The break in the continuity of the Alpine chain marked by the deep valley, the Vintschgau, of the upper Adige (Etsch) is one of the most remarkable features in the orography of the Alps. The little Reschen lake which forms the chief source of the Adige is only 13 ft. below the Reschen Scheideck Pass (4902 ft.), and by it is but 5 m. from the Inn valley. Eastward of this pass, the main chain runs north-east to the Brenner Pass along the snowy crest of the Oetzthal and Stubai Alps, the loftiest point on it being the Weisskugel (12,291 ft., Oetzthal), for the highest summits both of the Oetzthal and of the Stubai districts, the Wildspitze (12,382 ft.) and the Zuckerhutl (11,520 ft.) stand a little to the north.

The Brenner (4495 ft.) is almost the lowest of all the great Carriage-road passes across the main chain, and has always been the chief means of communication between Germany and Italy. For some way beyond it the watershed runs eastwards over the highest crest of the Zillerthal Alps, which attains 11,559 ft. in the Hochfeiler. But, a little farther, at the Dreiherrenspitze (11,500 ft.) we have to choose between following the watershed southwards, or keeping due east along the highest crest of the Greater Tauern Alps. (a) The latter course is adopted by many geographers and has much in its favour. The eastward direction is maintained and the watershed (though not the chief Alpine watershed) continues through the Greater Tauern Alps, culminating in the Gross Venediger (12,008 ft.), for the Gross Glockner (12,461 ft.) rises to the south. Our chain bends north-east near the Radstadter Tauern Pass, and preserves that direction through the Lesser Tauern Alps to the Semmering Pass. (b) On the other hand, if from the Dreiherrenspitze we cleave to the true main watershed of the Alpine chain, we find that it dips south, passes over the Hochgall (11,287 ft.), the culminating point of the Rieserferner group, and then sinks to the Toblach Pass, but at a point a little east of the great Dolomite peak of the Drei Zinnen it hends east again, and rises in the Monte Coghans (9128 ft., the monarch of the Carnic Alps). Soon after our watershed makes a last bend to the south-east and culminates in the Terglou (9400 ft.), the highest point of the Julio Alps, though the Grintovc (8429 ft., the culminating point of the Karawankas Alps) stands more to the east. Finally our watershed turns south and ends near the great limestone plateau of the Birnbaumerwald, between Laibach and Gorz.

As might be expected, the main chain boasts of more glaciers and eternal snow than the independent or external ranges. Yet it is a curious fact that the three longest glaciers in the Alps (the Great Aletsch, 16 1/2 m., and the Unteraar and the Fiescher, each 10 m.) are all in the Bernese Oberland. In the main chain the two longest are both 9 1/4 m., the Mer de Glace at Chamonix and the Gomer at Zermatt. In the Eastern Alps the longest glacier is the Pasterze (rather over 6 1/4 m.), which is not near the true main watershed, though it clings to the slope of the Greater Tauern range, east of the Dreiherrenspitze. But the next two longest glaciers in the Eastern Alps (the Hintereis, 6 1/2 m., and the Gepatsch, 6 m.) are both in the Oetzthal Alps, and so close to the true main watershed.

The so-called alpine lakes are the sheets of water found at the foot of the Alps, on either slope, just where the rivers that form them issue into the plains. There are, however, alpine lakes higher up (e.g. the lake of Thun, and those in the Upper Engadine, in the heart of the mountains, though these are naturally smaller in extent, while the true lakes of the High Alps are represented by the glacier lakes of the Marjelensee (near the Great Aletsch glacier) and those on the northern slope of the Col de Fenetre, between Aosta and the Val de Bagnes. The most singular, and probably the loftiest, lake in the Alps is the ever-frozen tarn that forms the summit of the Roccia Viva (11,976 ft.) in the Eastern Graians.

Among the great alpine rivers we may distinguish two classes: those which spring directly from glaciers and those which rise in lakes, these being fed by eternal snows or glaciers. In the former class are the Isere, the Rhone, the Aar, the Ticino, the Tosa, the Hinter (or main) Rhine and the Linth; while in the latter class we have the Durance, the Po, the Reuss, the Vorder and middle branches of the Rhine, the Inn, the Adda, the Ogho and the Adige. The Piave and the Drave seem to be outside either class.

5. Principal Passes.—Though the Alps form a barrier they have never formed an impassable barrier, since, from the earliest days onwards, they have been traversed first, perhaps, for purposes of war or commerce, and later by pilgrims, students and tourists. The spots at which they were crossed are called passes (this word is sometimes though rarely applied to gorges only), and are the points at which the great chain sinks to form depressions, up to which deep-cut valleys lead from the plains. Hence the oldest name for such passes is Mont (still retained in cases of the Mont Cenis and the Monte Moro), for it was many ages before this term was especially applied to the peaks of the Alps, which with a few very rare exceptions (e.g. the Monte Viso was known to the Romans as Vesulus) were long simply disregarded. The native inhabitants of the Alps were naturally the first to use the alpine passes. But to the outer world these passes first became known when the Romans traversed them in order to conquer the world beyond. In the one case we have no direct knowledge (though the Romans probably selected the passes pointed out to them by the natives as the easiest), while in the other we hear almost exclusively of the passes across the main chain or the principal passes of the Alps. For obvious reasons the Romans, having once found an easy direct pass across the main chain, did not trouble to seek for harder and more devious routes. Hence the passes that can be shown to have been certainly known to them are comparatively few in number: they are, in topographical order from west to east, the Col de l'Argentiere, the Mont Genevre, the two St Bernards, the Splugen, the Septimer, the Brenner, the Radstadter Tauern, the Solkscharte, the Plocken and the Pontebba (or Saifnitz). Of these the Mont Genevre and the Brenner were the most frequented, while it will be noticed that in the Central Alps only two passes (the Splugen and the Septimer) were certainly known to the Romans. In fact the central portion of the Alps was by far the least Romanised and least known till the early middle ages. Thus the Simplon is first certainly mentioned in 1235, the St Gotthard (without name) in 1236, the Lukmanier in 965, the San Bernardino in 941; of course they may have been known before, but authentic history is silent as regards them till the dates specified. Even the Mont Cenis (from the 15th to the 19th century the favourite pass for travellers going from France to Italy) is first heard of in 756 only. In the 13th century many hitherto unknown passes came into prominence, even some of the easy glacier passes. It should always be borne in mind that in the Western and Central Alps there is but one ridge to cross, to which access is gained by a deep-cut valley, though often it would be shorter to cross a second pass in order to gain the plains, e.g. the Mont Genevre, that is most directly reached by the Col du Lautaret; and the Simplon, which is best gained by one of the lower passes over the western portion of the Bernese Oberland chain. On the other hand, in the Eastern Alps, it is generally necessary to cross three distinct ridges between the northern and southern plains, the Central ridge being the highest and most difficult. Thus the passes which crossed a single ridge, and did not involve too great a detour through a long valley of approach, became the most important and the most popular, e.g. the Mont Cenis, ihe Great St Bernard, the St Gotthard, the Septimer and the Brenner. As time went on the travellers (with whatever object) who used the great alpine passes could not put up any longer with the bad old mule paths. A few passes (e.g. the Semmering, the Brenner, the Tenda and the Arlberg) can boast of carriage roads constructed before 1800, while those over the Umbrail and the Great St Bernard were not completed till the early years of the 20th century. Most of the carriage roads across the great alpine passes were thus constructed in the 19th century (particularly its first half), largely owing to the impetus given by Napoleon. As late as 1905, the highest pass over the main chain that had a carriage road was the Great St Bernard (8111 ft.), but three still higher passes over side ridges have roads—-the Stelvio (9055 ft.), the Col du Galibier (8721 ft.), in the Dauphine Alps, and the Umbrail Pass (8242 ft.). Still more recently the main alpine chain has been subjected to the further indignity of having railway lines carried over it or through it—-the Brenner and the Pontebba lines being cases of the former, and the Col de Tenda, the Mont Cenis (though the tunnel is really 17 m. to the west), the Simplon and the St Gotthard, not to speak of the side passes of the Arlberg, Albula and Pyhrn of the latter. There are also schemes (more or less advanced) for piercing the Splugen and the Hohe Tauern, both on the main ridge, and the Lotschen Pass, on one of the external ranges. The numerous mountain railways, chiefly in Switzerland, up various peaks (e.g. the Rigi and Pilatus) and over various side passes (e.g. the Brunig and the Little Scheidegg) do not concern us here.

6. Divisions.—-The Alps, within the limits indicated under (2) above, form a great range, consisting of a main chain, with ramifications, and of several parallel minor chains. They thus form a single connected whole as contrasted with the plains at their base, and nature has made no breaks therein, save at the spots where they sink to comparatively low depressions or passes. But for the sake of practical convenience it has long been usual to select certain of the best marked of these passes to serve as limits within the range, whether to distinguish several great divisions from each other, or to further break up each of these great divisions into smaller groups. As these divisions, great or small, are so to speak artificial, several systems have been proposed according to which the Alps may be divided. We give below that which seems to us to be the most satisfactory (based very largely on personal acquaintance with most parts of the range), considering, as in the case of the limits of the chain, only its topographical aspect, as it exists at the present day, while leaving it to geologists, botanists and zoologists to elaborate special divisions as required by these various sciences. Our selected divisions relate only to the High Alps between the Col de Tenda and the route over the Radstadter Tauern. while in each of the 18 subdivisions the less elevated outlying peaks are regarded as appendages of the higher group within the topographical limits of which they rise. No attempt, of course, has been made to give a complete catalogue of the peaks and passes of the Alps, while in the case of the peaks the culminating point of a lower halfdetached group has been included rather than the loftier spurs of the higher and main group; in the case of the passes, the villages or valleys they connect have been indicated, and also the general character of the route over each pass.

As regards the main divisions, three are generally distinguished; the Western Alps (chiefly French and Italian, with a small bit of the Swiss Valais) being held to extend from the Col de Tenda to the Simplon Pass, the Central Alps (all but wholly Swiss and Italian) thence to the Reschen Scheideck Pass, and the Eastern Alps (wholly Austrian and Italian, save the small Bavarian bit at the northswest angle) thence to the Radstadter Tauern ro:ite, with a bend outwards towards the south-east, as explained under (2) in order to include the higher summits of the SouthEastern Alps. Strictly speaking, we should follow the Reschen Scheideck route down the Adigevalley, but as this would include in the Central Alps the Ortler and some other of the highest Tirolese summits, it is best (remembering the artificial character of the division) to draw a line from Mals southwards either over the Umbrail Pass (the old historical pass) or the Stelvio (wellknown only since the carriage road was built over it in the first quarter of the 19th century) to the head of the Valtellina, and then over the Aprica Pass (as the Bergamasque Alps properly belong to the Central Alps) to the Oglio valley or the Val Camonica, and down that valley to the Lake of Iseo and Brescid.

Assuming these three main divisions, we must now consider in detail the 18 sub-divisions which we distinguish; the first 5 forming the Western Alps, the next 7 the Central Alps, and the rest the Eastern Alps, the heights throughout being, of course, given in English feet and representing the latest measurements.

I. WESTERN ALPS 1. Maritime Alps (from the Col de Tenda to the Col de l'Argentiere). Punta dell' Argentera . . . . . 10,794 Mont Tinibras. . . . . . . . . . .9,948 Cima dei Golas. . . . . . . . . 10,286 Mont Enchastraye . . . . . . . . .9,695 Monte Matto . . . . . . . . . . 10,128 Monte Bego . . . . . . . . . . . .9,426 Mont Pelat. . . . . . . . . . . 10,017 Mont Monnier . . . . . . . . . . .9,246 Mont Clapier. . . . . . . . . . 9,994 Rocca dell' Abisso . . . . . . . .9,039 Chief passes of the Maritime Alps. Passo del Pagarin (Vosubie Valley to Valdieri), snow . . . . . . . . . . .9,236 Col di Fremamorta (Tinee Valley to the Baths of Valdieri), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,688 Bassa di Druos (same to same), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,629 Passo di Collalunga (Tinee Valley to Vinadio), bridle path. . . . . . .8,531 Coll dell' Agnel (Tenda to Yaldieri), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,426 Col della Ciriegia (St Martin Vesubie to the Baths of Valdieri), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,370 Col des Granges Communes (St Etienne de Tinee to Barcelonnette), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,242 Col de Pourriac (Tinee Valley to Argentera), foot path. . . . . . . . .8,222 Col della Finestre (St Martin de Vesubie to Valdieri), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,107 Col di Guercia (Tinee Valley t0 Vinadio), foot path . . . . . . . . . .8,042 Col della Lombarda (same to same), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,858 Col de la Cayolle (Var Valley to Barcelonnette), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,717 Col di Santa Anna (Tinee Valley to Vinadio), bridle path. . . . . . . .7,605 Col del Sabbione (Tenda to Valdieri), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,428 Col d'Allos or de Valgelaye (Verdon Valley to Barcelonnette), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,382 Col de l'Argentiere (Barcelonnette to Cuneo), carriage road . . . . . .6,545 Col de Tenda (Tenda to Cuneo), carriage road, railway beneath. . . . . . .6,145 2. Cottian Alps (from the Col de l'Argentiere to the Mont Cenis and westwards to the Col du Galibier). Chief Peaks of the Cottian Alps. Monte Viso . . . . . . . . . . 12,609 Dents d'Ambin. . . . . . . . . . 11,096 Viso di Vallante . . . . . . . 12,048 Mont d'Ambin . . . . . . . . . . 11,080 Aiguille de Scolette . . . . . 11,500 Pointe de la Font Sancte . . . . 11,057 Aiguille de Chambeyron . . . . 11,155 Punta Ferrant. . . . . . . . . . 11,037 Grand Rubren . . . . . . . . . 11,142 Visolotto. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,001 Bree de Chambeyron . . . . . . 11,116 Rochebrune . . . . . . . . . . . 10,906 Rognosa d'Etache . . . . . . .11,106 Punta Sommeiller . . . . . . . . 10,896 Bric Froid . . . . . . . . . . 10,860 Tete des Toillies . . . . . . 10,430 Grand Glavza . . . . . . . . . 10,781 Monte Granero. . . . . . . . . . 10,401 Rognosa di Sestrieres . . . 10,758 Mont Chaberton . . . . . . . . . 10,286 Panestrel. . . . . . . . . . . 10,673 Tete de Moyse . . . . . . . . 10,204 Roche du Grand Galibier. . . . 10,637 Monte Meidassa . . . . . . . . . 10,187 Peou Roc. . . . . . . . . . 10,601 Pelvo d'Elva . . . . . . . . . . 10,053 Pic du Pelvat. . . . . . . . . 10,558 Mont Politri . . . . . . . . . . 10,009 Pointe Haute de Mary . . . . . 10,539 Mont Nlbergian . . . . . . . . . .9,974 Pic du Thabor. . . . . . . . . 10,316 Brio Bouchet . . . . . . . . . . .9,853 Mont Thabor. . . . . . . . . . 10,440 Punta Cournour . . . . . . . . . .9,410 Pointe des Cerces. . . . . . . 10,434 Chief Passes in the Cottian Alps. Col Sommeiller (Bardonneche to Bramans), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,718 Col de la Traversette (Crissolo to Aliries), mainly bridle path beneath pass tunnel made in 1478-1480 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,679 Col d'Ambin (Exilles to Bramans), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,364 Col de St Veran (Val Varaita to the Queyras Valley), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,331 Col n'Etache (Bardonneche to Bramans), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .9,144 Col dell' Agnello (Val Varaita to the Queyras Valley), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,003 Col Girardin (Ubaye Valley to the Queyras Valley), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,855 Col de Sautron (Val Maira to Barcelonnette), bridle path . . . . . . . . .8,823 Col de Longet (Ubaye Valley to Val Varaita), bridle path . . . . . . . . .8,767 Col de Mary or de M iurin ( Ubaye Valley to Val Maira), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,708 Col d'Abries or de Prali (Perosa to Abries), bridle path . . . . . .8,695 Col de la Roue (Bardonneche to Modane), bridle path . . . . . . . . . .8,419 Col de Freius (same to same), carriage road, beneath which Col de Clapier (Bramans to Susa), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,173 Col d'Izouard (Briancon to the Queyras Valley), carriage path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,835 Col de la Croix (Torre Pellice to Abries); bridle path. . . . . . . . .7,576 Petit Mont Cenis (Bramans to the Mont Cenis Plateau), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,166 Col de Vars (Ubaye Valley to the Queyras Valley), carriage path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,939 Mont Cenis (Lanslebourg to Susa), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,893 Col de Sestrieres (Pignerol to Cesanne), carriage road . . . . . . .6,631 Mont Genevre (Briancon to Cesanne), carriage road . . . . . . . .6,083 Col des Echelles de Planpipinet (Briangon to Bardonneche), partly carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,774 3. Dauphine Alps (from the Col du Galibier, westwards and southwards). Chief Peaks of the Dauphine Alps. Pointe des Ecrins . . . . . 13,462 Pic Felix Neff. . . . . . . . 10,571 Meije. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,081 Vieux Chaillol . . . . . . . . . 10,378 Ailefroide . . . . . . . . . . 12,989 Tete de Vautisse. . . . . . . 10,375 Mont Pelvoux . . . . . . . . . 12,973 Grand Pinier . . . . . . . . . . 10,237 Pic Sans Nom . . . . . . . . . 12,845 Pic de Parieres . . . . . . . 10,007 Pic Gaspard. . . . . . . . . . 12,730 Mourre Froid . . . . . . . . . . .9,830 Pic Coolidge . . . . . . . . . 12,323 Belledonne (highest) . . . . . . .9,781 Grande Ruine . . . . . . . . . 12,317 Rocherblanc (Septlaux) . . . . . .9,617 Rateau. . . . . . . . . . . 12,317 Taillefer. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,387 Montagne des Agneaux . . . . . 12,oo8 Pic du Frene. . . . . . . . . .9,219 Les Bans . . . . . . . . . . . 11,979 Tete de l'Obiou . . . . . . . .9,164 Sommet des Rouies. . . . . . . 11,923 Grand Ferrand. . . . . . . . . . .9,059 Aiguille du Plat . . . . . . . 11,818 Pic de Bure (Aurouse). . . . . . .8,898 Pic d'Olan. . . . . . . . . . 11,735 Grand Veymont. . . . . . . . . . .7,697 Pic Bonvoisin. . . . . . . . . 11,680 Mont Aiguille. . . . . . . . . . .6,880 Aiguilles d'Arves (highest Chamechaude. . . . . . . . . . . .6,847 point). . . . . . . . . . . 11,529 Dent de Crolles. . . . . . . . . .6,779 Grandes Rousses. . . . . . . . 11,395 Grand Sore . . . . . . . . . . . .6,670 Roche de la Muzelle. . . . . . 11,349 Mont Granier . . . . . . . . . . .6,358 Sirac. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,280 Dent du Chat . . . . . . . . . . .4,593 Chief Passes of the Dauphine Alps. Col de la Lauze (St Christophe to La Grave), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,625 Col des Avalanches (La Berarde to Vallouise), snow. . . . . . . . . . 11,520 Col de la Casse Deserte (La Berarde to La Grave), snow . . . . . . 11,516 Col Emile Pic (La Grave to Vallouise), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,490 Col des Ecrins (La Berarde to Vallouise), snow . . . . . . . . . . 11,205 Col du Glacier Blanc (La Grave to Vallouise), snow . . . . . . . . . . . 10,854 Col du Sele (La Berarde to Vallouise), snow . . . . . . . . . . 10,834 Breche de la Meile (La Berarde to la Grave), snow. . . . . . . . . 10,827 Col de la Temple (La Berarde to Vallouise), snow. . . . . . . . . . . 10,772 Col des Aiguilles d'Arves (Valloire to St Jean d'Arvesl,snow . . . . . . 10,335 Col du Says (La Berarde to the Val Gaudemar), snow. . . . . . . . . . 10,289 Col du Clot des Cavales (La Berarde to La Grave), snow. . . . . . . . 10,263 Col du Loup du Valgaudemar (Vallouise to the Val Gaudemar), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,210 Col Lombard (La Grave to St Jean d'Arves), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,171 Breche des Grandes Rousses (Allemont to Clavans), snow. . . . . . . . 10,171 Col du Sellar (Vallouise to the Val Gaudemar), snow. . . . . . . . . . . 10,063 Col de la Muande (St Christophe to the Val Gaudemar), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,037 Col des Quirlies (St Jean d'Arves to Clavans), snow. . . . . . . . . . . .9,679 Col du Goleon (La Grave to Valloire), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . .9,449 Pas de la Cavale (Vallouise to Champoleon), carriage road . . . . . . .8,990 Col d'Orcieres (Dormillouse to Orcieres), bridle path. . . . . . . .8,859 Col de l'Infernet (La Grave to St lean d'Arves), foot path . . . . . . . .8,826 Col du Galibier (Lautaret Hospice to St Michel de Maurienne), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,721 Breche de Valsenestre (Bourg d'Oisans to Valsenestre), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,642 Col de Vallonpierre (Val Gaudemar to Champoleon), foot 8,596 path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,596 Col de Val Estrete (same to same), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,596 Col de Vaurze (Val Gaudemar to Val souflrey), foot path. . . . . . . . . .8,531 Col de Martignare (La Grave to St lean d'Arves), foot path . . . . . . . .8,531 Col des Tourettes (Orcieres to Chateauroux), bridle path . . . . . .8,465 Col de la Muzelle (St Christophe to Valsenestre), foot path. . . . . . . .8,202 Col de l'Eychauda (Vallouise to Monestier), bridle path. . . . . . . . . .7,970 Col d'Arsine (La Grave to Monestier), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,874 Col des Pres Nouveaux (Le Frenev to St Jean d'Arves), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,523 Col dessept Lanx (Allevard to Bourg d'Oisans), bridle path . . . . . . . .7,166 Col du Lautaret (Briancon to Bourg d'Oisans), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,808 Col de la Croix de Fer (Bourg d'Oisans to St Jean d'Arves), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,765 Col du Glandon (Bourg d'Oisans to La Chambre), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,401 Col de l'Alpe de Venose (Venose to Le Freney), bridle path . . . . .5,446 Col d'Ornon (Bourg d'Oisans to La Mure), carrigae road . . . . . . . . . .4,462 Col Bayard (La Mure to Gap), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,088 Col de la Croix Haute (Grenoble to Veynes and Gap), railway line over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3,829 4. Graian Alps (from the Mont Cenis to the Little St Bernard Pass). These are usually divided into three groups, the Central (the watershed between the two passes named), the Western or French, and the Eastern or Italian; in the following lists the initials "C,'' "W,'' and "E'' show to which group each peak and pass belongs. Chief Peaks of the Graian Alps. Grand Paradis (E). . . . . . . 13,324 Grande Aiguille Rousse Grivola (E). . . . . . . . . . 13,022 (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,424 Oirande Casse (W). . . . . . . 12,668 Granta Parey (C) . . . . . . . . 11,395 Mont Pourri (W). . . . . . . . 12,428 Roc du Mulinet (C) . . . . . . . 11,382 Mont Herbetet (E). . . . . . . 12,396 Aiguille Pers (C). . . . . . . . 11,323 Pointe de Charbonel (C). . . . 12,336 Pointe de la Sana (W). . . . . . 11,319 Aiguille de la Grande Cima dell' Auille (C). . . . . . 11,306 Sassiere (C) . . . . . 12,325 Pointe de l.Lchelle (W). . . . . 11,260 Dent Parrachee (W). . . . . 12,179 Punta Foura (E) . . . . . . . 11,188 Tour du Grand St Pierre Pointe des Sengies (E) . . . . . 11,182 (C) . . . . . . . . . . . 11,424 Pointe de la Gliere (W) . . . 11,109 Uja di Ciamareila (C). . . . . 12,061 Pointe de la Galise (C). . . . . 10,975 Cima di Charforon (E). . . . . 12,025 Pointe de la Traversiere Grande Motte (W) . . . . . . . 12,018 (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,962 Albaron (C). . . . . . . . . . 12,915 Pointe de Mean Martin Roccia Viva (E). . . . . . . . 11,976 (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,949 Levanna (C). . . . . . . . . . 11,943 Punta Lavina (E) . . . . . . . . 10,854 Bessanese (C). . . . . . . . . 11,917 Ormelune (C) . . . . . . . . . . 10,77i Punta di Gaij (E). . . . . . . 11,887 Roche Chevriere (W) . . . . . 10,768 Dome de l'Arpont (W) . . . . . 11,874 Signaldu Montlseran (C). . . . . 10,634 Pointe de Ronco (C). . . . . . 11,871 Pointedela Rechasse (W) 10,575 Bec de l'lnvergnan (C) . . . . 11,838 Crand Assaly (C) . . . . . . . . .10,44 Tsanteleina (C). . . . . . . . 11,831 Roisebanque (E). . . . . . . . . 10,381 Dome de Chasseforet (W). 11,802 Bocca di Nona (E). . . . . . . . 10,309 Croce Rossa (C). . . . . . . . 11,703 Torre d'Ovarda (C) . . . . . . . 10,089 Aiguille de Peclot (W). . . 11,700 Pointe du Pousset (E). . . . . . .9,994 Mont Einilius (E). . . . . . . 11,677 Dome de Val d'Isere (C) . . . .9,951 Punta d'Arnas (C). . . . . . . 11,615 UJa di Mondrone (C). . . . . . . .9,725 Aiguille de Polset (W) . . . . 11,608 Bellagarda (C) . . . . . . . . . .9,643 Rochemelon (C) . . . . . . . . 11,605 Monte Marzo (E). . . . . . . . . .9,023 Mont Chalanson(C). . . . . . . 11,582 Petit Mont Blanc de Tersiva (E). . . . . . . . . . 11,526 Pralognan (W).. . . . . . . .8,809 Grande Traversiere (C). . . 11,467 Mont Jouvet (W). . . . . . . . . .8,409 Tete du Rutor (C) . . . . . 11,438 Monte Civrari (C). . . . . . . . .7,553 Chief Passes of the Graian Alps. Col de la Grande Rousse (Rhemes Valley to the Val Grisanche), snow (C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,483 Col de Gebroulaz (Arc Valley to Mofitiers Tarentaise), snow (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,385 Col de Monel (Cogne to Locana), snow (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,247 Col du Grand Paradis (Ceresole to the Val Savaranche), snow (E). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,988 Col du Charforon (same to same), snow (E). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,929 Col de Teleccio (Cogne to Locana), snow (E). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,913 Col de Lauzon (Cogne to the Val Savaranche), bridle path (E) . . . . . . 10,831 Col du Bouquetin (Bonneval to Val d'Isere), snow (C). . . . . . . . . 10,827 Col de St Grat (Val Grisanche to La Thuille), snow (C) . . . . . . . . . 10,827 Col de l'Herbetet (Cogne to the Val Savaranche), snow (E). . . . . . . . 10,686 Col du Collerin (Bessans to Balme), snow (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,506 Col du Grand Etret (Ceresole to the Val Savaranche), snow (E). . . . . . 10,361 Col de Bassac (Rhemes Valley to the Val Grisanche), snow (C). . . . . 10,345 Col du Carro (Bonneval to Ceresole), snow (C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,302 Col d'Arbole (Comboe to Brissogne), snow (E) . . . . . . . . . . . 10,292 Col de la Goletta (Va Id'Isere to the Rhemes Valley), snow (C) . . 10,237 Col de Rhemes (same to same), snow (C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,174 Col de la Grande Casse (Pralognan to the Premou Glen), snow (W) . . . 10,171 Col de Sea (Bonneval to Forno Alpi Graie), snow (C). . . . . . . . . . . 10,115 Col de l'Autaret (Bessans to Usseglio), foot path (C). . . . . . . . . . 10,073 Col de Girard (Bonneval to Forno Alpi Graie), snow (C) . . . . . . . . . .9,987 Col Rosset (Val Savaranche to the Rhemes Valley), bridle path (C) . . .9,922 Col d'Arnas (Bessans to Balme), snow (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,889 Col de la Galise (Ceresole to Val d'Isere), snow (C). . . . . . . . . .9,836 Col de Sort (Val Savaranche to the Rhemes Valley), partly bridle path .9,735 Quecees de Tignes (Val d'Isere to Termignon), snow (W) . . . . . . .9,646 Col della Nouva (Cogne to Pont Canavese), partly bridle path (E) . . . . .9,623 Col de Garin (Aosta to Cogne), foot path (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,411 Collarin d'Arnas (Balme to Usseglio), snow (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,351 Finestra del Torrent (Rhemes Valley to the Val Grisanche), foot path. .9,341 Fenetre de Champorcher (Cogne to Champorcher), bridle path (E). . . . .9,311 Col de Vaudet (Isere Valley to the Val Grisanche), foot path (C). . . .9,305 Col de Bardoney (Cogne to Pont Canavese), snow (E) . . . . . . . . . . . .9,295 Col de Chaviere (Modane to Pralognan), foot path (W). . . . . . . . . .9,206 Col de la Leisse (Tignes to Termignon), snow (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,121 Col du Mont Iseran (Bonneval to Val d'Isere), bridle path (C) . . . . .9,085 Ghicet di Sea (Balme to Forno Alpi Graie), foot path (C) . . . . . . . . .8,973 Col de la Sachette (Tignes to Bourg St Maurice), foot path (W) . . . . . .8,954 Col du Palet (Tignes to Moutiers Tarentaise or Bourg St Maurice), bridle path (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,721 Col du Mont (Ste Foy to the Val Grisanche), bridle path (C). . . . . . . .8,681 Col de la Croix de Nivolet (Ceresole to the Val Savaranche), bridle path (E). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,665 Col della Crocetta (Ceresole to Forno Alpi Graie), bridle path (C) . . . .8,649 Col de la Platiere (St Jean de Maurienne to Moutiers Tarentaise), partly bridle path (W). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,531 Col de la Vanoise (Pralognan to Termignon), bridle path (W). . . . . . . .8,291 Col des Encombres (St Michel de Maurienne to Moutiers Tarentaise), bridle path (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,668 Little St Bernard (Aosta to Moutiers Tarentaise), carriage road (C) . .7,179 Col de la Madeleine (La Chambre to Moutiers Tarentaise), bridle path (W). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,509 5. Pennine Alps (from the Little St Bernard to the Simplon Pass). This range contains all the highest peaks in the Alps, save the Finsteraarhorn (14,026) in the Bernese Oberland. Chief Peaks of the Pennine Alps. Mont Blanc . . . . . . . . . . 15,782 Mont Blanc de Seilon . . . . . . 12,700 Monte Rosa (Dufourspitze). . . 15,217 Aiguille du Midi . . . . . . . . 12,609 Tour Noir. . . . . . . . . . . . 12,586 Nord End (Monte Rosa). . . . . 15,132 Aiguille des Glaciers. . . . . . 12,579 Dom (Mischabelhorner) . . . 14,942 Mont Dolent. . . . . . . . . . . 12,543 Lyskamm. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,889 Aiguille du Chardonnet . . . . . 12,540 Weisshorn. . . . . . . . . . . 14,804 Cima di Jazzi. . . . . . . . . . 12,527 Matterhorn . . . . . . . . . . 14,782 Balfrin. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,474 Taschhorn . . . . . . . . . 14,758 Pigne d'Arolla . . . . . . . . . 12,471 Mont Maudit. . . . . . . . . . 14,669 Mont Velan. . . . . . . . . . 12,353 Dent Blanche . . . . . . . . . 14,318 Aiguille du Dru. . . . . . . . . 12,320 Dome du Gouter . . . . . 14,210 Tete Blanche. . . . . . . . . 12,304 Grand Combin . . . . . . . . . 14,164 L'Eveque. . . . . . . . . . . 12,264 Castor . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,879 Mont Pleureur. . . . . . . . . . 12,159 Zinal Rothhorn . . . . . . . . 13,856 Dome de Miage. . . . . . . . . . 12,100 Alphubel . . . . . . . . . . . 13,803 Lo Besso . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,058 Grandes Jorasses . . . . . . . 13,797 Aiguille de la Za. . . . . . . . 12,051 Rimpfischhorn. . . . . . . . . 13,790 Mont Collon. . . . . . . . . . . 11,956 Strahlhorn . . . . . . . . . . 13,751 Diablons . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,828 Dent d'Herens . . . . . . . 13,715 Aiguille de Tour . . . . . . . . 11,615 Zermatt Breithorn. . . . . . . 13,685 Mont Gele . . . . . . . . . . 11,539 Aiguille Verte . . . . . . . . 13,541 Bec de Luseney . . . . . . . . . 11,503 Ober Gabelhorn . . . . . . . . 13,364 Aiguille de Grepon. . . . . . 11,489 Aiguille de Bionnassay . . . . 13,341 Chateau des Dames . . . . . . 11,447 Allalinhorn. . . . . . . . . . 13,236 Aiguille des Charmoz . . . . . . 11,293 Weissmies . . . . . . . . . . 13,226 Aiguille du Tacul. . . . . . . . 11,280 Aiguille du Geant . . . . . 13,170 Grand Tournalin. . . . . . . . . 11,086 Laquinhorn . . . . . . . . . . 13,140 Pointe de Rosa Blanche . . . . . 10,985 Rossbodenhorn. . . . . . . . . 13,128 Mont Avril . . . . . . . . . . . 10,962 Grand Cornier. . . . . . . . . 13,022 Grande Rochere. . . . . . . . 10,913 Aiguille de Trelatete. . 12,832 Corno Bianco . . . . . . . . . . 10,893 Aiguille d'Argentiere . . . 12,819 Grauhaupt. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,876 Ruinette . . . . . . . . . . . 12,727 Pointe d'Orny. . . . . . . . . . 10,742 Aiguille de Triolet. . . . . . 12,717 Dent du Midi . . . . . . . . . . 10,696 Mont Favre . . . . . . . . . . 10,693 Tagliaferro. . . . . . . . . . . .9,725 Sasseneire . . . . . . . . . . 10,693 Riffelhorn . . . . . . . . . . . .9,617 Grand Golliaz. . . . . . . . . 10,630 Pointe Percee du Reposoir . . .9,029 Tour Sallieres. . . . . . . 10,588 Crammont . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,980 Pizzo Bianco . . . . . . . . . 10,552 Pointe des Fours . . . . . . . . .8,921 Latelhorn. . . . . . . . . . . 10,523 Pointe du Colloney . . . . . . . .8,832 Schwarzhorn (Augstbord). . . . 10,512 Catogne. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,527 Gornergrat . . . . . . . . . . 10,289 Monte Bo. . . . . . . . . . . .8,386 Pointe de Lechaud . . . . . 10,260 Mont Joly. . . . . . . . . . . . .8,291 Buet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,201 Brevent . . . . . . . . . . . .8,284 Mont Ruan. . . . . . . . . . . 10,099 Pointe de Salles . . . . . . . . .8,183 Mont Neri . . . . . . . . . 10,073 Aiguille de Varens . . . . . . . .8,163 Bella Tola . . . . . . . . . . 9,935 Mont Chetif . . . . . . . . . .7,687 Pointe de Tanneverge . . . . . 9,784 Mole. . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,132 Belvedere (Aigs. Rouges) 9,731 Saleve (highest point). . . . .4,528 Chief Passes of the Pennine Alps. Sesiajoch (Zermatt to Alagna), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,515 Col de la Brenva (Courmayeur to Chamonix), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,217 Domjoch (Randa to Saas), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,062 Lysjoch (Zermatt to Gressoney), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,033 Mischabeljoch (Zermatt to Saas), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,651 Alphubel Pass (same to same), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,474 Adler Pass (same to same), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,461 Moming Pass (Zermatt to Zinal), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,287 Schwarzthor (Zermatt to Ayas), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,274 Col de Triolet (Chamonix to Courmayeur), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,110 Ried Pass (St Niklaus to Saas), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,800 New Weissthor (Zermatt to Macugnaga), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,746 Allalin Pass (Zermatt to Saas), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,713 Col de Valpelline (Zermatt to Aosta), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,687 Biesjoch (Randa to Turtmann), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,644 Triftjoch (Zermatt to Zinal), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,615 Col d'Argentiere (Chamonix to Orsieres), snow. . . . . . . . . . . 11,536 Col du Sonadon (Bourg St Pierre to the Val de Bagnes), snow. . . . . . . 11,447 Col de Talefre (Chamonix to Courmayeur), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,430 Col d'Herens (Zermatt to Evolena), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,418 Col Durand (Zermatt to Zinal), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,398 Col des Maisons Blanches (Bourg St Pierre to the Val de Bagnes), snow. . 11,241 Col de Bertol (Arolla to the Col d'Herens), snow. . . . . . . . . . . 11,200 Col de Miage (Contamines to Courmayeur), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,077 Col du Geant (Chamonix to Courmayeur), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,060 Col du Mont Rouge (Val de Bagnes to the Val d'Heremence), snow . . 10,962 Col du Chardonnet (Chamonix to Orsieres), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,909 Col de St Theodule (Zermatt to Chatillon), snow. . . . . . . . . . 10,899 Col du Tour (Chamonix to Orsieres), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,762 Fenetre de Saleinaz (Saleinaz Glacier to Trient Glacier), snow. . . . 10,709 Col de Tracuit (Zinal to Turtmann), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,670 Zwischbergen Pass (Saas to Gondo), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,657 Col d'Oren (Val de Bagnes to the Valpelline), snow . . . . . . . . . . . 10,637 Col de Seilon (Val de Bagnes to the Val d'Heremence), snow . . . . 10,499 Col du Cret (Val de Bagnes to the Val d'Heremence), snow. . . . 10,329 Col de Valcournera (Val Tournanche to the Valpelline), snow . . . . . 10,325 Col de Collon (Arolla to Aosta), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,270 Col de Valsorey (Bourg St Pierre to Aosta), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,214 Col de Chermontane (Val de Bagnes to Arolla), snow . . . . . . . . . . . 10,119 Cimes Blanches (Val Tournanche to Ayas), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . .9,777 Col de Torrent (Evolena to the Val de Torrent), bridle path. . . . . . . .9,593 Augstbord Pass (St Niklaus to Turtmann), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . .9,492 Col de Crete Seche (Val de Bagnes to the Valpelline), snow . . . . .9,475 Col de Breuil (Bourg St Maurice to La Thuille), snow . . . . . . . . . . .9,446 Col d'Olen (Alagna to Gressoney), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,420 Monte Moro (Saas to Macugnaga), partly bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . .9,390 Pas de Chevres (Arolla to the Val d'Heremence), foot path . . . .9,354 Antrona Pass (Saas to Antrona), partly bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . .9,331 Col de Sorebois (Zinal to the Val de Torrent), bridle path . . . . . . . .9,269 Col de Vessona (Valpelline to the St Barthelemy Glen), foot path. . . .9,167 Col de Fenetre (Val de Bagnes to Aosta), bridle path. . . . . . . . . .9,141 Z'Meiden Pass (Zinal to Turtmann), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,095 Turlo Pass (Alagna to Macugnaga), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,977 Col de Fenetre (Great St Bernard to the Swiss Val Ferret), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,855 Bettafurka (Ayas to Gressoney), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,780 Col du Mont Tondu (Contamines to Courmayeur), snow . . . . . . . . . . . .8,498 Col Serena (Great St Bernard to Courmayeur). foot path . . . . . . . . . .8,327 Col Ferret (Courmayeur to Orsieres), carriage road in progress. . . . .8,311 Col de la Seigne (Chapieux to Courmayeur) bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .8,242 Col de Susanfe (Champery to Salvan), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . .8,202 Col du Bonhomme (Contamines to Chapieux), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .8,147 Col de Valdobbia (Gressoney to the Val Sesia), bridle path . . . . . . . .8,134 Great St Bernard (Martigny to Aosta), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . .8,111 Col de Sagerou (Sixt to Champery), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,917 Col de Moud (Alagna to Rima and Varallo), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .7,622 Col d'Anterne (Sixt to Servos), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,425 Col d'Egua (Rima to the Val Anzasca), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,336 Col de Balme (Chamonix to the Trient Valley), bridle path. . . . . . . . .7,221 Simplon Pass (Brieg to Domo d'Ossola), carriage road over, railway tunnel beneath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,592 Col de Checouri (Courmayeur to the Lac de Combal),bridle path . . . . .6,431 Baranca Pass (Varallo to the Val Anzasca), bridle path . . . . . . . . . .5,971 Col de Voza (Chamonix to Contamines), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .5,496 Col de la Forclaz (Chamonix to St Gervais), bridle path. . . . . . . . . .5,105 Col de la Forclaz (Trient Valley to Martigny), carriage road . . . . . . .4,987 II. CENTRAL ALPS 6. Bernese Oberland (from the Lake of Geneva to the Furka, the Reuss Valley and the Lake of Lucerne). This general name seems best to describe the range in question, though, of course, portions of it are in Cantons other than that of Berne, viz. Vaud, Fribourg, the Valais, Lucerne, Uri and Unterwalden. Chief Peaks of the Bernese Oberland. Finsteraarhorn . . . . . . . . 14,026 Wellhorn . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,486 Aletschhorn. . . . . . . . . . 13,721 Mettenberg . . . . . . . . . . . 10,194 Jungfrau . . . . . . . . . . . 13,669 Loffelhorn. . . . . . . . . . 10,165 Monch . . . . . . . . . . . 13,468 Grand Muveran. . . . . . . . . . 10,043 Gross Schreckhorn. . . . . . . 13,386 Gross Wendenstock. . . . . . . . .9,987 Gross Fiescherhorn . . . . . . 13,285 Sparrhorn. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,928 Eiger. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,042 Torrenthorn. . . . . . . . . . . .9,853 Bietschhorn. . . . . . . . . . 12,970 Grande Dent de Morcles . . . . . .9,777 Gross Wannehorn. . . . . . . . 12,812 Schilthorn . . . . . . . . . . . .9,754 Gross Nesthorn . . . . . . . . 12,533 Eggishorn. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,626 Lauterbrunnen Breithorn. . . . 12,399 Uri Rothstock. . . . . . . . . . .9,620 Balmhorn . . . . . . . . . . . 12,176 Schwarzhorn(Grindelwald) . . . . .9,613 Wetterhorn (Mittelhorn). . . . 12,166 Gross Siedelhorn . . . . . . . . .9,452 Wetterhorn (Hash Jungfrau) . . 12,149 Albristhorn. . . . . . . . . . . .9,069 Rothihorn.. . . . . . . . . . .9,052 Wetterhorn (Rosenhorn) . . . . 12,110 Faulhorn . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,803 Blumlisalphorn. . . . . . . 12,044 Gummfluh . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,074 Gross Doldenhorn . . . . . . . 11,966 Sulegg . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,914 Atels. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,930 Vanil Noir . . . . . . . . . . . .7,858 Dammastock . . . . . . . . . . 11,920 Niesen . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,763 Galenstock . . . . . . . . . . 11,802 Brienzer Rothhorn. . . . . . . . .7,714 Sustenhorn . . . . . . . . . . 11,523 Tour d'Ai. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,658 Gspaltenhorn . . . . . . . . . 11,293 Hohgant. . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,225 Fleckistock. . . . . . . . . . 11,214 Stockhorn. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,192 Gross Huhnerstock . . . . . 10,985 Kaiseregg. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,182 Ewigschneehorn . . . . . . . . 10,929 Pilatus (Tomlishorn) . . . . . . .6,995 Ritzlihorn . . . . . . . . . . 10,768 Chamossaire. . . . . . . . . . . .6,943 Wildhorn . . . . . . . . . . . 10,709 Gemmenalphorn. . . . . . . . . . .6,772 Wildstrubel. . . . . . . . . . 10,673 Rochers de Nave. . . . . . . . . .5,710 Diablerets . . . . . . . . . . 10,650 Moleson . . . . . . . . . . . .6,582 Titlis . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,627 Dent de Jaman. . . . . . . . . . .6,165 Gross Spannort . . . . . . . . 10,516 Napf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,629 Chief Passes of the Bernese Oberland. Lauithor (Lauterbrunnen to the Eggishorn), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,140 Monchjoch (Grindelwald to the Eggishorn), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,680 Jungfraujoch (Wengern Alp to the Eggishorn), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,385 Strahlegg Pass (Grindelwald to the Grimsel), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,995 Grunhornlueke (Great Aletsch Glacier to the Fiescher Glacier), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,844 Oberaarjoch (Grimsel to the Eggishorn), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,607 Gauli Pass (Grimsel to Meiringen), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,519 Petersgrat (Lauterbrunnen to the Lotschenthal), snow. . . . . . . . . 10,516 Lotschenlucke (Lotschenthal to the Eggishorn), snow . . . . . . 10,512 Lauteraarsattel (Grindelwald to the Grimsel), snow . . . . . . . . . . . 10,355 Beichgrat (Lotschenthal to the Bel Alp), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,289 Lammernjoch (Lenk to the Gemmi), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,276 Triftlimmi (Rhone Glacier to the Gadmen Valley), snow. . . . . . . . . . 10,200 Sustenlimmi (Stein Alp to Goeschenen), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,181 Gamchilucke (Kien Valley to Lauterbrunnen), snow. . . . . . . . . . . .9,295 Tschiugel Pass (Lauterbrunnen to Kandersteg), snow . . . . . . . . . . . .9,265 Hohthurli Pass (Kandersteg to the Kien Valley), foot path . . . . . . .8,882 Lotschen Pass (Kandersteg to the Lotschenthal), snow . . . . . . . .8,842 Sefinenfurka (Lauierbrunnen to the Kien Valley), foot path . . . . . . . .8,583 Wendenjoch (Engelberg to the Gadmen Valley), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . .8,544 Furtwangsattel (Guttannen to the Gadmen Valley), foot path . . . . . . . .8,393 Furka Pass (Rhone Glacier to Andermatt), carriage road . . . . . . . . . .7,992 Rawil Pass (Sion to Lenk), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,924 Gemmi Pass (Randersteg to Leukerbad), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,641 Surenen Pass (Engelberg to Altdorf), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,563 Susten Pass (Meiringen to Wassen), partly carriage road. . . . . . . . . .7,422 Sanetsch Pass (Sion to Saanen), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,331 Joch Pass (Meiringen to Engelberg), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,267 Grimsel Pass (Meiringen to the Rhone Glacier), carriage road . . . . . . .7,100 Kleine Scheidegg (Grindelwald to Lauterbrunnen), railway over. . . . . . .6,772 Col de Cheville (Sion to Bex), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,723 Grosse Scheidegg (Grindelwald to Meiringen), bridle path . . . . . . . . .6,454 Col de Jaman (Montreux to Montbovon), mule path over, railway tunnel beneath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,974 Brunig Pass (Meiringen to Lucerne), railway over. . . . . . . . . . . .3,396 7. Lepontine Alps (from the Simplon to the Splugen and south of the Furka and Oberalp Passes). The eastern portion of this range, from the St Gotthard Pass to the Splugen, is sometimes named the Adula Alps. Chief Peaks of the Lepontine Alps. Monte Leone. . . . . . . . . . 11,684 Piz Blas . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,918 Rheinwaldhorn. . . . . . . . . 11,149 Monte Giove. . . . . . . . . . . .9,876 Guferhorn . . . . . . . . . 11,132 Pizzo Centrale . . . . . . . . . .9,853 Blindenhorn. . . . . . . . . . 11,103 Pizzas d'Annarosa. . . . . . . . .9,850 Basodino . . . . . . . . . . . 10,749 Piz Beverin. . . . . . . . . . . .9,843 Tambohorn. . . . . . . . . . . 10,749 Weisshorn (Splugen) . . . . . .9,817 Helsenhorn . . . . . . . . . . 10,742 Pizzo Lucendro . . . . . . . . . .9,708 Wasenhorn. . . . . . . . . . . 10,680 Piz Tomul . . . . . . . . . . .9,676 Ofenhorn . . . . . . . . . . . 10,637 Piz Cavel. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,659 Cherbadung . . . . . . . . . . 10,542 Barenhorn . . . . . . . . . . .9,620 Piz Medel. . . . . . . . . . . 10,509 Six Madun (Badus). . . . . . . . .9,619 Scopi. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,499 Piz Muraun . . . . . . . . . . . .9,512 Pizzo Rotondo. . . . . . . . . 10,489 Zervreilerhorn . . . . . . . . . .9,508 Pizzo dei Piani. . . . . . . . 10,361 Monte Cistella . . . . . . . . . .9,353 Piz Terri. . . . . . . . . . . 10,338 Piz Lukmanier. . . . . . . . . . .9,115 Piz Aul. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,250 Monte Prosa. . . . . . . . . . . .8,983 Pizzo di Pesciora. . . . . . . 10,247 Pizzo Columbe . . . . . . . . .8,363 Wyttenwasserstock. . . . . . . 10,119 Monte Camoghe . . . . . . . . .7,303 Campo Tencia . . . . . . . . . 10,089 Piz Mundaun. . . . . . . . . . . .6,775 Leckihorn. . . . . . . . . . . 10,069 Monte Generoso . . . . . . . . . .5,591 Bruschghorn. . . . . . . . . . 10,020 Monte San Salvatore. . . . . . . .3,004 Alperschellihorn . . . . . . . 9,991 Chief Passes of the Lepontine Alps. Zapport Pass (Hinterrhein to Malvaglia and Biasca), snow . . . . . . . . 10,103 Guferlucke (Kanal Glen to the Lenta Glen), snow. . . . . . . . . . .9,777 Lentalucke (Hinterrhein to Vals Platz), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,692 Hohsand Pass (Binn to Tosa Falls), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,603 Lecki Pass (Wyttenwasser Glen to the Mutten Glen), snow. . . . . . . . . .9,554 Passo Rotondo (Airolo to Oberwald), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,449 Kaltwasser Pass (Simplon Hospice to Veglia Alp), snow. . . . . . . . . . .9,331 Scaradra Pass (Vals Platz to Olivone), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,088 Satteltelucke (Vals Platz to Vrin), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,082 Ritter Pass (Binn to Veglia Alp), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,832 Cavanna Pass (Realp to the Val Bedretto), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,566 Scatta Minoja (Devero to the Val Formazza), bridle path. . . . . . . . . .8,521 Bocca di Cadlimo (Airolo to the Lukmanier Pass), foot path . . . . . . . .8,340 Valserberg (Hinterrhein to Vals Platz), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . .8,225 Safierberg (Splugen to Safien Platz), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . .8,170 Geisspfad Pass (Binn to Devero), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,120 Gries Pass (Ulrichen to Tosa Falls), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,098 Passo di Naret (Fusio to Airolo), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,015 Nufenen Pass (Ulrichen to Airolo), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,006 Diesrut Pass (Vrin fo the Somvix Oolen), bad bridle path . . . . . . . . .7,953 Albrun Pass (Binn to Devero and Baceno), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . .7,907 Greina Pass (Olivone to the Somvix Glen), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .7,743 San Giacomo Pass (Airolo to Tosa Falls), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . .7,573 Passo di Buffalora (Val Mesocco to the Val Calanca), foot path . . . . . .7,431 Passo dell' Uomo (Airolo to the Lukmanier Pass), bridle path . . . . . . .7,258 Splugen Pass (Thusis to Chiavenna), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . .6,946 St Gotthard Pass (Andermatt to Airolo), carriage road over, railway tunnel beneath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,936 San Bernardino Pass (Thusis to Bellinzona), carriage road. . . . . . . . .6,769 Lukmanier Pass (Disentis to Olivone), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . .6,289 8. The Range of the Todi (from the Oberalp Pass to the Klausen Pass). Todi. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,887 Piz Segnes . . . . . . . . . . . 10,178 Bifertenstock. . . . . . . . . 11,241 Piz Giuf . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,165 Piz Urlaun . . . . . . . . . . 11,060 Crispalt . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,105 Oberalpstock . . . . . . . . . 10,926 Bristenstock . . . . . . . . . . 10,086 Gross Scheerhorn . . . . . . . 10,814 Selbsanft. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,938 Claridenstock. . . . . . . . . 10,729 Vorab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,925 Dussistock. . . . . . . . . 10,703 Tschingelhorner (Elm) . . . . .9,351 Ringelspitz. . . . . . . . . . 10,667 Piz Sol (Grauehorner) . . . . .9,348 Brigelserhorner (highest) . 10,663 Calanda. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,213 Grosse Windgalle. . . . . . 10,473 Karpfstock. . . . . . . . . . .9,177 Hausstock. . . . . . . . . . . 10,342 Mageren. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,294 Gross Ruchen . . . . . . . . . 10,289 Murtschenstock. . . . . . . . .8,012 Chief Passes of the Range of the Todi. Clariden Pass (Amsteg to Linththal), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,741 Planura Pass (same to same), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,646 Kammlilucke or Scheerjoch (Maderanerthal to Unterschachen), snow . .9,344 Sardona Pass (Flims to Ragaz), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,318 Sand Alp Pass (Disentis to Linththal), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,121 Brunni Pass (Disentis to Amsteg), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,977 Segnes Pass (Elm to Flims), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,613 Kisten Pass (Linththal to Ilanz), bad bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .8,203 Panixer Pass (Elm to Ilanz), bad bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,897 Kruzli Pass (Amsteg to Sedrun), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,710 Foo or Ramin Pass (Elm to Weisstannen), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . .7,290 Oberalp Pass (Andermatt to Disentis), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . .6,719 Klausen Pass (Altdorf to Linththal), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . .6,404 9. The Alps of North-Eastern Switzerland (north of the Klausen Pass). Chief Peaks of the North-Eastern Swiss Alps. Glarnisch (highest) . . . . 9,580 Gross Mythen . . . . . . . . . . .6,240 Boser Faulen. . . . . . . . 9,200 Rigikulm . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,906 Santis. . . . . . . . . . . 8,216 Hoher Kasten . . . . . . . . . . .5,899 Altmann. . . . . . . . . . . . 7,999 Rossberg . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,194 Faulfirst. . . . . . . . . . . 7,925 Zugerberg (Hochwacht). . . . . . .3,255 Alvier . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,753 Albis Hochwacht. . . . . . . . . .2,887 Kurfursten (highest). . . . 7,576 Uetliberg. . . . . . . . . . . . .2,864 Speer. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,411 Chief Passes of the North-Eastern Swiss Alps. Ruosalperkulm (Schachen Valley to the Muota Valley), foot path. . . . .7,126 Karren Alp Pass (Muota Valley to Linththal), foot path . . . . . . . . . .6,877 Kinzigkulm Pass (Schachen Valley to the Muota Valley), foot path. . . .6,811 Saasberg Pass (Einsiedeln to Glarus), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,227 Kamor Pass (Appcnzell to Ruti), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,512 Saxerlucke (Appenzell to Sax), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,417 Schwein Alp Pass (Waggithal to the Klon Glen), bridle path . . . . .5,158 Pragel Pass (Muotathal to Glarus), carriage road in progress . . . . . . .5,099 Hacken Pass (Schwyz to Einsiedeln), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,649 Holzegg Pass (same to same), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,616 Ibergeregg Pass (Schwyz to Iberg and Einsicdeln), carriage road. . . . . .4,613 Krazeren Pass (Nesslau to Urnasch), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .3,993 10. Bernina Alps (from the Maloja to the Reschen Scheideck and the Stelvio, south and east of the Val Bregaglia and of the Engadine and north of the Vultellina). Chief Peaks of the Bernina Alps. Piz Bernina. . . . . . . . . . 13,304 Piz Languard . . . . . . . . . . 10,716 Piz Zupo . . . . . . . . . . . 13,131 Piz Sesvenna . . . . . . . . . . 10,568 Monte di Scerscen. . . . . . . 13,116 Piz Pisoc. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,427 Piz Roseg. . . . . . . . . . . 12,934 Piz Murtarol. . . . . . . . . 10,424 Piz Palu. . . . . . . . . . 12,835 Piz Quaiervals . . . . . . . . . 10,358 Crast' Aguzza . . . . . . . 12,704 Pizzo della Margna . . . . . . . 10,355 Piz Morteratsch. . . . . . . . 12,317 Cima di Redasco. . . . . . . . . 10,299 Monte della Disgrazia. . . . . 12,067 Piz Lischanna. . . . . . . . . . 10,204 Pizzo di Verona. . . . . . . . 11,359 Pizzo di Sena. . . . . . . . . . 10,099 Cima di Piazzi . . . . . . . . 11,283 Piz Casana . . . . . . . . . . . 10,079 Cima di Castello . . . . . . . 11,155 Monte Foscagno . . . . . . . . . 10,010 Cima Viola . . . . . . . . . . 11,103 Pizzo del Teo. . . . . . . . . . 10,007 Pizzo Cengalo. . . . . . . . . 11,070 Pizzo del Ferro. . . . . . . . . 10,007 Cima di Rosso. . . . . . . . . 11,060 Piz Umbrail. . . . . . . . . . . .9,955 Pizzo Scalino. . . . . . . . . 10,903 Zwei Schwestern. . . . . . . . . .9,784 Pizzo Badile . . . . . . . . . 10,863 Monte Braulio. . . . . . . . . . .9,777 Corno di Campo . . . . . . . . 10,844 Monte Spluga . . . . . . . . . . .9,321 Pizzo di Dosde. . . . . . . 10,762 Monte Massuccio. . . . . . . . . .9,239 Cima di Saoseo . . . . . . . . 10,752 Mont la Schera . . . . . . . . . .8,494 Chief Passes of the Bernina Alps. Fuorcla Bellavista (Ponrresina to Chiesa, in Val Malenco), snow. . . . . 12,087 Fuorcla Crast' Aguzza (same to same), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,805 Fuorcla Tschierva (same to same), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,572 Fuorela Sella (same to same), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,840 Passo di Bondo (Bondo to the Baths of Masino), snow. . . . . . . . . . . 10,227 Passo di Castello (Maloja to Morbegno), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,171 Passo Tremoggia (Sils to Chiesa), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,912 Passo di Mello Chiareggio to Val Masino), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,813 Diavolezza Pass (Bernina road to the Morteratsch Glen), snow . . . . . . .9,767 Passo di Dosde (Val Grosina to Val Viola Bormina), foot path. . . . . .9,351 Passo di Sacco (Bernina road to Grosio), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . .9,026 Passo di Zocca (Vicosoprano to Val Masino), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,000 Casana pass (Scants to Livigno), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,832 Muretto pass (Maloja to Chiesa), partly snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,389 Umbrail Pass or Wormserjoch (Munster Valley to the Stelvio road), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,242 Passo di Val Viola (Bernina road to Bormio), bridle path . . . . . . . . .7,976 Giufplan Pass (Ofen road to Fraele), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . .7,723 Bernina Pass (Pontresina to Tirano), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . .7,645 Forcola di Livigno (Bernina Pass to Livigno), small carriage road. . . . .7,638 Cruschetta Pass (Schuls by Scarl to Taufers), bridle path. . . . . . . . .7,599 Passo di Verva (Bormio to Grosio), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,592 Sursass or Schlinig Pass (Remus to Mals) foot path. . . . . . . . . . .7,540 Foscagno Pass (Bormio to Trepalle), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,517 Alpisella Lass (Uivigno to Fraule), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . .7,497 Scarl Pass (Scarl to Santa Maria Munster), carriage road. . . . . . . .7,386 Dossradond Pass (Santa Maria Munster to Fraele), bridle path. . .7,349 Passo Dheira (Livigno to Trepalle) bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,248 Ofen Pass (Zernez to Mals), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,071 Fraele Pass (Bormio to the Ofen road), partly bridle path . . . . . . .6,398 Scale di Fraele (Borniio to Fraele), bridle path . . . . . . . . . .6,372 Maloja Pass (St Moritz to Chiavenna), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . .5,935 11. Albula Range (from the Splugen Pass to the Fluela Pass. north and west of the Val Bregaglia and of the Engadine). Chief Peaks of the Albula Range. Piz Kesch. . . . . . . . . . . 11,228 Pizzo Stella . . . . . . . . . . 10,375 Piz dellas Calderas. . . . . . 11,132 Fluela Schwarzhorn. . . . . . 10,355 Piz Platta . . . . . . . . . . 11,109 Pizzo della Duana. . . . . . . . 10,279 Piz Julier . . . . . . . . . . 11,106 Pizzo Gallegione . . . . . . . . 10,201 Piz d'Err. . . . . . . . . . . 11,093 Gletscherhorn. . . . . . . . . . 10,191 Piz d'Aela . . . . . . . . . . 10,959 Cima di Lago . . . . . . . . . . 10,112 Cima da Flex . . . . . . . . . 10,785 Hoch Ducan . . . . . . . . . . . 10,060 Piz Uertsch. . . . . . . . . . 10,739 Piz Grisch . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000 Piz Forbisch . . . . . . . . . 10,689 Averser Weissberg. . . . . . . . .9,987 Piz Ot . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,667 Surettahorn. . . . . . . . . . . .9,971 Gross Piz Vadret . . . . . . . 10,584 Arosa Rothhorn . . . . . . . . . .9,794 Piz Timun or Emet. . . . . . . 10,502 Piz Curver . . . . . . . . . . . .9,761 Tinzenhorn . . . . . . . . . . 10,430 Pizzo Lunghino . . . . . . . . . .9,121 Piz Michel . . . . . . . . . . 10,378 Statzerhorn . . . . . . . . . .8,450 Chief Passes of the Albula Range. Fuorcla Calderas (Molins to Bevers), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,270 Fuorcla d'Eschia (Madulein to Bergun), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,869 Passo della Duana (Avers Vnlley to the Val Bregaglia), snow. . . . . . . .9,187 Sertig Pass (Davos to Scanfs), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,062 Forcella di Prassignola (Avers Valley to Soglio), old paved cattle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,924 Tinzenthor (Bergun to Savognino), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,918 Forcella di Lago or Madris Pass (Avers Valley to Chiavenna), foot path . .8,793 Forcellina (Avers Valley to the Septimer Pass), foot path. . . . . . . . .8,770 Ducan Pass (Davos to Bergun), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,763 Passo di Lei (Avers Valley to Chiavenna), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . .8,724 Forcella di Lunghino (Maloja to the Septimer Pass), foot path. . . . . . .8,645 Scaletta Pass (Davos to Scanfs), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,593 Suvretta Pass (St Moritz to Bevers), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,590 Fuorcla d'Alp Fontauna (Bergun to Scanfs), foot path. . . . . . . . . .8,580 Stallerberg (Avers Valley to Bivio-Stalla), foot path. . . . . . . . . . .8,478 Grialetsch Pass (Davos to Sus), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,353 Fluela Pass (Davos to Sus), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,838 Strela Pass (Davos to Langwies), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,799 Albula Pass (Bergun to Ponte), carriage road over, railway tunnel beneath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,595 Septimer Pass (Bivio-Stalla to Casaccia), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .7,582 Julier Pass (Thusis to Silvaplana), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,504 Passo di Madesimo or d'Emet (Avers Valley to Madesimo), foot path. . . . .7,481 12. Silvretta and Rhatikon Ranges (from the Fuela Pass to the Reschen Scheideck and the Arlberg Pass). Chief Peaks of the Silvretta and Rhatikon Ranpes. Piz Linard . . . . . . . . . . 11,201 Vesulspitze. . . . . . . . . . . 10,145 Fluchthorn . . . . . . . . . . 11,165 Fluela Weisshorn. . . . . . . 10,132 Gross Piz Buin . . . . . . . . 10,880 Piz Minschun . . . . . . . . . . 10,079 Verstanklahorn . . . . . . . . 10,831 Patteriol. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,037 Muttler. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,821 Piz Faschalba. . . . . . . . . . 10,010 Piz Fliana . . . . . . . . . . 10,775 Hexenkopf. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,968 Stammerspitze. . . . . . . . . 10,689 Gemsbleiskopf. . . . . . . . . . .9,899 Silvrettahorn. . . . . . . . . 10,657 Pischahorn . . . . . . . . . . . .9,784 Augstenberg. . . . . . . . . . 10,611 Scesaplana . . . . . . . . . . . .9,741 Plattenhorn. . . . . . . . . . 10,568 Rothbleiskopf. . . . . . . . . . .9,640 Dreilanderspitze. . . . . . 10,539 Hohes Rad. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,554 Piz Tasna. . . . . . . . . . . 10,443 Schiltfluh . . . . . . . . . . . .9,482 Kuchenspitze . . . . . . . . . 10,401 Plattenpspitze . . . . . . . . . .9,449 Hoher Riffler. . . . . . . . . 10,368 Madrishorn . . . . . . . . . . . .9,285 Piz Mondin . . . . . . . . . . 10,325 Drusenfluh . . . . . . . . . . . .9,282 Kuchelspitze. . . . . . . . 10,315 Sulzfluh . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,252 Gross Seehorn. . . . . . . . . 10,247 Zimbaspitze. . . . . . . . . . . .8,678 Vesilspitze. . . . . . . . . . 10,220 Naafkopf . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,445 Gross Litzner. . . . . . . . . 10,207 Falknis. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,419 Chief Passes of the Silvretta and Rhatikon Ranges. Jamjoch (Guarda to Galtur), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 112 Fuorcla del Confin (Silvretta Pass to the Vermunt Glacier), snow . . . . 10,033 Buinlucke (Guarda to Patenen), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,020 Silvretta Pass (Klosters to Lavin), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,886 Zahnlucke (Jam Glen to the Fimber Glen), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,712 Verstanklathor (Klosters to Lavin), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,682 Fuorcla d'Urezzas (Ardez to Galtur), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,564 Fuorcla Tasna (Ardez to Ischgl), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,374 Fuorcla Maisas (Remus to the Samnaun Glen), snow. . . . . . . . . . . .9,357 Vermunt or Fermunt Pass (Guarda to Patenen), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,193 Futschol Pass (Ardez to Galtur), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,098 Fuorcla Zadrell or Vernela Pass (Klosters to Lavin), snow. . . . . . . . .9,033 Cuolm d'Alp bella or Vignitz Pass (Samnaun Glen to Kappl), foot path . . .8,852 Schafbucheljoch (Mathon to St Anton), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . .8,685 Fimber Pass (Remus to Ischgl), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,570 Scheien Pass (Klosters to the See Glen), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . .8,557 Vereina Pass or Pass da Val Torta (Klosters to Lavin), foot path . . . . .8,540 Zebles Pass (Ischgl to the Samnaun Glen), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .8,350 Garnerajoch (Klosters to Gaschurn), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,153 Fless Pass (Klosters to Sus), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,045 St Antonien or Gargellenjoch (St Antonien to St Gallenkirch), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,792 Drusenthor (Schiers to Schruns), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,710 Verrajochl (Lunersee to the Schweizerthor), foot path. . . . . . . .7,648 Ofen Pass (Schweizerthor to Schruns), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,523 Cavelljoch (Bludenz and the Lunersee to Seewis), foot path. . . . . . .7,343 Gruben Pass (St Antonien to Schruns), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . .7,333 Schlappinerjoch (Klosters to St Gallenkirch), bridle path. . . . . . . . .7,218 Schweizerthor (Schiers to Schruns), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 057 Bielerhohe (Patenen to Galtur), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .6,631 Zeinisjoch (Patenen to Galtur), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,076 Arlberg Pass (Landeck to Bludenz), carriage road over, railway tunnel beneath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,912 III. EASTERN ALPS 13. The Alps of Bavaria, the Vorarlberg and Salzburg (north of the Arlberg Pass, Innsbruck, the Pinzgau, and the Enns valley). Chief Peaks of the Alps of Bavaria, the Vorarlberg and Salzburg. Parseierspitze . . . . . . . . 9,968 Watzmann . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,901 Dachstein. . . . . . . . . . . 9,830 Rothewandspitze. . . . . . . . . .8,878 Zugspitze. . . . . . . . . . . 9,738 Gross Krottenkopf(Allgau) . . .8,718 Hochkonig . . . . . . . . . 9,639 Selbhorn . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,711 Valluga. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,223 Hohes Licht. . . . . . . . . . . .8,701 Rockspitze . . . . . . . . . . 9,059 Madelegabel . . . . . . . . . .8,681 E. Hohe Griesspitze. . . . . . 9,052 Hochvogel. . . . . . . . . . . . .8,511 Stanskogel . . . . . . . . . . 9,052 Elmauer Haltsspitze Birkkarspitze (Karwendel). . . 9,042 (Kaisergebirge) . . . . . . .7,691 Chief Passes of the Alps of Bavaria, the Vorarlberg and Salzburg. Gentschel Pass (Oberstdorf to Schrocken), bridle path . . . . . . . . .6,480 Schrofen Pass (Oberstdorf to Warth), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,538 Gerlos Pass (Zell to Mittersill), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,876 Pass Thurn (Kirzbuhel to Mittersill), carriage road . . . . . . . . . .4,183 Fern Pass (Reutte to Nassereit), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,026 Scharnitz or Seefeld Pass (Partenkirchen to Zirl), carriage road . . . . .3,874 Hirschbuhel Pass (Berchtesgaden to Saalfelden), carriage road . . . . .3,858 Hochfilzen Pass (Saalfelden to Kitzbuhel), railway over . . . . . . . .3,173 Pyhrn Pass (Linz to Liezen), carriage road over, railway tunnel beneath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3,100 Wagreinstattel (Radstadt to St Johann in Pongau), carriage road. . . . . .2,743 14. Central Tirol Alps (from the Brenner Pass to the Radstadter Tauern Pass, north of the Drave Valley and south of the Pinzgau and the Enns Valley). This division takes in the Zillerthal and Tuern Ranges. Chief Peaks of the Central Tirol Alps. Gross Glockner . . . . . . . . 12,461 Ruthnerhorn(Rieserferner). . . . 11,024 Gross Venediger. . . . . . . . 12,008 Gross Wiesbachhorn . . . . . . 11,713 Hochalmspitze. . . . . . . . . . 11,008 Hochfeiler (Zillerthal). . . . 11,559 Reichenspitze (Z). . . . . . . . 10,844 Dreiherrenspitze . . . . . . . 11,500 Gross Rotherknopf (Schober). . . 10,814 Mosele (Z). . . . . . . . . 11,438 Olperer (Z). . . . . . . . . . 1i,418 Gross Morchner (Z). . . . . . 10,785 Johannisberg . . . . . . . . . 11,375 Hochnarr (Goldberg). . . . . . . 10,689 Hochgall (Rieserferner). . . . 11,287 Ankogel. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,673 Thurnerkamp (Z). . . . . . . . 11,228 Hochschober. . . . . . . . . . . 10,663 Gross Loflier (Z) . . . . . 11,096 Kitzsteinhorn. . . . . . . . . . 10,512 Fusstein (Z) . . . . . . . . . 11,090 Sonnblick. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,196 Schwarzenstein (Z) . . . . . . 11,057 Zsigmondyspitze. . . . . . . . . 10,122 Gross Geiger . . . . . . . . . 11,041 Reckner (Tuxergebirge) . . . . . .9,485 Chief Passes of the Central Tirol Alps. Mitterbachjoch (Breitlahner to Taufers), snow (Z). . . . . . . . . . . . 10,270 Trippachsattel (Floiten Valley to Taufers), snow (Z) . . . . . . . . . . 10,020 Riffelthor (Kaprun to Heiligenblut), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,010 Bockkarscharte (Ferleiten to Heiligenblut), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,994 Sonnblickscharte (Rauris to Heiligenblut), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,774 Alpeinerscharte (Breitlahner to St Jodok am Brenner), foot path (Z). . . .9,712 Vorder Umbalthorl (Pragraten to Kasern), snow. . . . . . . . . . . .9,607 Ober Sulzbachthorl (Pragraten to Wald), snow . . . . . . . . . . . .9,600 Keilbachjoch (Mayrhofen to Steinhaus), foot path (Z) . . . . . . . . . . .9,410 Unter Sulzbachthorl (Wald to Gschloss), snow . . . . . . . . . . . .9,400 Schwarzkopfscharte (Bramberg to Gschloss), snow . . . . . . . . . . . .9,351 Pragraterthorl (Pragraten to the Defereggen Glen),foot path . . .9,338 Glodisthorl (Lienz to Kals), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,292 Antholzerscharte (Rein Valley to the Antholz Valley), snow . . . . . . . .9,252 Krimmlerthorl (Krimml Glen to the Obersulzbach Glen) snow . . . . . . .9,233 Goldzechscharte (Heiligenblut to Rauris), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,220 Kalserthorl (Kals to Liens), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,197 Ober Tramerscharte (Rauris to Dollach), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,193 Kleine Elendscharte (Gastein to Gmund), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,987 Kleine Zirknitzscharte (Dollach to Fragant or Rauris), snow . . . . . .8,921 Dossener or Maunitzerscharte (Mallnitz to Gmund), snow . . . . . . .8,783 Grosse Elendscharte (Mallnitz to the Upper Malta Glen), snow . . . . . . .8,770 Unter Pfandlscharte (Ferleiten to Heiligenblut), snow. . . . . . . . . . .8,744 Heiliggeistjochl (Mayrhofen to Kasern), foot path (Z) . . . . . . . . .8,721 Bergerthorl (Kals to Heiligenblut), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,695 Kaprunerthorl (upper Kaprun Glen to the upper Stubach Glen), snow . . .8,645 Krimmler Tauern (Krimml to Kasern), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,642 Virgner or Defereggerthorl (Defereggen Glen to Virgen and Pragraten), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,586 Backlenke or Trojerjoch (Pragraten to the Defereggen Glen), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,573 Hochthor or Heiligenbluter Tauern (Heiligenblut to Rauris), foot path. . .8,442 Horndljochl (Mayrhofen to Steinhaus), foot path (Z). . . . . . . . .8,383 Velber Tauern (Windisch Matrei to Mittersill), bridle path . . . . . . . .8,334 Kalser Tauern (Kals to Uttendorf), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,242 Hohe or Korn Tauern (Mallnitz to Gastein), bridle path over, railway tunnel beneath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,081 Niedere or Mallnitzer Tauern (Mallnitz to Gastein), bridle path. . . . . .7,920 Fuscherthorl (Ferleiten to the Seidlwinkel Glen), foot path . . . . . .7,891 Lappacherjoch (Lappach to theahrn Valley), foot path (Z) . . . . . . . . .7,763 Tuxerjoch or Schmirnjoch (Mayrhofen to St Jodok am Brenner), foot path (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,697 Klammljoch (Taufers to the Defereggen Valley), bridle path . . . . . . . .7,517 Arlscharte (St Johann in Pongau to Gmund), foot path. . . . . . . . . .7,386 Pfitscherjoch (Mayrhofen to Sterzing), foot path (Z) . . . . . . . . . . .7,376 Kals Matreierthorl (Kals to Windisch Matrei), bridle path . . . . . . .7,238 Die Stanz (Gastein to Rauris), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,900 Stallersattel (Defereggen Glen to the Antholz Glen), bridle path (R) . . .6,742 Radstadter Tauern (Radstadt to Mautendorf), carriage road . . . . . . .5,702 15. Ortler, Oetzthal and Stubai Banges (from the Reschen Scheideck and the Stelvio to the Brenner Pass, south of the Inn Valley, and north of the Tonale Pass). Chief Peaks of the Ortler, Oetzthal and Stubai Ranges. Ortler . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,802 Zuckerhutl (Stubai) . . . . . 11,520 Konigsspitze. . . . . . . . 12,655 Schalfkogel. . . . . . . . . . . 11,516 Monte Cevedale . . . . . . . . 12,382 Schrankogel. . . . . . . . . . . 11,483 Wildspitze (Oetzthal). . . . . 12,382 Hochwildspitze . . . . . . . . . 11,418 Weisskugel . . . . . . . . . . 12,291 Sonklarspiize. . . . . . . . . . 11,405 Monte Zebru. . . . . . . . . . 12,254 Tuckettspitze. . . . . . . . . . 11,346 Palon della Mare . . . . . . . 12,156 Wilder Freiger . . . . . . . . . 11,241 Funta San Matteo . . . . . . . 12,113 Veneziaspitze. . . . . . . . . . 11,103 Thurwieserspitze . . . . . . . 11,946 Tscheugelser Hochwand. . . . . . 11,083 Hintere Schwarze. . . . . . 11,920 Monte Confinale. . . . . . . . . 11,057 Similaun . . . . . . . . . . . 11,821 Glockthurm . . . . . . . . . . . 11,011 Pizzo Tresero. . . . . . . . . 11,818 Fernerkogel. . . . . . . . . . . 10,827 Gross Ramolkogel . . . . . . . 11,651 Monte Sobretta . . . . . . . . . 10,814 Vtertainspitze . . . . . . . . 11,618 Habicht. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,758 Hochvernagtspitze. . . . . . . 11,585 Pflerscher Tribulaun . . . . . . 10,178 Chief Passes of the Ortler, Oetzthal and Stubai Ranges. Hochjoch (Sulden to the Zebru Glen), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,602 Vioz Pass (Santa Caterina to Pejo), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,949 Sonklarscharte (Solden to Sterzing), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,916 Konigsjoch (Sulden to Santa Caterina), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,811 Cevedale Pass (Santa Caterina to the Martell Glen), snow . . . . . . . . 10,732 Gepatschjoch (Vent to the Kauns Valley), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,640 Ramoljoch (Vent to Gurgl), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.479 Langtaufererjoch (Vent to the Reschen Scheideck Pass), snow. . . . . . . 10,391 Bildstockljoch (Solden to Ranalt), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,296 Gurgler Eisjoch (Gurgl to the Pfossen Glen), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,292 Eissee Pass (Sulden to the Martell Glen), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,279 Langthalerjoch (Gurgl to Pfelders), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,033 Passo del Zebru (Santa Caterina to the Zebru Glen), snow . . . . . . . . .9,925 Sallentjoch (Martell Glen to Rabbi), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,913 Nederjoch (Vent to the Schnals Valley), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,899 Sforzellina Pass (Santa Caterina to Pejo), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,859 Pitzthalerjochl (Mittelbera to Solden), snow . . . . . . . . . . . .9,826 Eisjochl am Bild (Pfelders to the Pfossen Glen), snow . . . . . . . . .9,541 Venter Hochjoch (Vent to the Schnals Valley), snow . . . . . . . . . . . .9,465 Tabarettascharte (Sulden to Trafoi), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,459 Stelvio Pass (Trafoi to Bormio), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,055 Gavia Pass (Santa Caterina to Ponte di Legno), foot path . . . . . . . . .8,651 Timmeljoch or Timblerjoch (Solden to the Passeierthal and Meran), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,232 Jaufen Pass (Sterzing to Meran), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,870 Reschen Scheideck Pass (Landeck to Meran), carriage road . . . . . . . . .4,902 Brenner Pass (Innsbruck to Verona), railway over . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,495 16. Lombard Alps flrom the Lake of Como to the Adige Valley, south of the Valtellina and the Aprica and Tonale Passes. This division includes the Adamello, Presanella, Brenta and Bergamasque ranges. Chief Peaks of the Lombard Alps. Presanella. . . . . . . . . . 11,694 Pizzo del Diavolo. . . . . . . . .9,564 Adamello . . . . . . . . . . . 11,661 Re di Castello. . . . . . . . .9,482 Care Alto . . . . . . . . . 11,369 Recastello . . . . . . . . . . . .9,475 Dosson di Genova . . . . . . . 11,254 Monte Gleno. . . . . . . . . . . .9,459 Crozzon di Lares . . . . . . . 11,004 Monte Tornello . . . . . . . . . .8,819 Corno di Baitone . . . . . . . 10,929 Corno Stella . . . . . . . . . . .8,596 Busazza. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,922 Monte Legnone. . . . . . . . . . .8,563 Lobliia Alta . . . . . . . . . 10,486 Pizzo dei Tre Signori. . . . . . .8,380 Cima Tosa (Brenta) . . . . . . 10,420 Pizzo di Presolana . . . . . . . .8,239 Cima di Brenta . . . . . . . . 10,352 Grigna . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,907 Crozzon di Brenta. . . . . . . 10,247 Monte Baldo. . . . . . . . . . . .7,218 Pizzo di Coca (Bergamasque). . 10,014 Monte Spinale. . . . . . . . . . .7,094 Pizzo di Scais . . . . . . . . .9,974 Monte Gazza. . . . . . . . . . . .6,529 Pizzo di Redorta . . . . . . . .9,964 Monte Resegone . . . . . . . . . .6,155 Pietra Grande. . . . . . . . . .9,630 Chief Passes of the Lombard Alps. Passo di Lares (Lares Glacier to the Lobbia Glacier), snow . . . . . . . 10,483 Passo di Cercen (gal di Genova to Fucine), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,984 Passo della Lobbia Alta (Lobbia Glacier to the Mandron (Glacier), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,961 Passo di Presena (Val di Genova to the Tonale Pass), snow. . . . . . . . .9,879 Pisgana f'ass ()al di Genova to Ponte di Legno), snow . . . . . . . . .9,626 Bocca di Tuckett (Campiglio to Molveno), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,714 Passo di Val Morta or del Diavolo (Val Seriana to Sondrio), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,534 Ulocca di Brenta (Pinzolo or Campiglio to Molveno), snow . . . . . . . . .8,376 Passo del Groste fcampiglio to Clesl, foot path . . . . . . . . . . . .8,006 Passo di Veniua (kal Brembana to Sondrio), foot path . . . . . . . . . . .7,983 Passo del Salro (Val Seriana to Sondrio), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . .7,937 Passo del Venerocolo (Val di Scalvc to the Aprica road), bridle path.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,595 Passo della Forcellina or di Campo (Cedegolo to the Val di Fomo), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,507 V'asso di Idordona (Val Brembana to Sondrio), foot path. . . . . . . . . .6,824 Passo di San Marco (Bergamo to Morbegno), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .6,513 Croce Domini Pass (Breno to Bagolino in Val Caffaro), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,217 Tonale Tass (.Trent to Edolo), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,181 Passo di Zovetto (Val di Scalve to Edolo), bridle path . . . . . . . . . .5,968 Colle Maniva (Val Trompia to Bagolino), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . .5,476 Campo or Ginevrie Pass (Oimaro by Campiglio to Pinzolo), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,407 Ciampenjoch (Cles to Meran), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,051 Mendel Pass (Botzen to Cles), railway on the E. slope. . . . . . . . . . .4,462 Passo di Castione or Presolana Pass (Clusone to the Val di Scalve), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,219 Aprica Pass (Edolo to Tirano), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3,875 17. The Dolomites of South Tirol (from the Brenner Pass to the Monte Croce Pass, and south of the Pusterthal). Chief Peaks of the Dolomites of South Tirol. Marmolata. . . . . . . . . . 10,972 Pala di San Martino. . . . . . . .9,831 Antelao. . . . . . . . . . . 10,706 Rosengartenspitze. . . . . . . . .9,781 Tofana di Mezzo. . . . . . . 10,633 Marmarole. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,715 Sorapiss . . . . . . . . . . 10,594 Cima di Fradusta . . . . . . . . .9,649 Monte Civetta .. . . . . . . 10,564 Fermedathurm . . . . . . . . . . .9,407 Vernel . . . . . . . . . . . 10,319 Cima d'Asta. . . . . . . . . . . .9,344 Monte Cristallo. . . . . . . 10,496 Cima di Canali . . . . . . . . . .9,338 Cima di Vezzaoa. . . . . . . 10,470 Croda Grande . . . . . . . . . . .9,315 Cimon della Pala . . . . . . 10,453 Vajoletthurm (highest) . . . . . .9,256 Langkofel . . . . . .. . . . 10,427 Sass Maor. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,239 Pelmo . . . . . . . .. . . . 10,397 Cima di Ball . . . . . . . . . . .9,131 Dreischusterspitze . . . . . 10,375 Cima della Madonna Boespitze . . . . . . . . 10,342 (Sass Maor) . . . . . . . . . .9,026 Croda Rossa (Hoher . . . . . 10,329 Rosetta. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,993 Caisl) . . . . . . . . 10,329 Croda da Lago. . . . . . . . . . .8,911 Piz Popena . . . . . . . . . 10,312 Central Grasleitenspitze . . . . .8,875 Elferkofel . . . . . . . . . 10,220 Schlern. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,406 Grohmannspitze . . . . . . . 10,207 Sasso di Mur . . . . . . . . . . .8,380 Zwolferkofel. . . . . . . 10,142 Cima delle Dodici. . . . . . . . .7,671 Sass Rigais(Geislerspitzen). .9,932 Monte Pavione. . . . . . . . . . .7,664 Drei Zinnen . . . . . . . . .9,853 Cima di Posta. . . . . . . . . . .7,333 Kesselkogel (Rosengarten). . .9,846 Monte Pasubio. . . . . . . . . . .7,323 Funffingerspitze. . . . . .9,833 Chief Passes of the Dolomites of South Tirol. Passo d' Ombretta (Campitello to Caprile), foot path . . . . . . . . . . .8,983 Langhofeljoch (Groden Valley to Campirello), foot path. . . . . . . . .8,803 Tschagerjoch (Karersee to the Vnjolet Glen), foot path . . . . . . . . . .8,675 Crasleiten Pass (Vniolet Glen to thegrasleiten Glen), foot path. . . . . .8,521 Passo di Pravitale (Rosetta Plateau to the Pravitale Glen), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,465 Passo delle Comelle (same to Cencenighe), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . .8,462 Passo della Rosetta (San Martino di Castrozza to the great limestone Rosetta plateau), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,442 Vajolet Pass (Tiers to the Vajolet Glen), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . .8,363 Passo di Canali (Primiero to Agordo), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,193 Tiersalpljochl (Campitello to'I.iers), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . .8,055 Passo di Ball (San Martino di Castrozza to the Pravitale Glen), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,038 Forcella di Giralba (Sexte11 to Auronzo), foot path . . . . . . . . . .7,992 Col dei Bos (F.alzarego Glen to the Travernanzes GIen), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,589 Forcella Grande (San Vito to Auronzo), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,422 Pordoi Pass (Caprile to Canipitello), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . .7,382 Sellajoch (Groden Glen to Camphello), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . .7,277 Tre Sassi Pass (Cortina to St Cassian), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,215 Mahlknechtjoch (Upper Duron Glen to the Seiser Alp), foot path . . . . . .7,113 Grodenerjoch (Groden Glen to Colfuschg), bridle path . . . . . . . .7,011 Falzarego Pass (Caprile to Cortina), small carriage road . . . . . . . . .6,946 Fedaja Pass (Campitello to Caprile), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,713 Passo di Valles (Paneveggio to Cencenighe), foot path. . . . . . . . . . .6,667 Rolle Pass (Predazzo to San Martino di Castrozza and Primiero), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,509 Forcella Forada (Caprile to San Vito), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . .6,480 Passo di San Pellegrino (Moena to Cencenighe), small carriage, path . .6,267 Forcella d'Alleghe (Alleghe to the Zoldo Glen), foot path. . . . . . . . .5,971 Tre Croci Pass (Cortina to Auronzo), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . .5,932 Karersee or Caressa Pass (WClschenofen to Vigo di Fassa), Ndonte Croce Pass (Innichen and Sexten to the Piave Valley and Belluno), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,374 Ampezzo Pass (Toblach to Cortina and Belluno), carriage path . . . . . . .5,066 Cereda Pass (Primiero to Agordo), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,501 Toblach Pass (Bruneck to Lienz), railway over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3,967 18. South-Eastern Alos (east of the Monte Croce Pass). This division includes three small groups, the J ulic, Carnic and Karawankas Alps—each peak and pass being distinguished by one of the initial letters "J,'' "C'' or "K.'' Chief Peaks of the South-Eastern Alps. Terglou or Triglav (J) . . . . 9,400 Monte Cridola (C). . . . . . . . .8,468 Monte Coglians (C) . . . . . . 9,128 Grintovc (K) . . . . . . . . . . .8,429 Kellerwand (C) . . . . . . . . 9,105 Prestrelenik (J) . . . . . . . . .8,202 Jof del Montasio (J) . . . . . 9,039 Monte Cavallo (C). . . . . . . . .7,386 Cima dei Preti (C) . . . . . . 8,868 Krn (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,369 Monte Paralba (C). . . . . . . 8,829 Stou (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,346 Manhart (J). . . . . . . . . . 8,786 Dobratsch (C). . . . . . . . . . .7,120 Jalouc (J) . . . . . . . . . . 8,711 Velka Kappa (K). . . . . . . . . .5,059 Monte Canin (J). . . . . . . . 8,471 Chief Passes of the South-Eastern Alps. Oefnerjoch (Forno Avoltri to St Lorenzen in the Gail Valley), foot path (C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,550 Wolayer Pass (same to Mauthen), foot path (C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,306 Loibl Pass (Klagenfurt to Laibach), carriage road (K). . . . . . . . . . .4,495 Plocken Pass (.Tolmezzo to Mauthen), bridle path (C). . . . . . . . . .4,462 Predil Pass (Villach by d'arvis and Flitsch to Gorz), carriage road (J)3,183 Birnbaumerwald (Laibach to Gorz), carriage road (J) . . . . . . . . . .2,897 Saifnitz or Pontebba Pass (Villach by Tarvis and Pontebba to Udine), railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,615

Political History and Modern State of the Inhabitants of the Alps.—We know practically nothing of the early dwellers in the Alps, save from the scanty acocunts preserved to us by Roman and Greek historians and geographers. A few details have come down to us of the conquest of many of the Alpine tribes by Augustus, though not much more than their names. The successive emigrations and occupation of the Alpine region by divers Teutonic tribes from the 5th to the 6th centuries are, too, known to us only in outline, while to them, as to the Frankish kings and emperors, the Alps offered a route from one place to another rather than a permanent residence. It is not till the final break up of the Carolingian empire in the 10th and 11th centuries that it becomes possible to trace out the local history of different parts of the Alps.

In the case of the Western Alps (minus the bit from the chain of Mont Blanc to the Simplon, which followed the fortunes of the Valais), a prolonged struggle for the Alpine region took place between the feudal lords of Savoy, the Dauphine and Provence. In 1349 the Dauphine fell to France, while in 1388 the country of Nice passed from Provence to the house of Savoy, which too held Piedmont as well as other lands on the Italian side of the Alps. The struggle henceforth was limited to France and the house of Savoy, but little by France succeeded in pushing back the house of Savoy across the Alps, thus forcing it to become a purely Italian power. One turning-point in the rivalry was the treaty of Utrecht (1713), by which France gave up to Savoy the districts (all forming part of the Dauphine, and lying on the Italian slope of the Alps) of Exilles, Bardonneche, Oulx, U.enestrelles, and Chatean Dauphin, while Savoy handed over to France the valley of Barcelonnette, situated on the western slope of the Alps and forming part of the county of Nice. The final act in the long-continued struggle took place in 1860, when France obtained by cession the rest of the county of Nice and also Savoy, thus remaining sole mistress on the western slope of the Alps.

In the Central Alps the chief event, on the northern side of the chain, is the gradual formation from 1291 to 1815 of the Swiss Confederation, at least so far as regards the mountain Cantons, and with especial reference to the independent confederations of the Grisons and the Valais, which only became full members of the Confederation in 1803 and 1815 respectively. The attraction of the south was too strong for both the Forest Cantons and the Grisons, so that both tried to secure, and actually did secure, various bits of the Milanese. The former, in the 15th century, won the Val Leventina (down which the St Gotthard train now thunders) as well as Bellinzona and the Val Blenio (though the Ossola Valley was held for a time only), while the latter added to the Val Bregaglia (which had been given to the bishop of Coire in 960 by the emperor Otto I.) the valleys of Mesocco and of Poschiavo. Further, in 1512, the Swiss Confederation as a whole won the valleys of Locarno with Lugano, which, combined with the 15th century conquests by the Forest Cantons, were formed in 1803 into the new Canton of Ticino or Tessin. On the other hand, the Grisons won in 1512 the Valtellina, with Bormio and Chiavenna, but in 1797 these regions were finally lost to it as well as to the Swiss Confederation, though the Grisons retained the valleys of Mesocco, Bregaglia and Poschiavo, while in 1762 it had bought the upper bit of the valley of Munster that lies on the southern slope of the Alps.

In the Eastern Alps the political history is almost monotonous, for it relates simply to the advance or retreat of the house of Habsburg, which still holds all but the whole of the northern portion (the exception is the small bit in the north-west that belongs to Bavaria) of that region. The Habsburgers, whose original home was in the lower valley of the Aar, where still stand the ruins of their ancestral castle, lost that district to the Swiss in 1415, as they had previously lost various other bits of what is now Switzerland. But they received a rich compensation in the Eastern Alps (not to speak of the imperial crown), for they there gathered in the harvest that numerous minor dynasties had prepared for them, albeit unconsciously. Thus they won the duchy of Austria with Styria in 1282, Carinthia and Carniola in 1335, Tirol in 1363, and the Vorarlberg in bits from 1375 to 1523, not to speak of minor "rectifications'' of frontiers on the northern slope of the Alps. But on the other slope their progress was slower, and finally less successful. It is true that they early won Primiero (1373), as well as (1517) the Ampezzo Valley and several towns to the south of Trent. In 1797 they obtained Venetia proper, in 1803 the secularized bishoprics of Trent and Briken (as well as that of Salzburg, more to the north), besides the Valtellina region, and in 1815 the Bergamasque valleys, while the Milanese had belonged to them since 1535. But, as is well known, in 1859 they lost to the house of Savoy both the Milanese and the Bergamasca, and in 1866 Venetia proper also, so that the Trentino is now their chief possession on the southern slope of the Alps. The gain of the Milanese in 1859 by the future king of Italy (1861) meant that Italy then won the valley of Livigno (between the Upper Engadine and Bormio), which is the only important bit it holds on the non-Italian slope of the Alps, besides the county of Tenda (obtained in 1575, and not lost in 1860), with the heads of certain glens in the Maritime Alps, reserved in 1860 for reasons connected with hunting. Thus the Alpine states (Italy, Switzerland and Austria), other than France and Bavaria, hold bits of territory on the slope of the Alps where one would not expect to find them Roughly speaking, in each of these five lands the Alpine population speaks the tongue of the country, though in Italy there are a few French-speaking districts (the Waldensian valleys as well as the Aosta and Oulx valleys) as well as some German-speaking and Ladin-speaking settlements. In Switzerland there are Italian-speaking regions, as well as some spots (in the Grisons) where the old Romance dialect of Romansch or Ladin survives; while in Austria, besides German, Italian and Ladin, we have a Slavonic-speaking population in the South-Eastern Alps. The highest permanently inhabited village in the Alps is Juf, 6998 ft. (Grisons); while in the French Alps, L'Ecot, 6713 ft. (Savoy), and St Veran, 6726 ft. (Dauphine), are rivals; the Italian Alps boast of Trepalle, 6788 ft. (between Livigno and Bormio), and the Tirolese Alps of Ober Gurgl, 6322 ft., and Fend, 6211 ft. (both in the Oetzthal).