The principles he had gleaned from this laborious record made him resolve to place restrictions upon corporate power in the new constitution. The time was ripe for this movement. The Granger legislation in the West had planted in the organic law of Illinois, Ohio, and Missouri the policy of government control over the railroads. The statutes of Pennsylvania also reflected the same principles, and the Supreme Court of the United States had decided this great case on the side of the people. General Toombs was master of the legislation on this subject in England, and had studied the American reports on the right and duty of the state to regulate railroad companies. He declared, in proposing this new system, that these laws had been adopted by the most enlightened governments of the world. "From the days of the Roman Empire down to the present time," said Toombs, "it has never been denied that the state has power over the corporations."

At once the State was in an uproar. "Toombs is attempting a new revolution," was alleged. He was charged with leading an idolatrous majority into war upon the rights of property. Conservative men like Jenkins deprecated the agitation. Atlanta was filled with a powerful railroad lobby, and the press resounded with warning that development of the waste places of Georgia would be retarded by this unjust and nefarious warfare. Robert Toombs was not an agrarian. His movement against the corporations was reenforced by delegates from the small towns in Georgia, who had suffered from discrimination in favor of the larger cities. Railroad traffic had been diverted by rigid and ruthless exactions, and a coterie of delegates from southwest Georgia stood solidly by Toombs. These debates drew crowds of listeners. From the galleries hundreds of interested Georgians looked down upon the last public service of Robert Toombs. He never appeared to finer advantage. His voice lacked its old-time ring, his beard was gray and his frame was bent, but he was fearless, aggressive, alert, eloquent. He was master of the whole subject. Railways, he declared, were public highways. Upon no other principle could they receive land from the State, under its right of eminent domain, than that this land was condemned for public and not for private use. A public highway means that it must be used according to law. In those States where people have been fighting the encroachments of public monopolies, it had been found necessary to use these terms, and Toombs prefaced his agitation with this announcement.

General Toombs did not mince matters. He declared that the rapacious course of the railroads in Georgia had been spoliation. Monopoly is extortion. Corporations must either be governed by the law or they will override the law. Competition is liberty. Keep the hand of the law on corporations and you keep up competition; keep up competition and you preserve liberty. It has been argued that the towns and counties in Georgia had grown rich. That is the same argument that was made in the English Parliament. They said; "Look at your little colonies, how they have grown under our care." But the patriotic men of America said; "We have grown rich in spite of your oppressions." Shall we not restrain this tax-gatherer who has no judge but himself, no limit but his avarice?

General Toombs wanted it placed in the constitution that the legislature shall pass these laws restricting railroads. He declared he had twice drawn bills for that purpose; they had passed the House, but crumbled as though touched with the hand of death when they came to the forty-four (the Senate). "What," said he, "do I see before me? The grave. What beyond that? Starving millions of our posterity, that I have robbed by my action here, in giving them over to the keeping of these corporations. The right to control these railroads belongs to the State, to the people, and as long as I represent the people, I will not consent to surrender it, so help me God!"

The spirit of Toombs dominated that convention. Men moved up the aisle to take their seats at his feet as he poured out his strong appeal. One-half of that body was filled with admiration, the other half with alarm. "It is a sacred thing to shake the pillars upon which the property of the country rests," said Mr. Hammond of Fulton. "Better shake the pillars of property than the pillars of liberty," answered this Georgia Sampson, with his thews girt for the fray. "The great question is, Shall Georgia govern the corporations or the corporations govern Georgia? Choose ye this day whom ye shall serve!"

The house rang with applause. Members clustered about the old man as about the form of a prophet. The majority was with him. The articles which he had advocated came from the committee without recommendation, but they were substantially adopted, and are now parts of the supreme law of the land. The victory was won, and Robert Toombs, grim and triumphant, closed his legislative career, and claimed this work as the crowning act of his public labors.

These principles are contained in Article IV. of the State constitution of Georgia. It declares the right of taxation to be sovereign, inviolable, and indestructible, and that it shall be irrevocable by the State; that the power to regulate freight and passenger tariffs and to prevent unjust discriminations shall be conferred upon the General Assembly, whose duty it shall be to pass laws for the same; that the right of eminent domain shall never be abridged; that any amendment to a charter shall bring the charter under the provisions of the Constitution; that the General Assembly shall have no authority to authorize any corporation to buy shares of stock in any other corporation, which shall have the effect to lessen competition or encourage monopoly. No railroad shall pay a rebate or bonus.

Under these provisions, the Railroad Commission of Georgia was organized in 1879. This idea, as it finally worked out, was General Toombs'. He did not favor fixing the rates in the law, but the creation of such a commission to carry out these provisions. The present law was framed by Judge William M. Reese, Hon. Samuel Barnett, Ex-Senator H. D. McDaniel, and Superintendent Foreacre of the Richmond and Danville Railroad. It has worked well in Georgia. Twice has the legislature attempted to remodel it, but the people have rallied to its support and have not permitted it to be amended in so much as a single clause. It has served as an example for imitation by other States, and was cited as strong authority in Congress for the creation of the Inter-State Commerce Law. The railroad men, after fighting it for ten years, have come round to acknowledge its value. It has stood as a breakwater between the corporations and the people. It has guaranteed justice to the citizen, and has worked no injury to the railroads. Under its wise provisions Georgia has prospered, and leads the Union to-day in railroad building. And when, during a recent session of the legislature, an attempt was made to war upon railroad consolidation, the saving, overmastering, crowning argument of the railroads themselves was that General Toombs had already secured protection for the people, and that, under his masterly handiwork, the rights of property and the rights of the people were safe.

When the convention had concluded its labors, General Toombs went before the people and threw himself with enthusiasm into the canvass. He took the stump, and everywhere his voice was heard in favor of the adoption of the new organic law. Many of the officers whose term had been cut off, and whose salaries had been reduced, appeared against the constitution. General Toombs declared that those public men who did not approve of the lower salaries might "pour them back in the jug." This homely phrase became a by-word in the canvass. It had its origin in this way: In the Creek war, in which "Capt. Robert A. Toombs" commanded a company made up of volunteers from Wilkes, Elbert, and Lincoln counties, a negro named Kinch went along as whisky sutler. As he served out the liquor, some of the soldiers complained of the price he asked. His answer was, "Well, sir, if you don't like it, sir, pour it back in the jug."

In the State election of December, 1877, the new constitution was overwhelmingly adopted, and will remain for generations the organic law of the Empire State of the South.



CHAPTER XXIX.

DOMESTIC LIFE OF TOOMBS.

There never was a public man in America whose home life was more beautiful or more tender than that of Robert Toombs. As great as were his public virtues, his lofty character, and abilities, his domestic virtues were more striking still. He was a man who loved his family. In 1830 he was married to Julia A. Dubose, with whom he lived, a model and devoted husband, for more than fifty years. She was a lady of rare personal beauty, attractive manners, and common sense. She shared his early struggles, and watched the lawyer grow into the statesman and the leader with unflagging confidence and love. There was never a time that he would not leave his practice or his public life to devote himself to her. His heart yearned for her during his long separation in Washington, when, during the debate upon the great Compromise measures of 1850, he wrote that he would rather see her than "save the State." He considered her in a thousand ways. He never disappointed her in coming home, but, when traveling, always returned when it was possible, just at the time he had promised. During the exciting scenes attending his first election to the United States Senate, he writes that he feels too little interest in the result perhaps for his success, and longs to be at home. Political honors did not draw him away from his devotion to this good woman. He never neglected her in the smallest way. His attentions were as pointed and courtly in her last days as when they were bright-faced boy and girl, lovers and cousins, in the twenties. During his labors in the constitutional convention of 1877, he one day wore upon his lapel a flower she had placed there, and stopping in his speech, paid fitting tribute to the pure emblem of a woman's love. A man of great deeds and great temptations, of great passions and of glaring faults, he never swerved in loyalty to his wedded love, and no influence ever divided his allegiance there. Writing to her on May 15, 1853, while he was United States Senator, he says:

MY DEAR JULIA:

This is your birthday, which you bid me remember, and this letter will show you that I have not forgotten it. To-day Gus Baldwin and Dr. Harbin dropped in to dinner, and we drank your good health and many more returns in health and happiness of the 15th of May. I did not tell them that you were forty, for it might be that some time or other you would not care to have them know it, and I am sure they would never suspect it unless told. In truth I can scarcely realize it myself, as you are the same lovely and loving, true-hearted woman to me, that you were when I made you my bride, nearly twenty-three years ago. There is no other change except the superior loveliness of the full blown over the budding rose. I have thrown my mind this quiet Sunday evening over that large segment of human life (twenty-three years) since we were married, and whatever of happiness memory has treasured up clusters around you. In life's struggle I have been what men call fortunate. I have won its wealth and its honors, but I have won them by labor, and toil, and strife, whose memory saddens even success; but the pure joys of wedded love leave none but pleasant recollections which one can dwell upon with delight. These thoughts are dearer to me than to most men, because I know for whatever success in life I may have had, whatever evil I may have avoided, or whatever good I may have done, I am mainly indebted to the beautiful, pure, true-hearted little black-eyed girl, who on the 18th of November, 1830, came trustingly to my arms, the sweetest and dearest of wives. You need not fear, therefore, that I shall forget your birthday. That and our bridal-day are the brightest in my calendar, and memory will not easily part with them.

Yours, TOOMBS.

So well known was this domestic trait of Mr. Toombs that Bishop Beckwith of Georgia, in delivering his funeral sermon, declared that "no knight, watching his sword before the altar, ever made a holier, truer, or purer vow than when Robert Toombs stood at the marriage altar more than fifty years ago. The fire that burned upon the altar of his home remained as pure and unfailing as the perpetual offering of Jerusalem."

Mrs. Toombs was a woman of warm heart and strong convictions. She was noted for her benevolence and piety, and these she carried through life. Her Christian example was a steadying influence often in the stormy and impetuous career of her husband, and finally, when she had closed her eyes in peace, brought him to the altar where she had worshiped. Her household and her neighbors loved to be under her influence. No one who ever saw her fine face, or her lustrous dark eyes, forgot her. Her face was, in some respects, not unlike that of her husband. It is the best tribute that can be paid to her to say that for more than fifty years her influence over so strong a character as that of Robert Toombs was most potent. In June, 1856, while driving in Augusta, the horses attached to the carriage ran away, and Mrs. Toombs was thrown from the vehicle and sustained a fracture of the hip. General Toombs hastened to Georgia from Congress, and remained incessantly at her bedside for several weeks. In November, 1880, General and Mrs. Toombs celebrated their golden wedding, surrounded by their grandchildren and friends. It was a beautiful sight to see the bride of half a century with a new wedding ring upon her finger, playing the piano, while the old man of seventy essayed, like Washington, to dance the minuet. The old couple survived their three children, and lived to bless the lives of grandchildren and great-grandchildren. They were fond and affectionate parents.

A friend, who had known them in their own home, describes "the great fire in the open fire-place; on one side the venerable statesman, with that head which always seemed to me of such rare beauty; on the other side, the quiet wife busy with home affairs, her eyes lighting, now and then, the wonderful conversation that fell from his eloquent lips."

General Toombs was a liberal provider for his family, and his grandchildren and connections were constant objects of his bounty. Large sums were spent in charity. No church or benevolent institution appealed to him in vain. His house was open, and his hospitality was princely and proverbial. No one was more genial at home. Few prominent persons ever visited Washington without being entertained by Toombs. His regular dinners to the bar of the circuit, as, twice a year, the lawyers came to Washington to court, are remembered by scores of Georgians to-day. On one occasion when the townspeople were discussing the need of a hotel, General Toombs indignantly replied that there was no need for any such place. "If a respectable man comes to town," said he, "he can stay at my house. If he isn't respectable, we don't want him here at all."

No religious conference could meet in Washington that the Toombs house was not full of guests. Many Northern people visited the place to hear the statesman talk. Newspaper correspondents sought him out to listen to his fine conversation. These people were always sure of the most courteous treatment, and were prepared for the most candid expression. General Toombs was not solely a raconteur. He did not draw upon his memory for his wit. The cream of his conversation was his bold and original comment. His wit flashed all along the line. His speech at times was droll and full of quaint provincialisms. He treated subjects spontaneously, in a style all his own. Strangers, who sat near him in a railroad car, have been enchanted by his sage and spirited conversation, as his leonine features lighted up, and his irresistible smile and kindly eye forced good-humor, even where his sentiments might have challenged dissent. He was the finest talker of his day. A close friend, who used to visit him frequently at his home, declares that Toombs' powers did not wait upon the occasion. He did not require an emergency to bring him out. All his faculties were alert, and in a morning's chat he would pour out the riches of memory, humor, eloquence, and logic until the listener would be enthralled by his brilliancy and power. He delighted to talk with intellectual men and women. He was impatient with triflers or dolts. He criticised unsparingly, and arraigned men and measures summarily, but he was a seeker after truth, and even when severe, was free from malice or envy.

General Toombs was a man of tender sympathies. Distress of his friends moved him to prompt relief. In 1855 a friend and kinsman, Mr. Pope, died in Alabama. He had been a railroad contractor and his affairs were much involved. General Toombs promptly went to his place, bought in his property for the family, and left the place for the wife and children, just as it stood. From Mobile he writes a grief-stricken letter to his wife, December 28, 1855:

I feel that I must pour out my sorrows to someone, and whom else can I look to but to one who, ever faithful and true, has had my whole heart from my youth till now? This has been one of the dark and sad days of my life. The remains of my lost friend Mr. Pope came down on the cars this morning. I met them alone at the depot, except Gus. Baldwin and the hired hands. This evening I accompanied the remains to the boat. Oh, it was so sad to see one whom so many people professed to love, in a strange place, conveyed by hirelings and deposited like merchandise among the freight of a steamboat on the way to his long home. I can scarcely write now, at the thought, through the blindness of my own tears. As I saw him placed in the appointed spot among the strangers and bustle of a departing boat, careless of who or what he was, I stole away to the most retired part of the boat, to conceal the weakness of friendship and relieve my overburdened heart with a flood of tears. I felt it would be a profanation of friendship even to be seen to feel in such a crowd. But for my overwhelming duty to the living I would have taken the boat and gone on with his remains. This is the end of the just in this world. He was a good and an upright man; never gave offense to a human being. His family are ruined, but his only fault was want of judgment, and too great confidence in his kind. He could not make money, and it really seemed that his every effort to do so plunged him deeper into debt. His great fault was a concealment of his own difficulties and trials. I would have done anything to have relieved them upon a full disclosure. He was idolized at home, and I have wept at the sorrows of the poor people in his employment, upon the very mention of his death. I know I cannot control my grief and am sensitive of my own weakness. I could not find relief without pouring out my sorrows to you. There let them rest.

Yours, TOOMBS.

General Toombs resided in a three-story frame house in Washington, built after the manner of the olden time, with the spacious piazza, heavy columns, the wide door, and the large rooms. He lived in ease and comfort. He was an early riser, and after breakfast devoted himself to business or correspondence. At midday he was accessible to visitors, and rarely dined alone. In the afternoon he walked or drove. At night he sat in his arm-chair at his fireside, and in his lips invariably carried an unlit cigar. Smoking did not agree with him. While in Europe he delighted to test the tobacco of the different countries, but the practice always gave him pain above the eyes. His last attempt was in the army of Virginia. Convinced that smoking injured him, he never resumed it. Fond of his dry smoke, he had a peculiar cigar made to order, very closely wrapped, with fine tobacco.

General Toombs made frequent trips away from home, even during the latter part of his life. The State retained his services in important cases. One of his last public acts was the prosecution of certain railway companies for back taxes. He recovered thousands of dollars to the State. He was summoned to Atlanta in 1880 to prosecute a defaulting State treasurer. He appeared very feeble, but his speech was a model of clearness and logic. During the latter part of his life there was a return of his early fault of quick, nervous, compressed speech. He grasped only the great hillocks of thought and left the intervening ground to be filled by the listener. His terse, rapid style was difficult to follow. As a presiding judge said, "His leaps are like a kangaroo's, and his speech gave me the headache." But his argument in the Jack Jones case was a model of eloquence and convincing law. A large number of friends attended the court, convinced that General Toombs was nearing the end of his great career, and were astounded at the manner in which he delivered his argument. As he concluded his address he turned in his place and caught the eye of Rev. Father J. M. O'Brien, an old friend of his. "Why, Father O'Brien," he said, wringing his hand, "I am glad to see you taking an interest in this case. These people are trying to usurp your functions. They want to grant the defendant absolution." "But, General," replied the quick-witted priest, "even I could not grant absolution until he had made restitution." "That's the doctrine," said the delighted lawyer, pleased to find that the point of his speech had taken so well. His face was all aglow with the gaudia certaminis of the forum. This was his last appearance in court, and he won his case.

His mother Georgia claimed his allegiance always, and he gave her his last and best powers. He worked for the commonwealth, and gave the people more than he ever received in return.

In Augusta, in 1871, when he appeared before the Georgia Railroad Commission and arraigned the lease of the State road as illegal and unhallowed, he declared in a burst of indignation; "I would rather be buried at the public expense than to leave a dirty shilling." It was the acme of his desire to live and die like a gentleman.

He had always been a safe financier. Scorning wealth, he had early found himself wealthy. It is estimated that he made more than a million dollars by his law practice after the war. He spent his money freely, careful always to avoid debt. Further than this, he kept no account of his means. Like Astor, he invested much of his holdings in land, and owned a large number of fine plantations in middle Georgia. When he died his estate probably reached two hundred thousand dollars.



CHAPTER XXX.

HIS GREAT FAULT.

No just biography of Robert Toombs can be written that does not take into notice the blemishes as well as the brightness of his character. He was a man on a grand scale. His virtues were heroic, his faults were conspicuous. No man despised hypocrisy more than he did, and no one would have asked any sooner to be painted as he was, without concealment. During the latter part of his life, many people knew him principally by his faults. Few knew what the wayward Prince Hal of the evening had been to King Henry in the morning hour. Like Webster and Clay, he was made up of human frailty. As his intimate friend, Samuel Barnett, said of him: "In spite of splendid physique, a man of blood and passion, he was not only a model of domestic virtue, but he avoided the lewd talk to which many prominent men are addicted. A fine sportsman and rider, a splendid shot, he was nothing of the racer or gamester. After all, he was more of a model than a warning." Among his faults, the one which exaggerated all the others, was his use of ardent liquors. This habit grew upon him, especially after the failure of the war. A proud, imperious nature, accustomed to great labors and great responsibilities, was left without its main resource and supplied with the stimulus of wine. No man needed that stimulus less than he did. His was a manhood vibrant in age with the warm blood of youth, and always at its best when his spirits and intellect alone were at play. He was easily affected by the smallest indulgence. When he measured himself with others, glass for glass, the result was distressing, disastrous. The immediate effect of excess was short. The next morning his splendid vitality asserted itself, and he was bright and clear as ever. The habit, however, grew upon him. The want of a physical check was bad. This was the worst of all his faults, and was exaggerated by special circumstances. It was less indulged in at home and greatly circulated abroad. Frequently the press reporters would surround him and expose in the papers a mere caricature of him. His talk, when under the influence of wine, was racy, extravagant, and fine, and his sayings too often found their way into print. In this way great injustice was done to the life and character of Robert Toombs, and Northern men who read these quaint sayings and redolent vaporings formed a distorted idea of the man.

To a Northern correspondent who approached him during one of these periods, General Toombs said: "Yes, a gentleman whose intelligence revolts at usurpations must abstain from discussing the principles and policies of your Federal government, or receive the kicks of crossroad sputterers and press reporters; must either lie or be silent. They know only how to brawl and scrawl 'hot-head' and 'impolitic maniac.' Why, my free negroes know more than all your bosses. Now, damn it, put that in your paper."

Robert Toombs was built to live ninety years, and to have been, at Gladstone's age, a Gladstone in power. He took little pains to explain his real nature. He seemed to take pains to conceal or mislead. He appeared at times to hide his better and expose his worse side. If he had been Byron, he would have put forward his deformed foot. He was utterly indifferent to posthumous fame. Time and again he was asked to have his letters and speeches compiled for print, but he would never hear of it. He waived these suggestions away with the sententious remark, "that his life was written on the pages of his country's history." With all his faults, his were strong principles and generous impulses. "We know something of what he yielded, but we know nothing of what he resisted." Include his strength and his weakness and measure him by other men, and we have a man of giant mold.

One who was very near to Toombs in his last days said of him when he was dead: "It was a thing of sorrow to see this majestic old man pausing to measure his poor strength with a confirmed habit, rising, struggling, falling, and praying as he drifted on."

General Toombs used to say that Webster was the greatest man he ever knew, that Clay managed men better, and Calhoun was the finest logician of the century. "The two most eloquent men I ever heard were Northern men," said he; "Choate and Prentiss." "Pierce," he used to say, "was the most complete gentleman I ever saw in the White House. He was clever and correct. Zachary Taylor was the most ignorant. It was amazing how little he knew. Van Buren was shrewd rather than sagacious. Tyler was a beautiful speaker, but Webster declared that a man who made a pretty speech was fit for nothing else."

Toombs met Abraham Lincoln while he was in Congress. He related that Mr. Lincoln once objected to sitting down at table because he was the thirteenth man. Toombs told him that it was better to die than to be a victim to superstition. At the Hampton Roads Conference, President Lincoln expressed to Judge Campbell his confidence in the honesty and ability of Robert Toombs. He was a great reader. General Toombs often said that if the whole English literature were lost, and the Bible and Shakespeare remained, letters would not be much the poorer. Shakespeare was his standard. He was fond of Swedenborg, and in his early youth relished Tom Paine.

General Toombs had a great affinity for young men, upon whom he exerted a great influence. He once said to a party of friends that gambling was the worst of evils because it impoverished the pocket while it corrupted the mind. "How about drinking, General?" he was asked. "Well, if a man is old and rich he may drink, for he will have the sympathy of his sober friends and the support of his drinking ones."



CHAPTER XXXI.

HIS LAST DAYS.

In 1880 General Toombs appeared in Atlanta, and addressed the Georgia Legislature in behalf of the candidacy of General A. R. Lawton for the United States Senate. His appearance, as he walked up the aisle, grim, venerable, and determined, awoke wild applause. He preserved his power of stirring the people whenever he spoke, but his speech was not as racy and clear as it had been. "This was one of the occasions," to quote from a distinguished critic of Toombs, "when the almost extinct volcano glowed again with its wonted fires—when the ivy-mantled keep of the crumbling castle resumed its pristine defiance with deep-toned culverin and ponderous mace; when, amid the colossal fragments of the tottering temple, men recognized the unsubdued spirit of Samson Agonistes."

His last public speech was in September, 1884, when the people of Washington carried him the news of Cleveland's election to the Presidency. He came to his porch and responded briefly, almost inaudibly, to the serenade, but he was full of the gratification which Southern people felt over that event. He declared that he did not know that there was enough manhood in the country as to break loose from party ties and elect a President. The fact had revived his hope for the whole country. He had, before this, taken a gloomy view of the nation. He had, on one occasion, declared that the injection into the body politic of three million savages had made good government forever impossible. He had afterward said that the American Constitution rested solely upon the good faith of the people, and that would hardly bind together a great people of diverse interests. "Since 1850," he once said, "I have never believed this Union to be perpetual. The experience of the last war will deter any faction from soon making an effort at secession. Had it not been for this, there would have been a collision in 1876." But the election of Cleveland he regarded as a national, rather than a sectional victory—a non-partisan triumph in fact; and it was at this time, the first occasion since the war, that he expressed regret that he had not regained his citizenship and gone back into public life.

But his great power had begun to wane. His tottering gait and hesitating speech pointed unmistakably to speedy dissolution. The new-born hope for his country came just as his steps neared "the silent, solemn shore of that vast ocean he must sail so soon."

In March, 1883, General Toombs was summoned to Atlanta to attend the funeral of his lifelong friend Mr. Stephens. The latter had been an invalid for forty years, but was kept in active life by the sheer force of his indomitable will. Emerging from the war a prisoner, he had finally secured his release and had been elected United States Senator. Being prevented from taking his seat, he had returned home and finished his constitutional review of the "War Between the States." In 1873 he had been reelected to Congress, where he had remained for ten years, resigning this position to accept the nomination for Governor of Georgia, which his party had offered him at a critical moment. It had been the desire of the "Great Commoner" to "die in harness," and there is no doubt that his close attention to the arduous duties of Governor hastened his death. Thousands of Georgians repaired to the State Capitol to honor his memory, but he who attracted most attention was the gray and grief-stricken companion who stood by the coffin of the man he had honored for fifty years. Mr. Stephens, in his diary, recalls the fact that his first meeting with Mr. Toombs was in court, when the latter generously offered to lend him money and look after his practice so that Stephens could take a trip for his health.

Like Damon and Pythias, these two men were bound by the strongest ties. They entered public life together in the General Assembly of Georgia. Together they rode the circuits as young attorneys, and each was rewarded about the same time with a seat in the national councils. Both were conspicuous in the ante-bellum agitation, and both were prominent in the Civil War. As age advanced their relations were closer still.

General Toombs at the funeral of his friend pronounced a eulogium on the dead. His words were tremulous, and the trooping, tender memories of half a century crowded into the anguish of that moment. Toombs and Stephens, so long united in life, were not long parted in death.

In September, 1883, Mrs. Toombs died at her summer residence in Clarkesville, Ga. Their devoted friend, Dr. Steiner, was with them at the time, and rendered the double offices of family physician and sympathetic friend. Between these two men there had been a warm and long friendship. Dr. Steiner talked with General Toombs about his spiritual condition. A godly man himself, the doctor thought that he might remove any doubts that might linger in the mind of the stricken husband. He was gratified to hear that the way was clear. "Why, doctor," said General Toombs, "I am a prayerful man. I read the Bible and the Prayer Book every day." "Then why not be baptized, General?" "Baptize me, doctor," was his prompt reply. Dr. Steiner answered that there was no immediate need of that. The general was in good health. Dr. Steiner had baptized patients, he said, but it was in times of emergency. It was the desire of General Toombs to be baptized at the bedside of his wife. In a short time Robert Toombs was in communion with the Southern Methodist Church. It was his wife's beautiful example, "moving beside that soaring, stormy spirit, praying to God for blessings on it," which brought him to a confession of his faith, and left him in full fellowship with God's people.

General Toombs' health commenced visibly to fail after his wife's death, and the loss of Mr. Stephens made life lonely. His younger brother Gabriel, himself in the shadow of a great affliction, was with him constantly. They were devotedly attached to each other. Mr. Gabriel Toombs is, in personal appearance, very much like his brother. The long, iron-gray hair, brushed straight out from his head, reminds one of Robert Toombs. He is smaller in stature, and is a man of strong abilities, even temperament, and well-balanced mind. His brother had great regard for his business judgment and political sagacity, and often consulted him on public matters. These men lived near each other in Washington, their families grew up together, and General Toombs regarded his brother's children almost as he did his own.

On the 30th of September, 1885, Robert Toombs was confined to his house by illness. It was a general breaking down of his whole system. It was evident that he was nearing his end. During his last illness his mind would wander, and then his faculties would return with singular clearness. He suffered little pain. As Henry Grady said of him, it seemed that this kingly power and great vitality, which had subdued everything else, would finally conquer death. His ruling instinct was strong in dissolution. He still preserved to the last his faculty of grasping with ease public situations, and "framing terse epigrams, which he threw out like proverbs."

During one of his lucid intervals he asked for the news. He was told; "General, the Georgia Legislature has not yet adjourned."

"Lord, send for Cromwell," he answered, as he turned on his pillow.

Another time he was told that the Prohibitionists were holding an election in the town. "Prohibitionists," said he, "are men of small pints."

His mind at this period dwelt mainly on serious thoughts. The Bible was read to him daily. He was perfectly aware of his condition. He said to Dr. Steiner: "Looking over my broad field of life, I have not a resentment. I would not pang a heart."

He talked in his delirium of Mr. Stephens and Dr. Steiner. The latter recalled him and said: "General, I am here by your side; Mr. Stephens, you know, has crossed over the river." Coming to himself, he said: "Yes, I know I am fast passing away. Life's fitful fever will soon be over. I would not blot out a single act of my life."

Dr. Steiner declared that he never before realized so fully the appropriateness of Mr. Stephens' tribute to Toombs; "His was the greatest mind I ever came in contact with. Its operations, even in its errors, remind me of a mighty waste of waters."

When the time came for Dr. Steiner to return to his home in Augusta, General Toombs bade him good-by. "I am sorry," said he, "the hour is come. I hope we shall meet in a better place."

After Thursday, December 10, General Toombs did not regain consciousness. On Monday, December 15, 1885, at 6 o'clock P. M., he breathed his last. Just as the darkness of a winter evening stole over the land the great spirit of the statesman walked into eternal light.

He was buried on Thursday, December 18, at twelve o'clock. The funeral exercises were held in the little brick Methodist church where his wife and daughter had worshiped.

The funeral was simple, according to his wishes. A large number of public men in Georgia attended the services. Dr. Hillyer, a prominent Baptist divine and classmate of General Toombs, assisted in the services. Rt. Rev. John W. Beckwith, Episcopal Bishop of Georgia, who had been his closest religious adviser after the death of the Methodist Bishop George F. Pierce, delivered a beautiful eulogium.

The remains were interred in the Washington cemetery, by the side of the body of his wife. A handsome marble shaft, bearing the simple and speaking inscription "Robert Toombs," marks the spot which is sacred to all Georgians.

THE END.

* * * * *

INDEX.

Abolitionists, election of "Independent Democrats" by, 109; in campaign of 1856, 140; effect of Dred Scott case on, 159

Achison, David R., leader in U. S. Senate, 107

Act of 1789, claim for enforcement of, 73-76

Adams, John Q., compact with Clay, 14; charge of corruption against, 55; member of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56

Alabama, delegates withdraw from Charleston convention, 177; secession of, 213; escape through, 301-303

Alabama, escape on the, 305

Alexander, W. F., joins in European trip, 125; appointed Quartermaster-major, 237

Alexander, Mrs. W. F., death, 312

Aliens, Toombs' welcome for, 150, 151

Alps, visit to the, 126

American party, rise, 121; opposed and denounced by Toombs, 124, 128, 147, 149; successes and defeats in 1855, 128; nominates Fillmore, 140; opposition to Toombs' party, 143; principles, 148; nominates Hill for governorship of Georgia, 155; downfall, 158

Amsterdam, visit to, 126

Anderson, Major, besieged at Fort Sumter, 227-229

Andrews, Judge, defeated for governorship of Georgia, 128

Andrews' Grove, debate between Toombs and Hill in, 145-152

Antietam, battle of, 262-269

Anti-railroad agitation, 26

Appleton, Nathan, entertains Toombs at Boston, 130

Appleton, William, entertains Toombs at Boston, 130

Arkansas, delegates leave Charleston convention, 177; secedes, 233

Army Appropriation bill, debate between Toombs and Davis on, 247-249

Army of Northern Virginia, 5, 262

Army of Potomac, defeated before Richmond, 246

Articles of Confederation, bearing on slavery question, 132

Athens, University at, 7-12

Atlanta, quarrel between Stephens and Cone in, 62; in the field before, 276; political meeting at, 324

Atlanta Sun, edited by Stephens, 332

Atlantic cable, opposes appropriation for, 194

Augusta, Ga., speeches at, 47-50, 165-168

Augusta Chronicle and Sentinel, defends Toombs, 186

Baltimore, delegate to Clay convention at, 46; Whig convention at, 97; Democratic convention at, 97

Baltimore convention, the, action in regard to Georgia delegations, 182

Banking, position on, 33, 39

Bank of the United States, 32

Bar, admission to the, 13

Barnett, Samuel, frames railroad law, 351; tribute to Toombs, 364

Bartow, Francis S., deputy to Provisional Congress, 215

Bayard, James A., leader in U. S. Senate, 107; member of Charleston convention, 176; presides over seceders from Charleston convention, 178

Beaverdam Creek, 3

Beckwith, Bishop John W., eulogium on Toombs, 355, 376

Bell, John, leader in U. S. Senate, 107; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 115; nominated for Presidency, 183; vote in Georgia for, 184

Benjamin, Judah P., Attorney General of Confederate States, 221; legal practice in England, 310

Benning, Col., assumes command of Toombs' brigade, 268

Benton, Thomas H., on disunion, 81

Berrien, John M., censured by Georgia Democrats, 39; represents Georgia in U. S. Senate, 68; in campaign of 1851, 93, 94

Bill of Rights, in Constitutional convention, 345

Bird, Edge, reunion with Toombs, 298, 299

Black, Edward J., opposes Toombs in campaign of 1844, 53

Blaine, J. G., characterization of Toombs' farewell speech in Senate, 205; on bombardment of Sumter, 229; on ravages of Confederate ships, 232; objects to Toombs' restoration to citizenship, 313

Blair, Frank P., nominated for Vice-presidency, 324

Blockade of Southern ports, 229

Bonds, repudiation of outlawed, 343, 344

Boston, lecture in, 129-135

Boston Journal, on Toombs' lecture, 131

Boyd Amendment, 80

Braddock, Gen., massacre of his command, 1

Bragg, Gen., opposed by Toombs and Linton Stephens, 274

Breckenridge, John C., elected vice president, 152; nominated for Presidency, 183; vote in Georgia for, 184; last attendance at Confederate Cabinet, 282

Bright, John, restrains recognition of Confederacy, 232, 233

Broderick, Senator, eulogized by Toombs, 336

Brooks, Preston S., assaults Sumner, 141, 142; reelected, 142

Brown, John, raid on Harper's Ferry, 169; execution, 169; influence of, 170; Toombs' characterization of his raid, 172, 173

Brown, Joseph E., nominated for governorship of Georgia, 154; rise of, 156, 157; supported by Toombs, 157; ability, 158; elected governor, 158; candidate for reelection to governorship, 166; seizes Fort Pulaski, 214; opposes Conscription and Impressment Acts, 273; commended by Toombs, 278; parting with Toombs, 281; joins Republican party, 290; strained relations with Toombs, 333-336

Browne, W. M., Confederate Assistant Secretary of State, 237

Brussels, visit to, 126

Buchanan, James, on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 114, 115; nominated for Presidency, 141; elected, 152; position on Territorial question, 159; dissolution of Cabinet, 199

Bullock, Gov., 317, 320, 321

Bunker Hill Monument, denial of speech about slave roll-call, at, 119

Burt, Armistead, member of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56

Bush Arbor meeting, 324-327

Butler, Benjamin F., member of Charleston convention, 176

Butler, Senator, Sumner's strictures on, 142

Calhoun, John C., compared with Toombs, 14; as a lawyer, 16; conflict with Jackson, 29; admiration of Toombs for, 31, 104, 367; railroad schemes of, 41; arraigned for the "sugar letter," 46; characterization of acquired Mexican territory, 67; last efforts of, 68, 79, 107

California, acquisition of, 67; question of admission of, 77-81, 85; Toombs' ideas on exclusion of slavery from, 91; supports the South in Charleston convention, 177

Cameron, Simon, criticised by Toombs, 197

Canada, favors purchase of, 195

Caribbean Sea, advocates making a mare clausum, 196

Carlyle, Thomas, view of the Civil War, 233; Toombs' interviews with, 310

Cass, Lewis, defeated for the Presidency, 63; leader in U. S. Senate, 107; enmity to, by Northern men, 118

Catlett, Miss, 3

Central America, favors purchase of, 195

Centreville, Johnston's advance to, 238; Toombs' retreat from, 239; escape of Toombs through, 292

Chandler, Daniel, 9

Charles I., legend of Toombs' ancestors and, 1, 2, 156

Charleston, S. C., Yancey's speech in, 178; excitement at bombardment of Sumter, 227

Charleston convention, the, 175-181

Charlton, Robert M., Democratic leader, 51; opposition to Toombs, 95

Chase, Salmon P., represents Ohio in U. S. Senate, 68, 107; an "Independent Democrat," 109; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 115

Chattahoochee River, Toombs' escape by, 301

Chenault, Nick, 288

Cherokee County, sends Brown to State Senate, 157

Chickahominy River, Johnston's retreat behind, 245

Chickamauga, dispute between Gen. Hill and Gen. Walker at battle of, 258, 259

Choate, Rufus, Toombs on, 367

Cilley duel, the, 55

Cincinnati Platform of 1856, 141, 165

Civil war, Toombs' horror of, 120; opening of the, 227

Clarke, Gen. John, feud with Crawford, 29, 30

Clarkesville, Ga., summer residence at, 372

Clay, Henry, 14; Toombs' opinion of, 38, 50, 104, 367; nominated for Presidency, 46; Compromise measures, 52, 79; opposition to, in campaign of 1844, 54, 55; popularity, 55; position in campaign of 1848, 60; opinion on disposition of acquired territory, 67; last efforts of, 68; the "Omnibus bill," 80; death, 107; denies framing the Missouri Compromise, 113; position on internal improvements, 188; his loss felt, 201

Clay and Adams compact, the, 14

Clayton Compromise, the, 61, 62, 64

Cleveland, Grover, Toombs' speech on election of, 370

Cobb, Gov. Howell, as a lawyer, 16, 20, 21; Democratic leader, 51; member of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56; elected Speaker of House of Representatives, 69; position on admission of California, 81; position on disunion, 82; nominated for governorship, 86; characteristics of, 87; in campaign of 1851, 92; elected governor, 93; opinion of Joseph E. Brown, 155; indorses seceders from Charleston convention, 179; prominence of, 186; deputy to Provisional Congress, 215; president of Provisional Congress, 216; addresses meeting at Atlanta, 324

Cobb, Thomas R. R., zeal for secession, 212; deputy to Provisional Congress, 215

Cobb, Thomas W., guardian of Robert Toombs, 7, 8

College discipline, 8, 9

Collins v. Central R. R. & Banking Co., case argued by Toombs, 346

Colquitt, Walter T., elected U. S. Senator, 38; Democratic leader, 51

Columbia County, legal practice in, 15

Columbia River, boundary line of, 57

Commerce, Toombs' views on the power to regulate, 189

Committee on Banking, General Assembly, chairman of, 33

Committee on Internal Improvements, General Assembly, member of, 33; chairman of, 40

Committee on State of the Republic, General Assembly, chairman of, 33

Committees, views on legislation through, 196

Compromise bill, the, 52

Compromise of 1850, the, 67-82; indorsed by Whig and Democratic conventions at Baltimore, 97; Gen. Scott's position on, 103

Cone, Francis H., as a lawyer, 16; opposed to Toombs at the bar, 25; quarrel with Stephens, 62

Confederacy, last days of the, 280-284

Confederate commissioners, mission to Washington, 222-224; sent to Europe, 229

Confederate navy, captures by, 232

Confederate States, preparation of Constitution for, 219, 220; appointment of Cabinet, 221; last meeting of Cabinet, 282

Conscription and Impressment Acts, opposition to, 272, 273

Constitutional Union party, 81, 93, 183

Constitutional convention, and the new constitution of Georgia, 337-352

Conventions, Toombs' opinion of, 103, 104, 106

Corporations, attitude toward, 346

Crawford, George W., as a lawyer, 16; resolution in Whig convention of 1848, 60; connection with the Golphin claim, 65; retirement of, 66; presides over State Sovereignty convention, 209

Crawford, Martin J., deputy to Provisional Congress, 215; Confederate commissioner to Washington, 222

Crawford, William H., career, 13, 14, 16; feud with Clarke, 29, 30; heads Whig electoral ticket in Georgia, 1848, 60

Creek War, Toombs' service in, 32; anecdote of sutler, 352

Creole, Toombs' escape on the, 303, 304

Crittenden Compromise, the, 202, 203

Cuba, favors purchase of, 195, 196; arrival in, 307

Cumberland Gap, railroad scheme for, 41

Cumming, Major J. B., 259

Cummings Point battery, fires on Fort Sumter, 227

Cushing, Caleb, president of Charleston convention, 175; resigns chairmanship of Baltimore convention, 182; presides over seceders from Baltimore convention, 183

Dallas, George M., attitude on tariff question, 50; Georgia's vote for, 55

Danburg, letter from Toombs to constituents at, 199-201

Davis, Col., quarrel with Henry Clay, 54, 55

Davis, Jefferson, Toombs' advice to, 23; member of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56; on Toombs' financial ability, 59; represents Mississippi in U. S. Senate, 68; defeated by Foote, 97; debate with Douglas on popular sovereignty, 163, 164; personal traits, 163; Senate resolutions concerning Southern principles, 181; election to Presidency of Confederate States, 217, 218; appoints his Cabinet, 221; belief in Seward, 223; Toombs' opinion of, 241, 242, 246; debate with Toombs on Army Appropriation bill, 247-249; policy and character of, 274, 275; attends last meeting of Confederate Cabinet, 281, 282; tribute to Toombs, 284; arrest of, 284; last meeting with Toombs, 284, 285; in irons, 298

Davis, John W., elected Speaker of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56

Dawson, William C., as a lawyer, 16; candidate for governor of Georgia, 37; enters U. S. Senate, 68

Deas, Joseph, aids Toombs' escape, 296

Declaration of Independence, position on slavery question, 132

Declaration of Paris, accepted by Confederate government, 231

Delaware delegates leave Charleston convention, 177

Democratic party, strength in Georgia, 30; supports central bank scheme, 38; censures Senator Berrien, 39; criticised, 48; carries additional protection measure, 51; attempt to defeat Toombs by, in 1848, 63, 64; elects Cobb Speaker of House, 69; joint action with Whigs in Georgia, 85; convention at Baltimore, 97; loss of House majority, 121; nominates Buchanan, 141; nominates Brown for governor of Georgia, 154; split over Territorial question, 166, 167; demand for new plank in platform, 167; split among Georgia Democrats, 182; success in State legislature, 329

Depreciation of currency, 31

District of Columbia, Clay's proposed abolition of slave trade in, 79; amendment as to slavery in, 202

Disunion, opposition to, 81; clamor for, 83

Dooly, Judge, 14

"Door sill" speech, the, 170-174

Dougherty, Robert, 9

Douglas, Stephen A., member of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56; enters U. S. Senate, 68; leader in U. S. Senate, 107; introduces Kansas-Nebraska bill, 108, 109; second bill on Kansas-Nebraska question, 109; burned in effigy, 115; Presidential aspirations, 140, 161; debate with Lincoln, 161, 162; accused of participation in assault on Sumner, 142, 143; eulogized by Toombs, 148, 149, 164, 165, 167; opposes Lecompton constitution, 160; indorses Dred Scott decision, 160; reelected to U. S. Senate, 162, 163; views on popular sovereignty, 163, 164; resolution for protection of States against invasion, 170-172; rupture with Toombs, 181; nominated for Presidency, 182; vote in Georgia for, 184

Dred Scott case, 159

Droomgoole, George C., member of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56

Du Bose, Dudley M., Toombs' adjutant-general, 237; forms partnership with Toombs, 316; sent to Congress, 329

Du Bose, Mrs. Dudley M., death of, 310

Du Bose v. Georgia Railroad, case argued by Toombs, 346

Du Quesne, Fort, massacre at, 1

Eberhart case, the, 25, 26

Elbert County, admission to bar in, 13; legal practice in, 15, 16, 22, 23; popularity in, 22; escape through, 288, 289, 292

Elberton, Ga., speech at, 89

Electoral vote, views on counting, 193, 194

Emigrant Aid Societies, 115-118, 159

Enghien, visit to, 309

England, introduction of slavery into Colonies by, 134

English compromise on Lecompton constitution, 164

Eugenie, Empress, Toombs' interviews with, 310

Europe, trip in, 125-128; hesitation of powers in regard to the Confederacy, 233

Evans, Augusta J., aids Toombs' escape, 302, 303

Evans, Howard, aids Toombs' escape, 302, 303

Everett, Edward, nominated for Vice-presidency, 183

Fanning, Welcome, 6

Felton, W. H., opposition to, 105

"Fifty-four forty, or fight," 57

Fillmore, Millard, nominated for Vice-presidency, 60; on repeal of Missouri Compromise, 115; nominated for Presidency, 140; Toombs' characterization of, 149, 150; electoral vote for, 152

Finance Committee of Provisional Congress, chairman of, 220

Fish, Hamilton, vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 115

Fitzpatrick, Gov., declines nomination for Vice-presidency, 182

Florida, delegates leave Charleston convention, 177; secession of, 213

Foote, Henry S., represents Mississippi in U. S. Senate, 68; elected governor of Mississippi, 97; contest with Davis in Mississippi, 163

"Forbidden Fruit," 67

Force bill, the, 51

Foreacre, Supt., frames railroad law, 351

Forensic eloquence, 18, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 361

Forsyth, John, Confederate commissioner to Washington, 222

Forsythe, John C., attitude on the Compromise bill, 52

Forts. See their names.

France, Mexican schemes, 233; political events in, 309, 310

Franklin College, 6-12

Franklin County, legal practice in, 16

Freemasons, joins the, 289

Freeport, Ill., debate between Lincoln and Douglas at, 161, 162

Free-Soil party, 89

Free-Soil settlers, 115, 116

Fremont, John C., nominated for Presidency, 140; electoral vote for, 152

French, Capt. H. L., account of Toombs at second battle of Manassas, 261

Fugitive-Slave law, Clay's proposed, 79; the Georgia platform, 86; indorsed by Whig convention at Baltimore, 97; Webster's attitude on, 100; allusion to, in Boston lecture, 131

Fugitive-Slave laws, passage of new, 170; proposed amendments, 202; demands of the South as to, 206

Fulton, Col. M. C., narrow escape of, 304

Gardner, James, candidate for governorship of Georgia, 157

Garrison, W. L., denunciation of U. S. Constitution, 129

General Assembly, service in the, 17, 30-46; vote for Speaker in, 33

Geneva, visit to, 126

Georgia, land-grant to Major Robert Toombs in, 2; distress in, 34-37; first railroad in, 40; internal improvements, 40; establishment of Supreme Court, 41; organization of Congressional districts, 44; supports Jackson in 1824, 51; Henry Clay in, 55; panegyric on, 58; formation of "Rough and Ready" clubs in, 60; the Clayton Compromise in, 60-62; formation of Constitutional Union party, 81, 183; growth of secession sentiment in, 83, 201, 204; adoption of the "Georgia Platform," 86; nomination of Howell Cobb for governor, 86; nomination of McDonald for governor, 86; a national battle ground, 102; supports Pierce and King, 102, 103; uncertainty of politics in, 121; breaking up of Know-nothing party in, 122; campaign of 1855, 128; vote for Buchanan in convention, 141; campaign of 1856, 143-152; politics in, 145; carried by Buchanan, 152; campaign of 1857, 154; opposition to Brown's reelection, 166; indorsement of Toombs' sentiments by, 168; position on the Fugitive-Slave law, 174; action of delegates to Charleston convention, 179; split in Democratic party, 182; vote in 1860, 184; prominence in 1860, 186; call for State convention, 200; votes for secession, 209; institution of slavery in, 211; wealth at time of secession, 213; agricultural policy during war, 275; the militia, 276-278; the March to the Sea, 280; Gov. Brown's address to people of, 290; Toombs' acquaintance in, 299; Toombs' return to, 315; in reconstruction days, 315-329; Constitutional convention, and the new constitution, 337-352; railroad commission formed, 350, 351

Georgia Platform, the, 83, 93, 97

Georgia Railroad, 40

Gettysburg and Malvern Hill compared, 252

Gillet, R. H., vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 115

Gilmer, George R., as a lawyer, 16; on railroad construction, 41

Glen Spring, Ga., meeting between Hill and Brown at, 155

Golphin claim, the, 65

Gonder, Major, aids Toombs' escape, 294, 295

Gordon, Gen. John B., interview with Tilden, 321; nominated for governor, 324

Gordonsville, Toombs under arrest at, 259, 260

Grady, Henry W., characterization of J. E. Brown, 156; at Bush Arbor meeting, 327; on Toombs' approaching death, 374

"Gray Alice," 5, 268, 288, 292, 297, 300, 301

Great Britain, contention over Oregon question, 56-59; accused of lack of sympathy with the North, 230

"Great Pacificator," the, 201

Greeley, Horace, nomination opposed by Toombs, 105, 332

Greene County, partition of land in, 3; legal practice in, 16

Gresham, J. J., 179

Gulf of Mexico, advocates making a mare clausum, 196

Habersham County, escape through, 291

Hagarstown, taken possession of by Toombs, 265

Hale, Senator, contest with Toombs in Kansas debate, 117-120

Hallet, B. F., letter from Toombs to, 119

Hamlin, Hannibal, member of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 115

Hardeman, Frank, 14

Hardeman, Judge Samuel H., 26

Harper's Ferry, John Brown's raid on, 169

Harrisburg convention, demands protection, 51

Harrison, W. H., election of, 33; Toombs' interest in election of, 45

Harrison Landing, Toombs' escape by, 288

Hayne, R. Y., challenge to Webster, 175

Hayti, effects of emancipation in, 134

Heard House, the, 282

Hill, Benjamin H., as a lawyer, 20; associated with Toombs in Eberhart case, 26; opposition to Toombs, 95; rising fame of, 144; debate with Toombs, 144-152; nominated for governorship of Georgia, 155; supports Bell and Everett, 184; Vincent's characterization of, 184, 185; deputy to Provisional Congress, 215; chosen Confederate Senator, 241; addresses meeting at Atlanta, 324, 327; challenged by Stephens, 336

Hill, Gen. D. H., at Malvern Hill, 252, 253; charges against Toombs, and correspondence thereon, 254-258; character, 258, 259; challenged by Toombs, 336

Hilliard, Henry W., member of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56

Hillyer, Dr., assists in Toombs' funeral services, 375, 376

Holt, Hines, opposition to Toombs, 95

Homestead and Exemption laws, 38, 317, 340

Hood, Gen. J. B., in command of Confederate forces, 276

House of Representatives, U. S., Toombs' action on organization of House, Dec. 22, 1850, 71-76

Houston, Samuel, represents Texas in U. S. Senate, 68; comparison of Toombs with, 131

Houston County, Toombs' escape through, 299

Huger, Gen., 245

Hughes, Col. David, aids Toombs' escape, 297

Huling, Catharine, 3, 4

Hunter, Robert M. T., member of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56; represents Virginia in U. S. Senate, 68; succeeds Toombs' as Secretary of State, 237

Illinois, contest between Lincoln and Douglas in, 161, 162; re-election of Douglas to Senate, 163; government control of railroads, 346

Internal improvements, views on, 188-191, 197; principles of Confederate Constitution on, 220

Interstate Commerce Law, Georgia's influence in framing, 351

Intoxicating liquor, use of, 364-368

Ireland, tour through, 126

Irvin, Charles E., aids Toombs to escape, 287-305; arrested at Savannah, 291; war record, 305

Jack Jones case, the, 361

Jackson, Pres. Andrew, defeated by Adams, 14; conflict with Calhoun, 29; Toombs' vote for, 30; opposition to, by Troup, 31; attitude on tariff of 1824, 51; nullification proclamation, 52; position on internal improvements, 188

Jackson, Chief Justice, tribute to Toombs, 27, 28

Jamaica, effects of emancipation in, 134

James River, Army of Potomac driven back to, 24

Jefferson, Thomas, supports the tariff, 48; detestation of party machinery, 106; position on internal improvements, 188

Jefferson County, on the stump in, 90

Jenkins, Charles J., as a lawyer, 16; elected Speaker of House, General Assembly, 33; defeated for U. S. senatorship, 38; reports the "Georgia Platform," 86; author of the Georgia Platform, 92, 93; opinion of Berrien, 93; nominated for Vice-presidency, 99; career of, 101; personal character, 102; disputes reconstruction measures, 323; carries off the great seal of Georgia, 333, 338; president of Constitutional convention, 337; deposed from governorship, 337; views on railroad question, 345

Johnson, Andrew, member of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56; impeachment of, 310; Toombs' interview with, 313

Johnson, Herschel V., Democratic leader, 51; elected governor of Georgia, 128; leads Union wing of Georgia Democrats, 182; nominated for Vice-presidency, 183; challenged by Stephens, 336

Johnson, R. M., reunion with Toombs, 298, 299

Johnson, Fort, fires on Fort Sumter, 227

Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., on first battle of Manassas, 238; advance on Washington, 238; withdraws from Manassas, 239; heated interview with Toombs, 243; recognizes Toombs' worth, 243, 244; retreats behind the Chickahominy, 245; criticism of Southern soldiers, 271; relieved from command, 276; struggle with Sherman, 280

Jones, Gen. D. R., report of second battle of Manassas, 261; reports of Toombs' actions at Antietam, 264, 265

Judiciary Committee, General Assembly, chairman of, 33, 38

Kansas, civil war in, 115-118, 159; Pierce's message on state of, 115, 116

Kansas bill, opposition to, 166

Kansas-Nebraska bill, 107-115; dissatisfaction with, in Georgia, 143; Hill on, 147-149

Kennan, A. H., deputy to Provisional Congress, 215

Kentucky, partial secession measures of, 233

Kimball House Company, financial dealings of Toombs with, 42

Kinch, ——, sutler in Creek war, 352

Knott, Pres. Eliphalet, 13

Know-nothing party. See American party

Labor, views on, 197

Lamar, A. R., description of Toombs, 236, 237

Lamar, De Rosset, Toombs' aid-de-camp, 237

Lamartine, Toombs compared with, 76

Land-jobbing, opposition to, 53

Lane, Jack, reunion with Toombs, 298, 299

Lane, Joseph C., nominated for Vice-presidency, 183

Lanier, Sidney, 284

Lawton, A. R., supported by Toombs, 369

Lecompton constitution, favored by Buchanan, 160; passes the Senate, 164

Lee, Gen. Robert E., captures John Brown, 169; successes of, 246; invades Maryland, 262; report of Toombs' actions at Antietam, 264

Le Seur, Alexander, aids Toombs' escape, 288, 289

Lewis, D. W., defeated by Stephens, 93

Lexington, Ga., speech in, 92; debate between Hill and Stephens at, 144, 145

Lincoln, Abraham, views on slavery question, 67; personal traits, 161, 162; opposes Douglas, 161, 162; letter to Stephens, 199; election of, 199; Toombs' views of his policy, 200; war pressure on, 224; compared with Seward, 225; relies on Northern unanimity, 226; proclaims blockade of Southern ports, 229; disputes with McClellan, 239; confidence in Toombs, 367

"Little Giant," the, 109, 161

Longstreet, Gen., opinion of Toombs, 106, 241, 271; quarrel with Toombs, 259, 260; report of Manassas and Maryland campaign, 269; compliments Toombs, 269; Toombs' opinion of, 325

Lookout Mountain, last meeting of Davis and Toombs at, 284, 285

Louisiana, Calhoun's "sugar letter" to, 46; delegates leave Charleston convention, 177; secession of, 216

Lumpkin, Joseph H., as a lawyer, 16; opinion of Toombs' legal skill, 20

Lumpkin, murder case at, 23

Lyons, visit to, 126

Lyons, Lord, British minister at Washington, 230

Macon County, Toombs' escape through, 299

Madison, James, position on internal improvements, 188

Magna Charta, lecture on, 327-329

Magruder, Gen., operations on Warwick River, 244; command on the peninsula, 245

Mallory, S. B., Secretary of Navy of Confederate States, 221

Mallorysville, Ga., speech at, 46

Malvern Hill, battle of, 1, 252, 253

Manassas, first battle of, 238; evacuated by Confederates, 239; Toombs at second battle, 260-262

Manufactures, argument in favor of, 49

March to the Sea, the, 280

Marcy, Secretary, 231

Marietta, speech in, 91

Marque, letters of, 229-232

Marseilles, visit to, 126

Marshall, Chief Justice, 38

Marshall, Humphrey, duel with Henry Clay, 55; recognizes Toombs at New Orleans, 305

Martin, Major Luther, gives Toombs his parole papers, 291; his house raided, 292

Maryland, invasion of, 262

Mason, A. D., commissioner to Europe, 229

Mason, James M., represents Virginia in U. S. Senate, 68; reads Calhoun's last speech, 79, 107

Massachusetts, power of Abolitionists in, 109; withdraws from Baltimore Convention, 182

Mattox, Col. W. H., shelters Toombs, 292

Maximilian, Emperor, defeat and execution of, 233

Maybrick, Mrs., 9

McClellan, Gen., succeeds McDowell, 238; disputes with Lincoln, 239; marches up the peninsula, 244

McDaniel, H. D., frames railroad law, 351

McDonald, Charles J., relief measures of, 34-37; reelected, 37; supports central bank scheme, 38; represents Georgia at Nashville convention, 85; nominated for governor, 86; Toombs on the nomination of, 90; supported by Berrien, 93; defeated, 93; opposition to Toombs, 158

McDowell, Gen., succeeded by McClellan, 238

McDuffie, George, as a lawyer, 16; Toombs' contentions with, 45-51; Democratic leader, 51

McKennon, ——, resignation from Interior Department, 101

McMillan, Robert, as a lawyer, 16; defeated by Toombs, 93

Mediterranean, visit to, 126

Memminger, C. G., as a lawyer, 21; Secretary of Treasury of Confederate States, 221

Merriweather, ——, Whig leader, 51

Mexican war, fruits of, 60

Mexico, defense of, in Texas question, 53; Toombs' opinions on conquest of, 59; the Clayton Compromise, 61; troubles over territory acquired from, 67; Toombs favors purchase of, 195; French schemes in, 233

Might against right, 112

Milledge, Gov. John, 7

Milledgeville, Toombs in General Assembly at, 17; Toombs' practice in, 22, 123; doctrine of States' Rights, affirmed at convention of 1833, 52; convention of 1850 at, 86; call for State convention in 1860 at, 179; meeting of State Sovereignty convention at in 1861, 209

Miller, Andrew J., 16

Mirabeau, Toombs compared with, 46, 70

Mississippi, position in secession question, 97; delegates leave Charleston convention, 177; secession of, 213

Mississippi River, views on appropriations for, 189-191

Missouri, sends settlers to Kansas, 115, 159; representation at Baltimore convention, 182; partial secession measures of, 233; government control of railroads in, 346

Missouri Compromise, refusal to extend the line of, 67; Sumner's claims for, 108; denounced by Toombs, 114; Fillmore on the repeal of, 115

Mobile, Ala., escape through, 301-303

Monopolies, hatred for, 26, 348, 349

Monroe, Fortress, McClellan's arrival at, 244; Stephens imprisoned at, 298

Monroe, James, position on internal improvements, 188

Montgomery, Ala., Provisional Congress at, 216

Morris Island fires on Sumter, 227

Morton, Oliver P., 314

Moses, R. J., Toombs' commissary general, 237; account of dispute between Toombs and Gen. Hill, 256, 257

Moultrie, Fort, fires on Fort Sumter, 227

Mount Pleasant battery fires on Fort Sumter, 227

Munson's Hill, Toombs' position at, 238

Naples, visit to, 126

Nashville, convention at, 85

National debt, views on, 197

National Democratic party, defeated, 327; nominates Greeley for Presidency, 332

Neahmatha, insurrection of, 32

Negroes, Toombs on the status of, 133-137; Toombs' treatment of his, 138, 139; decision of Dred Scott case, 159; Toombs' position toward, after the war, 341

New Mexico, bill to organize, 65; acquisition of, 67; question of organizing Territory, 79, 80

New Orleans, fall of, 245; escape through, 304, 305

Newspaper criticisms and misrepresentations, 365, 366

New World, return to America on the, 313

New York City, speech for Taylor in 1848, 64

New York State, power of Abolitionists in, 109

New York Express, on Boston lecture, 131, 132

Nicholls, Col. John C., messenger from Toombs to Brown, 335

Nisbet, Eugenius A., offers secession resolution, 209; deputy to Provisional Congress, 215

Norfolk, loss of, 245

North Carolina, supports Jackson, 29; secedes, 233

Northern Circuit of Georgia, the bar of, 16

"Notes on the Situation," 185, 326

Nullification, 51, 52

O'Brien, Rev. J. M., 362

Ocmulgee River, watched for Toombs, 298; escape across, 299

Oconee River, 7, 296

Oglethorpe, Ga., escape through, 299

Oglethorpe County, legal practice in, 15, 16, 25

Ohio, position in regard to the Wilmot Proviso, 60; power of Abolitionists in, 109; government control of railroads in, 346

Olin, Stephen, 9

Omnibus bill (Clay's), 80

Omnibus bill (State aid to railroads), opposed by Toombs, 191

Ordinance of Secession, 209, 214

Oregon supports the South in Charleston convention, 177

Oregon question, prominence in 1845, 56-59

Outlawry, Toombs' glory in, 23

Paine, Tom., Toombs' liking for, 368

Panic of 1837, 16, 31, 41

Paris, visit to, 126; flight to, 308

Payne, Henry B., member of Charleston convention, 176

Peace congress, 234

Peace resolutions, 273

Peach Tree Creek, in battle at, 276

Pennsylvania, government control of railroads, 346

Pension grabs, views on, 192, 193, 197

Peter's Colony Grant, 152

Phillips, Wendell, oratory of, 129

Pickens, Gov., Democratic leader, 51; notified in regard to Fort Sumter, 224

Pierce, Bishop Geo. F., 10, 11, 376

Pierce, Pres. Franklin, Toombs' estimate of, 367; message on state of Kansas, 115, 116; vetoes Mississippi River bill, 191

Polk, Pres. James K., attitude toward protection, 50; Georgia's vote for, 55; position on Oregon question, 57; forced to retire from Oregon position, 59; veto of River and Harbor bill, 188; vetoes supported by Toombs, 191

Pope, Sarah, 3

Pope, ——, death of, and generosity of Toombs to his family, 359, 360

Pope, Gen., driven from Virginia, 262

Popular sovereignty, Douglas' doctrine of, 162-164

Postal service, views on, 197

Pottle, Judge E. H., 25, 26

"Pour it back in the jug," 352

Prather, Col., shelters Toombs, 290

Prentiss, Sergeant S., vanquished in debate by Davis, 163

Presidential vote, Toombs' views on counting, 193

Principles of Magna Charta, lecture, 327-329

Privateers, 229-232

Produce Loan, the, 236

Prohibitionists, Toombs' opinion of, 374

Protection, defense of, 48-50; in campaign of 1844, 51

Provisional Congress of seceded States, 214-218

Pulaski, Fort, seized by Gov. Brown, 214

Railroad Commission of Georgia, 350, 351; Toombs' appearance before, 362

Railroad corporations, Toombs' attitude toward, 342, 345-351

Randall, S. J., proposes General Amnesty Act, 313

Randolph, John, duel with Henry Clay, 55

Rapidan River, Confederate retirement along, 239; Toombs' brigade at the, 259

Rappahannock River, Confederates retire behind, 239

Reagan, J. H., Postmaster General of Confederate States, 221; recognizes Toombs' merits, 270; last attendance at Confederate Cabinet, 282

Reconstruction Acts, views on, 325, 326

Reese, Judge William M., on the practice of law, 15; description of Toombs by, 24; opinion of Toombs' speeches, 329, 330; frames railroad law, 351

Religion, liberality in matters of, 124, 125

Republican party, formation of, 140; growing strength of, 161; arraigned by Toombs, 172-174, 203; opposition to, in Georgia, 324

Repudiation, 343, 344

Rhett, R. Barnwell, Democratic leader, 51; member of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56

Rhine, voyage down the, 126

Richmond, Va., call for convention in, 178; chosen as capital of Confederacy, 232; McClellan's march on, 244; Toombs at defense of, 245, 246

Right to bear arms, views on, 340

River and Harbor bills, views on, 188-191

Roanoke, plantation at, 23, 330

Roman, A. B., Confederate commissioner to Washington, 222

Roman Catholic Church, Toombs' liberality toward, 124

Rome, visit to, 126

Rost, A. P., commissioner to Europe, 229

"Rough and Ready" clubs, 60

Russia supports the North, 233

Sanders, Miss, 3

Savannah, siege of, 279; arrest of Irvin at, 291

Savannah River, views on clearing, 188; Toombs' escape by, 288

"Scarlet Letter," the, 178

Schenectady, college course at, 13

Scotland, tour through, 126

Scott, Gen. Winfield, service under, 32; opposition to, by Southern Whigs, 98; Toombs' estimate of, 98, 99; defeats Webster, 100; vote for, in 1852, 103; rupture of Whig party in Georgia on his nomination, 121; opinion of Fort Sumter, 223

Secession, clamor for, 83, 201; assertion of right of, 87; Toombs charged with fomenting, 94; foreseen by Toombs, 200; Toombs committed to the policy, 203; Georgia's vote for, 209; passage of Ordinance of, 209

Seward, William H., enters the U. S. Senate, 68, 107; an "Independent Democrat," 109; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 115; refuses audience to Confederate commissioners, 222; views on evacuation of Fort Sumter, 222, 223; compared with Lincoln, 225; accuses Great Britain of lack of sympathy, 230; diplomacy of, 233

Seymour, Horatio, nominated for Presidency, 324

Sharpsburg, battle of, 263-269

Sherman, W. T., March to the Sea, 280

"Siamese Twins," the, 182

Simpson, W. W., reunion with Toombs, 298, 299

Slaughter, James M., letter from Yancey to, 177, 178

Slavery, Gabriel Toombs' treatment of negroes, 3; arraignment of Calhoun for the "sugar letter," 46; Toombs' attitude toward, 46, 47, 48; the Clayton Compromise, 61, 64; Lincoln's views on, 67, 162; Toombs' actions and speeches on slavery in Territories, 69, 76-81, 164, 166, 167, 181; Clay's resolutions to abolish, in District of Columbia, 79; protest against admission of California by Nashville convention, 85; Toombs accused of unsoundness on the question of, 85; the Georgia Platform, 86; Toombs' ideas on exclusion of, from California, 91; the Kansas-Nebraska bill, 108-115; provisions for, in U. S. Constitution, 114; question reopened by Kansas-Nebraska bill, 114; lecture in Boston on, 129-135; Toombs on the status of the negro, 133-137; decision of Dred Scott case, 159; Southern view of Dred Scott decision as affecting Territories, 162; Douglas' views on, in Territories, 163, 164; anxiety in the South for protection of, 165; demand for new plank in platform of Democratic party, 167; deadlock on, in Charleston convention, 177; Lincoln's letter to Stephens, 199; tendency toward extinction, 199; measures before the House, 202; the Crittenden Compromise, 202, 203; demands of the South as to, 206; institution in Georgia, 211

Slidell, John, member of Twenty-ninth Congress, 56; leader in U. S. Senate, 107

Smith, Col. Jack, aids Toombs' escape, 295

Smith, Col. Marshal J., aids Toombs' escape, 305

Smith, George W., 242

South, stability of social institutions in, 138; demands of the, as set forth by Toombs, 205-208; sacrifices by secession, 213

South Carolina, condemnation of school of politics of, 53; supports Pierce, 103; Hayne's challenge to Webster, 175; secession of, 213

Southern Methodist Church, Toombs' communion with, 373

Southern Rights party, nominates Troup for Presidency, 102

Sparta, Ga., Toombs' escape by, 293, 298

Speeches, i, iv, 18, 20, 21, 23-25, 27, 28, 46-50, 57, 59, 64, 69-78, 85, 88, 89, 91, 92, 98, 99, 103-105, 109-118, 145-152, 165-168, 170-174, 176, 177, 187-193, 205-208, 236, 237, 317, 318, 324-326, 329, 331, 336, 348, 349, 369, 370

Squatter sovereignty, 153; Douglas' views on, 160, 162; Toombs' opposition to, 166, 167; before Charleston convention, 177

Stanton, Edwin M., orders arrests of Confederate leaders, 286

State Railroad of Georgia, supported by Toombs, 192

State Sovereignty convention, 209

States' Rights, doctrine affirmed at Milledgeville, 52; Toombs' characterization of the Clayton Compromise, 61; speeches and views on, 69, 70, 76-78, 88, 110-114, 116-119, 133; claims by Nashville convention, 85; the Cincinnati Platform, 141; Hill on, 148

States' Rights party, in campaign of 1844, 51; nominates Troup for Presidency, 102

States' Rights Whigs, joined by Toombs, 30; policy of, 31

Steiner, Dr. Henry H., 119, 243; influence over Toombs, 249; talks with Toombs on spiritual condition, 372, 373; attends Toombs at the last, 374, 375

Stephens, Alexander H., his tutor, 6; as a lawyer, 16; compared with Toombs, 18, 20, 43; opinion of Toombs' legal skill, 20; friendship with Toombs, 43; position on slavery question, 44; elected to Congress, 44, 55, 56, 63, 122, 333; Whig leader, 51; leads campaign of 1848 in Georgia, 60; quarrel with Cone, 62; reported rupture between Pres. Taylor and, 64, 65; description of Toombs in debate, 75, 76; position on admission of California, 81; position on disunion, 82; sent to conventional Milledgeville, 86; personality of, 90; Toombs' description of, 91; in campaign of 1851, 92; defeats Lewis, 93; on the Compromise of 1850, 98; nominated for Congress by Toombs, 105, 333; breaks up Know-nothing party in Georgia, 122; debate with Hill, 144, 145; on Cincinnati Platform, 165; opinion on action of Charleston convention, 179; supports Douglas for Presidency, 183; Vincent's characterization of, 184, 185; prominence of, 186; letter from Lincoln to, 199; views of secession, 212; deputy to Provisional Congress, 215; opinion of Provisional Congress, 216; Toombs' eulogy of, 216; opposes Conscription and Impressment Acts, 273; arrested, 286; imprisoned at Fortress Monroe, 298; defeated by Gordon, 333; becomes Governor of Georgia, 333; challenges Johnson and Hill, 336; funeral of, 371, 372; tribute to Toombs, 375

Stephens, Linton, opinion of Toombs, 26; opposes Conscript Acts, 273; introduces peace resolutions, 273; career, 274; aids Toombs' escape, 293; reunion with Toombs, 298, 299; disputes reconstruction measures, 323; activity in reconstruction times, 333

Stewart County, Toombs' escape through, 301

Stump-speaking, 145

Subtreasury system, the, 31, 38

Sumner, Charles, leader in U. S. Senate, 107; opposes Kansas-Nebraska bill, 108, 115; an "Independent Democrat," 109; denounced by Toombs, 110; enmity to Southern propagandism, 129; Brooks' assault on, 141, 142

Sumter, Fort, Confederate demand for surrender of, 222; abandonment favored by Lincoln's Cabinet, 223; preparations to provision, 224; orders to Beauregard, 225; bombardment of, 227-229

Superstition, Toombs' views on, 367

Supreme Court of Georgia, practice in, 20-22, 24, 25; establishment of, 41

Suretyship, opposition to contracts of, 41, 42

Swedenborg, Toombs' fondness for, 368

Swinton, William, on Lincoln's administration, 272

Taliaferro County, assigned to Seventh Congressional District, 44

Taney, Roger B., decision in Dred Scott case, 159

Tariff, Whigs favor protective, 31; defense of the, 48-50; in campaign of 1844, 51; modified in 1832, 52; Toombs' attitude on, 52; prominence of the question in 1845, 56; bill of 1846, 59

Taxation, attitude on Georgia, 54

Taylor, Gen. Dick, on Toombs' energy, 279, 280

Taylor, Zachary, nominated for President, 60; elected, 63; attitude of Cabinet toward the South, 64; reported rupture with Toombs and Stephens, 64, 65; death, 65; opinion on disposition of acquired territory, 67; Toombs' opinion of, 367

Tennessee secedes, 233

Territories, Toombs' position on slavery in, 69, 76-78, 80, 132, 166, 167, 181; protest by Nashville convention in regard to, 85; the Georgia Platform, 86; the slavery question in the, 87; third great sectional fight on the, 107-115; Toombs on Federal power over, 111, 132, 133; the Cincinnati Platform, 141; Hill on rights of, 148; Buchanan's position on question of, 159; Douglas' views on admission of, 160; Southern view of Dred Scott decision as affecting slavery in, 162; Buchanan's resolution in Cincinnati Platform, 165; contest over slavery in, in Charleston contention, 177; demands of the South as to, 206

Texas, Toombs' attitude on annexation of, 53; prominence of question in 1845, 56; Toombs' purchase of lands in, 152, 153; visit to, 153; delegates leave Charleston convention, 177

Texas and New Mexico bill, passed, 80

"The Crime against Kansas," 142

Thomas, Thomas W., as a lawyer, 16; leader of campaign of 1848 in Georgia, 60; on Toombs' characteristics, 272

Thompson, Jacob, member of the Twenty-ninth Congress, 56; leader in U. S. Senate, 107

Tilden, S. J., interview with Gen. Gordon, 321

Times (London), on bombardment of Sumter, 228, 229

Tobacco, Toombs' use of, 360, 361

Toombs, Ann, 3

Toombs, Augustus, 3

Toombs, Dawson Gabriel, 3

Toombs, Gabriel, Sr., 1-3

Toombs, Gabriel, Jr., 4; manager of his brother's plantations, 275; at his brother's bedside, 373; resemblance to Robert, 373

Toombs, James, 3

Toombs, Louise, death of, 312

Toombs, Gen. Robert, ancestry, 1-4; birth, 4; filial affection, 4; boyhood and education, 4-12; horsemanship, 4-6; historical learning, 6; play upon his name, 6; generosity, 10, 124, 283, 284, 357; joins Methodist Church, 11, 373; trustee of State University, 11; college legends of, 12; receives degree, 13; admitted to the bar, 13; marriage, 14; legal career, 13-28; legal ethics, 18, 19, 23; oratorical powers, 18, 21, 23-25, 27, 28; financial ability, 23, 59, 152, 220, 310, 362; morality, 23, 24; Reese's opinion of, 24; justice of, 26, 27; failing powers, 27; brilliant plea of, 28; entrance into politics, 30; elected to General Assembly, 30; popularity in Wilkes County, 32; chairman of Judiciary Committee in General Assembly, 33, 38; action on Gov. McDonald's relief measures, 34-37; financial policy, 35-39; defends Berrien, 39; support of railroad enterprise, 40; compared with A. H. Stephens, 43; friendship of the two, 43; first participation in national politics, 45; contentions with McDuffie, 45-51; charged with being an Abolitionist, 46; compared to Mirabeau, 46; delegate to Clay convention of 1844, 46; opposes acquisition of Texas, 53; sent to Congress, 55, 56, 63, 93; position on Oregon question, 57; leads in campaign of 1848 in Georgia, 60; reported rupture between Pres. Taylor and, 64, 65; leads Southern members from Whig caucus, 69; personal appearance, 72, 74, 89, 90, 130; domestic character, 82, 353-363; address to people of Georgia, 83-85; sent to convention at Milledgeville, 86; renominated for Congress, 87; prominence in campaign of 1850, 87, 88; position on the Union question, 88; a journalist's description of, 91; elected U. S. Senator, 94, 158; charged with fomenting secession, 94; letters to his wife, 95, 123-125, 158, 239, 242, 277, 278, 310-313, 354, 355, 359, 360; feeling toward the North, 98; friendship for Webster, 101; becomes a Democrat, 105; independence of, 106; enters U. S. Senate, 107; frequently misquoted, 119; horror of civil war, 120; death of his daughters, 123, 310, 312; European trip, 123, 125-128; liberality in matters of conscience, 125; physical strength, 125, 127; international reputation, 126; knowledge of human nature, 127; treatment of slaves, 138, 139; accused of participation in assault on Sumner, 142, 143; debate with Hill, 144-152; accused of being a turncoat and disunionist, 151; address to Northern Democrats, 176, 177; letter to Macon committee, 179, 180; advice on Charleston convention matters, 180, 181; fears for the Constitution, 180, 182; rupture with Douglas, 181; delegate to Democratic State convention, 183; Vincent's characterization of, 184, 185; charges of desertion of Douglas, 186; Presidential ambitions, 186, 187; activity in public duty, 187; first public office, 192; accused by Georgia "minute-men," 201; withdrawal from the Senate, 205-208; chairman of Committee on Foreign Relations, 214; writes address to people of Georgia, 215; deputy to Provisional Congress, 215; a candidate for Presidency of Southern Confederacy, 216; machinations against, 218; curious incidents in life of, 219; chairman of Finance Committee of Provisional Congress, 220; made Secretary of State, 221; opposes assault on Sumter, 226; triumphs of diplomacy, 230; joins the army, 235; speech on the produce loan, 236, 237; the archives of the Confederacy, 237; retreat from Centreville, 239; care of his brigade, 240; impatience of mismanagement, 240; elected Confederate Senator, 241; declines Secretaryship of War, 242; impatience under red tape, 234, 243; debate with Davis on Army Appropriation bill, 247-249; use of liquor, 249, 250; position on the peninsula, 250; action at Golding's farm, 250, 251; at Malvern Hill, 252, 253; charges of cowardice, and correspondence thereon, 254-258; quarrel with Longstreet, 259, 260; under arrest at Gordonsville, 259, 260; in second battle of Manassas, 261, 262; report of actions at Antietam, 265-268; wounded, 268, 269; popularity among his troops, 269; leaves the army, 269, 270; reasons for his non-promotion, 270, 271; military abilities, 271; with the militia, 276-279; declines governorship, 273; energy of, 279, 280; parting with Gov. Brown, 281; action at close of war, 281; last meeting with Davis, 284, 285; escape, 286-307; becomes a Freemason, 289; conversational powers, 305, 306, 310, 358, 359; dread of capture, 306; vivacity, 306; arrival in Cuba, 307; arrival in Paris, 308; sells land, 308; in exile, 309-313; returns to America, 312, 313; unreconstructed, 313; return to Georgia, 315; resumes practice of law, 316; in reconstruction days, 315-329; master of invective, 318-322, 326; before the Supreme Court of Georgia, 320, 321; opinion of Yankees, 322; zeal, 322, 323; addresses meeting at Atlanta, 324-326; fondness for farming, 330, 331; strained relations with Brown, 333-336; a believer in the code of honor, 336; the Constitutional convention, and the new constitution, 337-352; pays expenses of Constitutional convention, 344, 345; golden wedding, 356, 357; hospitality, 357, 358; sympathies of, 359, 360; last appearance in court, 361, 362; wealth, 362, 363; his great fault, 364-368; love of literature, 367, 368; last days, 369-375; attends Stephens' funeral, 371, 372; at wife's death-bed, 372, 373; baptized, 373; death and burial, 375, 376; his monument, 376

Toombs, Major Robert, 2, 3

Toombs, Mrs., friendship for A. H. Stephens, 62; aids her husband's escape, 286, 287; joins her husband in Paris, 309; returns to America, 310; character, 356, 357; accident to, 356; golden wedding, 356, 357; death, 372, 373

Toombs, William, 2

Toombs oak, the, 12

Toucey, ——, leader in U. S. Senate, 107

Towns, Gov., calls State convention, 83

Tremont Temple, Boston, lecture on slavery in, 129-135

Trinity River, Toombs' lands on, 152

Troup, George M., defender of States' Rights, 30, 31; opposition to Jackson's measures, 31; attitude on the tariff question, 51; opposes Toombs in campaign of 1844, 53

Troup, Capt., on Toombs' staff, 268

Tugaloo River, 290

Turncoats, Crawford's ideas of, 91

Tyler, Pres., Toombs on, 367

Union College, 13

Union Democratic-Republican party, 30

United States Bank, supported by Berrien, 39; defense of, 48

United States Constitution, position on slavery, 132

United States judges, higher pay for, supported by Toombs, 192

United States Senate, personnel in 1853, 107; debate on popular sovereignty, 163, 164; farewell speech in, 205-208

University of Georgia, 6-12; annual address at, 331, 332

University of Virginia, course at, 13

Utah, acquisition of, 67; question of organization of Territory, 79

Van Buren, Pres. Martin, censured by Toombs, 31; Toombs on, 367

Vandyke, John, opposes Toombs in House of Representatives, 72

Vincent, characterization of Toombs, Hill, and Stephens, 184, 185