6. From what we can gather (por lo que tenemos entendido) the firm is doing a successful (buenos) business.

7. We trust this information will be of service (de utilidad) to you.

8. The documents appear to be in order and we hope there will be no difficulty.

9. We are glad the goods have arrived before the time stipulated (estipulado).

10. We do not want you to lose any money; on the contrary, we wish you to realise a substantial (buena) profit.

11. Tell the clerk to write more politely.

12. Order them to do it quickly.

13. I may come (es posible que venga) to-morrow.

14. We notice (observamos) that the Razors, Scissors, Penknives and Skates are ready to be shipped, and trust (confiamos) that, as announced (nos anunciaron Vs.), they will come to hand (llegaran a manos) without delay.

15. We thank you for the confidence you have shown in us which we hope to justify and you may be sure that we shall do our best for (por) your interests.

16. I request you kindly to insure the cargo against total loss or f.p.a.[144]

17. Sell at 21s. c.i.f.[145]

[Footnote 144: Free of particular average.]

[Footnote 145: Cost, insurance, freight.]



LESSON XXIV. (Leccion vigesima cuarta.)

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (contd.).

II. The Subjunctive Mood is used after Impersonal verbs, as

Es menester que lo haga: It is needful that he does it. Es necesario que lo haga: It is necessary that he does it.

EXCEPTIONS—

1. When the Impersonal Verb expresses certainty, as—

Es cierto que lo hara: It is certain that he will do it.

2. When the dependent verb has not its own subject, both the following constructions are correct—

Es necesario hacerlo: It must be done Es necesario que se haga: It must be done

III. The Subjunctive Mood is used after the following locations—-

Antes que (before) En caso que (in case) De miedo que (lest) Por mas que (however much, although) Sin que (without) Para que (so that) A menos que (unless) Salvo que (except that) Con tal que (provided that) Sea que (whether ... or) Aunque (even if)

IV. The Subjunctive Mood is generally used after the following locations, when the action refers to future time, but the Indicative is used when the action refers to the past or present—

Despues que (after) Aunque (although) De modo que (so that) No obstante que (notwithstanding) Cuandoquiera que (whenever) Hasta que (until) Luego que (as soon as) Quienquiera que (whoever) Comoquiera que (however) Cualquiera que (whichever, whoever) Dondequiera que (wherever) El 1 deg., 2 deg., 3 deg., etc., que (the 1st 2nd 3rd, etc., that) El unico que (the only one that) El solo que (the only one that) El ultimo que (the last that) Nada que (nothng that) Ninguo, nadie que (no one that) El mejor (or any other superlative) que (the best etc., that)

E.g.—

Escribio de modo que su padre quedo contento: He wrote so that his father remained content.

Escriba V. de modo que su padre quede contento: Write so that your father may remain content.

Le pague aunque no hizo su trabajo: I paid him, although he did not do his work.

No le pagare aunque haga su trabajo: I shall not pay him although he may do his work.

The above rules have liberties and exceptions to be learnt by practice, generally turning on whether the action is intended to be alluded to as a fact or as a mere conception.

V. The Subjunctive Mood is used after cuando, asi como, luego que and similar expressions when the action of the verb refers to the future, as—

Lo hare cuando tenga tiempo: I shall do it when I have time.

N.B.—The Future Subjunctive is often used in this case.

VI. The Subjunctive Mood is used after si (conditional if) when the context requires the following verb in the past form, as—

Lo haria si tuviese (tuviera) dinero: I should do it if I had money.

N.B.—If the context requires the verb in the present form, the Indicative Present must be used, as—

Lo hago si tengo tiempo: I do it if I have time.

Lo hare si tengo tiempo: I shall do it if I have time.

When, as in the latter example a future time is indicated, the Future Subjunctive may be used instead of the Pres. Indicative, as—

Lo hare si tuviere tiempo: I shall do it if (ever) I have time.

VII. After como the Subjunctive Mood is used idiomatically but not necessarily, as—

Como le vio le hablo: As soon as he saw him he spoke to him.

Como le viese le hablo: On seeing him he spoke to him.

VIII. After creer, pensar, opinar, and similar verbs, the following verb is generally in the Indicative; but after no creer, etc., the verb is in the Subjunctive mood. After creer, etc., used interrogatively, the verb may be Indicative or Subjunctive.

VOCABULARY.

abaca, Manilla hemp calcetines, half-hose, socks canamo, hemp cancelar, to cancel coger, to catch *conseguir, to succeed in contado (al), (in) cash dificultad, difficulty un dineral, a mint of money encogerse, to shrink equivocarse, to be mistaken la gente, the people mecanismo, mechanism, contrivance medias, stockings, hose ocurrir, to happen perfeccionar, to perfect persona, person por mas que, however much, whatever *probar, to prove, to attempt, to try pruebo, etc., I try, etc. *reconvenir, to reprimand repasar, to look over *saber, to know se, sabes, sabe, etc., I know, etc. sepa, sepas, sepa, etc., I may know, *ser menester, to be necessary telefonear, to telephone trabajo, work yute, jute

EXERCISE 1 (47).

Translate into English—

1. Es conveniente (proper) y aun absolutamente necesario que se acabe esta cuestion.

2. Es cierto que se acabara.

3. Es posible que suba el mercado; tal vez suba mas de lo que se crea.

4. Es el unico cliente que no haya pagado su factura.

5. Es menester pues escribirle y apremiarle para que cumpla con su deber (to fulfil his duty).

6. Antes que escriba V., repase sus libros para que no haya miedo de que haya ocurrido alguna equivocacion (mistake).

7. A menos que pague le citaremos ante los Tribunales (we shall summon him) de miedo que otros sean pagados con nuestro dinero.

8. Por mas que V. diga, las medias, calcetines, y guantes no son iguales a las muestras que sirvieron de base (as a basis) al contrato.

9. Sin que V. me lo diga lo hare, salvo que intervenga algun contratiempo (any hitch should happen) y con tal que, interin (in the meantime) llegue su remesa.

10. Sea que llegue, sea que no, V. deberia hacerlo aunque le fuese en ello todo su capital (all your capital were at stake).

11. Telefonee V. cuando quiera.

12. Celebrare lo haga luego que le sea posible.

13. Asi como sepa algo le telefoneare.

14. Enviaria las zarazas si estuviese seguro que no me viniera (imp. subj. of venir) despues con quejas.

15. No creo que cueste muy cara esta seda.

16. No me parece que salio ventajosa aquella transaccion.

EXERCISE 2 (48).

Translate into Spanish—

1. It is impossible for us to obtain the goods.

2. He spoke as if he were sure of it.

3. I may (es posible que) accept your price, provided you pay cash.

4. It is certain the white shirtings have shrunk too much in bleaching (en el blanqueo).

5. He insisted until he paid him something and now he will continue to insist until he pays him something more.

6. The foreign correspondent (el corresponsal de lenguas extranjeras) did his work so that his employer was satisfied.

7. Write clearly so that people may read your writing (su letra) without difficulty.

8. Whenever I spoke to him he was very polite, therefore, I shall put (dire) a word in his favour whenever I can do so.

9. I reprimanded him notwithstanding that he was my son, and I shall do so whenever it is necessary in spite of his being now a man.

10. The first to come was the office-boy (muchacho, hortera [joc.]), and he will be the last to go (a salir).

11. The first firm that attempts it will burn its fingers (se cogera los dedos).

12. He was the only one who understood us.

13. He is not the only one who is mistaken.

14. They will not be the only persons who will be mistaken.

15. Whoever succeeds in perfecting this contrivance will be sure to make (es seguro que hara) a mint of money.

16. We shall be thankful if you will cancel our order for flax, hemp, Manilla hemp and jute.



LESSON XXV. (Leccion vigesima quinta.)

THE TENSES.

The Tenses in Spanish being mostly used as in English, we shall only call attention to such of the principal differences between the two languages as have not yet been treated.

Present—

The English emphatic Present, "I do say," must be expressed by "Lo digo en efecto," "lo digo de veras," "lo digo si."

"I do" with a verb understood after, as "Do you understand? I do" is translated by "Si," "Si, senor," or "Si entiendo."

"Are you an engineer? Yes, I am"; "He is generous with me, and I am with him"; "He is my surety, and I am his"; must be translated by "Es V. ingeniero? Si, lo soy"; "Es generoso conmigo y yo lo soy con el"; "El es mi fiador y yo lo soy suyo."

Past—

The English language has one form of Simple Past—I wrote.

In Spanish this is translated by—

Yo escribia (Imperf. Indic.) or

Yo escribi (Past Definite), according to sense.

It is most important to learn the difference between the Imperfect Indicative and the Past Definite (or Preterite), because these two tenses admit of no compromise in Spanish.

The Imperfect Indicative[146] describes an action or state which was present when another past action took place, or another past state existed.

[Footnote 146: Or Descriptive Past.]

The Past Definite or Preterite[147] narrates an event.[148]

[Footnote 147: Or Narrating Past (this is why it is often called the Historical Past).]

[Footnote 148: "Napoleon I died in 1821" is an event. "I fell" is grammatically also an event.]

Consequently, it will be understood that whilst the Past Def. refers to "one point of time" or "several separate points of time," the Imperfect embraces a whole indefinite period.

The following examples will show clearly the different functions of these two tenses—

Le escribi una vez (or dos o tres veces) mientras el viajaba en Argentina: I wrote to him once (or two or three times) whilst he travelled[149] in Argentina.

[Footnote 149: Travelled—was travelling, but notice that in Spanish we would also have the progressive form—"estaba viajando."]

Encontre a Luis, quien llevaba levita negra: I met Louis, who wore[150] a black frock-coat.

[Footnote 150: Wore—was wearing. Here in Spanish the progressive form "estaba llevando" would not be admissible because there is no real progressive action.]

Hacia grandes negocios cuando residia en Chile: I had a large business when I resided in Chili.

Los Cartagineses eran un pueblo comercial y emprendedor: The Carthagenians were a commercial and enterprising people.

El estaba alli cuando yo llegue: He was there when I arrived.

El leia al entrar yo en el bufete del abogado: He was reading when I entered the lawyer's office.

En Inglaterra trabajaba[151] ocho horas cada dia: In England I worked (used to work) eight hours a day.

[Footnote 151: As will be seen, the English "was" followed by a pres. part. or the expression "used to be" may always be rendered by the Spanish Imperfect, but the Spanish progressive form also exists: "Estaba leyendo" (he was reading), and "used to" has its equivalent "solia":—"Solia trabajar 8 horas" (he used to work 8 hours).]

Cada mes recibiamos nuestro sueldo: Each month we received (used to receive) our pay.

Ayer cerre el contrato: Yesterday I signed the contract.

Las pipas de vino resultaron averiadas: The casks of wine were damaged.

Trabaje en Inglaterra 5 anos[152]; Vivi dos anos en Londres y tres en Manchester: I worked 5 years in England; I lived two years in London and three in Manchester.

[Footnote 152: This is "a period of time," but it is definite.]

As will be seen in all the examples of the Imperfect, the action or state is described as "existing in the past."

VOCABULARY.

abarrotado, glutted, cram full acorazado, iron-clad ajo, garlic alerta, on the alert, on the look out brisa, breeze cebollas, onions conducta, conduct, behaviour contrabando, contraband cosecha, harvest, harvest-time, crop *dar en el clavo, to hit it datiles, dates encogido, shrivelled, shrunk fruta, fruit granadas, pomegranates guardias aduaneras, custom house officials higos, figs inmaturo, verde, unripe limones, lemons llevar, to carry, to wear matute, smuggling mirar, to look moscatel, muscatel grapes naranja, orange i=ojo=! attention! olvidar, to forget pasas de Corinto, currants podrido, rotten por decirlo asi, so to say, as it were *querer decir, to mean recobrar, to recover reprensible, objectionable resumir, to recapitulate, to state briefly sinnumero, a large number, innumerable travesia, journey by sea



EXERCISE 1 (49).

Translate into English—

1. Cuando yo era mas joven y me gustaba viajar, hacia la travesia de Liverpool a Las Palmas todos los anos.

2. Estuve alli la ultima vez en 1905 principalmente para recobrar mi salud, pero como viaje de negocios tambien tuvo muy buen exito.

3. No habia entonces como la hay hoy en dia tanta competencia en ese comercio.

4. Cuando llego el buque a La Coruna habia un sinnumero de guardias aduaneras alerta, pues se decia que llevaba muchos generos de contrabando.

5. ?Que quiere decir genero de matute?

6. De matute es lo mismo que de contrabando y matutero o contrabandista es el que introduce tales generos.

7. No sabia esta palabra antes, pero ya no la olvidare.

8. ?Ha aprendido V. bien la diferencia entre el preterito y el imperfecto?

9. Perfectamente y voy a resumirsela en dos palabras—El uno es pasado, pasado y nada mas, el otro es un presente de lo pasado por decirlo asi; imire V.! "Encontre a Carlos": pasado absoluto; "Llevaba sombrero blanco"; pasado hoy, presente entonces; ?que le parece a V.?

10. Me parece que V. ha dado en el clavo y estoy satisfecho.

11. Y ahora iojo! en la aplicacion y ino olvidar!

EXERCISE 2 (50).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I believe his behaviour is most (muy) objectionable.

2. And I do also.

3. Did you receive the B/L for the cargo (cargamento) of oranges and grapes from Seville?

4. I did; and I expect a good parcel (partida) of muscatels from Valencia as well.

5. Are these the lemons, onions and pomegranates you were expecting?

6. They are.

7. I am sorry they were delayed so long because now the market is glutted with fruit.

8. He is my friend and I am his.

9. We received this year three cargoes of bananas from the Canary Islands (Islas Canarias). Six were consigned to us last year, but we used to receive many more when we sent our traveller in those islands at harvest time.

10. Ten thousand boxes of currants, 3,000 of figs, and 4,561 of dates were sold by auction.

11. There had not been such large quantities offered for a long time (hacia mucho tiempo que).

12. The iron-clad "Achilles" left yesterday for Vigo. The sea was perfectly calm although a light breeze blew, or was blowing (soplaba not estaba soplando), from the S.W. (sudoeste).

13. The commission-agent (comisionista) went by the three o'clock train.

14. When I went to say good-bye to him (para despedirme de 61) he was writing (escribia or estaba escribiendo) a letter.

15. The cargo was examined and it was found that some of the fruit was unripe, some shrivelled or frost-bitten (tomada por la escarcha), and a parcel of garlic was rotten and had to be destroyed.



LESSON XXVI. (Leccion vigesima sexta.)

THE TENSES (contd.).

Uses of the Past Definite (or Preterite) and the Present Perfect (as: Yo he comprado: I have bought).

According to the English rule, the Past Def. (or Preterite) should be used to narrate events which happened in the past, in a period of time which does not include the present moment as—

Yo lo compre el ano pasado: I bought it last year.

The Present Perfect (called in Spanish Preterito Compuesto) should be used when the period of time includes the present moment, as—

He fletado muchos buques: I have chartered many ships.

By following this rule students will always be correct, but we must notice that in Spanish we find the "Preterito compuesto" often used instead of the Past Definite—

1. When the period, although entirely past, is not defined, as—

Le ha facturado la quincalla: He invoiced him the smallware.

2. When although entirely past and definite, it is very recent, as—Se lo he dicho hace un momento: I told him a moment ago.

N.B.—Plegue a Dios que el ano que hoy empieza sea mas feliz que lo ha sido el pasado: May it please God that the year which commences to-day may be happier than the last has been (Grammar of the Academy).[153]

[Footnote 153: Here the Present Perfect is used in both languages, because the effects reach up to the present moment.]

The English Compound Past—"I had spoken"—is rendered by "yo habia hablado" or "yo hube hablado."

"Yo habia hablado" is in general use.

"Yo hube hablado" is used only after cuando, luego que, inmediatamente que; viz., when the action is represented as immediately preceding another.

N.B.—The Past Def. Simple may always take its place.

Cuando hube declarado mis intenciones, Cuando declare mis intenciones, se convencio—When I declared my intentions, he was convinced.

The Future Indicative, (as well as the Conditional Mood) are used in Spanish oftener than in English to denote probability, as—

Habra 20 hombres aqui: I dare say there are 20 men here.

?Le habre dado este derecho? Have I, perchance, given him this right?

?Tendria miedo talvez? Was he afraid, perhaps?

The Future Progressive, is not used in Spanish when its place may be taken by the ordinary Future Simple, as—

Le escribire manana: I shall be writing him to-morrow.

But—

Cuando el venga yo estare escribiendo: When he comes I shall be writing.

The Present Subjunctive in Spanish refers to time present or future; for time future, its place may be taken by the future Subj. (little used).[154]

[Footnote 154: Except after "cuando" (but not in conversation), as—Se lo dire cuando venga or cuando viniere: I shall tell it him when he comes. The Fut. Subj. is also used (not in conversation) after si instead of Pres. Indic., as—Le servire si la ocasion se ofrece or se ofreciere: I shall serve him if the occasion presents itself.]

Use of Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood.

The verb in the Subj. Mood is put in the Present tense when the preceding verb is in the Pres. Indic., Future Indic. (simple) or Imperative, as—

Quiero que el lo haga: I want him to do it. Querre " " ": I shall want " "" Quiere tu " " ": Want (thou) " ""

Otherwise the verb in the Subjunctive is in the Imperfect tense.

N.B.—When the preceding verb is in the "preterito compuesto," e.g., "he dicho," when "he dicho" stands exactly for the English "I have told," it governs the Pres. Subj., as—

Le he dicho que se vaya: I have told him to go.

But if it stands for the English "I told," it governs the Imperfect Subj., as

Le dije (he dicho) que se fuese: I told him to go.

When the preceding verb is in the Future Perfect, the verb in the Subjunctive may be put in the Present when its action does not refer to the past, as—

Habre querido que trabaje hoy o manana: I shall have (may have) wanted him to work to-day or to-morrow.

VOCABULARY.

*adquirir, to acquire alquilar, to rent, to hire, to take or give on lease arado, plough boni cacion, rebaja, allowance cargar, to charge ceder, to yield, to sell, to cede, to warrant make over cedula de aduana, custom house colmo, climax, record color firme, solido, fast colour contrarrestar, to check de otra manera, otherwise desarrollar, to develop emprestito, loan epoca, epoch, period, time explotar, to exploit, to work igualar, hermanar, to match *invertir, to invest (money) justificar, to justify, to warrant material rodante, rolling stock (railway) no bien, as soon a pana (acordonada), cords (corduroy) perspectivas, prospects piezas de repuesto, spare pieces (machinery) puros, cigarros, tabacos, cigars quinta, villa rastrillos, harrows rechazar, to reject reja, ploughshare revocar, contramandar, to countermand *tener cuenta, to pay, viz., to be advantageous terreno, land traspaso, goodwill trilladora, threshing-machine



EXERCISE 1 (51).

Translate into English—

1. Le he dado ayer las Cedulas de Aduana.

2. Le hemos cedido el traspaso de aquel negocio por L500.

3. Le he dicho que los fondos (stocks), obligaciones, u otros valores cualesquiera (whatsoever) han de depositarse en manos seguras.

4. Yo le habia explicado que la Compania se habia constituido para comprar, alquilar (take on lease) o adquirir de otra manera y explotar y desarrollar cualesquier minas o terrenos metaliferos; pero no bien le hube anunciado (or le anuncie) que se trataba de terrenos situados en el Asia Menor, se rehuso a tomar las acciones que le habia ofrecido.

5. Es que tendria sus razones.

6. Habia unos cincuenta puros en aquella caja.

7. Deseo que V. invierta su dinero en esta empresa como deseaba el ano pasado que V. lo invirtiese en el Emprestito del Gobierno Austriaco (Austrian).

8. Le dire que se apresure a despachar los arados con sus rejas y piezas de repuesto, los rastrillos, y las trilladoras.

9. Tal vez mi socio le habra dicho que lo haga.

10. Si, le ha escrito ayer que no retardase el embarque pues hacen mucha falta, hemos excedido la epoca fijada para la entrega y no nos tendria cuenta que la Sociedad Agricola nos los rechazara.

EXERCISE 2 (52).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We wrote them nothing to warrant such action.

2. I warranted him (garantizar) this would not be repeated.

3. The cloth was warranted fast colour.

4. He resorted to extreme means in order to bring about (llegar a) a solution of the difficulty.

5. In the past year the climax of prosperity was reached.

6. Large orders for railway rolling stock were countermanded on account of (a causa de) the feared political complications.

7. Velvet and Cord manufacturers have curtailed their production with a view (a fin de) to check the downward (a la baja) tendency of prices.

8. I matched his sample and I secured the order.

9. Did you hear from your traveller lately?

10. They charged us too much, we can buy on spot (en el mercado) much cheaper.

11. Spot cotton (el algodon disponible) was quoted yesterday one point higher than the day before, but futures declined (bajaron) 3/32

12. Perhaps there are better prospects of the growing crop (nueva cosecha) at present.

13. Do not be long (no tarde V.) in making up your mind (decidirse de) one way or the other.

14. No, I shall soon decide what to do, but I must have a little time for reflection. I cannot bind myself on the spot (al punto).

15. Some of the prints have grease spots (manchas de aceite) and we must refuse to accept them unless under (a menos que nos haga) a reasonable allowance.

16. He has a villa in a delightful spot (sitio) in the country (campo).



LESSON XXVII. (Leccion vigesima septima.)

THE AUXILIARY VERBS.

Tener and haber are used for the English "to have," followed by an infinitive, as—

Tienen que acabar el trabajo para fines de Enero: They have to finish the work for the end of January.

Hemos de seguir los consejos de los peritos en la materia: We have to follow the advice of those expert in the matter.

In such cases Tener is followed by que and Haber by de.[155] The former indicates compulsion or necessity, the latter a moral or self-imposed duty.

Haber de translates also "to be to,"[155] as—

?Quien ha de hacer este viaje? Who is to go on this journey?

Tener de is used in threats—

Tengo de llevarlo ante el tribunal: I shall take him before the court.

"Tener que hacer, que escribir, que comer" and similar expressions translate also "to have something to do, to write, to eat," as—

Hoy tengo que hacer: To-day I have something to do, I am busy.

Tengo mucho que hacer: I have much to do.

Tenemos que comer por todo el dia: We have something to eat which will suffice for the whole day.

Haber is used as a principal verb instead of Tener in—

Haber menester de algo: To need something.

He aqui el muchacho, etc.[156]: Here is the boy (behold the boy here, etc.).

Heme aqui or heteme[157] aqui, etc.: Here I am (behold me here, etc.).

It also survives in some legal phrases, as—

Fue habido el reo: The culprit was captured.

Los hijos habidos en su primera mujer: The children by his first wife.

And in some idioms, as—

Alla se las haya: That is his business.

Haberselas con uno: To dispute with anybody.

Tener translates the English "to be" in such phrases as—

Tener hambre, sed, sueno, calor, frio, vergueenza, and miedo: To be hungry, thirsty, sleepy, warm, cold, ashamed, and afraid.

Also speaking of age—

Tengo veinte anos: I am twenty years old.

[Footnote 155: In all these cases deber may be used instead.]

[Footnote 156: He—imperative mood of haber.]

[Footnote 157: The te is the "ethical dative" (which is much more used in Spanish than in English).]

And in—

Tener razon: To be right.

And—

No tener razon or Dejar de tener razon: To be wrong.

We said that the past participle when used with Tener agrees with the direct object, as—

Tengo leidas las cartas: I have read the letters.

But when there is no direct object, of course the past participle remains invariable, as—

Tengo entendido que....[158]: I have heard that....

[Footnote 158: This use of tener for haber, especially with no direct obj. following is in general to be avoided; in this example, however, "tengo entendido," the phrase has more force than "he entendido." It implies that the mind is full with the effect of the communication.]

Conocer (to know)[159] (changes c into zc before a or o). Pres. Indic., conozco. Pres. Subj., conozca-as-a-amos-ais-an. Hacer (to do or make). -+ Past Part., Hecho. Pres. Indic., Hago. Past Def., Hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron. Fut. Indic., Hare, haras, hara, haremos, hareis, haran. Imp. Mood, Haz, haced (reg.). + -

[Footnote 159: Model verb for all those ending in cer or cir preceded by a vowel, except cocer (conj. like mover), mecer (reg.) and hacer. (Those ending in ducir are further irreg. in the Past Definite.)

VOCABULARY.

abrigar, to shelter, to nourish (the hope) acciones preferentes, preference shares agudo, sharp, keen aplazar, to postpone asistir, to assist, to attend atendible, plausible atrasado, overdue caldos, wines and oils (collectively) consabido, in question, aforesaid cuenta de venta, account sale dedicarse, to devote oneself dejar sin efecto, to cancel delicado de salud, in indifferent health desfavorable, contrario, unfavourable, adverse *deshacerse de, to part with domicilio, registered office of a company, also residence en este momento, at the present moment ensayo, trial, venture equidad, fair dealing *haber menester, to need indemnizacion, indemnity junta de acreedores, meeting of creditors liquidar, to liquidate, to settle, to clear off goods, etc. medieria, articulos de punto, hosiery pagare, promissory note, note of hand palacio, palace plazo, term respiro, breath, breathing time, days of grace for payment, delay retirar, to withdraw (los) reunidos, those present *tener en cuenta, to take into consideration trabajar, *ir, a porfia, to vie with each other tramites de la ley, legal means viaje de ida, outward voyage viaje de vuelta, inward voyage

EXERCISE 1 (53).

Translate into English—

1. Tengo que hacer hoy y no podre dedicarme a la correspondencia.

2. Si V. no quiere liquidar el consabido asunto tendre de apelar a los tramites de la ley.

3. V. no habra menester de tanto pues abrigo las mejores intenciones y lo que pido es solo unas pocas semanas de respiro.

4. He aqui pues lo que se ha de hacer, V. me firmara un pagare para fin de Febrero y queda entendido que no concedere despues ninguna extension del plazo.

5. Si entonces V. no satisface su deuda mi abogado dara los pasos necesarios y V. sera responsable de (liable for) los gastos y perjuicios habidos y por haber (damages accrued and to accrue).

6. La Compania Nacional de Transportes (carriage) ha instalado su domicilio en el nuevo Palacio de la Libertad.

7. Dicha Sociedad tiene un capital de un millon de pesetas; la mitad en acciones preferentes y la mitad en ordinarias.

8. Se ha verificado la junta de acreedores del Sr.... a la cual no asistio el principal interesado por encontrarse delicado de salud.

9. Los reunidos han decidido aplazar dicha junta hasta el 20 del corriente.

10. Fundandose en atendibles razones nuestro corresponsal deja sin efecto el pedido que nos habia confiado.

EXERCISE 2 (54).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We shall have to take in the hosiery although it is slightly (un poquito) overdue.

2. We have to give the example of fair dealing ourselves.

3. Who is to decide on the subject of the indemnity due to the captain of the ship?

4. If we want to withdraw the goods without producing (presentar) a B/L. we shall have to sign an indemnity (indemnidad).

5. We have received the account sale for our wines and oils and regret the venture has not turned out as well as we expected.

6. We found a great difficulty in parting with our surplus (excesivas) stock, of which we had to dispose (disponer) at prices very much reduced.

7. We are unable to inform you to what extent (hasta que punto) you may calculate on (contar con) our remittance, as much will depend on circumstances over which we have no control (independientes de nuestra voluntad).

8. The rate (el tipo) of the insurance premium is 6/-per cent. on the outward and 5/-per cent. on the homeward voyage.

9. I very much question the advisability (dudo mucho la ventaja) of putting prices up at the present moment when so many adverse circumstances have to be taken into consideration.

10. As a matter of fact (en efecto) most of us (la mayor parte de nosotros) think it would be better to reduce them somewhat (algo) now that competition is so keen.

11. They vie with each other in cutting prices down (reducir) with the result that profits are ridiculously low (irrisorios).



LESSON XXVIII. (Leccion vigesima octava.)

THE ADVERBS.

Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

The following are the principal Spanish adverbs—

Abajo (below) Ademas (besides) Adelante, delante (before, in point of place) Ahora (now) *Alrededor, *entorno (around) Amenudo, a menudo (often) *Antes (before, in point of time) Antes, antes bien (rather) Anoche (last night) Anteanoche (the night before last) Apenas, asi que (as soon as) Aqui, aca (here, hither) Alli, alla (there, thither) De aqui, de alli (hence, thence) Aun, todavia (still, yet) Ayer (yesterday) Anteayer (the day before yesterday) Bastante (sufficiently) Bien (well) *Cerca (near) *Debajo (under) *Por debajo (underneath) Demasiado (too, too much) *Dentro (within) *Despues (after, afterwards) *Detras (behind) Donde[160] (where) En breve (shortly) *Encima (upon, above) *Enfrente (opposite) Entonces (then) *Fuera (outside) Hacia (towards) Hacia adelante (forwards) Hacia abajo (downwards) Hasta (till, until) Hoy (to-day) *Junto (next) *Lejos (far) Luego (presently, soon, then) Manana (to-morrow) Mal (badly) Mas (more) Mejor (better) Menos (less) Mientras (whilst) Mientras tanto (in the meantime) Mucho (much) Muy[161] (very) Nunca, jamas (never) Ni ... ni ... (neither ... nor ...) Ni tampoco (not either) Peor (worse) Pronto (soon) Tal vez, acaso, quiza, quizas (perhaps) Tan, asi (so) Tanto (so much) Tarde (late) Temprano (early) Ya[162] (already)

[Footnote 160: After verbs of motion also "a donde." After verbs of rest also "en donde."]

[Footnote 161: Used as in English, but always muy before a past part., as: Muy apreciado (much esteemed). Such phrases as "He is rich but not very" are translated "Es rico pero no mucho or tanto."]

[Footnote 162: Ya is also used for "now." "Ya no"—no longer.]

Those marked with an asterisk may govern a noun or pronoun through the preposition de with the exception of junto, which governs these words through a.

Adverbs may be formed from adjectives as in English.

The English termination ly is rendered by mente added to the feminine form of the adjective, when this changes for the feminine.

Adverbs are compared like the adjectives, but the superlative relative of adverbs is formed with lo mas, and lo menos, as—

Es el mas rico: He is the richest.

Esta adornado lo mas ricamente posible: It is ornamented in the richest manner possible.

Es el menos exacto: He is the least exact.

Cotice lo menos que pueda: Quote the least you can.

Besides the primitive adverbs given in our list, there are many adverbial locutions—

a toda prisa (with all speed). a la espanola (in the Spanish fashion). a troche y moche, a trochimoche (in a slipshod way). con blandura (gently). de mala gana (unwillingly). de vez (or de cuando) en cuando (from time to time). tal cual vez (once in a while). un si es, no es (ever so little).

When an adverb is followed by a verb in English que must be inserted in Spanish before a finite mood and de before an infinitive, as—

Despues de venir (after coming).

Despues que vino (after he came).

The phrases "I say so," " I think it is (so)," "I do not think so," are rendered "Digo que si" (or "lo digo"), "Creo que si" (or "lo creo"), "Creo que no" (or "no lo creo").

Some adjectives are used adverbially, as in English, without the addition of mente, as—

Vender barato, caro (to sell cheap, dear).

Hablar alto, bajo (to speak loud, low).

When two or more adverbs ending in mente occur in the same sentence, the termination is added only to the last, as—

Escribe clara,[163] concisa[163] y elegantemente: He writes clearly, concisely and elegantly.

[Footnote 163: Notice "clara" and "concisa" in the feminine.]

Caer (to fall).

Pres. Ind., Caigo — — — — — Pres. Subj., Caiga, caigas, caiga, caigamos, caigais, caigan.

VOCABULARY.

a duras penas, with great difficulty a la larga, m the long run a medida que, in proportion as a mejor andar, at best a plazos, in instalments ajeno, averse apagado extinguished, dull (colours) *asentar, to book (an order) chillones, gaudy, screaming (colours) claro, light (colours) claro y redondo (quite clearly) columna, column con el corazon en la mano, quite candidly confeccionar, to make up *confesar, to confess conservas alimenticias, preserves definir, to define (also to settle) dificultad, difficulty ensayo, trial, proof, venture escoger, to choose exceder, to exceed facilidad, ease, facility fijo, fixed, firm fondos, grounds (pictures, cloth) gana (de buena, de mala), willingly, unwillingly ganga, a bargain langosta, lobster mariscos, shell-fish muestrarios, pattern cards, sets oscuro, dark paquete, packet, parcel *(no) poder menos de ..., not to be able to help puntos, points, spots (in prints) restos, remnants sacar, to pull out, to get out, to get back sardinas, sardines satines brochados, brocaded satins serie, series sin mirar a gastos, regardless of expense sobrio, quiet (colour) solidez, solidity tomar a mal, to take amiss vivo, vivid, bright (colours)

EXERCISE 1 (55).

Translate into English—

1. Tiene V. (there is) tanta variedad de dibujos que verdaderamente cuesta dificultad (it is difficult) el escoger entre disenos con flores, con puntos, con rayas, y cuadritos.

2. Con facilidad sin embargo (however) podra V. hacer un surtido entre las dos series que le enviamos, de fondos claros y oscuros, y de colores vivos, chillones, sobrios, y apagados.

3. Desde algun tiempo a esta parte tratan Vs. los negocios tan a trochimoche que ya no sabemos a que atenernos (what to think of it).

4. Hago esta consignacion de mala gana y le confieso claro y redondo que siguiendo V. a vender tan barato y a plazos tan largos no me tendra cuenta hacerle otros envios sino por su propia cuenta o contra pedidos fijos de los clientes.

5. Clara y concisamente es como se deben escribir las cartas comerciales.

6. A la par que Vs. (same as yourselves) no somos ajenos a la idea de hacer algun ensayo en la importacion de langosta, mariscos, sardinas, y conservas alimenticias, pero debemos ir a medias en cualquiera transaccion que se decida.

7. Creo que a duras penas sacara su dinero y a mejor andar tendra que perder todo su trabajo.

8. A medida que aumenten los ingresos se aumentaran los dividendos.

9. Recibira V. en paquete asegurado los nuevos muestrarios que se han confeccionado sin mirar a gastos.

10. Estos restos son una verdadera ganga y ademas, podra V. pagarlos al contado o a plazos largos (easy) como mas le convenga.

11. Dejaremos en suspenso su reclamo hasta definirlo personalmente en su proximo viaje a Inglaterra.

12. No puede menos de admitir (to admit) que a la larga esto no puede convenirme, y espero que V. no lo tome a mal que se lo exponga con el corazon en la mano.

EXERCISE 2 (56).

Translate into Spanish—

1. After writing you by last mail we are informed by the maker of the Brown Linens (lienzos morenos) that he will be able to book your order which will be delivered before the end of next month.

2. The Brocaded Satins will range between (costaran desde) 4d. and 5d. a yard, and we shall ship them within six weeks but only after receiving your letter confirming them.

3. These shapes are not worn (gastan, llevan) outside England.

4. Not far from here and next to the Bank there is the Insurance Office, which is much admired for its solidity and fine appearance.

5. It cost L20,000 and they never thought it would exceed half that amount.

6. Perhaps it is too large an outlay (gasto) for the Company, but there was no money wasted.

7. The columns in the porch have cost so much because they are of the best Carrara marble (marmol).

8. Whilst we admit that the prints sent may have been just a little bit (un si es no es) off shade (diferentes al color pedido) your claim is quite out of the question.

9. Towards the beginning of the autumn our Mr. So-and-So will make a trip (hara un viaje) to your place, and he will have the honour of waiting upon you (de visitarles) with our latest novelties (novedades).

10. You do not understand how it is possible that your neighbours are able to undersell you (vender mas bajo que V.), nor can we make it out (explicarnoslo) either.



LESSON XXIX. (Leccion vigesima nona.)

THE PREPOSITIONS.

Prepositions join words together to mark certain relations between them.

The principal prepositions are—

A (at, to) Ante (before—in point of place) Bajo (under) Con (with) Contra, en contra de (against) De (of, from) Desde (since, from) En (in) Entre (between, among) Hacia (towards) Hasta (till, as far as, even) Para (for the purpose of, for, in order to) Por (for, by, because of) Segun (according to) Sin (without) Sobre (upon) Tras, tras de (behind) Para con (una persona),[164] (towards, with, a person)

[Footnote 164: "Fue muy generoso para conmigo": He was very generous with me.]

Many verbs take in Spanish a different preposition than in English. Some verbs take a preposition in one language and none in the other, as—

Depender de una promesa: To depend on a promise. Convenir en una transaccion: To agree to a compromise. Confiar en un desconocido: To trust a perfect stranger. Regalarle un cheque: To present him with a cheque.

The use of the correct preposition according to the verb it follows is best learnt by practice. In the second part of the grammar, the student will be helped with a list of the most characteristic differences between the two languages. The Spanish construction is not quite so rigid in this respect as is the English.

Difference between de and desde both translating "from"—De mark the origin only, as:

Esta seda viene de Italia: This silk comes from Italy—it is Italian silk.

Desde calls attention to distance of time or space, as—

Desde el 1 deg. de Enero se establecio en comercio por cuenta propia: From the 1st of January, he started in business on his own account.

He viajado desde Londres hasta Calcuta en tantos dias: I travelled from London to Calcutta in so many days.

The chief difficulty in the employment of the Spanish prepositions is the use of Por and Para—

Por is used—

1. To denote agency = by[165]; as—

Es tenido en gran cuenta por sus amigos: He is thought much of by his friends.

Este establecimiento fue fundado por mi bisabuelo: This establishment was founded by my great-grandfather.

[Footnote 165: After the passive voice of verbs denoting mental action when formed by ser, Por is elegantly substituted by De, as: Son amados por or de sus padres (they are loved by their parents). But: Se aman por sus padres.]

2. To denote the motive of an action, as—

Lo hizo por envidia: He did it for (out of) envy.

3. To denote equivalency of any kind, as—

Cinco peniques por libra: Fivepence for a pound—per pound.

Trocar un producto por otro: To exchange one product for another.

Considerar a uno bueno por L1,000: To consider somebody as good for L1,000.

Por mejor le envie yo como viajante: I sent you to travel, holding you for a better man.

Tienda por tienda, prefiero esta: Of the two shops I prefer this.

4. To denote distribution, as—

Vinieron cinco por cinco: They came five by five.

Para is used—

1. To denote the object of an action (generally "to" or "in order to"), as—

Trabajo para ganarme la vida: I work to (in order to) earn my living.

2. To denote destination (or direction), as—

El tren sale para Valencia: The train leaves for Valencia.

Esta cedula es para el Sr. Fulano: This warrant is for Mr. So-and-So.

Voy para casa: I am going towards home.

Many idiomatic uses of Por and Para must be learnt by practice.

VOCABULARY.

abogar, to plead acceder, to accede afanarse, to exert oneself, to take much trouble ahorrar, to save ajuste, adjustment a la verdad, really altos hornos, blast furnaces, foundries amarillo, yellow, buff amistad, friendship aparentar, to show outwardly aprovecharse, to take advantage of, to avail oneself aproximarse, to approach, to draw near automovil, motor-car azadas, hoes azadones, pick-axes azuelas, adzes bultos, packages cizallas, shears croquis, sketch disenador, draughtsman *disponer, to dispose, to arrange echar al correo, to (throw into the) post empeoramiento, deterioration en blanco, blank estancia, stay (un) fardin, un cuarto, a farthing, a trifling amount *forzar, to force, to strain hachuelas, hatchets hilar, to spin largo de talle, full, complete lingotes de hierro, pig-iron martillo, hammer molestia, trouble moratoria, extension of time (for payment) palas, shovels para (estar), (to be) on the point of ... picos, picks plomo, slate, lead colour por (estar por escribir), to be (yet) unwritten prevision, foresight los sintomas, the symptoms suspender los pagos, to stop payments tejer, to weave tenazas, tongs textil, textile *trocar, to barter, to exchange yerno, hijo politico, son-in-law

EXERCISE 1. (57)

Translate into English—

1. De Espana nos vienen las ricas uvas y las jugosas (juicy) naranjas, ademas de minerales—de hierro y cobre.

2. El viaje por mar desde Espana a Inglaterra tarda de cuatro a seis dias.

3. Desde el ano 1900 hasta el 1910 aumento mucho la poblacion del Reino Unido.

4. Los Altos Hornos de Bilbao se han construido para la produccion de lingotes de hierro.

5. La Sociedad reune poderosos elementos (commands great resources) para la fabricacion de toda clase de maquinaria para la hiladura y la tejeduria del algodon.

6. Los bultos se embarcaron directamente por los fabricantes mismos.

7. El empaque y el transporte cuestan lo mismo y precio por precio preferimos ahorrarnos molestias.

8. Por un falso sentido de honor aquella casa forzo su credito para no tener que pedir moratorias, dando esto por resultado el empeoramiento de su posicion.

9. Compre un automovil por L1,000 mas lo troque con este que vale a la verdad L1,500 dando solo L200 por la diferencia.

10. Disponga V. las piezas tantas por parte.

11. A una veintena por vez colocamos aquellos picos, palas, azadas, azadones, hachuelas, azuelas, martillos, cizallas, y tenazas.

12. Se presento por su yerno, abogo por el por una hora larga de talle, todo por su hija, pues por el chico (young man, lit., child) maldita la gana que tendria (he would not have liked the idea) de afanarse tanto por el.

13. Hare por colocar sus driles blancos, plomo, y amarillos (buff) para los cuales me dio orden verbal su Sr. hijo durante su estancia aqui y que se despacharan por (or por la via de) Burdeos y Cartagena.

14. Nuestro mercado sigue muy encalmado sin que por el momento presente sintomas de mejora.

15. La primera carta esta para echarse al correo pero la segunda y la tercera quedan aun por escribir.

EXERCISE 2 (58).

Translate into Spanish—

1. He offers a loan to avoid all risk that the house should fall.

2. It would not be possible for it to fall unless the Textile Bank should stop payments.

3. His office is opposite ours and we have him thus under our eyes.

4. With all the weight of the evidence (las pruebas) you have collected (recogido), it would be very risky to proceed against him from such a distance.

5. Between one thing and the other I did not know what to choose, so I left them to settle the matter between themselves.

6. These sketches have been made by our draughtsman for our customers, the owners of the Sugar Mill in Parahyba.

7. He did the work for the pleasure of it but would not (no quiso) charge a farthing for it.

8. The packets arrived two by two.

9. I accede willingly for the sake of old friendship (por la antigua amistad que nos une).

10. As the time of the year is drawing near when your firms effect their purchases in this country, we beg to address you to renew the offer of our services.

11. We shall be extremely glad if you will avail yourselves of our offers and send us orders for some of your requirements.

12. The adjustment of the average per S.S. "Nile" is still hanging fire (todavia pendiente), but we are pushing the Insurance Co. to our utmost (todo lo posible) for a speedy settlement.

13. For a (para) foreigner he understands English methods very well indeed.

14. Being (por ser) so young he shows a good deal of (mucho) tact and foresight.



LESSON XXX. (Leccion trigesima.)

THE CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.

Conjunctions join sentences together; also independent words.

The principal conjunctions are—

*A menos que (unless) A pesar de (in spite of) Asi como (just as) Asi que, de suerte que (so that) *Afin de que, *Para que (that—in order that) Aunque, bien que, si bien (although, even if) *Bien ... bien (whether ... or) Como (as) *Con tal que (provided) Con que (so) *Cuando (if) Mas, pero, empero[166] (but) Sino (but—after a negative[167]) Ni ... ni (neither ... nor) No sea que* (lest, also perhaps) No obstante (nevertheless) O ... o[168] (either ... or) Ora ... ora[168] (now ... now—with indic. mood) Porque, porque (why, because) Portanto (therefore) Puesto que[169] (seeing that) Pues (since) Que (that) Si (if, whether) Sin embargo (however, notwithstanding) Segun (according) Siquiera (at least, even) Y[170] (and) Ya ... ya[171] (whether ... or—with subj. mood) Ya que (since, seeing that)

[Footnote 166: Empero is used same as pero at the beginning of a sentence.]

[Footnote 167: Unless a finite verb follows, as: No tengo dinero pero gozo de buena reputacion (I have no money but I enjoy a good reputation).]

[Footnote 168: Before words commencing with o or ho, it changes into u.]

[Footnote 169: In old Spanish it had the meaning of "even if."]

[Footnote 170: Before words commencing with i, also hi not followed by a vowel, use e, as: "Padre e hijo," but "Nieve y hielo."]

[Footnote 171: "Ora ... ora" and "ya ... ya" both mean "now ... now" (with indic. mood), and "whether ... or" (with subj. mood).]

The conjunctions marked with an asterisk are always followed by a verb in the Subjunctive Mood.

The English "either" is generally left understood, as—

Exportaciones o importaciones: Either exports or imports.

"Either" following a negative—tampoco, as—

No quiero comprar Titulos de Gobierno ni Obligaciones de Ferrocarriles tampoco: I do not wish to buy Government Stock, nor Railway Stocks either.

Interjections, being mere exclamations, do not stand in grammatical relation to any other word in the sentence.

They are elliptical sentences, as—

iOh! (I am surprised, etc.).

The principal Interjections in Spanish are the following—

caramba, caspita (these express practically all kinds of emotions) ay[172] (oh! grief or threat) bah, ca, quia (humph!) ce, hola, ola (I say!) chito, chiton (shut up!) cuidado, iojo! (attention! look out!) ea (come!) he (hey) huy (oh! physical pain) ojala (oh, that) por Dios (for heaven's sake) tate, zape (what! (surprise)) tonterias (nonsense!) uf (oh! weariness or fatigue)

[Footnote 172: This can govern a noun or pronoun, as—iAy de mi! Woe to me! iAy de Pedro! Woe to Peter!]

As well as Ah or Ha, Oh or O as in English, and many words used as exclamations, as—

iSilencio! icalle! icalle la boca (silence! hush! shut your mouth!) ivamos! (much used), (come! come now!) ique lastima! (what a pity!) ipoco a poco! (gently, Sir!) iheteme[173] aqui! (here I am!) ihetelos[173] aqui! (here they are, etc.)

[Footnote 173: Te—ethical dative.]



- Caber (to be able to contain = to hold) (to be able to be contained = to go in) Pres. Indic., Quepo. Past Def., Cupe, cupiste, cupo, cupimos, cupisteis, cupieron. Fut. Indic., Cabre, cabras, cabra, cabremos, cabreis, cabran. - -+ Poder (to be able). Pres. Part., Pudiendo. Pres. Indic., Puedo, puedes, puede, ... pueden. Imp. Mood, NONE. Past Def., Pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron. Fut. Indic., Podre, podras, podra, podremos, podreis, podran. + - -

VOCABULARY.

aficionado (a), fond of aflojar, to relax ansioso, eager *apetecer, to desire, to covet bastante bien, fairly well berzas, coles (f.), cabbages buscar, to look for, to search buscarse, to bring upon oneself cauteloso, cauto, cautious conexiones, connections, couplings (machinery) contrincante, neighbour, competitor detenidamente, fully disturbado, transtornado, disturbed, upset engranajes, gearings escala, scale hortelano, fruit gardener inquilino, tenant ir a, to lead to llantas, tyres *moler, to grind operaciones, operations, dealings perro, dog plaza, market place, square, place *poner al corriente, to inform refran, proverb repentino, sudden resortes, springs (mach.) sosa, soda tambores, drums traspapelado, mislaid (of papers)

EXERCISE 1 (59).

Translate into English—

1. A menos que los giros vengan acompanados de los conocimientos y facturas comerciales y consulares (invoices and consular invoices) no los recogeremos.

2. Le remito poder en forma (regular power of attorney) para que V. pueda representarme y hacer mis veces ahi.

3. Cuando me pague lo que me debe veremos lo que proceda hacer (what ought to be done).

4. V. no hace mencion en su atenta de los engranajes, conexiones, llantas y resortes de nuestro pedido 2 del que rige, no sea que se haya traspapelado nuestra orden.

5. Para comprar barato no hay sino que pagar puntualmente sus facturas.

6. Aunque es hombre muy dificil de tratar, sus ordenes son muy apetecidas de los fabricantes porque su palabra una vez empenada (pledged) es oro molido (as good as gold).

7. Aunque me pagara mas no se lo daria pues ya tengo empenada mi palabra.

8. Asi como le vio le puso al corriente de las circunstancias.

9. Con tal que el mercado afloje un tantico procurare plazar su orden para 50 tambores de sosa, a su limite.

10. Con que nuestros contrincantes se porten con lealtad no tenemos derecho de quejarnos de su competencia.

11. Segun lo prueba la experiencia mas vale ir cautelosos en aquellos mercados.

12. No deseo buscarme molestias ni meterme en camisa de once varas (meddle in other people's business).

13. Hace como el perro del hortelano que no come las berzas ni las deja comer.

14. iCaramba! ?Se viene V. con refranes en una gramatica comercial?

15. iCalle, hombre! Todos los caminitos van a la plaza (all roads lead to Rome); los espanoles son muy aficionados a los refranes.

EXERCISE 2 (60).

Translate into Spanish—

1. These 200 pieces will not go in that case, it is too small.

2. I do not think they will, either.

3. I cannot say anything before I see the result, but I shall be able to tell you something definite to-morrow.

4. Not being able to compete, he has withdrawn from the market.

5. I could not confirm the agreement last week.

6. I believe I could buy a parcel of wheat cheaper to-day unless there should be a sudden rise.

7. In spite of all his efforts, he was obliged to file his petition.

8. Although the market here is firm, we have hopes (esperamos) that prices will relax in view of the bearish tone (tendencia a la baja) shown in the Liverpool market yesterday.

9. The enclosed pattern is rather (algo) poor; still, as it appears to sell well in Central Africa, I should be glad if you would see your way (decidirse) to manufacture it at our price.

10. The new presses (prensas) work fairly well; there is, however, room (lugar) for improvement, and our engineer will write you fully on some proposed modifications.

11. He signed the documents without even (siquiera) reading them, so upset was he by the news the mail had just brought him; therefore we shall be obliged if you will kindly send them back for his perusal and return (para que los examine y se los envie otra vez).

12. Provided you take a lease of these premises (tome en arriendo este local) for a period of ten years, I shall make the necessary alterations, since I am very eager to have you as a tenant.

13. Although the demand for money is no longer so strong, the market is still under the control (dominio) of the Bank of England, to which it is now indebted for (debe) a considerable amount, and dealings are but on a comparatively small scale.



PART II



LESSON XXXI. (Leccion trigesima primera.)

THE ARTICLE.

The Definite Article is used in Spanish and not in English (besides rules given in Lesson II)—

1. Before the seasons of the year—

La primavera (spring) El otono (autumn) El verano (summer) El invierno (winter) And the four cardinal points: El norte (North) El este (East) El sur (South) El oeste (West)

2. Before the hour of the day (with the words hora, horas, understood), as—

Es la una: It is one o'clock. Son las dos y cuarto: It is a quarter past two. Son las tres y cinco: It is five minutes past three. Son las cuatro menos diez: It is ten minutes to four. Las cinco y media: Half-past five.

3. Optionally, before the proper name of a woman used colloquially, as—

La Maria (Mary, our Mary).

4. Optionally, before the days of the week, especially when preceded by "on" in English, as—

Vendre el sabado: I shall come on Saturday.

5. Before the names of the following countries—

El Peru, La India, El Japon.

And some towns to be learnt by practice, as—

La Coruna, El Havre, El Cairo, El Ferrol, etc.

Although found sometimes before the names of countries in general, this example should not be followed.

The Definite Article is used in English and not in Spanish—

1. Before numbers following names of sovereigns, etc., as—

Carlos I (primero), Charles I (the first) Alfonso XIII (trece), Alphonso XIII (the thirteenth)

2. In titles of books, headings, etc., as—Historia de la Inquisicion (The History of the Inquisition).

3. Before words in apposition, as—Madrid, capital de Espana (Madrid, the capital of Spain).

But—

Alfonso el Sabio (Alphonso the Wise) Juana la Loca (Jane the Mad) because these are "titles."

The Indefinite Article is used in English and not in Spanish (besides rules in Lesson II)—

1. Before words in apposition, as— Rubio y Cia., casa importantisima de la Habana: Rubio & Co., a most important firm in Havana.

2. In titles of books, headings, etc., as— Lista de los generos pedidos: A list of goods required.

3. In "such a," "so ... a," as— Tal amigo: Such a friend. Tan buen amigo: So good a friend, such a good friend.

4. In "a half" (medio), "a quarter" (cuarto), "a third" (tercio), in the case of an integer preceding, as— Uno y medio (1-1/2) Cinco y tercio (penknife/3) Dos y cuarto (2-1/4)

Occasionally the article is omitted before other fractions.

5. Before otro, as— Otra quiebra: Another bankruptcy.

Before weights and measures the definite article is used in Spanish instead of the indefinite used in English, as—

Dos chelines la libra: Two shillings a pound. Cinco pesetas el metro or por metro: 5 pesetas a metre.

The Definite Article is omitted before casa and palacio when they are spoken of as places usually frequented by the person in question—

Ire a casa del ingeniero: I shall go to the engineer's house. El Rey volvio ayer a palacio: The King returned yesterday to the palace.

The article must not be employed before a noun used after a preposition in an adjectival capacity, as—

Una viga de hierro (not del hierro): An iron beam.

The tendency of the Spanish language is to omit the indefinite article whenever, by such omission the sense is not obscure, as—

Tengo intencion de marcharme: I have a mind to go. Vino con dolor de cabeza: He came with a headache. Le dio cuenta de lo sucedido: He gave him an account of all that had happened. Este caballero tiene mucho or grande ingenio: This gentleman has a great talent.

The Neuter article lo cannot precede a noun used as such, but it may (elegantly) precede a noun used adjectively, as—

Todo me gusta en el, lo amigo, lo ciudadano, lo caballero:

I like everything in him: the friend, the citizen, the gentleman.



VOCABULARY.

administrador, manager anteriormente, previously anunciar, to advertise apacible, mild armadura, frame, framing (mach.) atajo, short cut buen exito, success comprometerse, to undertake edificio, building empresa, undertaking experimentar, to experience grabados (generos), embossed (goods) hilado, yarn intentar,*tener intencion, to intend junto a, coupled with practico, practical *proponerse, to have in view (a) rayas, striped (goods) recto, straightforward riqueza, wealth sencillo, plain suceder, to succeed, to happen tenedores, holders (of securities, etc.) tratar, to conduct (business) vara, Spanish yard.



EXERCISE 1 (61).

Translate into English—

1. Eran las doce y media del domingo antepasado (before last), apacible dia, que, aunque estamos en otono, parecia mas dia de primavera, la Maria me acompanaba, aquella Senora del Peru que ha viajado tanto en la India y el Japon y cuyo marido y el mio eran tan amigos.

2. Ibamos a casa de la Senora.

3. La Coruna es ciudad de Galicia.

4. Carlos V., Emperador de Alemania es el mismo monarca que reino en Espana con el titulo de Carlos I desde 1517 a 1551.

5. Luis XIV de Francia no tenia sino cinco anos de edad cuando sucedio a su padre Luis XIII en 1643.

6. El principio de su reinado fue dirigido por Mazarin, italiano muy fino (shrewd), y astuto conocedor de los hombres.

7. ?Que dice ese papel?

8. Lista de los accesorios que se dan con cada maquina.

9. Tan ventajosas condiciones no se hallan en ningunas otras Companias para el seguro de la vida.

10. Tales administradores, valen un tesoro (are worth their weight in gold); de ellos depende el buen exito de las empresas.

11. Otro dependiente como el Sr. Arboleda no lo hallaran entre mil.

12. Estos cuadritos y rayas cuestan 45 centimos el metro, y estos mercerizados y grabados valen 40 centimos la vara.

13. ?Que es la vara?

14. Es medida espanola que equivale a 835 milimetros y 9 decimas o cerca de 33 pulgadas inglesas.



EXERCISE 2 (62).

Translate into Spanish—

1. An "iron framing" is a framing made of iron, but a "steam engine" (maquina a vapor) is an engine moved by steam.

2. I had the intention of giving more such examples but I believe one is enough.

3. In the construction of this building the architect had in view both the beautiful and the practical.

4. Yes, see how (cuan) elegant and at the same time how solid these columns are!

5. Business conducted through us (por nuestro medio) is different from the many advertised systems and promised short cuts to wealth which are dangled before the eyes of the (con que se deslumbra al) public.

6. Our plan is a plain (sencillo), straightforward method of operating by which we undertake to implicitly carry out (cumplir con) the instructions of our customers.

7. Our best advice and service are always at your command (a su disposicion).

8. "Kaffirs" have resorted to (han llegado) a state of idleness (inercia) coupled with steadily (mas y mas) sagging (aflojados) prices.

9. Holders of spot cotton have again experienced quite a brisk inquiry (una demanda muy activa) from spinners, who have freely (abundantemente) covered forward sales (para sus entregas futuras) of yarn.

10. They also took up large lines (grandes cantidades) of cotton previously contracted for (contratadas).

11. The total turnover (las ventas totales) was not quite as good as expected.



LESSON XXXII. (Leccion trigeima segunda.)

THE NOUN.

1. The gender of names of countries, provinces, and towns is according to their termination (Lesson III), but those ending in d are generally masculine.

Exceptions are found, the names "ciudad" or "pueblo" being then understood.

2. Names of trees are masculine, those of fruits are feminine.

EXCEPTIONS—

+ La higuera (the fig-tree) El melocoton (the peach) La palma (the palm-tree) El alberchigo (the peach) La vina (the vine-tree) El durazno (the apricot) El datil (the date) El albaricoque (the apricot) El pistacho (the pistachio-nut) El mango (the mango) El higo (the fig) +

And a few more.

3. A masculine article is used with other parts of speech whole sentences used substantively, as—

Quiero un si o un no claro: I want a clear (decisive) yes or no.

El aprender es util: Learning is useful.

El que lo haya hecho sin consultarme no puede serme de grande gusto: That he did it without consulting me is certainly not pleasing to me.

A list of principal exceptions to the rule given on Spanish gender by termination is given in Appendix I.

To the rules for the formation of the plural (Lesson III) we shall add—

1. Family names ending in z unstressed do not change—

Juan Fernandez But—El Sr. Ruiz Los Senores Fernandez Los Senores Ruices

2. The names of the vowels pluralize in es— Las aes, las ees, las ies, las oes, las ues.

3. Some Latin words used in Spanish, as—Accessit, deficit, fiat, ultimatum, agnus dei, etc., do not change for the plural, except—Album—albumes.

For other peculiarities of number see Appendix II. Collective nouns in Spanish are generally followed by the verb in the singular, as—La gente piensa: People think.

But after a collective noun, indefinite in its meaning, the verb may follow in the plural, as—Una cantidad de generos se vendio, or vendieron en subasta: A quantity of goods was or were sold by auction.

N.B.—The tendency of the language is in favour of the singular.

Poner (to put, to place).

Past Part., Puesto. Pres. Indic., Pongo.[174] Imper. Mood, Pon ... poned ...[175] Past Def., Puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron. Future Indic., Pondre, pondras, pondra, pondremos, pondeis, pondran.

Querer (to want a thing or person, to love a person, to be willing).

Pres. Indic., Quiero, quieres, quiere,—,—, quieren. [176] Past Def., Quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis, quisieron. Fut. Indic., Querre, querras, querra, querremos, querreis, querran.

[Footnote 174: Verbs which are irregular in the Pres. Indic. 1st person singular only, have the same irregularity in the present subj. all through.]

[Footnote 175: The 1st person pi. and 3rd pers. sing. and pl. of the Imperative Mood are taken from the Subj. Mood.]

[Footnote 176: Verbs which in the pres. indic. are irregular in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd pers. sing. and 3rd pers. pl. have the same irregularities in the pres. subj. in the same persons.]

Saber (to know).

Pres. Indic., Se, . . . Pres. Subj., Sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepais, sepan. Past Def., Supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supisteis, supieron. Fut. Indic., Sabre, sabras, sabra, sabremos, sabreis, sabran.

VOCABULARY.

apuro, straits, embarrassment armas blancas, side arms armas de fuego, fire-arms *atravesar, to traverse, to cross campos, fields cierre, lock-out compensar, to compensate, to make good *darse a partido, to yield, to submit disturbio, disturbance enfurecido, furioso, furious (enfuriated) ensenanza, teaching *escarmentar, to take warning fracaso, failure la fuente, the fountain, source fuerza motriz, motive power fundarse en, to base upon huelga, strike (of workmen) huerta, orchard infinidad (una), an infinite number interior, interior, inland limitar, to confine, to limit mejorar, to improve minero, miner obrero, workman orillas, banks of a river palmera, date palm poblacion, villa, town poliza de seguro, insurance policy prescindir de, to dispense with regadio, irrigation rieles, rails tal cual (of goods), as they are, as they were tomar en consideracion, to take into consideration, to entertain turba, crowd (motley) virtualmente, practically, virtually

EXERCISE 1 (63).

Translate into English—

1. La palmera., el pistacho, y la higuera crecen en Andalucia pero los datiles, los pistachos y los higos que se venden en el mercado ingles provienen principalmente de Berberia, de Grecia y Esmirna (Smyrna).

2. En los recientes disturbios en la provincia de Champana muchas vinas se han destruido por las turbas enfurecidas.

3. Expliqueme V. el como y el cuando del asunto (all about the affair) y luego (then) considerare yo el pro y el contra.

4. A mi no me importa el que diran (what people will say).

5. La industria del hierro es una de las principales fuentes de riqueza del Reino Unido.

6. Las maquinas de toda especie, los buques de vapor, los rieles de ferrocarriles, las herramientas mecanicas y agricolas, las armas blancas y de fuego y una infinidad de otros objetos se deben a esa industria.

7. En el norte de Espana, especialmente en Bilbao se trabaja el hierro en grande escala.

8. El rio que atraviesa dicha poblacion presta (gives) fuerza motriz a varias fabricas situadas en sus orillas, y sirve tambien al regadio de los campos y huertas.

9. Escarmentados por el fracaso de la huelga de los mineros, los obreros hiladores se dieron a partido admitiendo las condiciones ofrecidas por los patronos, evitando asi el cierre.

10. Patronos y obreros deberian trabajar armoniosamente y fundados en la justicia; el capital y el trabajo no pueden prescindir el uno del otro.

EXERCISE 2 (64).

Translate into Spanish—

1. The steamer ran aground on the Spanish coast but the crew were saved.

2. People are apt to forget (se olvida facilmente de) the teachings of history (historia).

3. His action has put me in a serious embarrassment.

4. I put it as a condition that the bills be drawn against delivery of B/L and insurance policy.

5. They placed all their trust in their agent.

6. I do not mean to say that they wanted to deceive him.

7. When prices improve we shall be willing (estaremos dispuestos) to sell.

8. I do not know what effect this had on the market.

9. If I knew, I should be able to act accordingly (de conformidad).

10. I do not think he knows (subj.) what suits him best.

11. The Directors are not in the least (absolutamente) disposed to launch upon (lanzarse a) a large foreign trade, so that the operations of the concern (compania or casa) remain confined practically to the inland market.

12. We received a claim on our last shipment but we refused to (rehusamos de) entertain it as the goods were jobs (generos imperfectos) and were sold as they were with all faults (imperfecciones).

13. We are sorry our customers should have suffered any loss, but we cannot make it good, and we shall stand our ground (insistiremos en eso).



LESSON XXXIII. (Leccion trigesima tercera.)

AUGMENTATIVE AND DIMINUTIVE TERMINATIONS

(see also Appendix IV).

Examples in English—

Ball, balloon Book, booklet Lad, laddie Man, manikin

These terminations are frequent in Spanish, especially the diminutive.

On (m.), ona (f.)[177] denote augmentation, as—

Libro, book Libron, large book

[Footnote 177: Feminine nouns, however, generally take on and become masculine, as—

Un mujeron: A tall woman. Except when ambiguity might arise, as:

Un muchachon: A tall or big boy Una muchachona: A tall or big girl.]

ito (m.), ita (f.), ico (m.), ica (f.)

Denote diminution (to which an idea of endearment is always attached which is natural in Spanish when speaking of little objects in the ordinary way.)

If for any reason disparagement or insignificance is suggested then illo, illa, uelo, uela, are used instead.

Other terminations less used are azo, acho, onazo, achon, ote, astro, aco, and a few others (augmentative, suggesting (generally) disparagement); ete, in, ino, itito, itico, itillo, and a few others (diminutive). If a noun ends in a vowel, this is elided[178] before adding the termination.

[Footnote 178: If a noun ends in n (except proper names like "Juan") or r, ito, ico, illo, uelo, change into cito, cico, cillo, zuelo. If a noun of one syllable ends in a consonant, or a noun of two syllables ends in e or io, or contains a diphthong, ito, ico, etc., change into ecito, ecico, etc. If a noun of one syllable ends in a vowel, ito, ico, etc., become ececito, ececico, etc. Other slight changes occur also.]

The Augmentative and Diminutive terminations have no determinate meaning: they are vague and indefinite and consequently when preciseness is required we must use the adjectives "grande," "pequeno," etc. (which can be employed conjointly with the terminations), as—

Me dio dos librones gruesos y tres libritos delgados: He gave me two heavy big books and three small ones.

Students should use the terminations on and ito but no others until they become familiar with them with reading, as they cannot be used indiscriminately with all nouns.

The termination azo serves also to indicate an injury or explosion from a weapon, as—

Un sablazo (a sabre-cut) Un punetazo (a blow with the fist) Un navajazo (a stab with a knife) Un canonazo (a cannon-shot)

With some weapons some other terminations are used—

Una cuchillada (same as navajazo) Una paliza (a thrashing with a stick)

Traer (to bring).

Pres. Part., Trayendo (i unstressed between two vowels always changes into y). Pres. Indic., Traigo. Past Def., Traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron.

VOCABULARY.

actitud, actitude agiotista, stock-jobber alejarse, to go away aludir a, to allude, to hint apurado de dinero, short of money apurar, to purify, to exhaust calcular, to calculate, to reckon callar, to keep silent, to omit speaking cambiar, to change, to alter consignar, to consign, to record contrato social, articles of partnership cordoban, morocco leather despacio, slowly despreciable, despicable dinero efectivo, cash discutir, to discuss especulacion, speculation, venture garrote, cudgel, stick *impedir, to hinder, to preclude ladron, thief (el) matiz, shade *mover, to move, to actuate mozalbete, beardless youth *quebrantamiento, breakage, break down reflejo, reflection *seguir, to pursue sin ton ni son, without rhyme or reason sombrero de copa, silk hat vejete, diminutive old man vocablo, vocable, word

EXERCISE 1 (65).

Translate into English—

1. El agiotista que V. ve alli, aquel hombron con el sombrerote de copa, ha hecho un fortunazo en sus especulaciones bursatiles (stock exchange speculations).

2. Aquel vejete que le acompana con ese mozalbete su hijo me ha vendido una partidilla de Cordoban muy baratita.

3. Librazo, libraco, librote, libracho son todos variaciones de "libro," como tambien librito, librillo, libreto, librete, libretin, librejo que son sus formas diminutivas.

4. Libreta es diminutive de "libra"; se usa tambien por pan de una libra; "libreto" es el de una opera; el cuadernito de papel de fumar es "librillo."

5. Estas graduaciones o matices del sentido se deben aprender con la practica y se deben usar naturalmente sin afectacion como reflejo del profundo conocimiento de la lengua, y no copiados de un diccionario "sin ton ni son" como se dice en espanol.

6. Por ejemplo, "librazo, libracho, y librote" se refieren mas al aspecto del libro. "Libracos" mas a los despreciables por su contenido.

7. Tambien se debe notar que algunas terminaciones convienen a ciertos vocablos y a otros no, por ejemplo hay "libraco" y "pajarraco" pero esta terminacion no puede tomarla el sustantivo "hombre."

8. En fin con lo dicho y con lo consignado en el apendice IV el estudiante tiene bastante por ahora.

9. Con la Republica en Portugal acabadita de proclamar, nos vemos apuradillos de dinero pues los clientes portugueses van despacito en sus remesas.

10. Callandito se vino el ladronzuelo y se alejo sin ser visto.

11. Cuchilladas, pistolazos, revolveradas, y aun garrotazos son raros en Inglaterra; el Ingles se bate a punetazo limpio (with his fist) cuando es de la hampa (a rough), y cuando es caballero no se bate aunque si llega el caso es muy capaz de dar muy buena cuenta de si.

EXERCISE 2 (66).

Translate into Spanish—

1. If you cannot command (no puede disponer de) cash, we shall have to alter our price lists as our prices will have to be reckoned on a different basis; they will be a little dearer.

2. I am bound to say that there is some very strong opinion on this side (de este lado) against the course your Government intends to pursue in the matter.

3. The situation has been complicated by the breakdown of the arrangement we had made with our carriers (agentes de transporte).

4. I believe that the reason actuating Mr. Melero's attitude (mueve al Sr. M. en su) towards us, a reason which he hinted more than once in his correspondence, is that his articles of partnership with his friends in Rosario preclude him from entertaining (tomar en consideracion) any new ventures.

5. At the monthly meeting of the Council of the Chamber of Commerce (Consejo de la Camara de Comercio) the Japanese tariff was discussed on a (tras) communication from the Board of Trade ("Board of Trade," Ministerio de Comercio).



LESSON XXXIV. (Leccion trigesima cuarta.)

THE ADJECTIVE.

The position of qualifying adjectives is generally after the noun, especially

1. Those denoting physical qualities, as—

Un hombre ciego: A blind man. Una mesa redonda: A round table. Pano negro: Black cloth.

2. Those denoting nationality, as—

Quincalla inglesa: British hardware.

3. Those derived from verbs, as—

Mercancia averiada: Damaged goods.

The above rule is subject to many exceptions for the sake of euphony or to give more than the ordinary prominence to the adjective or the noun; however, the following rule will be found a reliable general one, and it is in fact the informing principle of all special rules given in the various grammars—

An adjective used as an epithet should precede the noun; if used as a distinguishing word it should follow.

By an adjective used as an epithet, we mean one calling to mind a quality known (or supposed) to belong to the noun, as—

No perdio el aliento el valiente general: The brave general did not lose courage.

By a distinguishing word we mean one used to indicate the quality of a noun as compared with another of the same species, as—

Quiero comprar maquinaria barata: I wish to buy cheap machinery.

The Partitive Adjectives "some" and "any" are left out in translation when they do not convey the idea of limited quantity. When they do, "algun," "un poco de" (sing.), "algunos" and "unos" (pl.) are used.

"Un poco de" and "unos" convey the idea of a more limited quantity or number than "alguno" and "algunos."

The following few examples are calculated to make it clear as regards the various shades of meaning—

?Tiene V. alfombras? Have you any carpets?

Tengo algun azucar para vender: I have some sugar to sell.

?Quiere V. un poco de papel? Will you have some paper?

Yo tengo algunas obligaciones: I have some debentures.

He recibido algunos cigarros, le reservare unas cajas de los mejores: I received some cigars; I shall reserve for you some boxes of the best quality.

One adjective preceding two or more nouns agrees in gender and number with the first only, as—

La nueva caldera y accesorios gusto (or gustaron) mucho al cliente: The new boiler and accessories pleased the customer very much.

N.B.—If a verb intervenes the adjective is generally plural, and in case of different genders is pl. masc., as—

Adjuntos remitimos factura y conocimiento: Enclosed we send invoice and bill of lading.

When the adjective follows two or more nouns, it is put in the plural, as—

El trigo y el maiz estan sostenidos: Wheat and maize are firm.

If the nouns are of different genders, the adjective is pl. masc., as—

El encaje y las guarniciones han salido caros: The lace and trimmings came out dear.

EXCEPTION—

When all the several nouns preceding the adjective are in the plural, and all referring to things (not persons), the adjective may be made to agree in gender with the noun last mentioned, as—

Los tornillos y las tuercas estan bien ajustados (or ajustadas): The screws and nuts are well adjusted. It is better to avoid this construction

(1) By saying "las tuercas y los tornillos estan bien ajustados."

(2) By using an adjective having the same termination for masculine and feminine.

(3) By giving a different turn to the sentence, as: "Son de buen ajuste".

Adjectives that qualify the fem. nada (nothing) are always used in the masculine—

Nada bueno espero de el: I expect nothing good from him.

Adjectives referring to titles of individuals are placed in the gender of the persons bearing those titles, as—

V. (contraction of Vuestra Merced) es muy buen amigo: You are a very good friend.

Adjectives of colour derived from a noun, as "violeta" (violet), "rosa" (pink), "chocolate" (chocolate), etc., do not take the mark of the plural, the words "color de" being understood before them, as—

Guantes crema: Cream gloves.



Valer (to be worth).

Pres. Indic., Valgo. Fut. Indic., Valdre, valdras, valdra, valdremos, valdreis, valdran. Imper. Mood, Val or vale....

VOCABULARY.

aceite, oil aflojar, to slacken ajuste de averia, average adjustment almacenes fiscales, bonded ware houses carne en salmuera, pickled beef comarca, region conceder, to grant, to allow cosecha, crop, harvest cueros, hides exiguo, small, insignificant, slender incluir, to include, to enclose incluso, included incluyendo, including integro, upright, integer, whole interino, interim juicioso, sensible linones, olanes, lawns manteca de puerco, lardo, lard pieles, skins productos accesorios, by-products sebo, tallow tarjeta, card tasajo, jerked beef tierno, tender viajante, commercial traveller[179]

[Footnote 179: Traveller (passenger, tourist)—Viajero.]

EXERCISE 1 (67).

Translate into English—

1. Beneficas lluvias han caido en toda la comarca, y las tiernas plantas prometen abundante cosecha si siguen favorables las condiciones climatologicas (climatic).

2. Las compras baratas no resultan siempre lo que se llama "gangas" (bargains) pues es necesario tambien que sean de calidad conveniente y adecuada para el mercado a que se las destine.

3. He recibido una consignacion de carne en salmuera, lenguas en latas (canned tongues), tasajo, sebo, margarina, manteca de puerco (or lardo), y productos accesorios que espero poder colocar bien.

4. Me enviaron tambien un poco de aceite de margarina, heces de sebo (tallow greaves), hueso molido (bone-meal) y tripas de buey (ox casings) baratas.

5. ?Ha vendido V. algo de estas?

6. No, pero he vendido un poco de sebo.

7. ? No ha recibido V. cueros y pieles?

8. No, estos no pertenecen a mi ramo de negocios (line of business).

9. Ha entrado mucho te este mes en los almacenes fiscales y ademas algun cafe de Costa Rica.

10. La magnifica coleccion de muestras y tarjetas para reclamo (advertisement) que nos trajo ese viajante nos han gustado muchisimo.

11. El ajuste de averia y el cheque por la indemnizacion concedida van inclusos.

12. Tanto los provechos como las perdidas son exiguos (or exiguas).

13. No hay nada (de) extraordinario en que afloje el mercado.

14. V. es hombre integro y su Senora es mujer juiciosa.

15. Le tomare algunas piezas de prueba de estos linones rosa y crema pero nada de estos estampados chocolate.

EXERCISE 2 (68).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We have to acknowledge the receipt of your esteemed letter of the 1st inst., which brought us L640 on L. & Sons, payable August 10th.

2. Carried forward (a la vuelta). Brought forward (de la vuelta).

3. Brown sugars have been rather brisk for some time (desde algun tiempo).

4. The manufacturer has discontinued making the old article.

5. The Directors of the Z Company announce an interim (provisorio) dividend for the first six months of the current year at the rate of 10 per cent. per annum.

6. Reuter's Paris correspondent telegraphs that earnest representations are being made by the British Chamber of Commerce in Paris to the French Customs Administration (Administracion de Aduanas) concerning the recent change in the classification of yarns wound on bobbins (en bobinas), a matter which seriously affects Lancashire interests.

7. The great object (objeto principal) the meeting had in view was the promotion of further (el abrir nuevas vias al) progress and (y a la) civilisation. That necessarily implied fewer appeals to the arbitrament of the sword (que deberian disminuir los casos de apelar a la espada) and (y ser) more frequent appeals to the remedy of reason.