take an ugly term; take an ugly turn, take a turn for the worse. be all over with, be all up with; explode; dash one's hopes &c. (disappoint) 509; defeat the purpose; sow the wind and reap the whirlwind, jump out of the frying pan into the fire, go from the frying pan into the fire. Adj. unsuccessful, successless[obs3]; failing, tripping &c.v.; at fault; unfortunate &c. 735. abortive, addle, stillborn; fruitless, bootless; ineffectual, ineffective, inconsequential, trifling, nugatory; inefficient &c. (impotent) 158; insufficient &c. 640; unavailing &c. (useless) 645; of no effect. aground, grounded, swamped, stranded, cast away, wrecked, foundered, capsized, shipwrecked, nonsuited[obs3]; foiled; defeated &c. 731; struck down, borne down, broken down; downtrodden; overborne, overwhelmed; all up with; ploughed, plowed, plucked. lost, undone, ruined, broken; bankrupt &c. (not paying) 808; played out; done up, done for; dead beat, ruined root and branch, flambe[obs3], knocked on the head; destroyed &c. 162. frustrated, crossed, unhinged, disconcerted dashed; thrown off one's balance, thrown on one's back, thrown on one's beam ends ; unhorsed, in a sorry plight; hard hit. stultified, befooled[obs3], dished, hoist on one's own petard; victimized, sacrificed. wide of the mark &c. (error) 495; out of one's reckoning &c. (inexpectation) 508[obs3]; left in the lurch; thrown away &c. (wasted) 638; unattained; uncompleted &c. 730. Adv. unsuccessfully &c. adj.; to little or no purpose, in vain, re infecta[Lat]. Phr. the bubble has burst, "the jig is up", "the game is up" [Cymbeline]; all is lost; the devil to pay; parturiunt montes &c. (disappointment) 509[Lat]; dies infaustus[Lat]; tout est perdu hors l'honneur[Fr].

#733. Trophy. — N. trophy; medal, prize, palm, award; laurel, laurels; bays, crown, chaplet, wreath, civic crown; insignia &c. 550; feather in one's cap &c. (honor) 873; decoration &c. 877; garland, triumphal arch, Victoria Cross, Iron Cross. triumph &c. (celebration) 883; flying colors &c. (show) 882. monumentum aere perennius [Lat][obs3][Hor.]. Phr. "for valor."



<— break out luck from prosperity —> #734. Prosperity. — N. prosperity, welfare, well-being; affluence &c. (wealth) 803; success &c. 731; thrift, roaring trade; good fortune, smiles of fortune; blessings, godsend. luck; good luck, run of luck; sunshine; fair weather, fair wind; palmy days, bright days, halcyon days; piping times, tide, flood, high tide. Saturnia regna[Lat], Saturnian age; golden time, golden age; bed of roses, fat city [coll.]; fat of the land, milk and honey, loaves and fishes. made man, lucky dog, enfant gate[Fr], spoiled child of fortune. upstart, parvenu, skipjack[obs3], mushroom. V. prosper, thrive, flourish; be prosperous &c adj.; drive a roaring trade, do a booming business; go on well, go on smoothly, go on swimmingly; sail before the wind, swim with the tide; run smooth, run smoothly, run on all fours. rise in the world, get on in the world; work one's way, make one's way; look up; lift one's head, raise one's head, make one's fortune, feather one's nest, make one's pile. flower, blow, blossom, bloom, fructify, bear fruit, fatten. keep oneself afloat; keep one's head above water, hold one's head above water; land on one's feet, light on one's feet, light on one's legs, fall on one's legs, fall on one's feet; drop into a good thing; bear a charmed life; bask in the sunshine; have a good time of it, have a fine time of it; have a run of luck; have the good fortune &c. n. to; take a favorable turn; live on the fat of the land, live off the fat of the land, live in clover. Adj. prosperous; thriving &c. v.; in a fair way, buoyant; well off, well to do, well to do in the world; set up, at one's ease; rich &c. 803; in good case; in full, in high feather; fortunate, lucky, in luck; born with a silver spoon in one's mouth, born under a lucky star; on the sunny side of the hedge. auspicious, propitious, providential. palmy, halcyon; agreeable &c. 829; couleur de rose[Fr]. Adv. prosperously &c. adj.; swimmingly; as good luck would have it; beyond all hope. Phr. one's star in the ascendant, all for the best, one's course runs smooth. chacun est l'artisan de sa fortune[Fr]; donec eris felix multos numerabis amicos [Lat][Ovid]; felicitas multos habet amicos[Lat]; felix se nescit amari [Lat][Lucan]; 'good luck go with thee' [Henry V]; nulli est homini perpetuum bonum [Lat][Plautus].

#735. Adversity. N. adversity, evil &c. 619; failure &c. 732; bad luck, ill luck, evil luck, adverse luck, hard fortune, hard hap, hard luck, hard lot; frowns of fortune; evil dispensation, evil star, evil genius ; vicissitudes of life, ups and downs of life, broken fortunes; hard case, hard lines, hard life; sea of troubles; peck of troubles; hell upon earth; slough of despond. trouble, hardship, curse, blight, blast, load, pressure. pressure of the times, iron age, evil day, time out of joint; hard times, bad times, sad times; rainy day, cloud, dark cloud, gathering clouds, ill wind; visitation, infliction; affliction &c. (painfulness) 830; bitter pill; care, trial; the sport of fortune. mishap, mischance, misadventure, misfortune; disaster, calamity, catastrophe; accident, casualty, cross, reverse, check, contretemps, rub; backset[obs3], comedown, setback [U.S.]. losing game; falling &c. v.; fall, downfall; ruination, ruinousness; undoing; extremity; ruin &c. (destruction) 162. V. be ill off &c. adj.; go hard with; fall on evil, fall on evil days; go on ill; not prosper &c. 734. go downhill, go to rack and ruin &c. (destruction) 162, go to the dogs; fall, fall from one's high estate; decay, sink, decline, go down in the world; have seen better days; bring down one's gray hairs with sorrow to the grave; come to grief; be all over, be up with; bring a wasp's nest about one's ears, bring a hornet's nest about one's ears. Adj. unfortunate, unblest[obs3], unhappy, unlucky; improsperous[obs3], unprosperous; hoodooed [U.S.]; luckless, hapless; out of luck; in trouble, in a bad way, in an evil plight; under a cloud; clouded; ill off, badly off; in adverse circumstances; poor &c. 804; behindhand, down in the world, decayed, undone; on the road to ruin, on its last legs, on the wane; in one's utmost need. planet-struck, devoted; born under an evil star, born with a wooden ladle in one's mouth; ill-fated, ill-starred, ill-omened. adverse, untoward; disastrous, calamitous, ruinous, dire, deplorable.

#736. Mediocrity. — N. moderate circumstances, average circumstances; respectability; middle classes; mediocrity; golden mean &c. (mid-course) 628, (moderation) 174. V. jog on; go fairly, go quietly, go peaceably, go tolerably, go respectably, get on fairly, get on quietly, get on peaceably, get on tolerably, get on respectably.

% DIVISION (II) INTERSOCIAL VOLITION

SECTION I. GENERAL INTERSOCIAL VOLITION % <— Implying the action of the will of one mind over the will of another. —>

#737. Authority.— N. authority; influence, patronage, power, preponderance, credit, prestige, prerogative, jurisdiction; right &c. (title) 924; direction &c. 693; government &c. 737a. divine right, dynastic rights, authoritativeness; absoluteness, absolutism; despotism; jus nocendi[Lat]; jus divinum[Lat]. mastery, mastership, masterdom[obs3]; dictation, control. hold, grasp; grip, gripe; reach; iron sway &c. (severity) 739; fangs, clutches, talons; rod of empire &c. (scepter) 747. [Vicarious authority] commission &c. 755; deputy &c.759; permission &c. 760. V. authorize &c. (permit) 760; warrant &c. (right) 924; dictate &c. (order) 741. be at the head of &c. adj.; hold office, be in office, fill an office; hold master, occupy master, a post master, be master &c. 745. have the upper hand, get the upper hand, have the whip, get the whip; gain a hold upon, preponderate, dominate, rule the roost; boss [U.S.]; override, overrule, overawe; lord it over, hold in hand, keep under, make a puppet of, lead by the nose, turn round one's little finger, bend to one's will, hold one's own, wear the breeches; have the ball at one's feet, have it all one's own way, have the game in one's own hand, have on the hip, have under one's thumb; be master of the situation; take the lead, play first fiddle, set the fashion; give the law to; carry with a high hand; lay down the law; "ride in the whirlwind and direct the storm" [Addison]; rule with a rod of iron &c. (severity) 739. Adj. at the head, dominant, paramount, supreme, predominant, preponderant, in the ascendant, influential; arbitrary; compulsory &c. 744: stringent. at one's command; in one's power, in one's grasp; under control. Adv. in the name of, by the authority of, de par le Roi[Fr], in virtue of; under the auspices of, in the hands of. at one's pleasure; by a dash if the pen, by a stroke of the pen; ex mero motu[Lat]; ex cathedra[Lat: from the chair]. Phr. the gray mare the better horse; "every inch a king" [Lear].

<— in 4e sections 741 to 748 deal with government and politics. Lots of words and concepts are new since 1911! Here we make a start with one heading Yet to do: take political subdivisions from territory 181 and 780, put them all here. —> #737a. Government. — N. government, legal authority, soveriegn, sovereign authority; authority &c. 737; master &c. 745; direction &c. 693. [nations] national government, nation, state, country, nation-state, dominion, republic, empire, union, democratic republic; kingdom, principality. [subdivisions of nations] state government[U.S terminology], state; shire[England]; province[Canada]; county[Ireland]; canton[Switzerland]; territory [Australia]; duchy, archduchy, archdukedom[obs3]; woiwodshaft; commonwealth; region &c. 181; property &c. 780. [smaller subdivisions] county, parish[Louisiana]; city, domain, tract, arrondissement[Fr], mofussil[obs3], commune; wappentake, hundred, riding, lathe, garth[obs3], soke[obs3], tithing; ward, precinct, bailiwick. command, empire, sway, rule; dominion, domination; sovereignty, supremacy, suzerainty; lordship, headship[obs3]; chiefdom[obs3]; seigniory, seigniority[obs3]. rule, sway, command, control, administer; govern &c. (direct) 693; lead, preside over, reign, possess the throne, be seated on the throne, occupy the throne; sway the scepter, wield the scepter; wear the crown. state, realm, body politic, posse comitatus[Lat]. [person in the governing authority] judicature &c. 965; cabinet &c. (council) 696; seat of government, seat of authority; headquarters. [Acquisition of authority] accession; installation &c. 755; politics &c. 737a. reign, regime, dynasty; directorship, dictatorship; protectorate, protectorship; caliphate, pashalic[obs3], electorate; presidency, presidentship[obs3]; administration; proconsul, consulship; prefecture; seneschalship; magistrature[obs3], magistracy. monarchy; kinghood[obs3], kingship; royalty, regality; aristarchy[obs3], aristocracy; oligarchy, democracy, theocracy, demagogy; commonwealth; dominion; heteronomy; republic, republicanism; socialism; collectivism; mob law, mobocracy[obs3], ochlocracy[obs3]; vox populi, imperium in imperio[Lat]; bureaucracy; beadledom[obs3], bumbledom[obs3]; stratocracy; military power, military government, junta; feodality[obs3], feudal system, feudalism. thearchy[obs3], theocracy, dinarchy[obs3]; duarchy[obs3], triarchy, heterarchy[obs3]; duumvirate; triumvirate; autocracy, autonomy; limited monarchy; constitutional government, constitutional monarchy; home rule; representative government; monocracy[obs3], pantisocracy[obs3]. gynarchy[obs3], gynocracy[obs3], gynaeocracy[obs3]; petticoat government. [government functions] legislature, judiciary, administration. [Government agencies and institutions] office of the president, office of the prime minister, cabinet; senate, house of representatives, parliament; council &c. 696; courts, supreme court; state[U.S. national government departments (list)], interior, labor, health and human services, defense, education, agriculture, justice, commerce, treasury; Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI; Central Intelligence Agency, CIA; National Institutes of Health, NIH; Postal Service, Post Office; Federal Aviation Administration, FAA. [national government officials] president, vice president, cabinet member, prime minister, minister; senator, representatative, president pro tem[Lat], speaker of the house; department head, section head, section chief; federal judge, justice, justice of the supreme court, chief justice; treasurer, secretary of the treasury; director of the FBI. [state government officials] governor, state cabinet member; state senator, assemblyman, assemblywoman. V. govern, rule, have authority, hold authority, possess authority, exercise authority, exert authority, wield authority &c. n.; reign, be sovereign. [acquire authority] ascend the throne, mount the throne; take the reins, take the reins into one's hand; assume authority &c. n., assume the reins of government; take command, assume command. [contend for authority] politics &c. 737a. be governed by, be in the power of, be a subject of, be a citizen of. Adj. regal, sovereign, governing; royal, royalist; monarchical, kingly; imperial, imperiatorial[obs3]; princely; feudal; aristocratic, autocratic; oligarchic &c. n.; republican, dynastic. ruling &c. v.; regnant, gubernatorial; imperious; authoritative, executive, administrative, clothed with authority, official, departmental, ex officio, imperative, peremptory, overruling, absolute; hegemonic, hegemonical[obs3]; authorized &c. (due) 924. [pertaining to property owned by government] government, public; national, federal; his majesty's[Great Britain], her majesty's; state, county, city, &c. n. Phr[cf. nations, subdivisions of nations, smaller subdivisions]. "a dog's obeyed in office" [Lear]; cada uno tiene su alguazil[obs3][Sp]; le Roi le veut[Fr]; regibus esse manus en nescio longas[obs3][Lat]; regnant populi[Lat]; "the demigod Authority" [Measure for Measure]; "the right divine of kings to govern wrong" [Pope]; "uneasy lies the head that wears a crown" [Henry IV].

#737b. Politics. [contention for governmental authority or influence]. — N. politics; political science; candidacy, campaign, campaigning, electioneering; partisanship, ideology, factionalism. election, poll, ballot, vote, referendum, recall, initiative, voice, suffrage, plumper, cumulative vote, plebiscitum[Lat], plebiscite, vox populi; electioneering; voting &c. v.; elective franchise; straight ticket [U.S.]; opinion poll, popularity poll. issue; opinion, stand, position; program, platform; party line. [ideologies] democracy, republicanism; communism, statism, state socialism; socialism; conservatism, toryism; liberalism, whigism; theocracy; constitutional monarchy. [political parties] party &c. 712; Democratic Party[U.S: list], Republican Party, Socialist Party, Communist Party; Federalist Party[U.S. defunct parties: list], Bull Moose Party, Abolitionist Party; Christian Democratic Party[Germany: list], Social Democratic Party; National Socialist Worker's Party[Germany, 1930-1945], Nazi Party; Liberal Party[Great Britain:list], Labor Party, Conservative Party. ticket, slate. [person active in politics] politician[general], activist; candidate[specific politicians: list], aspirant, hopeful, office-seeker, front-runner, dark horse, long shot, shoo-in; supporter, backer, political worker, campaign worker; lobbyist, contributor; party hack, ward heeler; regional candidate, favorite son; running mate, stalking horse; perpetual candidate, political animal. political contribution, campaign contribution; political action committee, PAC. political district, electoral division, electoral district, bailiwick. electorate, constituents. get-out-the-vote campaign, political education. negative campaigning, dirty politics, smear campaign. [unsuccessful candidate] also-ran, loser; has-been. [successful candidate] office holder, official, occupant of a position; public servant, incumbent; winner. V. run for office, stand for office; campaign, stump; throw one's hat in the ring; announce one's candidacy. Adj. political, partisan. Phr. "Money is the mother's milk of politics" [Tip O'Neill].



#738. [Absence of authority] Laxity.— N. laxity; laxness, looseness, slackness; toleration &c. (lenity) 740; freedom &c. 748. anarchy, interregnum; relaxation; loosening &c. v.; remission; dead letter, brutum fulmen[Lat], misrule; license, licentiousness; insubordination &c. (disobedience) 742; lynch law &c. (illegality) 964; nihilism, reign of violence. [Deprivation of power] dethronement, deposition, usurpation, abdication. V. be -lax &c. adj.; laisser faire[Fr], laisser aller[Fr]; hold a loose rein; give the reins to, give rope enough, give a loose to; tolerate; relax; misrule. go beyond the length of one's tether; have one's swing, have one's fling; act without instructions, act without authority, act outside of one's authority; act on one's own responsibility, usurp authority. dethrone, depose; abdicate. Adj. lax, loose; slack; remiss &c. (careless) 460; weak. relaxed; licensed; reinless[obs3], unbridled; anarchical; unauthorized &c. (unwarranted) 925; adespotic[obs3].

#739. Severity.— N. severity; strictness, harshness &c. adj.; rigor, stringency, austerity; inclemency &c. (pitilessness) 914a; arrogance &c. 885; precisianism[obs3]. arbitrary power; absolutism, despotism; dictatorship, autocracy, tyranny, domineering, oppression; assumption, usurpation; inquisition, reign of terror, martial law; iron heel, iron rule, iron hand, iron sway; tight grasp; brute force, brute strength; coercion &c. 744; strong hand, tight hand. hard lines, hard measure; tender mercies [ironical]; sharp practice; pipe-clay, officialism. tyrant, disciplinarian, precisian[obs3], martinet, stickler, bashaw[obs3], despot, hard master, Draco, oppressor, inquisitor, extortioner, harpy, vulture; accipitres[obs3], birds of prey, raptorials[obs3], raptors[obs3]. V. be -severe &c. adj. assume, usurp, arrogate, take liberties; domineer, bully &c. 885; tyrannize, inflict, wreak, stretch a point, put on the screw; be hard upon; bear a heavy hand on, lay a heavy hand on; be down upon, come down upon; ill treat; deal hardly with, deal hard measure to; rule with a rod of iron, chastise with scorpions; dye with blood; oppress, override; trample under foot; tread under foot, tread upon, trample upon, tread down upon, trample down upon; crush under an iron heel, ride roughshod over; rivet the yoke; hold a tight hand, keep a tight hand; force down the throat; coerce &c. 744; give no quarter &c. (pitiless) 914a. Adj. severe; strict, hard, harsh, dour, rigid, stiff, stern, rigorous, uncompromising, exacting, exigent, exigeant[obs3], inexorable, inflexible, obdurate, austere, hard-headed, hard-nosed, hard-shell [U.S.], relentless, Spartan, Draconian, stringent, strait-laced, searching, unsparing, iron- handed, peremptory, absolute, positive, arbitrary, imperative; coercive &c. 744; tyrannical, extortionate, grinding, withering, oppressive, inquisitorial; inclement &c. (ruthless) 914a; cruel &c. (malevolent) 907; haughty, arrogant &c. 885; precisian[obs3]. Adv. severely &c. adj.; with a high hand, with a strong hand, with a tight hand, with a heavy hand. at the point of the sword, at the point of the bayonet. Phr. Delirant reges plectuntur Achivi[Lat]; manu forti[Lat]; ogni debole ha sempre il suo tiranno[It].



#740. Lenity.— N. lenity, lenience, leniency; moderation &c. 174; tolerance, toleration; mildness, gentleness; favor, indulgence, indulgency[obs3]; clemency, mercy, forbearance, quarter; compassion &c. 914. V. be -lenient &c. adj.; tolerate, bear with; parcere subjectis[Lat], give quarter. indulge, allow one to have his own way, spoil. Adj. lenient; mild, mild as milk; gentle, soft; tolerant, indulgent, easy-going; clement &c. (compassionate) 914; forbearing; long-suffering.

#741. Command.— N. command, order, ordinance, act, fiat, hukm[obs3], bidding, dictum, hest[obs3], behest, call, beck, nod. despatch, dispatch; message, direction, injunction, charge, instructions; appointment, fixture. demand, exaction, imposition, requisition, claim, reclamation, revendication[obs3]; ultimatum &c. (terms) 770; request &c. 765; requirement. dictation; dictate, mandate; caveat, decree, senatus consultum[Lat]; precept; prescript, rescript; writ, ordination, bull, ex cathedra pronouncement[Lat], edict, decretal[obs3], dispensation, prescription, brevet, placit[obs3], ukase, ukaz [Russian], firman, hatti-sherif[obs3], warrant, passport, mittimus[Law@crim], mandamus, summons, subpoena, nisi prius[Lat], interpellation, citation; word, word of command; mot d'ordre[Fr]; bugle call, trumpet call; beat of drum, tattoo; order of the day; enactment &c. (law) 963; plebiscite &c. (choice) 609. V. command, order, decree, enact, ordain, dictate, direct, give orders. prescribe, set, appoint, mark out; set a task, prescribe a task, impose a task; set to work, put in requisition. bid, enjoin, charge, call upon, instruct; require at the hands of; exact, impose, tax, task; demand; insist on &c. (compel) 744. claim, lay claim to, revendicate[obs3], reclaim. cite, summon; call for, send for; subpoena; beckon. issue a command; make a requisition, issue a requisition, promulgate a requisition, make a decree, issue a decree, promulgate a decree, make an order, issue an order, promulgate an order &c. n.; give the word of command, give the word, give the signal; call to order; give the law, lay down the law; assume the command &c. (authority) 737; remand. be -ordered &c.; receive an order &c. n. Adj. commanding &c. v.; authoritative &c. 737; decretory[obs3], decretive[obs3], decretal[obs3]; callable, jussive[obs3]. Adv. in a commanding tone; by a stroke of the pen, by a dash of the pen; by order, at beat of drum, on the first summons. Phr. the decree is gone forth; sic volo sic jubeo[Lat]; le Roi le veut[Fr]; boutez en avant[Fr].



#742. Disobedience. N. disobedience, insubordination, contumacy; infraction, infringement; violation, noncompliance; nonobservance &c. 773. revolt, rebellion, mutiny, outbreak, rising, uprising, insurrection, emeute[Fr]; riot, tumult &c. (disorder) 59; strike &c.(resistance) 719; barring out; defiance &c. 715. mutinousness &c. adj.; mutineering[obs3]; sedition, treason; high treason, petty treason, misprision of treason; premunire[Lat]; lese majeste[Fr]; violation of law &c. 964; defection, secession. insurgent, mutineer, rebel, revolter, revolutionary, rioter, traitor, quisling, carbonaro[obs3], sansculottes[Fr], red republican, bonnet rouge, communist, Fenian, frondeur; seceder, secessionist, runagate, renegade, brawler, anarchist, demagogue; Spartacus, Masaniello, Wat Tyler, Jack Cade; ringleader. V. disobey, violate, infringe; shirk; set at defiance &c. (defy) 715; set authority at naught, run riot, fly in the face of; take the law into one's own hands; kick over the traces. turn restive, run restive; champ the bit; strike &c. (resist) 719; rise, rise in arms; secede; mutiny, rebel. Adj. disobedient; uncomplying, uncompliant; unsubmissive[obs3], unruly, ungovernable; breachy[obs3], insubordinate, impatient of control, incorrigible; restiff , restive; refractory, contumacious, recusant &c. (refuse) 764; recalcitrant; resisting &c. 719; lawless, mutinous, seditions, insurgent, riotous. unobeyed[obs3]; unbidden. Phr. seditiosissimus quisque ignavus [Lat][Tacitus]; "unthread the rude eye of rebellion" [King John].

#743. Obedience.— N. obedience; observance &c. 772; compliance; submission &c. 725; subjection &c. 749; nonresistance; passiveness, resignation. allegiance, loyalty, fealty, homage, deference, devotion; constancy, fidelity. submissness[obs3], submissiveness; ductility &c. (softness) 324; obsequiousness &c. (servility) 886. V. be -obedient &c. adj.; obey, bear obedience to; submit &c. 725; comply, answer the helm, come at one's call; do one's bidding, do what one is told, do suit and service; attend to orders, serve faithfully. follow the lead of, follow to the world's end; serve &c. 746; play second fiddle. Adj. obedient; complying, compliant; loyal, faithful, devoted; at one's call, at one's command, at one's orders, at one's beck and call; under beck and call, under control. restrainable; resigned, passive; submissive &c. 725; henpecked; pliant &c. (soft) 324. unresisted[obs3]. Adv. obediently &c. adj.; in compliance with, in obedience to. Phr. to hear is to obey; as you please, if you please; your wish is my command; as you wish; no sooner said than done.

#744. Compulsion.— N. compulsion, coercion, coaction[obs3], constraint, duress, enforcement, press, conscription. force; brute force, main force, physical force; the sword, ultima ratio[Lat]; club law, lynch law, mob law, arguementum baculinum[obs3], le droit du plus fort[Fr], martial law. restraint &c. 751; necessity &c. 601; force majeure[Fr]; Hobson's choice. V. compel, force, make, drive, coerce, constrain, enforce, necessitate, oblige. force upon, press; cram down the throat, thrust down the throat, force down the throat; say it must be done, make a point of, insist upon, take no denial; put down, dragoon. extort, wring from; squeeze, put on the squeeze; put on the screws, turn on the screw; drag into; bind, bind over; pin down, tie down; require, tax, put in force; commandeer; restrain &c. 751. Adj. compelling &c. v.; coercive, coactive[obs3]; inexorable &c. 739; compulsory, compulsatory[obs3]; obligatory, stringent, peremptory. forcible, not to be trifled with; irresistible &c. 601; compelled &c. v.; fain to. Adv. by force &c. n., by force of arms; on compulsion, perforce; vi et armis[Lat], under the lash; at the point of the sword, at the point of the bayonet; forcibly; by a strong arm. under protest, in spite of one's teeth; against one's will &c. 603; nolens volens &c. (of necessity) 601[Lat]; by stress of circumstances, by stress of weather; under press of; de rigueur. with a gun to one's head. Phr. I'll make him an offer he can't refuse.



#745. Master. N. master, padrone; lord, lord paramount; commander, commandant; captain; chief, chieftain; sirdar[obs3], sachem, sheik, head, senior, governor, ruler, dictator; leader &c. (director) 694; boss, cockarouse[obs3], sagamore[ISA:chief@algonquin], werowance[obs3]. lord of the ascendant; cock of the walk, cock of the roost; gray mare; mistress. potentate; liege, liege lord; suzerain, sovereign, monarch, autocrat, despot, tyrant, oligarch. crowned head, emperor, king, anointed king, majesty, imperator[Lat], protector, president, stadholder[obs3], judge. ceasar, kaiser, czar, tsar, sultan, soldan , grand Turk, caliph, imaum[obs3], shah, padishah[obs3], sophi[obs3], mogul, great mogul, khan, lama, tycoon, mikado, tenno[Jap], inca, cazique[obs3]; voivode[obs3]; landamman[obs3]; seyyid[obs3]; Abuna[obs3], cacique[obs3], czarowitz[obs3], grand seignior. prince, duke &c. (nobility) 875; archduke, doge, elector; seignior; marland[obs3], margrave; rajah, emir, wali, sheik nizam[obs3], nawab. empress, queen, sultana, czarina, princess, infanta, duchess, margravine[obs3]; czarevna[obs3], czarita[obs3]; maharani, rani, rectrix[obs3]. regent, viceroy, exarch[obs3], palatine, khedive, hospodar[obs3], beglerbeg[obs3], three-tailed bashaw[obs3], pasha, bashaw[obs3], bey, beg, dey[obs3], scherif[obs3], tetrarch, satrap, mandarin, subahdar[obs3], nabob, maharajah; burgrave[obs3]; laird &c. (proprietor) 779; collector, commissioner, deputy commissioner, woon[obs3]. the authorities, the powers that be, the government; staff, etat major[Fr], aga[obs3], official, man in office, person in authority; sircar[obs3], sirkar[obs3], Sublime Porte. [Military authorities] marshal, field marshal, marechal[obs3]; general, generalissimo; commander in chief, seraskier[obs3], hetman[obs3]; lieutenant general, major general; colonel, lieutenant colonel, major, captain, centurion, skipper, lieutenant, first lieutenant, second lieutenant, sublieutenant, officer, staff officer, aide-de-camp, brigadier, brigade major, adjutant, jemidar[obs3], ensign, cornet, cadet, subaltern, noncommissioned officer, warrant officer; sergeant, sergeant major; color sergeant; corporal, corporal major; lance corporal, acting corporal; drum major; captain general, dizdar[obs3], knight marshal, naik[obs3], pendragon. [Civil authorities] mayor, mayoralty; prefect, chancellor, archon, provost, magistrate, syndic; alcalde[obs3], alcaid[obs3]; burgomaster, corregidor[obs3], seneschal, alderman, councilman, committeeman, councilwoman, warden, constable, portreeve[obs3]; lord mayor; officer &c. (executive) 965; dewan[obs3], fonctionnaire[Fr]. [Naval authorities] admiral, admiralty; rear admiral, vice admiral, port admiral; commodore, captain, commander, lieutenant, ensign, skipper, mate, master, officer of the day, OD; navarch[obs3]. Phr. da locum melioribus[Lat]; der Furst ist der erste Diener seines Staats [German: the prince is the first servant of his state]; "lord of thy presence and no land beside" [King John].