LESSON XXXV. (Leccion trigesima quinta.)

THE ADJECTIVE (contd.).

Degrees of Comparison.

"As ... as" and "so ... as" are translated "tan ... como," "as much ... as" and "so much ... as" are translated "tanto-a,-os-as ... como" or "cuanto."

N.B.—Cuan may be used instead of como before an adjective as—

Tan razonable en precio cuan apreciado por la buena calidad: As reasonable in price as it is appreciated for its good quality.

"The more ... the more" is translated "cuanto mas ... tanto mas"; also "mas ... mas" (without the article).

"Than whom," "than which" is translated as follows—

Sedas floreadas italianas que no las hay mejores en el mercado: Italian flowered silks, than which there are no better on the market.

Adjectives ending in io (not io) drop the whole diphthong before adding isimo, as—

Amplio—Amplisimo (very ample).

EXCEPT Agrio—Agriisimo (very sour).

Those ending in z change of course the z into c, as—

Feliz—felicisimo[180] (very happy).

[Footnote 180: Z should not occur before e and i in modern Spanish.]

The irregular superlatives optimo, pesimo, maximo, minimo, infimo and supremo are used very sparingly, but they are found both as superlative absolute and superlative relative, as—

Esta es una cantidad infima: It is an infinitesimal amount.

El precio minimo[181]: The minimum price.

[Footnote 181: Although improperly, we often find "mas minimo" (mas infimo, etc.).]

El supremo bien de la vida es hacer a otros felices: The highest blessing of life is to make others happy.

The irregular comparatives mejor and peor are in general use.

Mayor and menor refer more generally to age (older, elder, and younger).

"Inferior" and "superior" are generally used as their English equivalents.

The expressions "a larger building," "a higher tree," etc., are generally rendered "un edificio mas grande," "un arbol mas alto," etc.

Irregular superlatives—

Acre (sour) Acerrimo Amigo (friendly) Amicisimo Antiguo (ancient) Antiquisimo Aspero (harsh) Asperrimo Benefico (beneficent) Beneficentisimo Benevolo (benevolent) Benevolentisimo Celebre (celebrated) Celeberrimo Fiel (faithful) Fidelisimo Integro (upright) Integerrimo Libre (free), Liberrimo Magnifico (magnificent) Magnificentisimo Misero (miserable) Miserrimo Munifico (munificent) Munificentisimo Pobre (poor), Pauperrimo, and Pobrisimo (more used) Sabio (wise) Sapientisimo Sagrado (holy) Sacratisimo Salubre (healthy) Saluberrimo Simple (simple) Simplicisimo —Uberrimo (most fruitful)

Some of the best modern authors write "buenisimo," "nuevisimo," etc., regularly without substituting the diphthong by the pure vowel, as "bonisimo," "novisimo," notwithstanding the shifting of the stress.[182]

[Footnote 182: See Note 47.]

Substantives used as adjectives admit of comparison, as—

Es tan caballero or mas caballero que sus contrincantes: He is as (or more) gentlemanly as (than) his neighbours (competitors).

"Than" followed by a number, unless the sentence be negative, is translated by de.

"Than" followed by a finite verb is de lo que, as—

Cumple mas de lo que promete: He accomplishes more than he promises.

But—

Hablar Espanol es mas dificil que escribirlo: To speak Spanish is more difficult than to write it.

The following expressions are translated—

El le lleva seis anos: He is older than you by six years.

Esta tela cuesta cinco peniques menos la yarda: This cloth is cheaper by five pence a yard.

Esta casa es diez anos mas antigua: This firm is older by ten years.

Es tan poderoso que domina el mercado: He is so powerful as to control the market.

Ver (to see). Past Part., Visto. Pres. Indic., Veo[183] ...

[Footnote 183: It forms the pres. subj., Vea, veas, etc. Imperf. Indic., Veia, veias, veia, veiamos, veiais, veian.]

VOCABULARY.

acaudalado, rich, wealthy *advertir, to notice alcalde, mayor alfombrada, carpeting anadir, to add apagarse, to go out (fire) atraicionar, to betray boticario, chemist caja fuerte, safe calorifero, stove carbon (de piedra), coal carbon (vegetal), charcoal carpeta, writing-pad casillero, pigeon-holes certificar, to certify, to register (in the post) chimenea, chimney contestar, to answer echar al correro, to post ensartar, to string (beads), to file (papers) escano, stool estante, book-shelf franqueo, postage guardafuego, fender guardapapeles, ensartapapeles, paper files humear, to smoke (chimney) lacre, sealing wax legajo, bundle (of papers) librarse, to get rid of mano de papel secante, quire of blotting-paper pupitre, writing desk sello, seal el sobre, the envelope sujeta papeles, paper fasteners

EXERCISE 1 (69).

Translate into English—

1. La casa de Rioja a y Cia. es tan respetable por su buena fama (name) como por lo acaudalados que son sus propietarios.

2. Si, es mas estimada que cualquiera otra.

3. Dicen que tiene mas de L150,000 de capital.

4. Es muy rica en efecto, pero no creo que su capital ascienda a mas que L100,000.

5. Cuanto mas corriente en sus tratos es un negociante, tanto mejor le resultan sus transacciones.

6. Estas son alfombradas de Bruselas que no las hay mejores en todo el mundo.

7. Tenemos un campo (field) amplisimo para nuestras operaciones, las cuales hasta aqui han tenido felicisimo resultado.

8. Nuestros generos son todos de optima calidad y a precios infimos.

9. Es de interes supremo para nosotros el dar los mejores productos a precios minimos.

10. La cantidad maxima no ha de exceder 500 kilogramos.

11. El hermano mayor es notario y alcalde del pueblo, el menor es boticario.

12. La ciudad de Cadiz es antiquisima; fundose en el siglo XV antes de la era vulgar por los Fenicios.

13. El clima de Valparaiso es salubirrimo.

14. Fidelisimo criado, no quiso atraicionar a su amo que habia sido beneficentisimo para con el.

15. Euclides fue celeberrimo geometra.

EXERCISE 2 (70).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I wish to straighten (poner en orden) the desk on (en) my table.

2. My pad is full of papers; I must get rid (librarme) of them.

3. Will you put all those answered letters in that shelf; You will find the pigeon-holes alphabetically arranged, put each letter in the proper bundle.

4. These others are filed away in that letter-file, alphabetically also.

5. Put the file in the safe; we always keep it under lock and key (bajo llave).

6. Now give me a quire of blotting-paper, pens, nibs (puntitas), paper-fasteners and the stamp-rack (porta-estampillas).

7. These envelopes go into the waste-paper basket (cestilla).

8. Fetch that stool, please; place it before that desk (banco).

9. See to the (hacer atencion al) fire, it is going out, poke it (removerlo) a little and add some coal.

10. This is the coal scuttle (caja del carbon), the shovel (la pala) and the poker (atizador) are near the fender.

11. Hot-water pipes (tubos) are preferable to fires or stoves.

12. Yes, our chimney always smokes; it is a nuisance (ique fastidio! ique barbaridad!).

13. Post these letters. Stamp them (pongales los sellos) and notice there are some to be registered (para certificar).

14. Do not forget to put the stamp of the firm (casa).

15. If any weigh in excess (demasiado), it does not matter (no importa); put the excess postage.

16. Seal that envelope; here are the seal and sealing-wax.



LESSON XXXVI. (Leccion trigesima sexta.)

THE ADJECTIVE (contd.).

The adjective grande (great, large) may precede or follow a noun.

If it precedes it may drop the final syllable. When grande (or gran) precedes it generally refers more to quality than to size, but this rule is not strict at all, as much is left to the tone of the voice and also to gesture.

When "Santo" means "holy" it is always written in full. When "Santo" means "saint" it drops the "to" before the name following.

EXCEPTIONS—

Santo Tomas (or Tome), Santo Domingo, and Santo Torribio.

But—La isla de San Tomas (the Island of St. Thomas, West Indies).

Some adjectives alter their meaning according as they precede or follow a noun, as—

Cierto hombre: A certain man. (Not "un cierto.") Una noticia cierta: A certain (sure) news.

Un pobre escritor: A poor writer—of little worth. Un escritor pobre: An impecunious writer.

Un simple favor: A simple favour. Un favor simple: A simple favour.

Un simple soldado: A simple (plain) soldier. Un hombre simple: A simple man, a simpleton.

"One" and "ones" after an adjective are always left untranslated. "Man" and "woman" in the majority of cases are also omitted, as—

Tengo algunos buenos: I have some good ones. Un frances, una francesa: A Frenchman, a Frenchwoman.

Numeral adjectives used for measurement are translated as follows—

Una plataforma de 30 pies de largo y seis pies de ancho (also de 30 pies por seis): A platform 30 feet long by six feet wide.

Este tanque tiene 16 pies de profundidad: This tank is 16 feet deep.

"In" after a superlative relative is rendered by de, as—

Es el negociante mas prospero de la ciudad: He is the most successful merchant in the city.

The proportional adjectives are—

El doble (the double) El triple (3 fold) El cuadruplo (4 fold) El quintuple (5 fold) El sextuple (6 fold) El decuplo (10 fold) El centuplo (100 fold) Siete veces tanto (7 fold) Ocho veces tanto (8 fold). Etc., etc.

The adjective is used also adverbially, oftener in Spanish than in English, as—

Hablar claro, alto, bajo, fuerte: To speak clearly, loudly, softly, strongly.

Comprar caro, barato: To buy dear, cheap.

Ir derecho: To go straight.

Tener fuerte: To hold fast.

Exclamo ufano, cortes, enfadado, bondadoso: He proudly, courteously, angrily, kindly exclaimed.

Justo ha llegado una carta: A letter has just arrived.

Adjectives have a governing power through a preposition and then the preposition to be used belongs to the "idiom" of the language. Practice will make perfect.

The following are some examples in which the construction differs from the English—

Afable a, or con, or para con todos: Affable to all. Agradecido a los beneficios: Grateful for the favours. Agudo de ingenio: Sharp-witted. Ajeno de la verdad: Foreign to truth. Alegre de cascos: Light-headed. Blanco de tez: fair-complexioned. Cargado de espaldas: Round-shouldered. Codicioso, deseoso de dinero: Greedy, wishing for money. Cercano a su fin: Nearing his end. iDesdichado de mi!: Unhappy me! Dificil de comprender: Hard to understand. Dotado de buenas partes: Endowed with good parts. Duro de cabeza (de mollera), de corazon: Hard-headed, hard-hearted. Evidente para todo el mundo: Evident to all. Facil de explicar: Easy to explain. Falto de juicio: Lacking in judgment. Hermoso de ver: Beautiful to see. Lleno de cerveza, de vino: Full of (or with) beer, wine. Mayor or Menor de edad: Of age, under age. Pequeno de tamano: Small in size. Rico de virtudes: Rich in virtues. Seco (enjuto) de carnes: Spare in flesh. Sorprendido de la noticia: Surprised at the news. Tardo a comprender: Slow in understanding. Triste de aspecto: Sad in countenance.

VOCABULARY.

a la par, at the same time las Antillas, the West Indies atropellar por, to infringe, to trample upon, also to run down (vehicles, etc.) blando, gentle, soft chaconada, jacconet ciencia, science, wisdom corto, short, brief desarme, disarmament deseoso, wishful, eager dique, dock doctrina, doctrine, knowledge equivocarse, to make a mistake fletar, to freight, to charter forros estampados, printed linings hidalguia, chivalry, nobleness, gentlemanly principles imponerse a, to command inconveniencia, unsuitability, impropriety el inconveniente, inconvenience ladrillos refractarios, firebricks lastima, pity, compassion nivel, level principal, principal, chief, leading quejarse (de), to complain responsable, responsible rizados, crespolinas, crimps tio, uncle, also a coarse fellow[184] *tropezar, to stumble ufano, proud, full of dignity velero, sailing vessel, sailer

[Footnote 184: Also used before names instead of "Senor" among country folks.]

EXERCISE 1 (71).

Translate into English—

1. Gran lastima es, si lastima grande que las grandes naciones no se pongan de acuerdo para proclamar el desarme general.

2. Santa vida fue la de San Francisco de Asis.

3. Aun los racionalistas respetan a este Santo como tambien a la profunda doctrina de Santo Tom as de Aquino.

4. Ciertos nombres se imponen al respeto universal.

5. Es cosa cierta que la virtud puede ser patrimonio del hombre pobre como del rico.

6. Pobre excusa seria el pretender haberlo hecho por un simple favor pues esto no convenceria a los hombres mas simples.

7. El hombre mas sabio del mundo puede equivocarse alguna vez, llegue a donde llegare su ciencia (however great, etc.)

8. Si V. me diera el doble, el triple, el quintuple, y aun seis, diez o cien veces tanto, no cometeria esa indelicadeza, atropellando por las leyes de la hidalguia y del honor.

9. El orador habla claro, metaforico, alto, bajo, fuerte, y blando segun lo exija el argumento y las circunstancias pero se le demanda que tenga por bianco (to have for his aim) la virtud y el progreso.

10. Ande V. derecho y tenga fuerte que no vaya (lest you) a tropezar y a caerse.

11. Cortes y ufano a la par, repuso: "soy pobre mas soy honrado."

12. Justo lo que debia contestar.

13. Los estudiantes mas agudos de ingenio son a veces un tantico alegres de cascos.

14. No importa (never mind), son todos deseosos de aprender y afables con su profesor que ademas de ser cojo de un pie ya esta cercano a su fin.

15. Este tio es duro de cabeza aunque sea dotado de buenas partes.

EXERCISE 2 (72).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We are open (dispuestos) to charter a small steamer or a sailing vessel for St. Thomas in the West Indies.

2. We can offer you a small one for a voyage out and home (de ida y vuelta).

3. The heating surface (superficie de caldeo) is (es de) 20' X 15'.

4. These warehouses are 30' long, 20' wide (de ancho) and 15 feet high (de alto).

5. Some are built with stone and mortar (son de mamposteria), others with firebricks, and they are the best in the docks.

6. Last week nothing was doing (no se hacia) on 'Change, but' to-day leading operators are distinctly bullish (trabajan distintamente por la alza) and have acquired a further large holding (y se han afianzado mucho mas), being more convinced than ever that prices will climb[185] (subiran) to a much higher level.

7. Meanwhile the market is getting dangerously overbought (el exceso de compras en el mercado se hace peligroso).

8. He gave me too short a notice (aviso) and the consequence was 20 bales were short shipped (no se expidieron).

9. He now complains of being short of (que le faltan) printed linings, jacconets and crimps, also of short measure (de falta de medida) in some of the cloth invoiced.

10. Their orders fall short (son mucho menos) of what we expected.

11. We have run short of (se nos ha acabado) the raw material.

12. Our correspondents are short-staffed (no tienen bastante personal), hence their delaying often to send out (y por tanto a menudo retardan el envio de) our invoices, which is a great inconvenience.

[Footnote 185: To climb—Trepar.]



LESSON XXXVII. (Leccion trigesima septima.)

THE PRONOUN.

The pronouns Nos and Vos are used for the 1st and 2nd person singular, respectively, in poetry and high-flown prose.

Nos is used in Royal decrees; and Vos often to translate the French "vous" and English "you" in novels. They require the verb in the plural and any occurring adjective in the singular, masculine or feminine according to the sex represented—

Nos el Rey somos justo: We the King are just.

Vos Dona Catalina sois generosa: You, Lady Catherine, are generous.

A subject pronoun following "to be" and preceding a relative may be followed by a verb in the 1st or 3rd person, as—

Soy yo quien gire or giro aquella letra: It is I who drew that bill.

Two or more personal pronouns used as subjects of one verb require the verb in the plural, and in the 1st person in preference to the 2nd and 3rd, and 2nd in preference to 3rd, as—

Yo y tu (or yo y el) vamos; tu y el vais.

A conjunctive pronoun should precede the verb in the Indic. Cond. and Subj. moods, but with the verb in the Indic. or Cond. mood a great latitude is allowed for the sake of euphony or emphasis. The principal idea is to give thereby more prominence to the verb, as—

Entreguele los bultos, acordele toda facilidad para el pago y quise acabarlo todo amistosamente.

The conjunctive pronouns lo, le, are both used for "him," "it" (m.), (direct object); the second is more generally used for a person, but no distinction is strictly observed.

Lo (not le) should however be used for "it," referring to a whole statement.

Lo translates often the English "so," as—

Lo digo: I say it, I say so.

Ya lo creo: I should think so.

The conjunctive dative (indirect object) should be le for both genders (sing.). La instead of le for the feminine is however permissible and is used by the best writers.

Les instead of los is often found in the accusative (direct object), masculine plural, but this should not be imitated.

When a conjunctive pers. pronoun follows the verb, the subject pronoun must also follow, as—

Digolo yo (not yo digolo): I say so.

Otherwise the position of the subject pronoun in relation to the verb is very arbitrary, the general practice being, of course, to put it before unless the sentence is interrogative.

The conj. pronouns nos and os following a verb in the Imperative mood require the elision of the s and d termination of the verb, as—

Escribamonos: Let us write to each other.

Escribios: Write to each other.

Conjunctive pronouns are used to substitute the possessive adjective before parts of the body or articles of dress, as—

Me quebre el brazo: I broke my arm.

Se lastimo el dedo: He hurt his finger.

Se puso el sombrero: He put on his hat.

Also—

Me han impuesto una multa sobre los generos: They have inflicted a fine on my goods.

And in all similar cases when by doing this the possessive may be avoided without creating confusion.

A somewhat similar use of these pronouns is the "ethical" dative, as—

Pongame aqui un clavo: Put me a nail here.

Castigueme este muchacho para que aprenda: Punish this boy (for me) so that he may learn.

Corteme el pelo a este muchacho: Cut this boy's hair.

This "ethical dative" shows the person _interested in the action. Its use is much more frequent in Spanish than in English.

Conducir (model verb for all ending in ducir; to conduct, to lead).

Pres. Indic., Conduzco—————

Pres. Subj., Conduzca, conduzcas, conduzca, conduzcamos, conduzcais, conduzcan.

Past Def., Conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujisteis, condujeron.[186]

[Footnote 186: Not "condujieron." Imp. Subj., of course, Condujese, etc.]

VOCABULARY.

abordar, to board, to accost, to approach *abrir agua, to spring a leak ajeno, belonging to others, outward *andar en cuestiones, to dispute barrica, cask cabo, corporal ?como no? yes, of course I will *cubrir (p.p. cubierto), to cover *dar dos pasos, to take a stroll *dar la lengua, to chat, to parley despejar, to clear devanarse los sesos, to rack one's brains difunto, late, deceased estallar, to burst, to explode, to break out formal, formal, respectable *ir repitiendo, etc., to keep repeating, etc. jefe del despacho, manager llevarse bien, to get on well together lograr, to contrive, to attain machacar, to hammer, to insist mandato, order, injunction melindroso, squeamish, very particular multa, fine, penalty Noruego, Norwegian peligro, danger remolcar, to tow sacar en limpio, to make out i=santo y bueno=! that is all very well sargento, sergeant transportar, to transport, to convey tul bordado, embroidered tulle vender gato por liebre, to cheat i=vaya=! come (exclam.)

EXERCISE 1 (73)

Translate into English—

1. ?Vio V. a la Senora (the wife) del Coronel?

2. Vila ayer y la di el recado del Sr. Mayor.

3. ?Este cabo se lleva bien con sus soldados?

4. Lo creo, me lo ha dicho el sargento.

5. Bueno fuera irselo repitiendo al jefe para que abrevie, si puede ser.

6. A mi no me cuente para nada (do not take me into account), valdriale mejor verse con (see) el jefe del despacho.

7. A el le gusta dar la lengua, vaya a hablarle.

8. No le conozco, V. se hace cargo (you understand) que me resulta dificultoso el abordarle, y lo mismo da (it is the same) hablar con V.

9. V. se equivoca, va mucho de Pedro a Pedro (there is a great difference between the two) y en cuanto a su timidez no sea V. melindroso y tenga presente que el que no se atreve no pasa la mar (nothing venture, nothing have).

10. Para no andar en mas cuestiones seguire su mandato (I shall do as you tell me).

11. iQue tenga V. buena suerte!

12. Me devane los sesos procurando sacar en limpio lo que queria decir la carta pero no me fue posible y di al diablo con el hato y el garabato (I gave up the whole confounded thing) como se suele decir.

13. Me puse el sombrero y me fui para dar dos pasos y despejarme la cabeza.

14. Sr. Juan, V. machaca desde muchos dias sobre que le debo dar alguna orden a Don Jose, pues para darles gusto a ambos saludemele V. mucho (give him my kind regards), en su primera carta y digale que me envie luego 500 piezas de tul bordado repeticion de mi pedido anterior, mismos matices.

EXERCISE 2 (74).

Translate into Spanish—

1. It is I who conveyed (trasmitir) that information to him.

2. The goods were conveyed by the Ship Canal (el canal maritimo).

3. Have you made it clear (lo ha explicado claramente) that the risk will be covered whether the casks travel by steamer or other conveyance (medio de trasporte)?

4. Our agent contrived to get the fine refunded (hacerse refundir); he wrote us so.

5. The vessel sprang a leak and was in danger but she spoke (hablo con la bocina a) a Norwegian steamer, who gave her assistance and towed her to (al) Havre.

6. The conditions you have put forth (presentado) are altogether unacceptable.

7. Put him in the way (muestrele V. el modo) of conducting his business without depending on (de) outward assistance.

8. He conducted his late employer's (jefe) business quite satisfactorily.

9. Had I feared he would not conduct his own affairs properly (bien) I should not have financed (comanditado) him.

10. He puts a wrong construction to my words (interpreta mal).

11. He owes us some money and keeps putting us off (y nos va dando largas).

12. He has put off his journey (diferido, aplazado).

13. If you wish me to do business with your goodselves (su estimada casa) you must put me on (concederme) the best possible terms.

14. The alarming news from India has put our market out of gear (descompuesto).

15. Mr. Nunez was dreadfully put out (terriblemente desconcertado) by the news that the revolution had broken out in Ecuador.

16. We must put up with (soportar) some inconvenience.

17. We shall put an end to (acabaremos) this exercise.



LESSON XXXVIII. (Leccion trigesima octava.)

THE PRONOUN. (contd.).

Such expressions as "I did it myself," "You write it yourself," "we spoke to him himself," are translated "Yo mismo lo hice," "V. mismo lo escribe," "Le hablamos a el mismo."

Notice the following idiomatic uses of Lo, La, Los, Las with the verbs haber and hacer—

?Hay dinero? Is there money?—Si, lo hay: Yes, there is some.

?Hay pasividades? Are there any liabilities?—Si, las hay: Yes, there are some.

?Hace dos dias? Is it two days ago?—No, no los hace: No, it is not.

?Hace una semana? Is it a week ago?—Si, la hace: Yes, it is.

?Hace falta escribir? Is it necessary to write?—La hace, mucho: Yes, very necessary.

In the case of two verbs governing each other as "ir a ver" (to go and see), "mandar hacer" (to have made), etc., a conjunctive pronoun, occurring, may be taken by either verb, as—

Irle a ver or ir a verle: To go and see him.

Mandarlo hacer or Mandar hacerlo: To have it made.

An object pronoun after a preposition may often be either ordinary or reflexive as in English, as—

Los abogados han zanjado el asunto entre si or entre ellos: The lawyers compromised the matter amongst themselves (or them).

Of course el, ella, ellos, ellas, cannot be used with reference to "V." "Vs."—

Vs. lo han arreglado entre si or entre Vs. (but not entre ellos): You have arranged it between yourselves.

Demonstrative Pronouns.

Old Spanish forms now obsolete or seldom used—

Aqueste, etc., aquese, etc., for este, ese, etc.

Estotro, esotro, etc., for este otro, ese otro, etc.

The English expressions "I have not seen him these three months," etc., should be translated "Hace or ha tres meses que no le veo," "Hace or ha tres meses que no le he visto," "No le he visto (or no le veo) desde hace tres meses," "Hace (or ha) tres meses desde que le vi la ultima vez."

"I have been writing these three hours," is translated "Hace tres horas que escribo (estoy escribiendo)," "Escribo" (estoy escribiendo) desde hace tres horas.

Relative Pronouns.

Cuyo in reality a relative possessive pronoun is often used as a pure relative instead of el cual followed by a noun, as—

Lo di a un cliente, cuyo cliente lo paso a un amigo de el:

I gave it to a customer which customer handed it to a friend of his.

The correct grammatical construction would be "el cual cliente"; but however much some grammarians disclaim this employment of cuyo, it is in the language and found in the best books and therefore must be accepted.

Indefinite Pronouns.

The Indefinite Pronouns algo and nada followed by an adjective, generally (but not necessarily) take de before the adjective, as—

Tengo algo (de) bueno: I have something good. No tengo nada (de) bueno: I have nothing good.

Un nada is used as a noun, as—

Un nada le asusta: A nothing frightens him.

La nada—nothingness.

Sentir (to feel, to regret). Pres. Part., Sintiendo. Pres. Indic., Siento, sientes, siente ... sienten. Pres. Subj., Sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintais, sientan. Past Def., sintio sintieron. Pediz (to ask, to request). Pres. Part., Pidiendo. Pres. Indic., Pido, pides, pide piden. Pres. Subj., Pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidais, pidan. Past Def., pidio pidieron. Dormir (to sleep).[187] Pres. Part., Durmiendo. Pres. Ind., Duermo, duermes, duerme ... duermen. Pres. Subj., Duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmais, duerman. Past Def., durmio durmieron.

[Footnote 187: "Morir" is conjugated like "dormir," but has its past part. "muerto." N.B.—"Muerto" is also a double form of the past part. of "matar" (to kill), as—Le han muerto: They have killed him.]

VOCABULARY.

adeudar, to debit, to pay (duty) atrasado, in arrears, behind ce por be, with all particulars, minutely chapas, plates *contar, to count, to relate discreto, sensible, judicious, discreet dispensar, to excuse echar a perder, to spoil, to wreck empeoramiento, turn for the worse *estar en poco de, to be within an inch of grano de anis, a trifling matter *hacer de las suyas, to play one's pranks *hacer el obsequio, to do the favour informe, report mandar buscar, to send for obligar, to compel *obtener, to obtain, to bring about pesado, heavy quehaceres, occupations, business reglamento, regulation, bye-laws remesa, remittance, shipment revista, review rodajas (de goma), rubber heels (revolving) tacones (de goma), rubber heels (shaped) taller, workshop tonto, simpleton, foolish tornillos, screws

EXERCISE 1 (75).

Translate into English—

1. Yo mismo escribo al Sr. Mendoza para decirle que puede hacer sus pedidos a Vs. directamente pues, por mi parte no tengo inconveniente en que asi se haga.

2. Si dicho Senor envia pedidos ?hace falta avisarle a V.?

3. Si, la hace, y les ruego tengan la bondad de decirmelo a fin de poner a Vs. en conocimiento de las condiciones en que deben hacerse las remesas, etc.

4. ?Hace ocho dias que Ilego el informe de la comision?

5. Creo que no los hace todavia.

6. Tengo los muestrarios aqui, voy a darselos a V.

7. Se los voy a devolver en seguida.

8. Nuestro agente y los corresponsales arreglaran esto entre ellos (or entre si).

9. Hace tres meses que no recibimos las revistas semanales de ese mercado, las hemos pedido continuamente y siempre en balde.

10. Nuestros aduaneros cobran todo el peso (charge full weight) por sus tacones y rodajas como si fuera goma solamente siendo asi que vienen juntos con sus chapas y tornillos, cuyos hierros, claro es, no debian (deberian) adeudar el mismo derecho.

11. No sucedio nada de extraordinario para justificar su accion que en poco estuvo de echarlo todo a perder.

12. Hagame V. el obsequio de contarmelo todo, pues no es ningun grano de anis.

13. Sentarse[188] pues y se lo contare ce por be.

14. Dispense V. que le haya hecho esperar, tuve que despachar a mi chauffeur.

15. Es V. muy dueno, pero acuerdese V. que primero los quehaceres y despues los placeres.

16. V. es hombre discrete y lo que es yo, soy un pobre ton to.

17. Vamos e ver de que se trata.

18. ?Ha hecho V. alguna de las suyas?

[Footnote 188: Notice the Imperative Infinitive.]

EXERCISE 2 (76).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I regret having left the newspapers at the workshop, but I shall send for them.

2. He regretted the turn for the worse in the market which compelled him to request us to ask our friend for a guarantee.

3. English manufacturers are not asleep.

4. They have been asleep for many years but now they are wide awake (se han despertado bien) to the necessity of adopting up-to-date methods (modernos, a la altura de los tiempos) and adapting themselves to the requirements of the consumers.

5. Manufacturers are selling every day but usually (generalmente) in small lots.

6. Shirting makers want more money and find difficulty in getting it.

7. Dhooties (dhooties) and jacconets are now so well sold that producers (productores) will only book (aceptan ordenes) at good prices.

8. Heavy textiles (telas) are too stiff for general attention (demasiado firmes para atraer a los compradores) but makers are not hungry for (ansiosos de obtener) orders.

9. Indian business was barely (apenas) of normal dimensions (proporciones).

10. Will you set the books on that shelf (estante) and set (colocar) those papers in order?

11. The term you have set me (fijado) is too short.

12. They ought to set a (dar) good example.

13. He set about it (puso mano a la obra) at once.

14. Setting aside the (prescindiendo del) fact that he is behind with his payments, he does us great harm by running down (desacreditando) our goods.

15. Winter has set in (principiado) and heavy cloths are in great request.

16. I have set my mind on (me he decidido a) this venture.

17. A movement has been set on foot (iniciado) to bring about the revision of the bye-laws.



LESSON XXXIX. (Leccion trigesima nona.)

THE VERB.

All intransitive verbs in Spanish are conjugated with the auxiliary verb haber, as—

Ha venido: He has or is come.

A verb that governs an infinitive through a certain preposition, as—

Convenimos en hacerlo: We agreed upon doing it.

should drop the preposition when a finite verb follows.

N.B.—Many such verbs, however, may preserve the preposition even before a finite mood, as—

Convenimos que, or en que, lo hiciesen: We agreed that they should do it.

When the subject of a verb is a collective noun, the verb is placed in the singular (see Lesson XXXII for exception).

When a compound subject follows the verb, this may agree in number and person with the first subject only, as—

Nos ha llegado la circular y los impresos que la acompanaban: We received the circular and the printed matter which accompanied it.

The ambiguity between a Reflexive verb plural and a Reciprocal verb is avoided thus—

Se comprometen a si (a si mismos—emphatic): They commit themselves.

Se comprometen el uno al otro, or los unos a los otros: They commit each other.

A Reflexive verb is that in which the second pronoun of the same person as the subject, is the direct object of the action, as—

Ellos se comprometen: They commit themselves.

But when the second pronoun stands for the indirect object, the verb is only intransitive pronominal, as—

El se procuro un empleo: He procured for himself an employment.

The Passive Voice.

The Passive voice formed with ser occurs much less in Spanish than in English.

When the "doer" is not expressed the active voice with se generally takes its place, as—

Los ninos se aman or Se ama[189] a los ninos: Children are loved.

[Footnote 189: Notice Sing. number.]

When the "doer" is mentioned the following construction is often used—

A estos ninos los aman sus padres: These children are loved by their parents.

The English present participle used substantively is rendered in Spanish by a noun or by the infinitive mood of the verb generally preceded by the definite article, as—

El cambio de las condiciones: The changing of the terms. El cambiar las condiciones: The changing of the terms.

Su comunicacion a las autoridades de la Aduana, El escribir or el haber escrito el a las autoridades de la Aduana: His writing to the custom-house authorities.

El vender a credito a largos plazos no es un principio sano: Selling on credit with long terms is not a sound practice.

Prefiero comprar disponible (or las compras de disponible): I prefer spot buying.

The English gerund following "by" is translated by the gerund without preposition or by the infinitive preceded by con, as—

Depositando (or con depositar) sus acciones se puso en perfecta regla: By depositing his shares, he put himself in order.

The Spanish verbal forms ending in ante and iente, as: Amante (lover), tratante (dealer), dependiente (clerk), etc., used to be termed "present participles," and the analogous forms "amando" (loving), "tratando" (treating), "dependiendo" (depending), etc., "gerunds," but this has now taken the place of both forms, used as verbs, and the forms in ante and iente are classed as other parts of speech, according to their meaning, as—

Amante de la musica (adj.): Fond of music. Un tratante en trigos (noun): A dealer in wheat. Un dependiente de comercio (noun): A commercial clerk. Durante la exposicion (prep.): During the exhibition. Mediante su ayuda (prep.): By means of his help. No obstante que vino (conj.): Notwithstanding his coming. iCorriente! (interj.): All right! done!

Huir (to flee).[190]

Pres. Indic., Huyo, huyes, huye ... huyen. Pres. Subj., Huya, huyas, huya, huyamos, huyais, huyan.

[Footnote 190: Model for all verbs ending in "uir" (with "u" sounded).]

VOCABULARY.

acabado, finish (cloth) acudir, to have recourse, to attend, to run to a las claras, plainly, clearly apresto, size, also finish (cloth) aprovecharse, to take advantage bomba de doble efecto, double-acting pump burlarse, to make fun of, to trifle with chucherias, pretty trifles *convenir en, to agree to enganifas, tricks escandaloso, scandalous, shocking granjearse, to win over *hacer ver, to show *herir, to wound, to cut (fig.) mediar, to come between, to intervene, to take place in the meantime *no tener pelo de tonto, not to be a simpleton quitar, to take away *reducir a un minimo, to reduce to a minimum, to minimise *saber a punto fijo, to know for certain sospechar, to suspect suave, soft, mellow, gentle subsanar, to correct, to rectify tacto, feel (n.), touch (n.) voluntad, will, goodwill, favour

EXERCISE 1 (77).

Translate into English—

1. A mi no me venga con estas enganifas que no tengo pelo de tonto.

2. Me hace regalos de algunas chucherias para granjearse mi voluntad y aprovecharse despues.

3. ?Sabe V. a punto fijo que son estas sus intenciones?

4. Mediaron algunas cosillas que me han hecho sospechar algo de eso y de mi nadie se burla.

5. V. debe de equivocarse y solo por sospechas no debe quitarle su amistad.

6. Estas hermosas calderas de alta presion las han construido en Inglaterra y estas bombas de doble efecto las han importado de los Estados Unidos.

7. El conceder el mayores facilidades a los compradores le ha hecho conseguir una extensa clientela.

8. Con uniformarse a mis disposiciones (orders, instructions) el cumplira con su deber y yo quedare mas contento.

9. No soy amante de disputas, mis dependientes podran asegurarle que durante mi larga carrera y no obstante que no faltaron ocasiones, no acudi una sola vez a los Tribunales.

EXERCISE 2 (78).

Translate into Spanish—

1. The long and short of the matter is that (en pocas palabras) we had agreed he was to do it.

2. This is nothing short of dishonesty (esto se llama falta de honradez, nada menos).

3. No matter what he will say (diga lo que dijere) I am sure he will have to pay.

4. The estimate and the sketches attached reached us just in (a) time.

5. The cloth was run (plegada) in pieces of 20 yds. exactly, the consequence being that some pieces were found by the customer to be with cuts (cortes).

6. It is of no use (es inutil) our struggling any longer (por mas tiempo) against adversity.

7. Your writing in that strain (en aquel tono) shows plainly that their action has cut you to the quick (profundamente).

8. By selling in time he managed (logro) to minimise the loss.

9. The shocking abuses that existed under the monarchy are being (se van) corrected by the Republican Government.

10. We shall show them that our firm is not to be trifled with.

11. These stuffs are too heavily sized and the finish is not sufficiently mellow.

12. Their feel is not clothy (no tienen bastante cuerpo al tacto).

13. This defect will be made right in future deliveries.



LESSON XL. (Leccion cuadrageseima.)

THE VERB (contd.).

As in English, several past participles may be used with an active meaning, as—

Un hombre leido: A well-read man (for a man who has read much and well).

The following are some examples—

Agradecido (grateful) Atrevido (bold, daring) Bien hablado (a courteous speaker) Callado (taciturn) Cansado (tiresome) Comedido (thoughtful, considerate) Corrido[191] (acute, artful) Divertido (amusing) Entendido (experienced, conversant) Experimentado (experienced, expert) Sufrido (patient)

[Footnote 191: With a passive meaning it is "abashed."]

The Tenses.

The periphrastic or progressive conjugation: "I am buying," "I was selling," "I shall be buying," etc., exists in Spanish with the following differences from English:—

In the present and the past it is used, but only when the action embraces a certain length of time, otherwise the simple form "I buy," "I sold" (imperf. indic.) must be used, as—

Fulano se arrojaba por la ventana (not se estaba arrojando).

The Spanish Academy gives this example as of an action more or less instantaneous: So-and-So was throwing himself out of the window.

The periphrastic form is inadmissible unless one is actually engaged in the action, as:

Hoy como con mi amigo (not "estoy comiendo," because not actually engaged in the action): To-day I am dining with my friend.

In the future this construction is permissible only in such cases as—

Cuando venga manana, yo estare escribiendo: To-morrow when he comes, I shall be writing.

The periphrastic form never happens with the verb ir (to go), and seldom with venir (to come).

The English present perfect (preterite compuesto) "I have done" is often used in Spanish for the past definite "I did," when the period of time in which the action took place is not specified.

The Spanish Academy gives—

Siempre que he ido a Madrid he visitado el Prado for Whenever I went to Madrid I visited the Prado.

We even find "ayer he hecho esto o aquello" for "yesterday I did this or that," and this is accounted for by the "nearness" of the period elapsed. Although colloquially this does not sound at all so badly as in English, well-educated Spaniards will take care to avoid it.

The second or bye-form of the imperfect subjunctive may be used also for the conditional mood, as—

Se lo diera si lo tuviese instead of se lo daria, etc.: I should give it to him if I had it.

It is also found (in books, not in conversation) for the compound imperfect indicative, especially after que, as—

Los consejos que le diera (for que le habia dado): The advice which I had given him.

In old Spanish, and even now in poetry, we find it used for every one of the compound past tenses.

General Observations.

The verb "to come" should be rendered in Spanish by ir when the person is not in the place in question at the time of speaking or writing, as—

?Quiere V. venir aqui a mi casa manana? Will you come here to my house to-morrow?

Hoy estoy indispuesto pero manana ire a verle: To-day I am unwell (out of sorts), but to-morrow I shall come to see you.

La vi escribir: I saw her writing; viz., I saw her write.

La vi escribiendo: I saw her writing; viz., whilst she was writing.

The emphatic word in an English sentence is often and more elegantly translated by a paraphrase in Spanish—

?Es verdad que ha comprado los generos? Has he bought the goods?

?Es el quien ha comprado los generos? Has he bought the goods?

?De veras ha comprado los generos? Has he bought the goods?

?Pues son los generos lo que ha comprado? Has he bought the goods?

Esta transaccion hubo de arruinarle: This transaction was within an ace of ruining him.

"I believe myself to be clever," etc., is not translated "Yo me creo ser habil," but "Yo me creo (or considero) habil," or "Yo creo ser habil," or "Creo que soy habil."

Decir (to say, to tell).

Pres. Part., Diciendo. Past Part., Dicho. Pres. Indic., Digo, dices, dice,—,—, dicen. Pres. Subj., Diga, digas, diga, digamos, digais, digan. Imp. Mood, Di ... Past Def. Indic., Dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron. Future Indic., Dire, diras, dira, diremos, direis, diran.

VOCABULARY.

=agrupacion=, group, muster =aislado=, isolated, hedged in =alcalde=, mayor =arreglo amistoso=, friendly understanding =capataz=, foreman =carta de naturaleza=, certificate of naturalization =cifras=, figures *=dar pasos=, to take steps =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =derechos protectores=, protective duties =diputacion= provincial, provincial council =elaborar=, to elaborate =genio=, temper =inquietarse=, to feel uneasy *=no tenerlas todas consigo=, to feel uneasy *=irse en rodeos=, to beat about the bush =labor indigena=, native labour =pequeneces=, trifling matters =perspectivas=, prospects =plan=, plan[192] (idea) =proyecto=, project, scheme =repasar=, to go through =resultado=, result =(de) resultas de=, in consequence of, as a result of =vecino=, inhabitant, ratepayer[193] =vuelta de correo (a), (by) return of post

[Footnote 192: Plan, sketch = "Plano."]

[Footnote 193: Vecino = ratepayer who has acquired certain rights after a certain period of residence.]

EXERCISE 1 (79).

Translate into English—

1. Las leyes de Espana declaran: Son espanoles todas las personas nacidas en territorio espanol, los hijos de padre o madre espanoles aunque hayan nacido fuera de Espana, y los extranjeros que hayan obtenido del Gobierno Espanol carta de naturaleza, o sean vecinos de cualquier pueblo de Espana.

2. Anaden que los extranjeros pueden establecerse y dedicarse libremente a sus profesiones en territorio espanol; pero ningun extranjero puede ejercer en Espana cargo alguno que represente autoridad.

3. Los miembros del Concejo o cabildo o ayuntamiento o corporacion municipal se llaman Concejales o regidores.

4. En Espana el alcalde de Madrid es nombrado libremente por el Gobierno; el alcalde de las localidades cuya poblacion no baje de 6,000 habitantes es nombrado por el Gobierno de entre los concejales, los demas alcaldes son nombrados por el voto de su companeros concejales.

5. Los cargos concejiles son gratuitos.

6. La Diputacion Provincial es la agrupacion de los varios municipios de cada provincia, y se reune dos veces al ano en la capital de la provincia.

EXERCISE 2 (80).

Translate into Spanish—

1. The foreman is grateful for his master's kindness.

2. The Director is elaborating a bold scheme for establishing, in a foreign country hedged in by protective duties, a factory worked by native labour under an English manager (gerente) and experienced English instructors.

3. If this plan reaches concretion (se verifica) he will be going abroad shortly, when he will find that his agents will be taking already the preliminary steps.

4. The Director himself is coming towards us, he will tell you more about it.

5. I am going to attend to several trifling matters which however want looking after (hay que cuidar).

6. Whenever (siempre que) I decided on (he decidido) a thing, I have always acted on my decision (la he puesto en ejecucion).

7. I tell you if I had a larger stock, I should feel rather uneasy at (con) the prospects of the market.

8. Come and see me to-morrow at my office and we shall come (llegaremos) to a friendly understanding without beating about the bush.

9. He told me the figures did not compare well with (no eran buenas en comparacion de) those of last year.

10. Please go through the accounts again and tell me the result by return of post.

11. Short reckonings make long friends (las cuentas claras y el chocolate espeso).

12. He lost money as a result of his bad temper.



LESSON XLI. (Leccion cuadragesima primera.)

THE VERB (contd.).

Ser and Estar. Such expressions as "Smoking is prohibited," etc., are translated either "Es prohibido fumar" or "Esta prohibido fumar." Both translations are grammatically correct ("Esta prohibido fumar" is the general expression in this particular case).

If we say "Es prohibido fumar," we are referring to the "doer" of the action: "Es prohibido por la ley, por la policia, por los jefes, etc., etc."—a case of passive voice.

If we say "Esta prohibido fumar" we have no "doer" in our mind, but only the thing itself = a case of "a condition of things" resulting from the action (the prohibition).

EXAMPLE—

El fumar es prohibido por el jefe, por esto esta prohibido fumar en nuestro despacho: Smoking is prohibited by our employer (viz., our employer prohibits smoking), therefore it is not allowed in our office.

The above example is given for the sake of illustration by contrast; in practice, of course, such oddities are avoided.

The English expressions, "It is I, you, he, we, they, who ..." must be rendered in Spanish by "Soy yo, es V., somos nosotros, etc., quien or quienes ..."; i.e., the English impersonal "it is" must be made personal in Spanish.

We said that verbs may have a different government in the two languages, as—

Colgar de un clavo: To hang on a nail.

Entrar en una casa: To enter a house.

This, one of the points for which rules cannot be laid, belongs to the idiom of the language, and practice is the only master (see Appendix V for a list of the most conspicuous differences) In reading, together with the meaning of a verb, ascertain its government.

Some peculiarities of Spanish verbs—

Acabar de, followed by an infinitive, translates the English "to have just," followed by a past participle, as—

Acaba de flotarse una sociedad: A company has just been floated.

Acertar a, followed by an infinitive, translates "to happen," as—

Acertaron a pasar cuando ella estaba asomada a la ventana: They happened to pass when she was looking out of the window.

Acerto a ser viernes aquel dia: That day happened to be a Friday.

Alegrarse de, Celebrar—"to be glad to," "to rejoice at."

Me alegro mucho de la noticia; Celebro mucho la noticia: I am glad of the news.

(Before an infinitive de is omitted after "alegrarse," as: Me alegro decirle: I am glad to tell you.)

Caber (see Lesson XXX) is used figuratively in many locutions—

No cabe en nosotros tal accion: We are not capable of such an action.

No cabe en si de gozo: He is beside himself with joy.

Le cupo el premio gordo: it was his lot or luck to get the chief prize.

No se puede saber lo que le cabra a uno en suerte: One cannot know what one's lot will be.

Esta tela es de calidad que no cabe mas: This cloth is perfection itself.

No caber en si: To be puffed up with pride.



Ir (to go).

Pres. Part., Yendo.[194] Pres. Indic., Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. Pres. Subj., Vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayais, vayan. Imper. Mood, Ve ... vayamos or vamos ... Imperf. Indic., Iba, ibas, iba, ibamos, ibais, iban. Past Def. Indic., Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron.

[Footnote 194: No word in Spanish commences with "ie." Hence the change into "ye."]

Oir (to hear).

Pres. Indic., Oigo.

Salir (to go out).

Pres. Indic., Salgo. Pres. Subj., Salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgais, salgan. Imp. Mood, Sal . . . Fut. Indic., Saldre, saldras, saldra, saldremos, saldreis, saldran.

VOCABULARY.

arrancar, to wrench, to squeeze out biblioteca, public library codicia, greed, covetousness *darsele a uno de una cosa, to matter desgraciado, unfortunate deslumbrar, to dazzle factura simulada, pro forma invoice fiesta del comercio, bank holiday fomento, development, encouragement *hacer impresion, to impress hacienda, finance, property (no) perdonar nada, to leave no stone unturned proxima, near, approaching *regir, to rule, to govern, to control sacar, to pull out, to get out sin perjuicio de, excepting *tener a su cargo, to have in charge *tener en poco, to think little of

EXERCISE 1 (81).

Translate into English—

1. El Gobierno en Espana se compone de ocho ministerios.

2. El Ministerio de Estado trata de las relaciones de Espana con los demas Estados y corresponde al "Foreign Office" ingles.

3. El de Gracia y Justicia tiene a su cargo todos los asuntos relativos a la Administracion de Justicia y alorden eclesiastico.

4. El de la Guerra que es lo mismo que nuestro "War Office."

5. El de Hacienda, el Ministerio de Marina, el Ministerio de la Gobernacion (Ministry of the Interior) que vigila y dirige todos los negocios y asuntos propios del Gobierno y administracion civil del Estado, asi generales como locales, sin perjuicio de las atribuciones de los ayuntamientos y Diputaciones provinciales, el Ministerio de Fomento (Ministry of P. Works) que rige todo lo relative a la agricultura, industria, comercio, obras, publicas, montes (forests), minas, y estadisticas.

6. Este corresponde mas o menos al ingles "Board of Trade;" y el Ministerio de Instruccion Publica y Bellas Artes que tiene a su cargo cuanto se refiere a la ensenanza, bellas artes, archivos, bibliotecas, y museos, y que representa aproximadamente al "Board of Education."

EXERCISE 2 (82).

Translate into Spanish—

1. It is I who shall leave for Paris (saldre para) now that the matter is arranged.

2. I am going out as I hear somebody calling me.

3. Go, but do not be long.

4. Yesterday you went for a few minutes but it was an hour before you returned (no volvio antes de).

5. We have just heard of his approaching visit to England.

6. It happened to be on a bank holiday and our offices (oficinas) were of course closed on that day.

7. We shall be glad if you will kindly instruct (de instrucciones a) your cashier to pay our account.

8. We have the pleasure of enclosing the pro forma invoices.

9. I am incapable of so much greed.

10. I am sorry to have to tell you that the cargo by the s.s. "Maria" was lost through the vessel stranding (por haber varado) on (en) the Spanish coast.

11. Coming back from having seen (a vuelta de haber visto) the machine working (en funcion) he told us how favourably impressed he had been.

12. He was dazzled by the brilliant prospects set before him.

13. This is nothing to me.

14. There is nothing or very little to be got out of that firm.

15. I have left no stone unturned to squeeze something out of this unfortunate business but it has been of no avail.

16. He thinks nothing of our work.



LESSON XLII. (Leccion cuadragesima segunda.)

THE VERB (contd.).

Caer has several idiomatic uses—

Este vestido le cae bien: This dress fits her well. Caer en gracia: To fall into the good graces of one. La puerta cae a oriente: The door is on the east side. Ya caigo, ya caigo en ello: Now I understand. Caerse redondo: To fall flat.

Dar—

Dar en el clavo (= acertar): To hit it. Dar por concedido, dar de barato: To grant for the sake of argument. Lo doy por bueno: I consider it as good. Dar los naipes: To deal cards. Dar la enhorabuena, el pesame, los buenos dias: To congratulate, to condole with, to wish good day. Dar la hora: To strike the hour. Dar en caprichos: To give oneself up to whims. Dar en un error: To incur an error. Darse preso: To give oneself up. Darse al estudio: To apply or devote oneself to study. Dar a creer: To make believe. Dar con una persona: To come across a person. No se me da nada: I do not care a bit. Ahi me las den todas: I do not care a bit.

Many other idioms are formed with dar for which a good dictionary should be consulted.

Dejar de—to cease from, to omit, to fail to.

Dejemos de hablar: Let us cease talking. Dejo de hacerme la remesa que me habia prometido: He omitted to send me the remittance he promised me. No dejare de ejecutar su orden: I shall not fail to execute your order.

Echar (to throw) forms also many idioms for which the dictionary should be consulted—

Echar a correr, a reir, etc.: To start running, laughing, etc. Echar a perder: To spoil, to ruin. Echar de beber: To pour out drink. Echar de ver: To perceive, to notice. Esto se echa de ver: This is obvious. Echar menos or de menos: To miss, to feel the want of. Echar la llave, el cerrojo, la tranca: To lock, to bolt, to bar (the door). Echar la culpa: To lay the blame. Echar mano: To lay hold, to lay hands upon. Echar un cigarillo, un puro: To smoke a cigarette, a cigar.

Estar—"to be."

Estar en que: To be of opinion. Estar por: To be in favour of. Estar para: To be on the point of. Estar por hacer: To be yet to be done.

Faltar—"to fail," "to be wanting."

Falto a la promesa: He failed to his promise. Me faltan cinco duros: I am short of five dollars. N.B.—"Me hacen falta cinco duros" is "I need five dollars."

Guardarse de—"to take care" (to guard against).

It carries with it a negative meaning.

Me guardare bien de hacerlo: I shall take care not to do it. ("I shall take care to do it" would be translated "cuidare de hacerlo.")

Hacerse, Ponerse, Volverse, Llegar a ser, translate the English "to become," when this is not rendered by turning the English adjective into a verb, as—

Se hizo todo un ingles: He became quite an Englishman. Se puso colorado: He became red in the face. Se volvio loco de contento: He became mad with joy. Llego a ser famoso: He became famous. Se enriquecio: He became rich.

Hacer (or mandar) hacer una cosa—"to have a thing done."

Me hice enviar los bultos: I had the packages sent to me. Hice escribir una carta: I had a letter written.

Llevar—"to carry," "to wear." Llevar a mal: To take amiss. Llevarse bien con todos: To get on with everybody. Llevarse chasco: To be disappointed. Llevese V. estos valores: Take these securities with you.

Meter bulla—"to make a noise," "to shout," "to clamour."

Volver (to return, i.e., to come or go again) is used before an infinitive to denote a repetition of its action—

Volver a decir: To say again. Decir otra vez: To say again. Decir de nuevo: To say again.

VOCABULARY.

abonar, to speak for a person, to recommend actas, deeds (writings) amen de, besides apenas, barely, scarcely *arrepentirse, to repent bergantin, brig concluir un trato, to strike a bargain contramaestre de filatura, master spinner conveniente para, becoming cregueelas, osnaburgs crespones, crepons *dar cuenta, to report destajista, contractor discutir, to discuss dobladillo de ojo (con), hemstitched empenar, to engage en regla, in order escrito, writing (n.), letter *exponerse a, to expose oneself to, to encounter fidedigno, trustworthy fracasar, to fall through goleta, schooner hundimiento, subsidence panuelos de luto, black-bordered handkerchiefs *poner pleito, to bring an action posicion, position, standing *probar fortuna, to try one's luck proceder (n.), proceeding, behaviour redactar, to draw up (deeds), to write out repulgados, dobladillados, hemmed suelo, ground, soil telas rizadas, crimps vencer, to win, to fall due

EXERCISE 1 (83).

Translate into English—

1. En contestacion a su estimada carta pesanos (we are sorry) deberles notificar que hasta ahora no hemos podido dar con los crespones que nos han pedido.

2. Obra en nuestro poder su apreciable del 3 del que rige con orden para cregueelas, panuelos de algodon de luto, dobladillados (or repulgados) y panuelos de lino con dobladillo de ojo, y no dejaremos de darles cuenta detallada de lo que hayamos hecho, en nuestro proximo escrito.

3. El destajista echo a construir pero abandono la obra a medio hacer.

4. Estamos en que se arrepintio de su contrato y nuestros Directores estan por ponerle pleito.

5. Escriben de Brasil que les hace falta un contramaestre de filatura.

6. Conozco a un joven que deberia ser competente pero me guardare de empenarle sin obtener informes fidedignos que le abonen.

7. De resultas de un hundimiento en el suelo sufrio danos de importancia el cuerpo del edificio amen de haberse caido la chimenea.

8. La goleta y el bergantin temen exponerse al fuerte viento.

EXERCISE 2 (84).

Translate into Spanish—

1. He wants to make us believe that the price at which he sold them barely covers his cost.

2. I do not care whether he gains or loses; I have ceased to take an interest in his affairs.

3. Now I understand, and I shall not fail to take care not to do it in future.

4. He started laughing, and there the matter ended (asi se acabo la cosa).

5. He was on the point of striking a bargain with him, but it fell through at the last moment and now everything is to be discussed again.

6. He failed to present himself at the creditors' meeting, and he has therefore forfeited (perdido) his right of opposition (de oponerse).

7. He became very cautious after the experience he had.

8. He became very rich by his fortunate deals (especulaciones) in railway shares.

9. The bill falls due on the 15th inst.

10. This proceeding is not becoming a firm of your standing.

11. The deeds are not in order: please do not take amiss my requesting you to have them drawn up again.

12. I expected to see him, but I was disappointed.

13. Do not clamour so much, and try your luck again.



LESSON XLIII. (Leccion cuadragesima tercera.)

THE VERB (contd.).

The English verbs "shall," "will," "should," "would," "may," "might," when used as auxiliary verbs (viz., as mere signs of the future tense, conditional or subjunctive moods respectively) are rendered by the corresponding terminations of the Spanish verb[195]—

I shall go: Ire. Thou wilt go: Iras. We should go: Iriamos. You would go: Vs. irian. I hope he may succeed: Deseo que tenga buen exito. I wished he might come: Deseaba que viniese.

[Footnote 195: "Shall," "should," "will," "would," are also rendered by the Subjunctive Mood when according to the Spanish rules the verb should be Subjunctive. Example—

It is (was) possible that he will (would) have to work late: Es (era) posible que tenga (tuviese) que trabajar tarde.]

When they are used as principal verbs they are translated by Deber (shall, should), Querer (will and would), and Poder (may and might), as—

You shall go: V. debe ir. You may speak: V. puede hablar. I will not buy more: No quiero comprar mas. You should accept our terms: Vs. deberian[196] aceptar nuestras condiciones.

We would willingly see that done: Quisieramos mucho verlo hacer.

[Footnote 196: The Imperfect Indicative debia, podia, queria, is often used for "deberia," "podria," and "querria." This occurs also with other verbs, colloquially: Yo se lo daba si estuviese aqui for Yo selo daria si estuviese aqui.]

"Can" is translated by the pres. or future of Poder—

I can do it now: Puedo hacerlo ahora. I can do it next month: Puedo or Podre hacerlo el mes proximo.

"Could" is translated by the imperfect indicative or the conditional mood of Poder—

I did it whenever I could: Lo hacia siempre que podia. I could do it if I had the necessary means: Podria hacerlo si tuviese los medics necesarios.

"Would," meaning "used to," is, of course, translated by the imperfect indicative—

When he was in Paris he would sit in the cafes for hours: Cuando estaba en Paris se pasaba horas enteras en los cafes.

"Should he do," etc., is translated "if he should do," etc. (si lo hiciese).[197]

"If I were to go" is translated "if I went" (si fuese).

[Footnote 197: After si (if—Conditional) the verb is present indicative or imperfect subjunctive (see Lesson XXIV).]

"Can" is translated by saber when the faculty expressed is the result of learning, as—

Can you play the piano? ?Sabe V. tocar el pianoforte?

"To be to," "to have to" are translated by Tener que, Haber de or Deber (see Lesson XXVII), as—

Who is to write out that invoice? ?Quien ha de (debe) escribir aquella factura? I have to be very careful: He de ser muy cuidadoso. I shall have to work hard: Tendro que trabajar fuerte.

"Let" as a principal verb is translated by dejar or permitir; as an auxiliary it corresponds to the Spanish imperative mood—

Let him speak: Dejele V. hablar, or Permitale V. que hable. Let him ask for it and we shall give it to him: Pidalo (or que lo pida) y se lo daremos.

"To let (or hire) a house"—"alquilar (una casa)"—I have let my house: He alquilado mi casa.

VOCABULARY.

=abogar por=, to plead for =acoger=, to receive =agasajar=, to welcome =apurar=, to clear up, to investigate =arrancar=, to wrench, to pull out, also to date from *=atender a=, to attend =clases nocturnas=, evening classes =condiciones=, terms *=convenir en=, to agree, to acquiesce =cruzados=, twills[198] =culpado=, at fault *=despedir=, to dismiss =destenido=, faded =detallado=, detailed, circumstantial =estrenar=, to use or wear a thing for the first time =estrenarse=, to commence, to make a start =farditos=, trusses[199] =fiados, book debts =el idioma, la lengua=, language =malversar=, to embezzle =nansus=, nainsooks =negociado=, division (Gov. Office) =oportunidad=,, opportunity, chance =pagare=, promissory note, bill =parte=, report =perfeccionar=, to perfect =por poder=, per pro =tiro, largura=, length =tomar vuelo=, to develop, to increase

[Footnote 198: Also Aterlizados, asargados, diagonales.]

[Footnote 199: Small bales.]

EXERCISE 1 (85).

Translate into English—

1. Quiso acogerme generosamente en su casa, en donde fui atendido y agasajado durante el tiempo de mi estancia en X.

2. Le agradeceria de veras una orden pues aun no me he estrenado hoy, y V. deberia darmela pues me la tiene prometida.

3. Los cruzados y los nansus se han puesto en farditos y estos se han empacado cada cuatro en un fardo.

4. Avisamos a Vs. el envio por correo, de cortes (cuttings) de toda la serie y observaran que son telas de muy buena vista (very sightly) y se pueden pedir en cualquier tiro.

5. Les aconsejamos no tarden en colocar sus pedidos para lo que necesiten.

6. Este negocio tomara mucho vuelo con el tiempo (in time).

7. Arrancan de muchos anos los abuses que se cometen en ese Negociado.

8. Se han malversado cantidades de importancia.

9. El Ministro esta ocupado en apurar los hechos, estando decidido a castigar severamente a los que resultaran culpados.

EXERCISE 2 (86).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I shall make out a list of my book debts.

2. You would break (faltaria a) your word if you did not plead for him.

3. He should explain his conduct, otherwise he will be dismissed.

4. We shall oblige (contentar) him, but it must be under certain conditions.

5. He is sending me to the Court (Tribunal) that I may watch (seguir) that interesting case (proceso).

6. He sent his nephew here that he might learn our business methods (metodos comerciales) and perfect his knowledge of the English language.

7. You may see for yourself (V. mismo) that the state of the market will not justify (no justifica) buying (el comprar) at present.

8. They might be a little easier in their dealings.

9. Can you claim an indemnity for non-fulfilment of contract?

10. They could square up the account by signing[200] promissory notes at 4 and 6 months' time.

11. They ought to forewarn their agents.

12. He would insist on saying we were in the wrong.

13. Should they acquiesce to the terms of the arrangements, we authorise you to sign it per pro.

14. Had he known the cloth was faded he would not have taken receipt of (admitido) the bale.

15. Mr. Gomez is to visit the Estate (terreno) and send a circumstancial report.

16. I shall let him attend (asistir a) the evening classes at the Manchester School of Technology.

17. It is only fair that (es muy justo que) he should have a chance of mastering (aprender a fondo) the art of spinning and weaving.

18. If he would only devote (si a lo menos dedicase) his attention (to it).

[Footnote 200: See page 162.]



LESSON XLIV. (Leccion cuadragesima cuarta.)

THE ADVERB.

The natural position of the adverb is after the verb, as—

El convendria de muy buena gana: He would willingly consent.

But a great liberty is allowed in this respect, as—

Seguramente firmaria el endoso: He would certainly sign the endorsement.

Siempre se lo voy repitiendo: I keep always repeating it to him.

Mucho is the only adverb which does not generally admit of "very" for the superlative; it takes isimo instead. However "muy mucho" is found, especially when used jocularly.

To the adverbs given in Lesson XXVIII we add the following adverbs and adverbial locutions—

A la noche (at night) A manos llenas (profusely) A ojos cegarritas (blindly) A ojos vistas (obviously) A pie juntillas (firmly) A rienda suelta (recklessly) A todo escape (at full speed) Ayer tarde or por la tarde (yesterday evening) Cuanto antes (as soon as possible) De buena, mala gana (willingly, unwillingly) De buenas a buenas (willingly) De buenas a primeras (at first sight, straight away) De hoy en quince (to-day fortnight) Hoy hace quince dias (just a fortnight ago) De proposito (on purpose) De tiempo en tiempo (from time to time) Dia si, y otro no (every other day) Manana por la manana (to-morrow morning) Nunca jamas (never—emphatic) Para siempre jamas (for ever and ever) Pasado manana (the day after to-morrow) Por mal (bien) que (however badly (well)) Por poco (nearly, but for little) Tal cual vez (once in a while)

EXAMPLES—

Nunca jamas en la vida he hecho esto: Never in my life have I done this.

Por poco se rompio la cabeza: He nearly broke his head. Por mal que le salga: Badly as it may turn out for him.

Adverbs ending in mente are often substituted by con with a noun, as—

Con lujo—lujosamente (luxuriantly). Con dificultad—dificilmente (with difficulty).

This, of course, is found also in English but is more frequently done in Spanish.

Recientemente is generally abbreviated into recien before a past participle, as—

El recien llegado (the newly arrived). El recien venido (the newly arrived). El recien nacido (the new born).

Aqui, aca, alli, alla.

Aqui and alli are more circumscribed than aca and alla—

Venga aca cuando necesite algo: Come here when you want anything. Alla, en su tierra esto se hace: There in your country this is done. Aqui estoy y aqui me quedo: Here I am, and here I remain. Ponga este paquete alli: Put this packet there.

Ahi—there (near the person spoken to[201]) also means your city, your country, there (in correspondence).

[Footnote 201: Rule not strictly observed.]

Si los precios ahi son razonables podra hacerse mucho negocio: If prices over there are reasonable, a large business can be done.

Por ahi = about.

?Cuantos habia? ?40? Por ahi: How many were there? 40? About that number.

No is used often redundantly—

Mejor es sufrir que no hacer sufrir: It is better to suffer than to make others suffer.

Temo que no llegue demasiado temprano[202]: I am afraid he will arrive too early.

[Footnote 202: This sentence is ambiguous, because it might mean the opposite: Temo que no llegue demasiado temprano sino demasiado tarde. The tone of the voice must be relied upon or a different construction must be used.]

Venir (to come).

Pres. Part., Viniendo. Pres. Indic., Vengo, vienes, viene,—,—, vienen. Pres. Subj., Venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengais, vengan. Imper. Mood, Ven ... Past Def., Vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron. Fut. Indic., Vendre, vendras, vendra, vendremos, vendreis, vendran;

VOCABULARY.

a ciegas, a ojos cegarritas, blindly agotar, to drain, to exhaust al amor de, near, beside aparentar, to appear basto, common, inferior, coarse de bien a mejor, better and better cabal, upright, just de cabo a rabo, from top to bottom rom end to end el efectivo, the cash, the money en efectivo, en metalico, in cash enterarse, to get to know escuchar, to listen esquela, note etiqueta, rotulo, ticket, label hombre llano, sincere, rough-and-ready man loza, crockery medida, measurement medrar, to prosper *ponerse a sus anchas, to make oneself comfortable porcelana, china quebranto, mishap, misfortune, loss *salir en, to come up to silla, chair solicitado, sought after un si es no es, just a trifle *venir a menos, to come down in the world, to decline vidriado, glassware

EXERCISE 1 (87).

Translate into English—

1. Desde nuestra ultima revista no se puede decir que haya habido mucha variacion en nuestro mercado aunque se nota algo mas de firmeza y los precios aparentan ser un si es no es mas caros.

2. Siempre solicitados los generos bastos a precios baratos.

3. Entregue la esquela al anciano senor quien, sentado al amor del fuego, la leyo de cabo a rabo y, como hombre llano que es me dijo de buenas a primeras que no queriendo obrar a ciegas, daria su contestacion en un par (couple) de dias.

4. ?Sabia V. que la casa Fernandez habia venido tan a menos?

5. No, no me habia enterado, la tuve siempre por casa fabricante de loza, porcelana, y vidriado, cuyos negocios iban de bien a mejor.

6. Medraron al principio pero ya han decaido mucho.

7. Lo siento de veras. Es muy de deplorar porque el Sr. Fernandez es hombre muy cabal.

8. Invirtio una porcion de dinero en el ferrocarril aereo (overhead) de N.; eso tambien le causo algun quebranto.

9. Pobrecito, no le faltaba mas (that was the last stroke).

10. iQue[203] barato es esto!

[Footnote 203: Que before an adjective = how. (Cuan can also be used.)]

EXERCISE 2 (88).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I would gladly accede to your request if it were in my power.

2. We are always impressing upon (llamando la atencion de) our warehousemen the importance of marking the measurement on the tickets.

3. Besides being loose (fugitives) colours they are not half so (nada tan) bright as they should be.

4. They advertise profusely and from time to time they issue new illustrated catalogues.

5. Soon (cuanto antes) they will start (principiaran a) issuing them in foreign languages.

6. I never saw a better kept set of books (libros).

7. I was nearly caught in the India Rubber boom, but fortunately I managed to get off (pude librarme) without burning my fingers (cogerme los dedos).

8. Come here, my friend, and listen to me.

9. Here in England things are managed (se hacen) on a different basis altogether (de una manera enteramente distinta).

10. Take that chair there and make yourself comfortable.

11. How much do you require (le hace falta), L100?

12. About that.

13. I was afraid (que no) you were going to ask me for more and that would have drained all our available (que tenemos) cash.

14. How much will the packages come to?

15. Say (digamos) L100 averaging one with the other (calculando uno con otro).



LESSON XLV. (Leccion cuadragesima quinta.)

THE PREPOSITION.

One word should not be used in Spanish governed by two different prepositions, as—

He is an admirer of and a contributor to the "Times": Es admirador del "Times" y colabora en ese periodico.

The man I spoke with and wrote to: El hombre con quien hable y al cual escribi.

However, we find the same construction as in English in cases of antithesis, as—

Con o sin el: With or without him.

El billete cuesta 20 pesetas desde o hasta Madrid: The ticket is 20 ptas. from or to Madrid.

The Spanish Academy condemns this use, however.

As will have been noticed before, a preposition governing a word cannot be used after the word it governs, as—

The work[204] which I referred to: La obra a la cual referi.

[Footnote 204: Work, artistic, literary, scientific—"obra." Work, manual, or mental—"trabajo."]

The preposition con followed by an infinitive translates the English "by," followed by the present participle—

Con ensenar se aprende: By teaching one learns.

The preposition desde refers to "distance of time or space," as—

He marchado desde mi casa: I walked from my house.

However, desde may be used instead of de before names of countries or cities—

Me escribieron desde Barcelona: They wrote me from Barcelona.

Para may be used together with con = "towards"—

Fue muy bueno conmigo, para mi, or para conmigo.

"En acabando[205] lo hare" has the meaning of "I shall do it as soon as I have finished."

[Footnote 205: En is the only preposition which may govern a pres. participle, generally with the meaning given above.]

We add the following idiomatic uses of Por and Para to what we said about these two prepositions in Lesson XXIX:

Por may translate "on behalf of," "for the sake of," "in favour of," "during," "through"—

Hablo por el proyecto de ley: He spoke in favour of the bill. Se presento por la casa: He appeared on behalf of the firm. Por la paz y buena armonia concedemos lo que V. pide: For the sake of peace we allow what you ask. Les sirvio por cinco anos: He served them during five years. Trabaja por la manana: He works during (in) the morning. Vino por Paris: He came through Paris. Cotizar por un articulo: To quote for an article. Yo por mi (or por mi parte) prefiero comprar al contado: I, for one, prefer to buy for cash. Por[206] rico que sea, no tendra suficientes recursos: No matter how rich he is, he will not have sufficient means. Es demasiado avaro por ser tan rico: for such a rich man, he is too miserly. Caro por caro prefiero generos ingleses: If I have to pay a dear price, I prefer English goods. Por si o por no: In any case, should it be so or not. Ir (venir) por: To go (come) for. Enviar por el medico: To send for the doctor. Por holgazan perdio el empleo: He lost his employment through laziness. Por bien o por mal: Willy-nilly. Vendre por la Navidad: I shall come by Christmas. Por si acaso: In case that.

[Footnote 206: Por has always this meaning before an adjective or adverb.]

No sirve para mas: He is good for nothing else. Venir para la Pentecostes: To come for Whitsuntide. Esto no es para menos: The thing (or occasion) is worth it. Para espanol (or por ser espanol) es muy alto: He is very tall for a Spaniard. Tener grande consideracion para este hombre: To have great respect for this man. Dar pedidos para ferreteria, olleria, y maquinaria: To give orders for ironware, hollow-ware and machinery. Es demasiado avaro para ser tan rico: He is too miserly to be so rich.

Sin—"without"—

Poseia L10,000 sin los bienes raices que heredo de su padre: He owned L10,000 besides the real property he inherited from his father.

Segun—"according to"—

Segun y como: That depends.

So instead of bajo is used in the following expressions—

So capa de: Under the cloak of.

So pretexto de: Under the pretext of.

And in a few other such phrases.

VOCABULARY.

acabado, aderezo, finish (cloth) acolchados, quiltings admitir, to admit, to accept agente exclusivo, sole agent alfombradas, carpetings a no ser asi, were it not so, otherwise anclar, to anchor arreglo, agreement bajista, bearish (exchange) cablegrama, cablegram, cable capataz, foreman conceder, to grant coquillos, jeans disposicion, disposition, disposal empenarse, to pledge oneself en su ramo, in your line exclusividad, exclusive sale fama, fame, reputation, name frazadas de algodon, cotton blankets lento, remiss nombrar, to appoint palo de mesana, mizzen mast palo mayor, main mast por escrito, in writing postergar, to put off, to delay proveerse, to supply oneself tapetes, carpet rugs *tener inconveniente, to have an objection tomar en consideracion, to take into consideration, to entertain trinquete, foremast

EXERCISE 1 (89).

Translate into English—

1. Con ser abiertamente (manifestly) bajista la especulacion, las acciones mineras se han sostenido.

2. Desde Barcelona ha llegado un radiograma avisando que habia anclado en ese puerto el vapor "Cibeles" con el trinquete roto y el palo mayor y el de mesana tambien danados.

3. El jefe es muy bondadoso para con sus empleados.

4. Dos cajas de coquillos y una de panuelos de andrinopolis (turkey red) nos vinieron por Burdeos (Bordeaux), los acolchados, las alfombradas, los tapetes y las frazadas de algodon se embarcaron por mar.

5. Por la buena fama de su casa no deberia postergar por mas tiempo el pago.

6. Por si o por no mejor seria proveerse.

7. El capataz fue al Director por ordenes.

8. Por bien o por mal tendra que admitir los generos pues se han fabricado por su cuenta y tenemos su orden por escrito para ellos.

9. Se alarmo mucho, pues el asunto no era para menos.

10. Para genero de algodon el acabado (or aderezo) es todo lo que se puede desear.

11. Por ser genero de algodon esta tela es de muy buena vista.

12. Es demasiado barato para ser de lana.

13. Si desea V. obtener ordenes debe tener mucha consideracion para los corresponsales.

14. No puedo prometerle entrega para 1 deg. de Junio exactamente, pero hare por efectuarla por esa fecha.

15. ?Conoce V. el refran: "No hay mal que por bien no venga"? (It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.)

EXERCISE 2 (90).

Translate into Spanish—

1. This sample looks very nice for an imitation.

2. It being in your line, I thought I ought to give you the first chance (hacerle la primera oferta) in case it would tempt you (por si acaso le animara a comprar).

3. To begin with you would have to engage the cloth to us (darnos la exclusividad).

4. I have no objection provided you guarantee a certain turnover (venta).

5. He was appointed sole agent for the whole of Mexico through the recommendation of his brother-in-law, and his agreement with the firm is for 3 years certain (fijos).

6. That will bring him (le producira) L500 a year if it brings him a penny (por lo menos).

7. Being such an important concern (casa) they do not pay their staff very handsomely (generosamente).

8. They are too remiss with (en) their payments to be such important people.

9. I very nearly pledged myself to grant him the exclusive sale of my article.

10. These are his instructions for the disposal of his goods

11. However clear they may be, we must have his cable confirmed by a letter.

12. Therefore we cannot entertain your offer for the present.

13. It cannot be helped, otherwise (Tenga paciencia, si fuese posible) we would do everything for you.



LESSON XLVI. (Leccion cuadragesima sexta.)

THE PREPOSITION (contd.)

To the uses of Por must be added the following (optional)—

After the following verbs:

Agradecer (por) el favor: To be grateful or to be thankful for the favour.

Aguardar or esperar (por) alguno: To wait for somebody.

Pedir (por) una cosa: To ask for (request) something.

Preguntar (por) una cosa: To ask for (to inquire about) something.

He pagado por el cinco chelines or lo he pagado cinco chelines: I paid five shillings for it.

Buscar (por) alguno o alguna cosa: To look for somebody or something.

Dispensar (por) el error: To excuse the error.

Further uses of the Spanish prepositions different from the English, and forming idioms—

A caballo (on horseback) A ciegas (blindly) A consecuencia de esto (in consequence of this) A deshora (inopportunely) A duras penas (with great efforts) A esconditas (covertly) A fe de caballero (upon the word of a gentleman) A gatas (on all fours) A hurtadillas (stealthily) A la espanola (in the Spanish fashion) A la mesa (at table) Al antojo de uno (after one's fancy) A la tarde (in the afternoon) A la verdad (in truth) Al descuido y con cuidado (studiously careless) A lo largo del rio (along the river) A lo que parece (to all appearances) Hecho a maquina (made by machinery) A pie (on foot) A poco de escribir (shortly after having commenced writing) A proposito (opportunely, a propos) A reganadientes (reluctantly) A saberlo yo (had I known it) A sangre fria (in cold blood) A sus anchas, anchuras (at one's ease) A tiro de canon (within cannon shot) Es mas habil que yo, con mucho (he is cleverer than I by far) Con ser amigo y todo (although he be a friend) Contra el norte (facing the north) De ano en ano (from year to year) De balde (for nothing, gratis) De bobilis (without effort) De broma (in jest) De buenas a buenas (willingly) De buenas a primeras (straight away) De capa caida (crestfallen) De contado (of course) De dia, etc. (by day, etc.) De jaleo (on the spree) De luto (in mourning) De mejor en mejor (from better to better) iAy or Infeliz de mi! (woe to me!) De miedo (through fear) Anteojos de oro (gold spectacles) De patitas (on shanks' pony) De peor en peor (from bad to worse) De perillas (venir) (quite opportunely, a propos) El picaruelo de Perico (that young rascal Perico) De pies a cabeza (from head to foot) De puntillas (on tiptoe) De repente (suddenly) Del todo (at all) De veras (in truth) Dos a dos (two by two) Esta en casa (he is at home) En estas condiciones (under these conditions) En senal de aprecio (as a mark of esteem) Entrecano (gray-haired) Entre dos aguas (doubtful, perplexed) Entre la espada y la pared (between the devil and the deep sea) Nos dio 5 pesetas para repartir entre yo[207] y mi hermano (he gave us 5 pesetas to be divided between my brother and me) Hasta la vista (good-bye for the present) Hasta los animales tienen gratitud (even animals feel gratitude) Sobre las diez (at about ten o'clock) Tiene sobre los treinta (he is about thirty years old) Sobre mas 6 menos (a little more or less) Tras la perdida el escarnio (besides the loss the scoffing)

[Footnote 207: Entre is generally followed by the nominative case unless it means "to" as—Dijo entre si. He said to himself.]

About different prepositions used in Spanish and English after certain verbs, see also Appendix V.

The following are the principal compound prepositions—

Acerca de (relating to, concerning) A despecho de (in spite of) A pesar de (in spite of) Antes de (before—in point of time) Cerca de (near) Junto a (near) Conforme a (according to) Con respecto a (with respect to) Respecto de (with respect to) Debajo de (under) Dentro de (inside) Despues de (after) Encima de (on, or over) En cuanto a (as to) En frente de (opposite) Frente a (opposite) En lugar de (instead of) En vez de (opposite)

VOCABULARY.

acordonado, corded agujas, needles alechugado, frilled alemaniscos, linen damasks alfileres, pins antojo, whim, caprice arbitro, arbitrator arreglado, reasonable (price) arrollar, to roll batas, wrappers (ladies') bodega, cellar, also hold (ship) chales, shawls dedales, thimbles desinteresarse, to abandon *desplegar, to unfold dictamen, award, decision entrepuentes, between decks festoneados, scalloped gratificacion, gratuity guarniciones, adornos, trimmings lanillas para banderas, buntings listados de algodon, cotton stripes logro, attainment ovillos de algodon, cotton balls panol, carbonera, bunker (ships') pintura, paint rehusar, to decline sabanas, bed sheets subasta, auction tablillas, boards tablones, planks terliz, ticking terreno, land, property trencilla, braid

EXERCISE 1 (91).

Translate into English—

1. Agradezco (por) el interes demostrado a mi amigo y la actividad desplegada en facilitarle el logro de sus fines.

2. Hemos dado diez mil duros por este terreno y no lo hemos pagado demasiado caro.

3. No puede V. rehusar los alemaniscos y quedarse con los generos para sabanas y los terlices, a su antojo.

4. A la verdad las agujas y alfileres han resultado algo caros como tambien los dedales pero las trencillas, guarniciones, y ovillos de algodon son a precio muy arreglado.

5. Vino muy a deshora y a poco de haberse sentado nos declaro que no esperaria.

6. Estos chales a 4 chelines y estos listados de algodon a 5 peniques la yarda son de balde, no lo decimos de broma.

7. Accedio a nuestra propuesta de buenas a buenas y de buenas a primeras nos deposito la suma de 1,000 francos.

8. Los fondos austriacos van de peor en peor y por eso esta nuestro parroquiano de capa caida.

9. En tales condiciones preferimos desinteresarnos del proyecto.

10. Estuvimos entre dos aguas por algun tiempo, pero una vez puestos entre la espada y la pared (once we are so hard pressed) no nos queda mas sino hablar claro, y ilo dicho!

EXERCISE 2 (92).

Translate into Spanish—

1. They await the result of the inquiry (informacion).

2. We forward you the papers relating to the Arbitrator's award.

3. He paid for the Buntings 5d. a yard.

4. In consequence of your having outstepped (excedido) our instructions, we must decline all responsibility with respect to delivery.

5. We have put boards inside the pieces according to our usual custom; we did not know you wanted them rolled.

6. Our new offices will be next to the Oil and Paint Stores (almacen), and opposite the General Post Office (casa de correos).

7. The planks used under the bales for dunnage (la estiva) were sold almost for nothing, in spite of our request to hold them at our disposal.

8. The steamer can carry 4,000 bales a little more or less if she fills her holds and takes cargo between decks.

9. She will take that quite easily and a few hundred bales more in her bunkers.

10. As a mark of our appreciation (estima) we authorize a gratuity to the Captain of L5.

11. The salvage (salvamento) has been sold partly by auction and partly by private treaty.

12. To all appearances the corded and frilled wrappers are superior to the scalloped.



LESSON XLVII. (Leccion cuadragiesima septima.)

THE CONJUNCTION.

Si (if and whether).

Si used for "whether" may be followed by a verb in any mood and tense as in English—

No se si habra buena cosecha este ano: I do not know whether there will be a good crop this year.

No pudo, or supo, decirme si me entregaria los pagares para la fecha convenida: He could not tell me whether he would be able to hand me the promissory notes for the date agreed upon.

Si used as the conditional "if," is followed by the verb in the present indicative or imperfect subjunctive, as—

Si viene hoy le pagare: If he comes to-day, I shall pay him.

Si viene manana le pagare[208]: If he comes to-morrow I shall pay him.

Le dije que si viniese le pagaria: I told him that if he came I should pay him.

[Footnote 208: When the action refers to the future the "future subjunctive" may be used instead, but this is rarely done. It emphasises the uncertainty.]

The sense will determine the tense to be used.

Notice the following idiomatic uses of si (not conditional)—

Si soy (fui) malo! Well, I am (was) wicked! iSi sera (seria) tan necia! Can (could) she be so foolish! ?Si vendria? I wonder will he come! iSi se lo habia dicho yo mil veces! But I had told him so many times!

Other idiomatic uses of this si will be learnt by practice (all more or less pleonastic as in the above examples).

We have said that "but" is translated by sino after a negative unless a finite verb follows. Therefore, "Not to buy but to sell" is translated "No comprar sino vender."

After a negative a finite verb may be preceded by sino que instead of pero in cases like the following examples—

No compro sino que vendio: He did not buy but (on the contrary) he sold. No solo que es barato sino que es de muy buena calidad: Not only is it cheap, but it is (also) of a very good quality.

Ni ... ni—"neither ... nor" (same as all negative words) when following a verb requires No to precede the verb, as—

No acepta ni esto ni aquello: He accepts neither this nor that.

But—Ni esto ni aquello quiere aceptar.

Pues—"seeing that" or "since" is used often for "then," "but," "well" (used as an interjection).

Pues que lo haga: Let him do it then.

Quiso desobedecerme, pues vera su falta: He would disobey me, but he will see his fault.

Pues (or pues bien) ique hay ahora! Well! what is the matter now?

We shall conclude the lesson with the different meanings of Ya (sometimes used also redundantly). They are given for the sake of completeness although Ya in its different uses belongs to different parts of speech—

Ya lo ha hecho: He has done it already. Ya lo hara: He will do it yet. Ya no se hace esto: This is done no longer. Ya consienten, ya rehusan: Now they consent, now they refuse. Ya consientan, ya rehusen: Whether they consent, etc. Hare cuanto quieras si ya no me pides lo imposible: I shall do anything you wish if you do not ask (unless you ask) me for impossibilities. Ya que escribio: Since (seeing that) he wrote. Ya ve V.: You see now. Ya voy: I am coming. Ya se ve: It is evident. Ya, ya: Yes, of course.

VOCABULARY.

*abolir, to abolish *advertir, to warn alegar, to allege al reves, on the wrong side barnices, varnishes barrica, cask batista de algodon, cambric baul, trunk betunes, blacking bicicleta, bicycle botines, boots bramante, twine bufandas, mufflers buje, hub cerradura, lock chanclos, goloshes cintos de seda, silk sashes cinturones de cuero, leather belts colchas de plumon, down quilts consignatario, consignee ejecutar, to execute, to put through *hacer escala, to call at (ships) llantas, tyres maleta, portmanteau mango, handle marca, brand, mark merma, loss, leakage, shortage muebles de bejuco, rattan furniture niquelado, nickel-plated *perder cuidado, not to worry rayos, rays, spokes (wheels) reborde, rim, flange remolacha, beetroot rezumar, to leak tejido elastico, webbing zapatos, shoes

EXERCISE 1 (93).

Translate into English—

1. No se si habra vapor de la Trasatlantica en fecha conveniente.

2. Si lo hay lo preferire.

3. Esos vapores arrancan (start) de Liverpool y hacen escalas en varios puertos.

4. Ignoraba si habria servicio mensual en la linea de Canarias.

5. Mande quinientas piezas Batista de algodon si la hubiese en existencia.

6. Quiero un baul y una buena maleta de piel de Rusia con cerradura niquelada si las hay (or hubiere).

7. Pierda V. Cuidado isi las hay de toda especie!

8. ?Si me vendera esos muebles de bejuco?

9. ?Como no? si ya se lo tiene prometido.

10. El comercio del caucho se ha desarrollado mucho, se usa ahora en grande escala no solo para llantas neumaticas de bicicletas y otras piezas (parts) sino tambien para gomas de automoviles.

11. No solo tengo que cambiar el mango de mi bicicleta sino reemplazar los rebordes y componer el buje y algunos rayos de la rueda.

12. No es posible hallar botines de senoras y zapatos mas elegantes que los de nuestra marca, ni se pueden conseguir mas baratos en parte alguna.

13. Pues que me facture esos bramantes (twine) y ese yute y canamo.

14. Ya he colocado un pedido para bufandas y ya vere si me tiene cuenta pero no mande barnices ni betunes pues ya no trato en estos articulos.

15. Ya, ya. V. se ha dedicado ya a los generos en pieza, si no me engano, pues V. ya dice una cosa ya otra.

16. iSenor Juan! Ya voy (I am coming).

EXERCISE 2 (94).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Whether he puts through my order for leather belts and silk sashes or not, I do not much mind, but if he should oblige me, I would do him a good turn (le haria algun servicio) if the opportunity presents itself.

2. If the webbing and down quilts are good, I shall not begrudge (no me pesara) the advance in price.

3. Can it be true (si) that the gate or octroi duty (el impuesto de consumos) is going to be abolished in Spain?

4. Well (pues) the Government has presented a bill to that effect and I hope we shall soon see the octroi offices (fielatos) abolished.

5. The broker was warned that the quality was only fair average (mediana).

6. Beetroot has been largely planted in the province of Granada and is now in great request for the sugar industry.

7. We strove hard (nos hemos esforzado mucho) to introduce the new brand and we have gained our point[209] at last.

8. The cloth was folded on the wrong side and we anticipate some difficulty on that score (por esta razon).

9. The consignees claim shortage (indemnizacion por falta de contenido).

10. They allege that the casks were leaking and that there was consequently a loss of thirty gallons (galones).

[Footnote 209: To gain one's point: Salir con la suya.]



VOCABULARY.

I. SPANISH-ENGLISH.

A

=abaca=, Manilla hemp =abajo=, below =abaratamiento=, cheapening =abarcar=, to embrace, to include =abarrotado=, glutted, cram full =abastecerse=, to supply oneself =abasto=, supply =abedul=, birch =abeto=, fir =ablandar=, to soften =abogado=, lawyer, solicitor, barrister =abogar=, to plead =abolir=, to abolish =abonar=, to speak for, to recommend, to credit =abordar=, to accost, to approach, to board =abrigar=, to shelter, to cherish (hope) =abril=, April =abrir=, to open =abrir agua=, to leak =absolutamente=, absolutely =abuso=, abuse =aca, aqui=, here =acabado=, finish (cloth) =acabar=, to finish =acabar de ..=., to have just =acaudalado=, rich, wealthy =acceder=, to accede =accidente=, accident =acciones=, actions, shares =acciones preferences=, preference shares =accionista=, shareholder =aceite=, oil =acerca de=, relating to =acero=, steel =acertar a=, to happen, to contrive =acoger=, to admit, to receive =acolchado=, quilting =aconsejar=, to advise, to counsel =acorazado=, iron-clad =acordar=, to agree =acordarse=, to remember =acordonado=, corded =acreditar=, to credit =actas=, acts, deeds =actitud=, attitude =active=, active =activo y pasivo=, assets and liabilities =actual=, present, current, instant (month) =acudir=, to attend, to have recourse to =acusar=, to accuse, to show =adecuado, proporcionado=, adequate =aderezo=, finish (cloth) =adeudar=, to debit =adherir a=, to adhere to =adjunto=, enclosed, herewith =administrador=, manager (of a branch house, etc.) =admitir=, to admit, to accept, to acknowledge =adornos=, trimmings =adquirir=, to acquire =a duras penas=, with great effort =advertir=, to notice, to warn =aereo=, overhead =afanarse=, to exert oneself, to take much trouble =aficionado a=, fond of =aflojar=, to relax =afortunadamente=, fortunately =agasajar=, to welcome =agencia=, agency =agiotista=, stock-jobber =aglomerar=, to agglomerate =Agosto=, August =agotar=, to drain, to exhaust =agradable=, agreeable, pleasant =agradar=, to oblige =agradecer=, to thank, to be obliged for =agrandar=, to enlarge =agricola=, agricultural =agrio=, sour =agrupacion=, group, muster =agua=, water =agudo=, sharp, keen =aguila=, eagle =aguja=, needle =ahi=, there =ahora=, now =ahorrar=, to save, to economise =aislado=, hedged in, isolated =(lo) ajeno=, other people's property =ajeno a=, averse to, foreign to =ajo=, garlic =ajustar=, to adjust =ajuste=, adjustment =a la larga=, in the long run =a la verdad=, in truth =albaricoque=, apricot =alborear=, to dawn =alcalde=, mayor =alcista=, bull, bullish (exch.) =alechugado=, frilled =alegar=, to allege =alegrar=, to gladden =alegrarse=, to rejoice =alejarse=, to go away =alemanisco=, linen damask =alerta=, alert =alfiler=, pin =alfombra=, carpet =algo=, something, anything, somewhat, rather =algodon=, cotton =algodon disponible=, spot cotton =algodonero (mercado)=, cotton market =alguno=, some, any =aliento=, courage =alistar=, to enlist =alla, alli=, there =allanar=, to level, to facilitate =alli, alla=, there =alma=, soul =almacen=, warehouse =almacenero=, warehouseman =almacenes fiscales=, bonded warehouses =al menos=, at least =alquilar=, to rent, to hire, to give or take on lease =al reves=, on the wrong side =altos hornos=, blast furnaces, foundry =aludir a=, to allude, to hint =un alza=, a rise (price) =una alza=, a rise (price) =amabilidad=, kindness =amanecer=, to dawn =amar=, to love =amargo=, bitter =amarillo=, yellow, buff =ambos=, both =a medida que=, in proportion as =amedrentar=, to frighten =a mejor andar=, at best =amen de=, besides =a menos que=, unless =a menudo=, often i =americana=, coat, jacket =amigo=, friend =amistad=, friendship =amistoso=, friendly =amo=, master =amontonar=, to heap up, to pile up =amor=, love =amplio=, ample =anadir=, to add =ancho=, width, wide =anclar=, to anchor =andar=, to walk, to go =Andrinopolis (panuelos de)=, Turkey red (handkerchiefs) =ano=, year =anochecer=, to grow dark =ansioso de=, anxious, eager to =anteayer=, the day before yesterday =anterior=, anterior, previous =antes (de)=, before (time), formerly =anticipation=, anticipation =anticipo=, advance =antiguo=, ancient, old =antojo=, caprice, whim =anular=, cancelar, to cancel =anunciar=, to advertise =apacible=, mild (colour) =apagado=, extinguished, quiet =apagarse=, to go out (fire) =aparecer=, to appear, to make one's appearance =aparentar=, to show outwardly =apelar=, to appeal =apenas=, scarcely =apertura=, opening =a pesar de=, in spite of =apetecer=, to desire, to covet =aplazar=, to postpone =a plazos=, by instalments =apreciar=, to appreciate =aprender=, to learn =apremiar=, to press, to urge =apresto=, finish (cloth) =apresurar=, to hasten (a), to urge =apresurarse=, to hasten (n) =aprovecharse=, to take advantage, to avail oneself of =aproximarse=, to approach, to draw near =apurar=, to exhaust, to investigate, to purify =apuro=, embarrassment =aquel, that =aqui=, here =arado=, plough =arancel=, Custom House tariff =arbitro=, arbiter, umpire =arbol=, tree =arbol de eje=, axle-shaft =archivos=, archives =arduo=, arduous, difficult =argueir=, to argue =armadores=, shipowners =armadura=, frame, framing (mach.) =armario=, cupboard =armas blancas=, side-arms =armas de fuego=, fire-arms =armazon de cama=, bedstead =arpillera=, bagging =arquitecto=, architect =arrancar=, to squeeze out, to wrench, to start from =arreglado=, reasonable =arreglar=, to arrange, to settle =arreglo=, arrangement =arrepentirse=, to repent =arriesgado=, dangerous =arrollar=, to roll =arroz=, rice =asamblea=, meeting =asargado=, twill =ascensor=, lift, hoist =asegurar=, to insure, to secure =asentar=, to seat, to book (orders) =asistir=, to assist, to attend =asociacion de obreros=, trade union =asunto=, subject, matter, question, affair =atajo=, short cut =ataner=, to bear upon =atencion=, attention =atender a=, to attend =atendible=, plausible =atenta (su)=, (your) favour =aterlizado=, twill =atizador=, poker =atraer=, to attract =atraicionar=, to betray =atrasado=, overdue =atravesar=, to cross =atrevido=, bold, daring =atribucion=, attribution =atribuir=, to attribute =atropellar por=, to infringe, to run down =aumento=, increase =aunque=, although, even if =automovil=, motor-car =avaro, avariento=, miser, miserly =avena=, oats =averia=, average, damage =avergonzarse=, to be ashamed =aviso=, advice, notice =avistar=, to sight =ayer=, yesterday =ayudar=, to help =azadas=, hoes =azadones=, pick-axes =azucar=, sugar =azuelas=, adzes =azul=, blue