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EXAMPLES—
Mi embarque: My shipment. Nuestro arreglo: Our arrangement. Su sinceridad: His, her, or their sincerity. Tu beneficio: Thy benefit. Sus fondos: His funds, capital.
De el, de ella, de ellos, de V., etc., may be added for the sake of clearness, but are not needed when the sense is clear without them.[88]
In the 3rd person (but not in the 1st and 2nd) instead of "su ... de el," "su ... de V.," etc., we may say "el ... de el," "el ... de V.," etc.
[Footnote 88: "De V." is added also for politeness ("V." being a title in itself—your grace).]
The Possessive Pronouns are—
El mio, la mia, los mios, las mias (mine). El tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (thine). El suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (his, hers, theirs, yours, polite). El nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras (ours). El vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras (yours familiar).
The Possessive Pronoun must be preceded by the definite article except when it follows the verb "to be" ("Ser") and ownership is asserted.
EXAMPLES—
Su casa es mas importante que la mia: His firm is more important than mine.
V. ha acabado su trabajo, pero yo no he principiado el mio: You have finished your work, but I have not started mine.
Estos titulos y acciones son mios: These bonds and shares are mine (viz., belong to me).[89]
[Footnote 89: If the intention is only to distinguish between one object and another the article is maintained; as, Estas son mis acciones, aquellas son las de V. (these are my shares, those are yours).]
Possessive Adjectives Emphatic. If any emphasis is placed on the possessive adjectives, the forms of the possessive pronouns are used, following the noun, as—
Quiero la maleta mia y no la de su amigo: I want my portmanteau, not your friend's.
"A friend of mine," "a customer of yours" will be translated "un amigo de los mios," "un cliente de los suyos," or also "un amigo mio," "un cliente suyo," without the preposition de.
The Possessive Pronoun preceded by the neuter article lo denotes "property in general," as—
Lo mio (mine—that which is mine). Lo nuestro (ours—that which belongs to us). Lo suyo or lo propio (one's own property). Lo ajeno (other people's property (that which belongs to others)).
In addressing a person translate "my," etc., by "mio," etc., as—
Amigo mio: My friend. Muy Senor mio (usual introduction to a Spanish letter).
But if the noun is qualified by an adjective, both "mi" and "mio" are used ("mi" is more general), as Mi querido amigo (my dear friend).
Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd Form).[90] Hablar. Temer. Partir. Que yo hablara Temiera Partiera Partieras " tu hablaras Temieras Partiera " el hablara Temiera Partieramos " nosotros hablaramos Temieramos Partierais " vosotros hablarais Temierais Partieran " ellos-as hablaran Temieran
[Footnote 90: Used just the same as the 1st form; but it may also be used instead of the Conditional Mood.]
- - - Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense.[91] - - - Que yo hablare (that I Temiere (that I Partiere (that I shall speak, etc.) shall fear, etc.) shall depart, etc.) " tu hablares Temieres Partieres " el hablare Temiere Partiere " nosotros hablaremos Temieremos Partieremos " vosotros hablareis Temiereis Partiereis " ellos-as hablaren Temieren Partieren - - -
[Footnote 91: Refers to a future doubtful action; little used. Its place is generally supplied by the Present Subjunctive, and, after si (if), by the Present Indicative.]
VOCABULARY.
*atenerse a to adhere to *adherir a to adhere to ajustar, to adjust apresurarse a, to hasten to. asegurar, to secure averia, average (damage by sea-water, etc.) buque, ship buque de vapor, steamer buque de vela, sailing vessel cabida, room, space codiciar, to covet deber, to owe, must debido a, owing to direccion, address encaminar, to forward hierro, iron mensual, monthly mercado de granos, grain market muestra, sample peticion, request pormenores, detalles, particulars, details por tanto, por eso, therefore proporcionado, adecuado, adequate puerto, port relacion, report representante, representative resto, restante, remainder resultado, result riesgo, risk (a or por) saldo, (in) settlement satisfecho, satisfied siguiente, following someter, to submit (la) sucursal, branch house surtido, assortment, selection vigas, beams
EXERCISE 1 (21).
Translate into English—
1. Su representante de V. me ha sometido sus (his) muestras y dentro de pocos dias hare un surtido.
2. En seno (herewith) les enviamos nuestro precio corriente.
3. Sirvase V. consignar los generos a la orden mia y no a la (orden) del Sr. Fulano, como lo hacia V. antes.
4. Su casa y la mia estan ambas (both) interesadas en esta especulacion.
5. Les embarcaremos sus vigas de hierro por el proximo vapor y las (vigas) de su sucursal de Rosario con el buque siguiente.
6. Nuestro buque de vela el "Neron" saldra (will leave) en breve (shortly).
7. Queremos lo nuestro pero no codiciamos lo ajeno.
8. Nuestro catalogo contiene todos los pormenores necesarios.
9. Debemos su nombre de V. al Sr. Fulano.
10. Nos tomamos la libertad de solicitar sus apreciables ordenes.
11. A nuestro parecer (in our opinion) su clientela de V. es mejor que la suya de el.
EXERCISE 2 (22).
Translate into Spanish—
1. We beg (tenemos el gusto de) to inform you that your order has been placed at your prices owing to the fall experienced (que tuvimos) in our market.
2. In our monthly report, which we beg to enclose, we have stated (consignado) the present position of our grain market.
3. Please forward the enclosed letters to their address.
4. Our risk would be great and therefore we must adhere to our request of an adequate commission.
5. The average having been adjusted we now hasten to enclose our cheque for L59 16s. 9d. in settlement of your claim as per statement enclosed.
6. Trusting (en la confianza que) you will be satisfied with (con or de) this result, we are, yours faithfully (somos de Vs. attos. y S.S.Q.B.S.M.[92]).
7. We have secured room for the remainder of your machinery in the steamer leaving (que saldra de) our port on the 10th prox.
[Footnote 92: Atentos y seguros servidores (que besan sus manos). The words in brackets are not used in South America and some Spanish firms also omit them. Instead of q.b.s.m., Spaniards have lately adopted: q.e.s.m. (que estrechan sus manos).]
LESSON XII. (Leccion decima segunda.)
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
A demonstrative adjective accompanies a noun and a demonstrative pronoun stands for a noun.
The Demonstrative Adjectives are—
-+ Este, esta (this). Estos, estas[93] (these). Ese, esa (that). Esos, esas[93] (those near to the person addressed). Aquel, aquella (that). Aquellos, aquellas (those removed from both speaker and addressee). + -
[Footnote 93: Sometimes "estotro," "estotra," "esotro," "esotra," but these and other forms are obsolete.]
The difference between Ese and Aquel is not strictly observed. However, in cases like "this box," "that table," "that cupboard yonder," use ese for the nearer of the two removed from the speaker: "Esta caja," "esa mesa," "aquel armario."
The Demonstrative Pronouns are the same as the above, with the addition of—
Neuter form Esto, eso, aquello[94] (this, that). This has no plural and is used—
1. In reference to a whole sentence, as—
El mercado del algodon esta muy abatido; esto me desanima: The cotton market is very flat; this disconcerts me.
2. In reference to something pointed at, without referring to what the thing is,[95] as—
?Que es eso? What is that? (thing there, whatever it may be.)
Este, ese, aquel, etc., are accented when a stress is placed on them; Este is also used for "the latter" and Aquel for "the former."[96]
Instead of ese, etc., aquel, etc., before que and de, the definite article is generally used, as—
El aumento de precio de hoy y el[97] que tuvimos ayer: The increase in price to-day and that we had yesterday.
La remesa anterior y la que haremos hoy: The previous shipment and that we are sending to-day.
El flete del aceite y el de los vinos: The freight on oil, and that on wine.
Mis documentos y los de mi jefe: My documents and those of my chief (employer).
Lo que (instead of "aquello que") escribo es la pura verdad: That which (what) I write is the honest truth.
[Footnote 94: "Eso" and "aquello" are used practically indiscriminately.]
[Footnote 95: French "ceci," "cela."]
[Footnote 96: Esto es—namely, that is ...]
[Footnote 97: It might appear to be an abbreviation of "aquel," but it is not] so.
A preposition may precede que, as—
?Que libro es ese? Es el en que escribimos ayer: What book is that? It is that in which we wrote yesterday.
?Que carta quiere V.? La a que me referi ayer: What letter do you want? That to which I referred yesterday.
?Que plumas son estas? Son las con que yo escribia: What pens are these? They are those with which I wrote.
Esta translates the commercial phrase, "our place," "our market."
Esa translates the commercial phrase, "your place," "your market."
As—
El mercado en esta esta muy flojo: The market here is very slack.
Nos dicen los armadores que el cargamento llegara a esa el 15 del mes entrante: The shipowners inform us that the cargo will reach your town on the 15th prox.
+ -+ Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense. + -+ -+ -+ -+ Haber. Tener. Ser. Estar. + -+ -+ -+ -+ Que yo haya (that I Tenga (that I Sea (that I Este (that I may have, etc.) may have, etc.) may be, etc.) may be, etc.) " tu hayas Tengas Seas Estes " el haya Tenga Sea Este " nosotros Tengamos Seamos Estemos hayamos " vosotros Tengais Seais Esteis hayais " ellos hayan Tengan Sean Esten + -+ -+ -+ -+
VOCABULARY.
a ese respecto, in that respect acusar, to accuse, to show al menos, at least barca a motor motor-boat barca automovil motor-boat carriles, rieles, railes, rails competidor, contrincante, competitor, neighbour[98] condiciones, terms contra, against deprimir, to depress descarga, discharge, the discharging desgracia, misfortune dias de estadia, lay days dificultad, difficulty elevar, to raise, to enhance esta visto, it is obvious evitar, to avoid fletar, to freight mar alborotada, heavy sea mercado algodonero, cotton market mina de carbon, colliery *ofrecer, to offer oscilacion, uncertainty, wavering, ups and downs perturbar, to disturb sorprendente, surprising suma redonda, lump sum *volcar, to capsize, to overturn
[Footnote 98: Neighbour, person living near: vecino.]
EXERCISE 1 (23).
Translate into English—
1. Debido a la ultima baja que se ha verificado en este mercado, podemos ofrecerles una reduccion de diez por ciento en los precios de esos generos.
2. Esta visto que el gobierno de aquella republica no solo no se ocupa de elevar el credito sino que tiene la desgracia de deprimirlo y de perturbar el mercado bursatil (the money market).
3. Se ha repetido en esta la oscilacion que hubo en la semana pasada.
4. Los consolidados (the consolidated) han abierto a 82 y la Renta Italiana a 101, habiendo bajado mas tarde aquellos a 81 1/2 y esta a 100.
5. El Amortizable 5% (the 5% Redeemable) subio hasta (to) 103.
6. La revista del mercado algodonero acusa una baja en los futures y la de la Bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranjeros.
7. Esto es muy natural, aquello es sorprendente.
8. Yo le digo esto: lo hare.
9. Eso me conviene.
EXERCISE 2 (24).
Translate into Spanish—
1. We shall ship these iron beams and those steel rails by a sailing vessel which we intend to (intentamos) freight at (por) a lump sum, with at least ten lay days for discharging.
2. This will avoid any (toda) difficulty in that respect.
3. A German motor-boat was making this week a trial run (excursion de prueba) in a (con la) heavy sea when she capsized (y se volco).
4. The net profits of this year show (muestran, acusan) an increase of L1,000.
5. The working (la explotacion) of those collieries has resulted in a loss.
6. Messrs. Brown & Co. of your city (de esa) have sent their agent over (aqui) to make considerable purchases.
7. We hastened to submit to them our best terms offering a credit of nine months against their acceptances.
8. These terms are better than those of our competitors. This is certain.
LESSON XIII. (Leccion decima tercera.)
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
- Sing. Plu. - Quien Quienes (who, whom) El cual Los cuales (who, whom or which) La cual Las cuales Que (that) Cuyo Cuyos (whose, or of which (denoting Cuya Cuyas possession)) -
Quien is used for persons only. El cual and que are used for persons and things.
EXAMPLES—
El agente a quien (or al cual) hemos escrito: The agent to whom we have written.
?Son aquellas las partidas de azucares de las cuales me hablo V. ayer? Are those the lots of sugar of which you spoke to me yesterday?
Me acuerdo de las personas y las cosas que V. ha mencionado: I remember the people and things that you mentioned.
El buque cuya tripulacion ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has landed.
El comerciante a cuyo hijo hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.
_Que_ is used very often instead of _quien_ and _el cual. Que_ is to be preferred when the clause following is a mere complement of the principal clause (preceding), and _Quien_ or _El cual_ only when the following clause is considered not less in importance than the clause preceding, viz., when it introduces _a new idea,[99] as—
?Ha visto V. al viajante que nos visito esta manana? Have you seen the traveller who called on us this morning?
He conocido al banquero quien era hombre muy juicioso y prudente: I knew the banker who was a very wise and prudent man.
[Footnote 99: This is practically saying: after a comma, only the use of the comma is so arbitrary that we preferred to explain the rule fully.]
After ser and a noun or pronoun, translate "who" by quien, as—
Es el (Carlos) quien me lo ha dicho: It is he (Charles) who told it to me.
After a preposition translate "whom" by quien (pl., quienes)[100], and "which" by el cual (la cual, etc.).
[Footnote 100: "Que" is found but rarely.]
EXCEPTION—
After a, con, de, en, we can also translate "which" equally well by que, or el que, la que, los que, las que.[101]
[Footnote 101: "Que" or "El que" is found also after other prepositions but rarely.]
"Which" relating to a whole sentence is lo cual or lo que (naturally, because a whole sentence has no gender).
Instead of cuyo we may use de quien, del cual, de que, del que, as—
El buque, la tripulacion del cual, de que, or del que ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has landed.
El comerciante al hijo de quien, or del cual hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.
"He who" is translated by aquel que, el que,[102] also quien.
"She who" is translated by aquella que, la[102] que, also quien.
"Those who" is translated by aquellos que, los[102] que, also quienes.
[Footnote 102: See Lesson XII.]
Relative Pronouns cannot be left out, understood, in Spanish, as—
El hombre a quien, or que vi: The man I saw.
Expressions as "The man I spoke to" must, of course, be rendered "The man to whom I spoke" (El hombre a quien hable).
Expressions as "I recommend you Messrs. So-and-So than which no better firm exists," are rendered "Le recomiendo a V. la casa de los Srs. Fulanos de Tal que no la hay mejor (or de la cual, or de la que no hay otra mejor)".
- Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense. - - - -+ Haber. Tener. Ser. Estar. Que yo hubiese Tuviese (that I Fuese (that I Estuviese (that I (that I might, might, would, might, would, might, would, would, or should or should or should or should have, etc.) have, etc.) be, etc.) be, etc.) " tu hubieses Tuvieses Fueses Estuvieses " el hubiese Tuviese Fuese Estuviese " nosotros Tuviesemos Fuesemos Estuviesemos hubiesemos " vosotros Tuvieseis Fueseis Estuvieseis hubieseis " ellos hubiesen Tuviesen Fuesen Estuviesen + - - - -
VOCABULARY.
amargo, bitter armador de buques, shipowner arreglar, to arrange el bien, the good buque, barco, navio, boat cauto, cautious *conocer, to know through the senses, to be acquainted with deuda, debt doloroso, painful endosar, to endorse ensenar, to teach, to show esperar, to expect, to hope, to wait estadisticas, statistics falta, want, absence of flojo, slack fundar, to found gratitud, gratitude *hacer mencion, to mention herida, wound, sting informar (de), to inform of, to acquaint with llevar chasco, to be disappointed, to be baffled *negar, to deny periodico, newspaper premio, reward, prize, premium robar, to rob, to steal simpatico, pleasant, winsome, taking *tener empeno, to be earnest, anxious about anything
EXERCISE 1 (25).
Translate into English—
1. El hombre que me hablo no es el a quien hemos escrito.
2. He aqui (here is) el libro que me enseno esta regla.
3. He escrito al hombre que nos endoso la letra.
4. He comprado el periodico que contiene aquellas estadisticas.
5. He arreglado con el negociante quien (or el cual) parece hombre muy simpatico.
6. El corredor, quien (or el cual) tiene mucho empeno en concluir la transaccion, me vino a ver otra vez (again) esta manana.
7. El capital, el cual se ha destinado a la explotacion de las minas, es intangible (cannot be touched).
8. El hombre a quien (or al cual) me refiero es armador de buques.
9. El negociante de quien (or del cual) le hablaba es integerrimo (most upright).
10. El asunto a que me referia (or de que trataba).
11. La pluma con que escribia y con la cual (or con la que) puede escribir V.
12. La mina en que (or en la cual) fundaba sus esperanzas.
13. El dinero sobre el cual contaba.
14. Los generos para los cuales se dio (was given) la orden.
15. ?Es el quien lo quiere y a cuyo hijo (or al hijo de quien) V. conoce?
EXERCISE 2 (26).
Translate into Spanish—
1. He who robs you of (roba) money robs you of little, but he who denies you a debt of well-deserved gratitude robs you of more, which is obvious.
2. Those who deny this (nieguen, (subj.)) have not experienced how (cuan) painful is the sting of ingratitude.
3. Those who do good should do it expecting ingratitude for (por) their reward, then they will not be disappointed.
4. It is a truth than which no bitterer exists.
5. The steamer I have bought is a first-class boat.
6. The little (pequena) house I paid for.
7. The firm I made mention of enjoys good credit.
8. I wonder (me pregunto yo) if this is the engineer whose son is a lawyer.
9. Their market is very slack at present, which accounts for (explica) the want of their remittances.
10. I acquainted them with all the facts, which made them very cautious.
11. We are acquainted with Mr. McIntyre (conocemos al), who is a Scotchman.
12. He is only an acquaintance (un conocido or un conocimiento).
LESSON XIV. (Leccion decima cuarta.)
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.
These are the same as the relative pronouns, only they are written with an accent—
?Quien,-es? (who, whom?) ?Cual,-es? (which?) ?Que? (what?) ?Cuyo,-a,-os,-as? (whose?) ?De quien,-es[103]? (whose?) ?Cuanto,-a,-os,-as? (how much, how many?)
[Footnote 103: "De quien" is more usual than "Cuyo" in interrogations.]
Cual when interrogative is used without the definite article which must accompany it when it is a relative pronoun. Quien, interrogative, is never an adjective.
EXAMPLES—
?Quien vino a verme? Who came to see me?
?Cual arreglo le gusta a V. mas? Which arrangement do you prefer?
?Cuyo es este lapiz? Whose is this pencil? or Whose ?Cuyo lapiz es este? pencil is this? ?De quien es este lapiz?
?De quien recibio V. la consignacion de madera? From whom did you receive the consignment of timber?
?A quienes nos refieren Vs. para informes? To whom do you refer us for information?
?Cuanto me cobrara V.? How much will you charge me?
Cual (which) is often used instead of the English "what", as—
?Cuales son sus intenciones? What are your intentions?
Que is used in exclamatory sentences—"what a", as—
iQue lastima! What a pity! iQue bonitos panos! What nice suitings![104]
[Footnote 104: Before an adjective without a noun following "que" translates the English "how":—iQue bonito! how nice!]
An emphatic tan or mas may be inserted, thus—
iQue pano tan bonito! What a very nice suiting! iQue hombre mas rico! What a very rich man!
Cual is used in exclamatory clauses instead of como (how), as—
iCual le han reducido las desgracias! How (or to what a state) misfortunes have reduced him! iCual la vi! How (or in what a state) did I see her!
Cuanto is also used in exclamations, as—
iCuanto le agradezco su amabilidad! How much obliged I am for your kindness!
Cual without article and without accent is used for "as," as—
Una casa (tal) cual yo la deseaba: A house (such) as I liked.
Such expressions as "He wrote me a letter, which letter I still possess," are translated "Me escribio una carta, cuya carta aun tengo."
Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd form).
+ -+ -+ -+ -+ Haber. Tener. Ser. Estar. + -+ -+ -+ -+ Que yo hubiera Tuviera Fuera Estuviera " tu hubieras Tuvieras Fueras Estuvieras " el hubiera Tuviera Fuera Estuviera " nosotros hubieramos Tuvieramos Fueramos Estuvieramos " vosotros hubierais Tuvierais Fuerais Estuvierais " ellos hubieran Tuvieran Fueran Estuvieran + -+ -+ -+ -+
Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense.
- + Que yo hubiere (that Tuviere (that Fuere (that Estuviere I shall have, I shall have, I shall be, (that I shall etc.) etc.) etc.) be, etc.) " tu hubieres Tuvieres Fueres Estuvieres " el hubiere Tuviere Fuere Estuviere " nosotros hubieremos Tuvieremos Fueremos Estuvieremos " vosotros hubiereis Tuviereis Fuereis Estuviereis " ellos hubieren Tuvieren Fueren Estuvieren + -
Imperative Mood. (This mood is used to command or beg.)
- - Hablar Habla[105](speak thou, sing.) Hablad (speak you, plu.) Temer Teme (fear " ) Temed (fear " ) Partir Parte (depart " ) Partid (depart " ) Haber He[106] (have " ) Habed (have " ) Tener Ten ( " " ) Tened ( " " ) Ser Se (be " ) Sed (be " ) Estar Esta ( " " ) Estad ( " " ) - -
[Footnote 105: The Imperative Mood has only a separate form for the 2nd pers. sing. and plu. It has no 1st pers. sing. and the 1st pers. pl. and 3rd pers. sing. and pl. are taken from the Pres. Subj.
The 2nd pers. pl. is derived from the Infinitive Mood by changing the final r into d—no exception.
The 2nd pers. sing. is the same as the 3rd pers. sing. of the Pres. Indicative, with a few exceptions (among which are Haber, Tener, Ser).]
[Footnote 106: Given as a form only, as Haber has no Imperative Mood in modern Spanish, except in Heme, hete, hele, aqui, etc. (here I am, here thou art, here he is, etc.), and in some other rare cases.
N.B.—In Spanish there is no imperative negative, the Pres. Subj. negative being used instead, as—
Hablar. No hables (do not (thou) speak). No hableis (do not (you) speak).]
VOCABULARY.
*acordarse, to remember me acuerdo, I remember se acuerda, he remembers cartera, pocket-book, portfolio contestar a, responder a, to answer *decir, to say *devolver, to return, give back devuelto, given back devuelvo, I return, give back digo, I say dice, he says dije, I said dijo, he said disgustado, annoyed, disgusted, displeased flojedad, slackness *hacer escala, to call at (steamers) mucho me gusta, I am very glad negativa, refusal notas (billetes) de banco, bank notes *oir, to hear *perder, to lose perdiendo, losing *querer, to want, to be willing to have quiero, I want, I am willing to have quiere, he wants, he is willing to have responder,[107] to answer *seguir, to continue sorpresa, surprise
[Footnote 107: "Responder"; past part., "respuesto"—otherwise regular.]
EXERCISE 1 (27).
Translate into English—
1. ?Quien respeta las leyes?
2. ?Cuales leyes?
3. Las de este pais. ?Que dice V.?
4. Lo que V. oye (you hear).
5. Estos panuelos y zarazas son cuales V. deseaba.
6. Mucho me gusta saberlo.
7. iQue hermosas telas! iy baratas!
8. iCuanto pide V. por ellas?
9 ?Cuantos dividendos ha pagado esa Compania? Tres.
10. ?Cuantos dijo V. (did you say)?
11. Tres o cuatro, no me acuerdo exactamente.
12. ?Cuya cartera es esta?
13. Es la cartera de mi hermano, cuya cartera, como V. habra sabido, la perdio con L500 en notas de banco y le fue devuelta.
14. ?De quien es el cargamento cuyo conocimiento ha llegado?
15. Es mio.
16. ?Que libro es este? Es el mio.
17. Ha seguido la flojedad en los valores, perdiendo mucho el amortizable.
18. Hubo pocas (few) transacciones en general.
19. iCual lo hallamos!
20. iAbsolutamente desanimado! iQue lastima!
EXERCISE 2 (28).
Translate into Spanish—
1. What reduction can you make?
2. Twopence a yard.
3. Which of the two will you have (quiere V.)?
4. What orders did you give?
5. Whose goods are these?
6. What a surprise!
7. How much money did you receive?
8. How many lots of white shirting have you placed?
9. Did you answer all his letters?
10. If we bought (si comprasemos) the (colonial) produce dearer than the figure you indicated we should have to answer for it (seriamos responsables).
11. The cotton prints and union drills we sent you will answer your requirements (corresponderan a sus necesidades).
12. Mr. Perez seems annoyed by your refusal.
13. I am very sorry (lo siento mucho or infinito) but it is not my fault.
14. I could not accept the rebate under (en) the circumstances.
15. Has the steamer called at Malaga?
16. I believe she has (que si).
LESSON XV. (Leccion decima quinta.)
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
(Those marked with an asterisk are Pronouns only.)
Alguno, *alguien (pronounced alguien), (some, somebody, anybody) *Algo, alguna cosa (something, anything) *Uno-a,-os-as (one, a person, some, some persons) Uno a otro (one another, each other) Uno u otro (one or the other, either) Uno y otro, ambos, entrambos (both) Ni uno ni otro (neither the one nor the other) Ni uno (not a single one) Los otros, los demas (the others) Mismo (same, self) Cierto-a,-os-as (a certain, certain) Cada (each) *Cada uno, *cada cual (each, each one) Otro (other, another[108]) Todo (all, everything, every) Todos (everybody, all) Poco (little) Pocos (few) Unos pocos, unos cuantos (a few) Mucho-a,-os-as (much, many) Varios (several) Cualquiera (sing.), Cualesquiera (pl.), (any, whichever) *Quienquiera (sing.), quienesquiera (pl.), (any, whoever, whomever) *Cualquiera cosa (anything, whatever) Propio-a, os-as (own, self, same) Tal (sing.), tales (pl. such a, such) *Fulano, zutano, mengano (So-and-So) Cuanto (todo lo que), (all that which) Cuantos (todos los que), (all those who) Ninguno (no one, nobody, not any) *Nada (nothing), *nadie (no one, nobody) *Quien ... quien, *cual ... cual (some ... some)
[Footnote 108: "Another" is "otro," not "un otro."]
Cada is an adjective only, as—
Cada huelga de obreros dana la industria nacional: Each workmen's strike injures national industry.
Alguien, algo, cada, nada, nadie are invariable, and the verb accompanying them is always singular, as—
Alguien hizo un error de pluma: Somebody made a slip of the pen.
Algo es mejor que el dinero, el honor: There is something better than money, honour.
?Hay algo peor que la ingratitud? Is there anything worse than ingratitude?
Nada es absolutamente perfecto y nadie es infalible: Nothing is absolutely perfect and nobody is infallible.
Further difference in meaning between alguien and alguno—
Alguien refers to persons only, and cannot be followed by de. Alguno to persons or things, and may be followed by de,[109] as—
Alguien or Alguno se ha quejado: Somebody has complained.
Quiere naranjas y melocotones y yo tengo algunos: He wants oranges and peaches, and I have some.
Alguno de ellos lo hara: Someone amongst them will do it.
The English "any," "anything," are translated by alguno, alguna cosa (algo) when interrogative; ninguno, ninguna cosa (nada) when negative; and cualquiera, cualquiera cosa when affirmative, as—
?Quiere V. algun refresco o algo que comer? Do you want any refreshments[110] or anything to eat?
No quiero ningunos Holandillos: I do not want any Hollands.
Cualquier(a) muchacho de escuela echaria de ver que estas Batistas Victoria son mas ordinarias: Any schoolboy could see that these Victoria Lawns are of lower quality.
Alguno and Ninguno are left understood oftener than in English, as—
?Comprara V. (algunos) titulos de la nueva emision? Will you buy any stock of the new issue?
El no pide consejos: He does not ask any advice.
When nadie and ninguno, or any other negative word, as the adverb nunca (never), etc., precede a verb, no other negative is required; but when they follow it, no (not) must precede the verb, as: No he visto a nadie or a nadie he visto: I have seen nobody.
[Footnote 109: Same difference between nadie and ninguno.]
[Footnote 110: In Spanish the singular is found instead of the plural, as: ?Tiene V. algun libro que prestarme? (have you any books to lend me?).]
Verbs ending in car or gar change the c and g into qu and gu respectively before e, as—
- - Embarcar[111] Cargar[111] (to embark, to ship) (to load) Past Def. Embarque Cargue Pres. Subj. Embarque,-ques, que, Cargue,-gues,-gue, -quemos,-queis,-quen. -guemos,-gueis,-guen. - -
[Footnote 111: The primary parts (except, of course, the Infinitive) will be omitted in future when they are regular. The derivative parts will also be omitted when they are regularly formed from their primary parts according to the rules given. See synopsis at the end of the book.]
VOCABULARY.
agricola, agricultural amontonar, to pile up apertura, opening bajar, to lower, to go or come down bonito, pretty comarca, region, district (of a country) detenidamente, at length duplicar, to double, to duplicate exigua, slight, trifling fabricas de algodon, cotton mills generos alimenticios, food stuffs *hacer caso, to take notice hilador, spinner impuesto, tax (la) incertidumbre, uncertainty industria, industry legislatura, parliamentary session ligero, light (adj.), slight, small limitacion, curtailment (la) luz, light (n.) *mantener, to hold up, to maintain mejora, improvement ministerio, ministry obligaciones, debentures olvidar, to forget para que, so that patria, country, fatherland preferible, preferable *prevalecer, reinar, to prevail, to rule subir, to go or come up tejedor, weaver timbre, stamp tomar la delantera a, to take the start on. trigo, wheat varios, several vinicola, wine (adj.)
EXERCISE 1 (29).
Translate into English—
1. Alguien pretende que se duplicara el impuesto del timbre sobre las acciones y obligaciones de las companias anonimas y que habra algunos que protestaran energicamente.
2. Algo hay de eso y uno y otro partido politico se interesan de la cuestion pero ni uno de los periodicos locales echa luz sobre las intenciones del ministerio.
3. Los demas proyectos de ley con ciertas modificaciones se presentaran (will be introduced) en esta misma legislatura, y cada uno se discutira detenidamente.
4. Se anuncian varias empresas industriales en grande escala.
5. Cuanto se hace es poco cuando se piensa en lo que se deberia hacer para que nuestros competidores no nos tomen la delantera.
6. Cualquiera echa de ver (can see) eso.
7. Cuantos hay que miran al verdadero interes de su patria deben olvidar sus propios intereses en favor del fomento de la industria vinicola y agricola de esta comarca.
8. Cada casa tiene su sistema propio.
9. Yo no imito a Fulano, Zutano y Mengano, soy cauto y evito los riesgos.
10. Negocio papel extranjero, pero solo letras bancarias, o de firmas de primera clase y con dos endosos, nada mas.
EXERCISE 2 (30).
Translate into Spanish—
1. Somebody thinks that the imports of food-stuffs will increase.
2. Some wheat buyers take little notice of the higher American cable advices (las subidas que se han telegrafiado desde America).
3. Weavers and spinners are all holding up their prices.
4. Each week shows an improvement.
5. We hear the same reports (noticias) from all quarters (partes).
6. Neither of these machines will suit (conviene a) our requirements.
7. We accept these bills but refuse the others.
8. Anybody who has his own interests at heart will contribute to the realisation of the scheme.
9. I did all I could (podia) so that nothing should be lost (no se perdiera nada).
10. Some say the market will go up, some say it will go down, and such is the position that one does not know (no sabe) what to do.
11. Anything is preferable to this uncertainty.
12. I have not seen anything so pretty before.
13. Mail advices (los anuncios por la mala) from America report an abnormal (anormal) curtailment of production in the United States Cotton Mills.
14. They cannot take the risk of piling up stocks when the demand is so slight (exigua).
15. Foreign Bourses.—Berlin. A weak tone ruled at the opening. During the later dealings (operaciones posteriores) a slight (ligera) improvement was noticeable (se observo).
LESSON XVI. (Leccion decima sexta.)
THE VERB.
The verb is a word by which we affirm something. It is the essential word in a sentence: without it (expressed or understood) no sentence can be construed.
Verbs are divided into Auxiliary, Transitive and Intransitive.
The Auxiliary verbs in Spanish are: Haber, Tener, Ser, Estar.
Haber is a true auxiliary because it helps to form compound tenses[112] but it presents the following peculiarities—
1. It is used as an impersonal verb (as well as the verb hacer which is given here for the sake of completeness) for expressions of time, as—
Dos anos ha (or ha dos anos) or hace dos anos la exportacion de los Caldos espanoles estaba muy floreciente: Two years ago the exportation of Spanish wines and oils was very flourishing.
Ha dos anos (or hace dos anos) que la casa Guillermo Fernandez y Cia esta establecida en La Coruna como Comisionistas: The firm, G.F. & Co., has been established in Corunna as Commission Agents these last two years.
?Cuanto tiempo ha (or hace) que estudia V. el castellano? How long have you been studying Spanish?
[Footnote 112: The Past Part. following "haber" IS ALWAYS INVARIABLE.]
2. It is also used impersonally as "there to be" (French, "y avoir"), as—
Hay mucha pimienta, clavos, y canela en el mercado de Londres: There are much pepper, cloves, and cinnamon in the London market.
Si, hubo muchas especias el ano pasado tambien: Yes, there were many spices last year also.
Cuando estaba en El Cairo habia miedo de que estallara algun motin: When I was in Cairo there was the fear of some riots breaking out.
(N.B.—Impersonal verbs are only used in the 3rd pers. singular.)
In English we have "there is" and "there are," because "there to be" is not used impersonally, the meaning being, e.g., "a man is there"; "two men are there." In Spanish, however, haber is used impersonally and both "there is a man" and "there are two men" are translated "Hay un hombre," "Hay dos hombres."
It will be noticed that Haber used for "there to be" makes Hay instead of Ha for the present indicative. All its other tenses remain unchanged: habia, hubo, habra, habria, etc.
Hay que followed by an Infinitive (French "il faut"), it is necessary to ..., as—
Hay que tener mucho cuidado: It is necessary to be very careful. I, you, etc., must be very careful.
Tener is generally a principal (viz., not an auxiliary) verb, used to denote possession; but it is used sometimes as an auxiliary instead of haber, as—
Tengo recibido su catalogo ilustrado y lista (or boletin) de precios: I have received your illustrated catalogue with price list.
Tenemos recibida[113] su apreciable carta de 20 del que rige (or del corriente): We have received your favour of the 20th inst.
?Tiene V. recibidas las cotizaciones? Have you received the quotations?
Los presupuestos, que tenemos recibidos del Trapiche para nuestro Ingenio de la Habana: The estimates which we have received for the Sugar Mill for our Factory in Havana.
In all the preceding examples tener used instead of haber introduces an additional idea of "possession".
"He recibido su carta" might be followed, in Spanish, by "pero la he perdido" (but I have lost it). "Tengo recibida su carta" implies that the receiver holds it now.
[Footnote 113: The Past Part. following "tener" agrees in gender and number with the direct object.]
Sometimes this idea of possession is very distantly implied, as—
?Que me dice V.? tengo leido ese proyecto de Ley: What are you talking about? I have read that (Parliamentary) Bill.
Meaning that the effect of the reading is extant in the mind.
Colloquially the people will use tener for haber without any allusion to possession, but this should be avoided.
VOCABULARY.
anteayer, the day before yesterday apresurar, to hasten, to urge (a.) apresurarse, to hasten (n.) apresurarse con sus ordenes, to rush one's orders arbol de eje, axle shaft camara de comercio, chamber of commerce cigueena, arbol de cigueena, cigueenal, crank-shaft compania de ferrocarril, railway company con manchas, (designs)—spot con puntitas, con bolitas, (designs) spot contestar, to answer, to reply cuadritos, (designs) checks cuenta simulada, pro forma account culpa, blame, fault dano, damage, injury, breakdown de buena tinta, from a good source derecho, right duda, doubt equivocarse, to be mistaken existencias, stocks of goods expedidor, sender fecha de, dated listados, (designs) striped a listas, a rayas, (designs) striped malcontento, uneasiness, discontent mundial, world (adj.) proximamente, about, approximately pues, well redactar, to write out repentinamente, suddenly representacion exclusiva, sole agency responsabilidad, responsibility retardar, to delay, to be delayed *romperse, to break (n.) roto, broken todavia, yet vivir, to live, to reside ya, already
EXERCISE 1 (31).
Translate into English—
1. En la Asociacion de Agricultores de Espana (Society of Spanish Agriculturists) dara manana viernes a las seis y media de la tarde una conferencia (lecture) el ilustrado Sr. Fulano.
2. ?Como manana? ya la ha dado esta manana.
3. No sabia que la habia dado ya.
4. Pues tengo esta noticia de buena tinta y no hay duda que asi es.
5. Tenemos recibida su estimada, fecha de anteayer.
6. Mucho tiempo ha que tengo proyectadas estas empresas.
7. Habra un mes que me escribio y no le he contestado todavia.
8. La Camara de Comercio de Londres voto, despues de larga discusion, una protesta contra el nuevo Tratado de Comercio con Cuba y redacto una peticion que sera dirigida al gobierno.
9. El vapor ingles "Raleigh" que sale para Montevideo ha recibido un marconigrama anunciando que reina alli el malcontento politico.
10. El aviador acaba de batir el "record" mundial de velocidad y distancia recorriendo (covering) ciento veintidos kilometros en hora y media, a saber (namely) proximamente 80 kilometros por hora.
11. No se equivoca V. en la interpretacion de lo que hemos escrito acerca de las facturas simuladas.
12. El arbol de eje y el cigueenal se han roto.
EXERCISE 2 (32).
Translate into Spanish—
1. Have you obtained the sole agency for (de) that firm?
2. Not yet, but I hope to get it.
3. How long have you been living in England?
4. Two weeks ago prices were so high that buyers were rushing their orders; now they have suddenly fallen to an unprecedented level (nivel sin precedente).
5. He has examined the samples and found that the designs of the light grounds (fondos claros) are not as ordered.
6. He also complains of the checks and stripes.
7. The spot muslins have been delayed owing to a breakdown in the works (la fabrica).
8. The senders are trying to throw the blame on (a) the Railway Company, but we have no right of claim (derecho de reclamar) against the latter (esta); it is they who (son ellos quienes) must indemnify us for the loss.
9. It is a well-founded (bien establecida) and respectable firm and they will not deny their responsibility—there is no doubt about (de) that.
10. Is it long since you received their last (ultima) letter?
11. Have they been long established? (Hace mucho tiempo que....)
12. They have been for 15 years.
13. Our friends have large stocks but they say the market is looking up (mejorando).
LESSON XVII. (Leccion decima septima.)
"SER" AND "ESTAR."
Ser is used as a true auxiliary, when it forms the passive voice.
Estar is an auxiliary when it forms the progressive tenses, as
Estoy escribiendo (I am writing). Estaba escribiendo (he was writing).
The difficulty in the employment of ser and estar is, by some, unduly magnified. Others give the following rule—
Ser denotes a permanent state. Estar "temporary"
This rule should not be adopted because often it would not apply, as the following two examples will show—
El es soldado porque se ha alistado por dos anos: He is a soldier as he has enlisted for two years.
Aquellos montes estan eternamente cubiertos de nieve: Those mountains are perpetually covered with snow.
The following simple and true rules will enable the student to understand the difference between ser and estar and to apply them correctly.
Ser is used—
1. To form the Passive Voice, as—
El cartero trajo las cartas—Active: The postman brought the letters.
La carta fue traida[114] por el cartero—Passive[115]: The letter was brought by the postman.
[Footnote 114: The Past Part. following "Ser" and "Estar" agrees in gender and number with the subject of these verbs.]
[Footnote 115: Este cuarto es barrido todos los dias (this room is swept every day) is passive voice, because we speak of the action of sweeping, viz., somebody sweeps the room every day. Este cuarto esta barrido—no voice; "barrido" is used as an adjective to denote state or condition.]
2. To denote an inherent[116] quality, as—
La nieve es blanca: Snow is white. El hombre es mortal: Man is mortal.
[Footnote 116: Inherence = a fixed state of being in another body. A quality may be inherent "for the time being," as: Juan se ha alistado por dos anos, entonces es soldado: John has enlisted for two years, then he is a soldier.]
Estar is used to denote—
1. State in locality, viz., to be in a place, as—
Estoy aqui I am here. Londres esta en Inglaterra: London is in England.
2. A condition, as—
Estoy candado: I am tired. Esta enfermo: He is ill.
SUPPLEMENTARY RULES.
Ser must be used—
1. Before any noun (even if an adjective or article intervenes), as—
Soy negociante: I am a merchant.
Es un corredor de cambios bien conocido: He is a well-known exchange broker.
Son buenos valores: They are good securities.
2. When "to be" is used to denote possession, as—
Los trapiches son de estos fabricantes: The sugar mills belong to these makers.
3. When "to be" us used impersonally, as—
Es necesario tomar medidas legales: It is necessary to take legal proceedings.
4. Before the words "Feliz," "Infeliz," "Pobre," and "Rico."[117]
[Footnote 117: These are not, strictly speaking, "inherent qualities," but they are spoken of as such.]
Estar must, of course, be always used before Present Participles,[118] as—
Esta activando sus esfuerzos: He is making still further efforts. Estamos extendiendo nuestras relaciones: We are extending our connection.
[Footnote 118: A Pres. Part. can only express a condition, not a quality.]
Verbs ending in cer, cir, ger and gir change the c into z and the g into j before a or o as—
+ + -+ Vencer (to win) Dirigir (to direct) + + -+ Pres. Indic., venzo dirijo Pres. Subj., venza dirija + + -+
Verbs ending in guir and quir change the gu into g and the qu into c before a or o, as—
+ -+ -+ Distinguir Delinquir[119] (to distinguish) (to commit a delinquency) + -+ -+ Pres. Indic., Distingo Delinco Pres. Subj., Distinga Delinca + -+ -+
[Footnote 119: The only verb ending in quir.]
VOCABULARY.
acabar de, to have just accesorio, accessory activo y pasivo, assets and liabilities antiguo, old, ancient averia, particular, particular average balance, balance, balance sheet bastar, to suffice, to be enough biela, connecting rod caldera, boiler cilindros, cylinders citar, to quote, to mention a passage *convenir, to agree, to suit cotizar, to quote prices cuenta de ganancias y perdidas, profit and loss account dejar, to leave, to let disposicion (a su), (at your) disposal durar, to last el engranaje, the gearing entregar, to deliver equipo, equipment es decir, o sea viz., namely a saber viz., namely franco de porte, carriage paid grifo, cock (machinery) hasta la fecha, (made up) to date huelga, strike imprevisto, unforseen a la izquierda, to the left llegar a ser, to become, to contrive to be *mantenerse, to be maintained maquina, machine, engine mercerizar, to mercerize para con, towards transporte seguido, carriage forward porte pagadero al destino, carriage forward presentar, to present proveer, to provide provisto (proveido), provided semejante, similar *sentir, to be sorry, to feel sin embargo, however soportes, coginetes, bearings tornillos, screws transporte pagado, carriage paid tubos, tubes valvula, valve el volante, the fly-wheel y pico (veinte y pico, etc.), odd, (twenty odd, etc.)
EXERCISE 1 (33).
Translate into English—
1. La marca (the make) de estas maquinas y calderas es una de las mas antiguas.
2. Son fabricadas en Inglaterra por los Srs. Fulano y Cia.
3. Estan aqui para su inspeccion y estan todas provistas de sus accesorios: cilindros, volantes, bielas, soportes, engranajes, valvulas y tornillos.
4. ?No se fabrican tambien en Francia maquinas semejantes?
5. Si, Senor, estas a la izquierda son francesas y son buenas maquinas.
6. Es cierto sin embargo que las inglesas son mejores y que estan en primera linea en la industria mundial.
7. Los Srs. Fulano y Cia. han llegado a ser los primeros entre los constructores que han comprendido que se podian entregar maquinas excelentes a un precio relativamente bajo.
8. Para no citar mas que un ejemplo de la importancia de esta casa basta decir que son suyas las 1,000 maquinas y pico que se han exportado ultimamente para Italia y la Argentina.
9. Soy feliz de saberlo.
10. Son fabricantes ricos y al mismo tiempo generosos para con los que son pobres e infelices.
11. Comprare diez fardos de Estampados Mercerizados si me los deja V. a 5-3/16 d. por yarda.
12. Esta bien; iesta convenido!
EXERCISE 2 (34).
Translate into Spanish—
1. We have just received your Price List, but we are sorry to say your prices are too dear.
2. The cylinders and boilers are now ready.
3. Every engine is sent out with its complete equipment, viz., tubes, valves, cocks, etc.
4. The Directors are preparing a balance sheet to be laid before (para presentar a) the company at the next ordinary general meeting.
5. It will show the assets and liabilities and a profit and loss account made up to date.
6. There will also be a report on the position and transactions of the company.
7. It is your action which has done us more harm (dano) than anything else (cualquier otra cosa[120]).
8. It is we (somos nosotros) who are tired of our agreement (convenio).
9. The goods are at your disposal.
10. We think the shares will be inactive (flojas).
11. The demand for steel, iron and copper was very steady (firme) but it is probable that it will not last.
12. Are you rich? No, I am poor but I am happy.
13. Our quotations will be maintained except in case of strikes or other unforeseen circumstances.
14. The four bales of linens will be delivered to you carriage paid, but the boilers and (y sus) accessories you will receive (los recibiran) carriage forward.
15. The whole (todo) will be insured with particular average.
[Footnote 120: Or: que nada mas.]
LESSON XVIII. (Leccion decima octava.)
TRANSITIVE VERBS.
A verb is Transitive when its action passes from the subject of the action to the object.
Transitive Verbs are divided into—
1. Active (when the subject of the verb stands for the doer or agent of the action), as—
Renovamos nuestros ofrecimientos de servicios: We renew our offers of services.
2. Passive (when the subject of the verb stands for the real object of the action, viz., when it suffers the action instead of doing it), as—
Los ofrecimientos de sus servicios nos fueron renovados en su ultimo escrito: His offers of services were renewed to us in his last letter.
The Passive voice in Spanish is formed with the verb ser as above, or by using the active voice with the pronoun se, as—
Se nos renovaron los ofrecimientos de sus servicios: His offers, etc.
Active verbs become reflexive when their subject and object are the same person or thing, as—
Nos lisonjeamos poderlos servir por lo mejor de sus intereses: We flatter ourselves that we can serve them to the best of their interests.
Reflexive verbs in the plural are also reciprocal, as—
Nos comprendemos: We understand each other.
Nos escribimos muy frecuentemente: We write to each other very frequently.
"Uno a otro" and "los unos a los otros" may be added for greater clearness, as—
Procuramos convencernos (a nosotros mismos). We try to convince ourselves (each other).
Procuramos convencernos (el uno al otro). We try to convince ourselves (each other).
The direct object of a transitive verb,[121] if a proper name of a person or place, must be preceded by a, as—
Vimos al Senor Guillermo: We saw Mr. William. Visitamos a Francia[122]: We visited France.
[Footnote 121: With the exception of "Tener."]
[Footnote 122: But not geographical names preceded by the article, as: Avistamos La Habana (we sighted Havana).]
A is also generally used before any noun indicating a person,[123] as—
Empleamos a este corresponsal: We employ this correspondent.
[Footnote 123: This part of the rule is not very strict, as we find it sometimes omitted before persons, and at others used before names of things, as: El hecho precedio a la palabra (the action preceded the word).]
But a should be avoided whenever it would engender confusion, or when the verb governs an accusative and a dative at the same time, as—
Enviamos nuestro dependiente: We send our clerk.
Recomendamos el Sr. Perez a nuestro fabricante: We recommend Mr. Perez to our manufacturer.
A is also omitted when the noun following it does not refer to a particular individual, but to any individual of a certain class, as—
Busco criado: I am looking for a servant.
Juan no quiere socios en su empresa: John does not want any partners in his undertaking.
Verbs whose root ends in ll or n take e and o instead of ie and io, as—
+ + -+ Bullir (to boil). Grunir (to growl, grumble). + + -+ Pres. Part., Bullendo Grunendo Past Def. Bullo, bulleron Gruno, gruneron[124] + + -+
[Footnote 124: The Imperf. and Fut. Subj. follow the Past Def.]
Verbs in whose conjugations i should come unstressed between two vowels change the unstressed i into y, as—
Creer (to believe). Pres. Part., Creyendo. Past Def., Creyo ... creyeron.
But the Imperf. Indic.: creia, creias, creia, creiamos, creiais, creian.
Verbs ending in zar change the z into c before e (because, with very few exceptions, z is not used in modern Spanish before e or i), as—
- Gozar (to enjoy). - Pres. Subj., Goce, goces, goce, gocemos, goceis, gocen. Past. Def., Goce ... -
VOCABULARY.
abedul, birch abeto, fir adjunto, herewith agradable, agreeable, pleasant arpillera, bagging asegurar, to insure atribuir, to attribute el billar, billiards bola, ball calzado, footwear camas, armazones de cama, bedsteads carne seca, jerked beef chalecos, vests consignacion, consignment correas, belts, belting (machinery) corresponsal, correspondent egoista, selfish encaminar, to forward entrar en el dique, to dock (ships) fresno, ash garbanzos, Spanish or chick peas a grande velocidad, by passenger train guisantes, green peas habas, broad beans haya, beech hortalizas, green vegetables instruir, to instruct judias, French beans laton, brass la leche, the milk loza, crockery a pequena velocidad, by slow train pino, pine plomo, lead porcelana, china productos quimicos, chemicals roble, encina, oak rotura, breakage semestre, half-year suprimir, to suppress, to leave out tacos, billiard-cues el viaje, the journey zinc, zinc
EXERCISE 1 (35).
Translate into English—
1. Estimamos en mucho a nuestros corresponsales y los servimos de la mejor manera posible.
2. Comunica el capitan del vapor "Rios" que el jueves, al medio dia, se hallaba a seiscientas millas de Veracruz, sin novedad (all well).
3. Hoy publica la Gaceta dos cuadros estadisticos (statistical tables) formados por la Direccion general (Board) del Instituto Geografico y Estadistico, que expresan el movimiento de pasajeros por mar habido en nuestro puerto durante el semestre pasado, y por los cuales se viene en conocimiento (we can see) de la emigracion e inmigracion espanola.
4. Desde el dia 1 deg. de Enero proximo satisfara (will pay) el calzado extranjero 10% mas de derecho de importacion.
5. Una comision de Agricultores de Valencia visito ayer tarde (yesterday evening) al Presidente del Consejo (the Premier) para pedirle que se suprima el impuesto sobre el transporte de hortalizas que establece la nueva ley.
6. Tinendo estas telas con anilina se aumenta el coste de seis centimos por metro.
7. Bulleron[125] la leche y la esterilizaron.
8. Gocemos de las libertades a que tenemos derecho pero no abusemos de ellas.
9. Ellos creyeron lo que les dijimos (we said to them) y ya no nos atribuyen intenciones egoistas.
10. El Sr. Moreno sale para un viaje de negocios y visitara a Santo Domingo y la Habana.
11. He visto los Alpes y el Pirineo pero no el Himalaya.
12. He visitado a Espana.
[Footnote 125: "To boil" is generally hervir. Bullir is given as an example of the conjugation.]
EXERCISE 2 (36).
Translate into Spanish—
1. Kindly see Mr. Marino and inform him that we shall soon send him a consignment of timber, consisting of ash, beech, birch, fir, pine and oak.
2. We shall instruct our correspondent at Bilbao to forward to Vitoria the brass, lead, tin (estano), and zinc he holds (tiene) at our disposal.
3. By the boat (steamer) leaving (que sale) this week, we shall ship to your consignment the bagging, belting, and bedsteads.
4. The "Maria" docked yesterday with a cargo of broad beans, French beans, green peas, and Spanish or chick peas.
5. She also brings a parcel of jerked beef and canned tongues (lenguas en latas).
6. I have a friend who is a dealer in billiard tables, balls and cues.
7. The candles and chemicals have been despatched last week.
8. We flatter ourselves that we shall shortly be able to write to each other pleasanter letters.
9. We have insured the china and crockery free of particular average (franco de), but we insured them against breakage at a (al) premium of 4%.
10. Herewith please find claim (reclamo) for loss through (por) damage in your last shipment of clocks and watches.
11. Please send by slow train the coats, vests, and trousers and, by passenger train, the remainder of the articles.
LESSON XIX. (Leccion decima nona.)
INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
Intransitive verbs express a state, as "to live," "to sleep," or an action that does not go beyond the doer, as "to go," "to walk."
The Spanish language abounds in Intransitive Pronominal verbs, i.e., verbs conjugated, same as the reflexive verbs, with a double pronoun of the same person all through, as—
Quejarse (to complain).
Pres. Indic., Yo me quejo, tu te quejas, el se queja, nosotros nos quejamos, vosotros os quejais, ellos se quejan.
Fut. Indic., Yo me quejare, tu te quejaras, el se quejara, etc.
These, of course, must not be confused with the Reflexive verbs. In the reflexive verb, we have an action that passes from the doer and falls on the doer itself, as—
Yo me amo: I love myself.
Whilst in a neuter pronominal the action does not go beyond the doer.
Intransitive Pronominal Verbs are of three kinds—
1. Those which are always pronominal, as—
+ Quejarse (to complain) Jactarse (to boast) Avergonzarse (to be ashamed) Maravillarse[126] (to wonder) Alegrarse[126] (to rejoice) Proponerse[126] (to intend, to Arrepentirse (to repent) purpose) Hacerse[126], volverse[126] Desanimarse[126] (to feel (to become) discouraged) +
[Footnote 126: Some of these verbs may be also Transitive verbs with a modified meaning, as: Alegrar (to gladden), Maravillar (to surprise), Proponer (to propose). Here the pronominal form marks the difference between Transitive and Intransitive.]
2. A few which, when used pronominally, have their meaning intensified or more or less modified, as—
+ Ir (to go) Irse (to go away) Reir (to laugh) Reirse (to laugh at = suggesting scorn) Entender (to understand) Entenderse de panos (to be a judge of cloths) Dormir (to sleep) Dormirse (to fall asleep) Correr (to run) Correrse (to make a slip of the tongue). +
3. Many which may be used pronominally or otherwise without any appreciable or definable modification of meaning, as—
Estar, estarse (to be) Quedar, quedarse (to remain) Casar (con), casarse (con), (to marry) Pensar, pensarse (to think) Yo pienso, or me pienso que si (I think so) Me escapo de la memoria or (it escaped my memory). Se me escapo de la memoria (it escaped my memory).
In the case of this third kind, students should not indulge freely in the pronominal form, but should wait until they see it in the reading of good books, because, although the meaning is practically the same in all cases, still there are "finesses" of shade which practice alone can teach.
Irregular Verbs.
We shall give only those Primary Tenses which are irregular and the Derivative Tenses when they are not formed regularly from the Primary Tenses from which they are derived[127]—
[Footnote 127: For Primary and Derivative Tenses see Synopsis at the end.]
+ -+ + Pensar (to think).[128] Pres. Indic., Pienso-as-a, pensamos, pensais, piensan. Pres. Subj., Piense-es-e, pensemos, penseis, piensen. Imperative, Piensa, pensad (reg.). + -+ + Acordar (to agree).[128] Pres. Indic., Acuerdo-as-a, acordamos, acordais, acuerdan. Pres. Subj., Acuerde-es-e, acordemos, acordeis, acuerden. Imperative, Acuerda, acordad (reg.). + -+ +
[Footnote 128: And its group; see Appendix VI.]
VOCABULARY.
agitarse, to agitate (n.) algo, something, anything (interrog.) amenaza, threat anticipacion, anticipation anticipar, to anticipate anticipo, advance arduo, arduous, difficult baja, decline bajo cubierta, underdeck botones, buttons callar, to be silent, to abstain from saying camaradas, comrades cepillo, brush cinta, ribbon cortarse, to cut oneself, to stop short damascos, damasks definitivo, definite descuidar, to neglect ejecutar, to execute encaje de cortinas, curtain lace espantarse, to be frightened estiva, stowage *imponer, to impose impuesto, imposed lienzo adamascado, diaper pasas, raisins patronos, masters, employers of workmen prisa, haste, hurry *producir, to produce produje, I produced produjeron, they produced razon (a razon de), at the rate of reglamento, regulations sobre cubierta, on deck sobre estadias, demurrage sobrecargarse, to overload oneself tonelada, ton *traer, to bring, to carry traje, I brought, I carried tranquilo, quiet uvas, grapes vista (a la), at sight
EXERCISE 1 (37).
Translate into English—
1. Nuestros obreros se quejan del nuevo reglamento impuesto por los Patronos.
2. No se avergueenzan de decir que se arrepienten de no haber declarado la huelga hace quince dias y se alegran que sus camaradas en Francia se agitan por el dia de trabajo de ocho horas.
3. Este problema se va haciendo cada dia mas arduo.
4. Voy a escribir una carta y despues me ire.
5. ?Porque rie V.?
6. Se rie de mi sin duda porque no me espanto por sus amenazas, pero yo se bien lo que me hago (what I do) y V. no sabe lo que se dice.
7. Este fabricante se entiende muy bien de panos.
8. Nunca he visto a un hombre activo dormirse en medio de su trabajo.
9. Quedese V. aqui, estese tranquilo y no piense a nada, su primo se acuerda con V., me pienso verle esta tarde, y tal vez llegaremos a un acuerdo comun y definitivo.
10. No deseo que piense V. que descuido la ejecucion de sus ordenes a la mayor brevedad (as soon as possible).
11. Con la prisa me he corrido y he dicho algo que habria debido callar.
12. Despues de haber principiado a hablar muy bien se corto y no pudo hallar palabras para continuar.
EXERCISE 2 (38).
Translate into Spanish—
1. You have anticipated my wishes.
2. A further (nueva) decline in prices is anticipated (se preve).
3. We overloaded ourselves with stocks in anticipation (en la esperanza) of large orders.
4. To pay in anticipation.
5. Thanking you in anticipation (anticipando las gracias, or agradeciendoles de antemano) we remain.
6. The news from the East (Levante) produced a bad effect on the market.
7. To this effect (con este fin) I wrote him to draw (que girase) at sight.
8. Our efforts have all been to no effect (en balde).
9. His plans have been carried into effect (llevados a cabo).
10. The sailing vessel (velero) carried 800 tons of grapes and raisins, 600 under and 200 on deck.
11. She used 5 lay days in loading (la carga), having therefore 3 days left (quedandole), so that (asi que) we do not think we shall have to pay demurrage.
12. The captain paid for stowage at the rate of 1s. per ton.
13. The advance on account (a cuenta) of freight is L120.
14. I wonder if everything will be in order? (?Estara todo en orden?)
15. I send you several patterns of curtain-lace, damasks, diapers, ribbons, buttons, and brushes.
LESSON XX. (Leccion vigesima.)
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
Impersonal verbs are those which are only conjugated in the 3rd pers. sing, of all the tenses.[129]
[Footnote 129: They are so called because they have no person or thing as their subject.]
The principal Impersonal Verbs are—
Llover-llueve (to rain, it rains) Granizar (to hail) Helar-hiela (to freeze, it freezes) Lloviznar (to drizzle) Nevar-nieva (to snow, it snows) Relampaguear (to lighten) Tronar-truena (to thunder, it thunders) Alborear (to dawn) Amanecer (to dawn) Anochecer (to grow dark)
The subject (generally understood) of Impersonal verbs is ello. Sometimes we find the words Dios or el dia expressed as subjects, as—
Amanecera Dios y veremos: Let us wait for the morning and then we shall see.
Amanecio el dia: The day dawned.
Amanecer and anochecer may be used as personal verbs, as—
Amanecimos en Madrid y anochecimos en Guadalajara: We were in Madrid at daybreak and at nightfall in Guadalajara.
Tu anocheciste bueno y amaneciste malo: You passed the night well, but you had a bad morning.
Many ordinary verbs are used sometimes impersonally, as—
Bastar (to suffice). Convenir (to suit). Parecer (to appear). Faltar[130] (to be wanting). Hacer falta (to be wanted). Suceder[131] (to happen).
[Footnote 130: As a personal verb, it means also "to fail."]
[Footnote 131: As a personal verb, it means also "to succeed."]
EXAMPLES—
Basta ganar la vida: It is enough to earn a living.
No conviene explotar esta mina: It does not pay to exploit this mine.
No parece justo que se aprovechen de este modo: It does not seem right that they should take advantage in this way.
Falta hacer algunos arreglos: Some arrangements are still wanting.
Sucedio que se declaro en quiebra: It happened that he filed his petition in bankruptcy.
In the sentences:
Me bastan diez libras: L10 are enough for me. Me parecen justas sus razones: His reasons seem to me to be right. Le sucedieron muchas desgracias: Many misfortunes happened to him.
the verb is personal, and this accounts for its being in the plural. In "me bastan diez libras," "diez libras" is the subject.
The verb is impersonal when referring to a whole statement, as—
(Ello) es necesario: It is necessary.
Of Haber and Hacer as impersonal verbs, we have treated in Lesson VIII and Lesson XVI.
We add here that Hacer is used impersonally before certain nouns to denote the state of the weather or of the temperature, as—
Hace calor, frio, lluvia, viento, sol, etc.: It is warm, cold, rainy, windy, sunny, etc.
Valer used impersonally = "to be better," as—
Mas vale asi: It is better so.
Expressions like "?Que se dira?" or "?que diran?" (What will people say?) may also be called impersonal uses of the verb.
+ Irregular Verbs (contd.). + Andar (to walk, to go). Past Def., Anduve,-iste,-uvo,-uvimos-uvisteis-uvieron. + Dar (to give). Pres. Indic., Doy,[132] das, da, damos, dais, dan. Pres. Subj., De, des, de, demos, deis, den. Past Def., Di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron. +
[Footnote 132: Only 6 verbs in Spanish do not end in o in the 1st pers. sing., pres. indic., viz., Doy (I give), Soy (I am), Estoy (I am), Voy (I see), He (I have), Se (I know).]
VOCABULARY.
algo, somewhat asunto, matter calor, heat carranclanes, guingas, ginghams cerrar el trato, to conclude the bargain cheques, cheques circular, to circulate, to go round cobrar, to collect (money) comprometer, to compromise costa, coast cuesta, slope cuidar, to take care cuidarse, to take care of oneself decididamente, decidedly decidir, to decide despues, afterwards drogas, drysalteries durante, during faltar, hacer falta, to be wanting, to be wanted el fin, the end fustanes, fustians gasa, gauze gastos, expenditure ingresos netos, net revenue jamon, ham letras, bills of exchange maiz, maize malbaratar, to undersell mantas con franjas, fringed blankets merceria, haberdashery paseo, promenade, walk, stroll puerto, port, harbour recursos, means *reducir, to reduce reduje, etc., I reduced, etc. reduzco, reduces, etc., I reduce, etc. *seguir, to follow, to continue sigo, sigues, etc., I follow, etc. el temporal, the storm *valer mas, to be preferable vencer, to fall due vidriado, glassware
EXERCISE 1 (39).
Translate into English—
1. Amanecio el dia hermoso pero algo frio.
2. Hizo mas calor despues y por la tarde hizo or soplo (blew) viento fuerte.
3. Anochecio cuando aun no habiamos llegado, pero como hacia luna el paseo siguio siendo (continued to be) agradable.
4. Ayer llovio, granizo, nevo y llovizno sucesivamente todo el santo dia (the livelong day).
5. Me parece que no le conviene de cerrar el trato con el banco bajo estas condiciones.
6. Me hace falta dinero pues es menester (it is necessary) proporcionarme (to get) el importe que me falta para completar las L1,000 que vencen el 15 del corriente.
7. Mas vale aceptar las condiciones del banco que tener que malbaratar los generos.
8. Ande V. con cuidado (be careful) no sea (lest) que vaya V. a comprometer su credito.
9. Reina por estas costas muy violento temporal a cuya consecuencia ha resultado el vapor "Juan" con el arbol de la helice (shaft of the screw) roto, por lo cual hubo de ser traido a remolque a (to be towed into) este puerto.
10. El "Juan" navegaba con rumbo a (was bound for) Cadiz.
11. Los modernos medios de fabricacion de que disponemos, el abaratamiento (cheapening) de la mano de obra (labour) y las facilitaciones de que disfrutamos (we enjoy) merced a (thanks to) nuestros cuantiosos (abundant) recursos, nos permiten, ahora mas que nunca, realizar nuestras ventas en condiciones que no cabe competencia posible (which preclude ...).
12. Hemos asegurado buenas partidas de fustanes, mantas con franjas, gasas, y carranclanes.
EXERCISE 2 (40).
Translate into Spanish—
1. San Paulo (Brazilian) Railway.—The net revenue for the half-year from the main line (linea principal) amounted to L607,297 as against (contra) L743,077 in 1909.
2. The expenditure in England and the Interest on Stores (sobre los depositos) reduce the amount to L594,714.
3. The Stock Exchange (la Bolsa) will be closed from this evening (esta tarde) until next Monday morning.
4. The turnover (giro) of the day's transactions has been small.
5. Sentiment turned somewhat bearish (hubo disposicion a la baja) during the forenoon (la manana), but became (se volvio) decidedly bullish (a la alza) towards the end of the day.
6. The following figures show the amount of bills and cheques which passed through the banker's clearing-house (por el banco de liquidacion) during the week ended April 12th (que acabo el 12 de abril).
7. We must not attach (atribuir) too much importance to the rumours (los rumores, las especies) which are circulating in the market.
8. You should take care that the bales are properly (bien) packed.
9. I was ignorant of the fact that (no sabia que) he had been declared a bankrupt.
10. I shall do all that depends on me (de mi dependa) to collect the money in full (por entero).
11. As far as we are concerned (en cuanto a nosotros), we have decided not to take (dar) any steps in the matter.
12. We do not wish to throw good money after bad (echar la soga tras el caldero).[133]
13. We shall invoice by next mail your glassware and haberdashery.
14. Ham is a drug in the market (no tiene salida).
15. A good business is done at present in drysalteries.
16. A good crop of maize is announced from Cape Town (desde el Cabo).
[Footnote 133: Lit.: to throw the rope after the pail.]
LESSON XXI. (Leccion vigesima primera.)
DEFECTIVE AND PRONOMINAL VERBS.
Defective Verbs are those only certain parts of which are in use, the rest having never existed in the language or having died out of it.
The principal ones are—
Soler. "To be wont," "to be accustomed to." Used in the pres. indic., Suelo, sueles, suele, solemos, soleis, suelen; in the imperf. indic., Solia, solias, etc.; and in the pres. perf., He solido, has solido, etc., as—
En su juventud solia trabajar con ahinco—ahora ya ha aflojado un poco: When he was young he used to work with fervour, now he begins to flag a little.
Yacer. "To lie"; generally on tombstones, as: Aqui yace: Here lies.
(In poetry, but seldom in prose, it is found conjugated throughout.)
Salve and Vale used in the Imperative for "Hail!" and "Farewell!"
Placer (to please). Generally used in "Plegue a Dios" (may it please God) and "Pluguiera (pluguiese) a Dios" (might it please God).
It is still used also in the 3rd pers. of Pres. Indic., Imperf. Indic, and Past Def. (the Past Def. is "Plugo").
EXAMPLES—
Mucho me place: It pleases me much.
Plegue a Dios que no se declare la huelga: May it please God that a strike is not declared.
Abolir (to abolish) is irregular like "mover" (viz., changes o into ue when stressed). Its irregular parts are however never used, and are substituted by giving a different turn to the sentence, as—
Digo que se debe abolir instead of se abuela: I say that it must be abolished.
Ataner (to bear upon) is only used in the 3rd pers., as—
Lo que atane al asunto: What bears on the subject.
Las noticias que atanen a nuestro proyecto: The news that bears on our scheme.
Concerner (to concern) is only used in the pres. participle—concerniendo (concerning) and in the 3rd persons, as: concierne (it concerns), etc.
Pronominal Verbs are verbs conjugated throughout with a double pronoun of the same person, as—
Amarse—Yo me amo, tu te amas, el se ama, nosotros nos amamos, vosotros os amais, ellos se aman.
These are—
1. Reflexive Verbs (when the action falls back on the subject. See Lesson XVIII), as—Yo me amo: I love myself.
N.B.—The second pronoun must be direct object. If the second pronoun is indirect object, the verb is called Transitive Pronominal, as—
Procurarse una clientela: To get a clientele (a connection).
2. Intransitive Pronominal Verbs (see Lesson XIX).
3. Intransitive Verbs made Pronominal from verbs ordinarily transitive (see Lesson XIX), as—
Hacerse, Volverse: To become.
La competencia se ha hecho imposible: Competition has become impossible.
4. The 3rd pers. pronominal forms the Passive Voice, same as the verb ser, as—
La sabiduria se alaba or es alabada: Wisdom is praised.
N.B.—If the doer is expressed after using ser it may be preceded by de or por, as—
La sabiduria es alabada de or por todos[134]: Wisdom is praised by all.
[Footnote 134: When the verb does not mean a physical action de is preferable.]
If it is expressed after using se, Por must be used, as—
La sabiduria se alaba por todos: Wisdom is praised by all. (Grammar of the Academy.)
Pronominal Verbs are used in Spanish very frequently in conjunction with the article to avoid the use of the possessive adjective before parts of the body, or articles of dress,[135] as—
Me he quebrado la pierna: I broke my leg.
Se ha danado los ojos, or la vista: He has damaged his eyes or eyesight.
[Footnote 135: The article is most generally substituted for the possessive pronoun referring to parts of the body or articles of dress, whenever this can be done without producing ambiguity, as—
Me dio la mano: He gave me his hand. Tiene los ojos azules: His eyes are blue. Le cogi el brazo: I caught his arm. Me duele la cabeza: My head aches. Me lastiman las botas: My boots hurt me.]
Irregular Verbs (contd.).
- Entender[136] (to understand). - Pres. Indic., Entiendo-es-e, entendemos, entendeis, entienden. Pres. Subj., Entienda-as-a, entendamos, entendais, entiendan. Imper. Mood, Entiende, entended (reg.). -
[Footnote 136: And its group (see Appendix IV)]
- Mover[137] (to move). - Pres. Indic., Muevo-es-e, movemos, moveis, mueven. Pres. Subj., Mueva-as-a, movamos, movais, muevan. Imper. Mood, Mueve, moved (reg.). -
[Footnote 137: And its group (see Appendix IV)]
VOCABULARY.
acusar recibo, to acknowledge receipt ascensor, lift, hoist bien estar, well being coleccion, collection, set of samples confiar a, to entrust confiar en, to trust in corresponder a las necesidades, to meet the requirements corriente, el que rige, inst. cucharas, spoons cuchillo, knife cueros, hides *deshacerse, to get rid of deshecho, got rid of distrito, district empacar, to pack empaque, etc., I packed, etc. *establecerse, to establish oneself me establezco, etc., I establish myself, etc. fantasias, fancies herramientas, tools manga, sleeve *manifestar, to inform, to say by letter manifiesto, etc., I inform, etc. moeres, mohair nanquines, nankeens pieles, skins planchas de hierro, sheet iron principio, beginning telas para trajes (de Senora), dress goods tenedores, forks *torcer, to twist tuerzo, etc., I twist, etc. vale, farewell, adieu viajante, traveller (commercial) viajar, to travel vivamente, earnestly, vividly
EXERCISE 1 (41).
Translate into English—
1. Sin ningunas de sus gratas a que referirnos dirigimos a Vs. la presente para manifestarles que estando muy a corto (short) de fondos nos hemos visto precisados (we have been obliged) a girar a su cargo (on you) por el saldo de nuestra factura de Planchas de Hierro y Herramientas.
2. iPlegue a Dios que nuestros buenos deseos tengan pleno cumplimiento (may be fully realised)!
3. ?Quiere V. encargarse (take charge) de ese asunto?
4. Mucho me place (with much pleasure).
5. Se dice que pronto se abolira esta ley.
6. Tendre mucho gusto que sea abolida (not se abuela).
7. Todo lo que atane al desarrollo de la agricultura o que concierne el bien estar general del pais me interesa vivamente.
8. La honradez (honesty) es alabada de (or por) todos pero nunca se alaba tanto como por los de manga ancha (those who themselves are not over-scrupulous).
9. El comerciante despues de haberse muy bien establecido se consumio el capital en especulaciones bursatiles.
10. Nos hemos deshecho de los cuchillos, tenedores y cucharas sin tanta perdida como temiamos.
11. El cajero bajando en el ascensor se ha torcido el pie y se esta en casa guardando cama (in bed).
12. ?Entiende V. las razones porque ha de subir el cambio?
13. Para que las entienda debo leer la revista de la Bolsa (Exchange Review).
14. Entienda V. que esto no ha de hacerse otra vez. iEntendido!
EXERCISE 2 (42).
Translate into Spanish—
1. With reference to your esteemed order of 1st inst. for skins and hides, we understand exactly what you want, but we much regret to say that we are unable to get in (obtenerlos) at your limit.
2. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (apreciable) of the 1st inst. with note of purchase we are to make on (de or por) your account, and we shall report thereon (contestaremos, relataremos) by our next.
3. We have picked up (escogido) a few suitable clearing lines (saldos), which are awaiting shipment (se embarcaran) by next steamer.
4. Stripes and checks.—Owing to a breakdown in the works these will not be ready for (antes de) another fortnight.
5. The goods were packed according to (de conformidad con) your instructions, but we take no responsibility for sending them (haberlos mandado) in bales instead of cases as usual (como de costumbre).
6. We hand (pasamos) you enclosed the invoice amounting to (importando en, ascendiendo a) L155 6s. 7d. to the debit of your account, value (valor al) 15th inst.
7. We can assure you that any (cualesquiera) orders entrusted to our care (que se nos confien) will receive careful attention.
8. Our traveller will be in your district by the beginning of September, and he will have much pleasure in waiting upon you (en visitarles) with our full (completa) collection of dress goods and fancies.
9. We hasten to offer you a lot of cheap mohairs and nankeens and hope they will meet your requirements.
Hoping to receive a favourable reply, Yours faithfully, SMITH AND Co.
Prices are (van or estan) marked on (en) the samples. S. & Co. (Vale).[138]
[Footnote 138: Used instead of initialling a postscriptum.]
LESSON XXII. (Leccion vigesima segunda.)
THE MOODS.
Mood is that form or modification of the Verb which marks the mode in which an action is viewed or stated.
There are 5 moods in Spanish: one the Infinitive and 4 Finite, viz., the Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, and Imperative.
The Infinitive Mood (Modo Infinitivo) represents the action or state of being without any reference to time or person. The present and past participles are parts of the Infinitive Mood.
The Infinitive Mood may be used in the capacity of a noun either as Subject or Object of the sentence. It is then generally (but not necessarily) accompanied by the def. article, as—
El leer es util: To read is useful. Me es necesario el leer: It is necessary for me to read.
The form of the Pres. Part. used in this capacity in English is inadmissible in Spanish, e.g., we could never say "leyendo" for "el leer" (or "la lectura").
The Infinitive Mood preceded by a may have a passive meaning, as—
Una consignacion a hacer or also a hacerse (a ser hecha): A shipment to be made.
The Infinitive Mood preceded by a may be used instead of the Finite Mood introduced by "if," as—
A saber yo que V. era accionista de aquella compania, le habria comunicado luego aquella relacion: If I had known (or had I known) that you were a shareholder in that society, I would have sent you at once that report. The Present Participle after "to be" is used in both languages to form the continuous or progressive tenses; in Spanish this happens much less frequently than in English, and only with verbs whose action implies duration of time and besides when it is spoken of as actually in progress. This form is never possible with the verb "to go," and is very rarely found with "to come," as—
Miro aquellas Mantas y Terlices que me gustan: I am looking at those Blankets and Tickings which I like.
Grita: He is shouting.
Nos escribe continuamente: He is continually writing us.
Hoy como con el arquitecto: To-day I am dining with the architect.
Estoy haciendo mi correspondencia, no puedo dejar el despacho: I am writing my correspondence, I cannot leave the office.
A Preposition before a Pres. Part. is either translated by a preposition followed by the Infinitive Mood or by the Pres. Part. without a Preposition, as—
Al ir (or yendo) a la Bolsa; On going to the Exchange.
EXCEPTION—
After en we find the Pres. Part. used with the following meaning—e.g.
En acabando saldre: As soon as I have finished, I shall go out.
"I, acting as trustee," is translated "Yo, procediendo como sindico"; but "I wrote to the party acting as umpire" would be "Escribi a la persona que funcionaba (not funcionando) de arbitro."
After "Intentar,"[139] "Ver," "Oir," "Sentir," and "Simular" the Infinitive only can be used in Spanish, as—
[Footnote 139: Or verbs of similar meaning.
Intento (or pienso) hipotecar la casa: I intend mortgaging the house. Le veo pasar: I see him passing. "My coming," "my going," etc., are translated: "El venir or el haber venido yo," etc.]
The Past Part. may be used in an absolute manner, as—
Entregada la carta se fue: The letter (being) delivered, he went.
Sellados los sobres, los echo al correo: Having sealed the envelopes he posted them.
VOCABULARY.
abogado, lawyer, barrister bombas de aire, air pumps *contribuir, to contribute contribuyo, etc., I contribute convenio, agreement desperdiciar, to waste diseno, design embajador, ambassador empenos, obligations, engagements estacion, temporada, season Estados Unidos, United States excelentemente, excellently forma, shape forros, linings gorras, caps *hacer frente, to face, to meet (bills, etc.) honrar, to honour locomotora, locomotive malgastar, to waste, to squander Navidad, Christmas necesitar, desear, to require paso step *poner en conocimiento, to inform ponerse de acuerdo, to agree pormenores, particulars presupuesto, estimate proyectar, to project, to plan representar, to represent, to act for rizo del ala, curl of the brim (of a hat) secretario, secretary senado, senate someter, to submit supondre, etc., I shall suppose, etc. *suponer, to suppose supongo, etc., I suppose, etc. supuse, etc., I supposed, etc. tarea, task tratado de arbitraje, arbitration treaty varar, to ground (a ship) variedad, variety vendre, etc., I shall come, etc. vengo, vienes, etc., I come, etc. *venir, to come vine, etc., I came, etc.
EXERCISE 1 (43).
Translate into English—
1. El escribir concisa y claramente contribuye al buen exito (success) de una casa comercial.
2. Quedan muchos pasos a dar.
3. A suponer yo que no honrara sus aceptaciones no le habria concedido el credito.
4. ?Que hace V.?
5. Estoy escribiendo un presupuesto para una locomotora y cuatro bombas de aire que se piden para Chile; en acabando mi tarea saldre (I shall come out) con V.
6. Debemos escribir al abogado que representa al Sr. Fulano para ponerle en conocimiento de los pormenores que puedan interesarle.
7. Si, Senor, pensaba hacerlo manana.
8. Siento tener que informar a V. que he encontrado al Sr. Smith y le he oido decir que no puede hacer frente a sus empenos.
9. Ejecutada esta primera orden, y pagada que sea (once paid) le manifestare claramente que no me conviene continuar bajo estas condiciones.
10. Se asegura que el secretario del departamento de Estado y el embajador de Inglaterra se han puesto de acuerdo, hace poco, sobre los principales puntos del tratado de arbitraje proyectado por el Presidente de los Estados Unidos.
11. Se supone que dicho (said) convenio sera sometido al senado antes de Navidad.
12. Se han recibido noticias de haber naufragado (shipwrecked) un buque en la costa de Marruecos (Morocco) y de haber varado otro en Almeria.
EXERCISE 2 (44).
Translate into Spanish—
1. I do not consider (no creo que) I have been fairly (equitativamente or bien) treated.
2. Silk and Cotton Linings.—We note (nos enteramos de) your complaints but you know they were bought as job lots (imperfectos) and in buying such lots, one has to put up with (conformarse con) some imperfections (defectos, imperfecciones).
3. The hats and caps have turned out (salido) excellently.
4. The former (aquellos) are exactly of the shape and curl you require and the latter (estas) include (abarcan) a large variety of designs.
5. They will reach you (le llegaran) in plenty of time (con bastante anticipacion) for the coming (entrante) season.
6. Please report (hacer sus comentos) on samples as soon as received (luego que las reciban).
7. Reading good papers is necessary to keep oneself posted up (mantenerse al corriente), but reading the sensational news (noticias sensacionales) of a certain press (prensa) is wasting one's time.
8. Are you going to Spain this year?
9. I do not think so, my correspondent is coming to England.
10. We shall write to the gentleman acting as secretary to send us (que nos envie) a copy of the report.
11. Did you hear him saying that?
12. I regret having to inform you that once I have paid what I owe (to owe = deber), I shall not continue my transactions with your firm.
LESSON XXIII. (Leccion vigesima tercera.)
THE MOODS (contd.).
The Indicative Mood (Modo Indicativo) is that form of the verb that expresses the action in a positive manner, as a fact.
The Conditional Mood (Modo Condicional)[140] affirms like the Indicative Mood in a positive manner, but subject to a condition.
The Imperative Mood is used to command or to beg. This mood has only one tense and one distinct form of person: the second, as—
Habla tu: Speak thou. Hablad vosotros: Speak ye or you.
The 1st pers. sing, does not occur and the other persons are taken from the Present Subjunctive.[141]
In the 3rd person (and sometimes even the 1st plural) the pres. subj. may take the place of the Imperative used affirmatively. This becomes apparent by the use of Que, which precedes the Subjunctive and when an object pronoun occurs in the sentence, as—
Escribalo el or Que lo escriba el: Let him write it.
There is no Imperative Mood negative in Spanish.[142]
[Footnote 140: English form: (auxiliary) should + verb for 1st persons; (auxiliary) would + verb for 2nd and 3rd persons.]
[Footnote 141: With only one exception— Ir (to go). 1st pers. pl., Pres. Subj.—Vayamos. 1st pers. pl., Imperative—Vayamos or vamos (more used).]
[Footnote 142: It is borrowed entirely from the Pres. Subjunctive, as: No hables, no hable, no hablemos, no hableis, no hablen. The difference is of course, only apparent in the 2nd person.]
The Subjunctive Mood.
This mood offers some difficulty to English students; this arises from the fact that in English this mode of viewing the action of the verb is often rendered by the indicative mood or by the semi-auxiliary verbs "may," "might," "should," "would."
Note.—The Spanish rule on the Subjunctive mood must be therefore applied irrespective of the English construction.
GENERAL RULE.
The Subjunctive Mood can only be used in dependent clauses, as—
Yo quiero que el venga: I wish him to come. Yo quiero que el vaya: I wish him to go.
And then, only when, by reason of what precedes in the Principal Clause, the action of the Subordinate verb is not expressed in a positive manner (i.e., as a fact) but as merely contingent (i.e., only conceived in the mind), as—
Yo declare que el vino (or vendria): I say that he came or that he would come. Yo espero que el venga: I hope that he may come. Yo esperaba que el viniese: I hoped that he might, or would come.
SPECIAL RULES.
I. A verb in a dependent clause is placed (generally) in the Subjunctive Mood after verbs expressing an action, or emotion of the mind, when the subjects of the principal and of the subordinate verbs are different.
EXAMPLES of principal verbs which govern the following verb in the Subjunctive Mood—
aconsejar (to advise) alegrarse de que (to be glad that) avergonzarse de que (to be ashamed that) conceder (to grant) conseguir (to obtain) desear (to desire) esperar (to hope) evitar (to avoid) impedir (to hinder) mandar (to order) querer (to wish) rogar (to ask, to beg) sentir (to regret) temer (to fear) confiar en que (to trust)
N.B.—(a) If the 2nd verb should have the same subject, use the Infinitive Mood, as—
Deseo que venga: I wish him to come. Deseo venir: I wish to come.
(b) After verbs expressing joy, shame, sorrow, or fear, the Indicative may be used instead of the Subjunctive.
(c) After "mandar" (to order) the subordinate verb is often in the Infinitive instead of the Subjunctive, as—
Mandele V. que lo haga: Order him to do it. Mandeselo V. hacer: Order him to do it.
VOCABULARY.
agradar, favorecer, to oblige almacenero, dependiente de almacen, warehouseman celebrar, to be glad of colorido, colouring *complacer, to oblige complazco, etc., I oblige, etc. (el) cortapluma, penknife cortesmente, politely coste flete y seguro, cost, freight and insurance *dar las gracias, to hank demora, delay *demostrar confianza, to show confidence deplorar, to deplore dictados, dictates en seguida, at once franco de averia particular, free of particular average *hacer una remesa, to send a remittance intereses, interests justificarse, to justify oneself mucho, much, exceedingly, greatly navajas de afeitar, razors obrar, to act patines, skates primer dependiente, chief clerk propio, own *rogar, to beg, to request ruego, etc., I beg, etc. sin novedad, safe and sound tela para pantalones, trousering tijeras, scissors
EXERCISE 1 (45).
Translate into English—
1. En nuestra anterior les rogamos[143] nos enviasen una muestra de las telas de nuestros competidores.
2. Celebraremos mucho que encuentren ventaja en el cambio de via (route) que hemos adoptado para sus envios.
3. Siento haber hecho este error y siento tambien que mi primer dependiente no me lo haya hecho observar.
4. Me avergueenzo que por culpa de un dependiente de almacen negligente haya recibido V. un genero por otro (the wrong goods).
5. Nunca me avergueenzo de hablar a las claras (openly, clearly).
6. No podemos ni deberiamos querer impedir a los otros que piensen como quieran; lo que si debemos hacer es aconsejar a todos que obren segun los dictados de su propia conciencia.
7. Lo que me este bien (is my duty) hacer lo hare.
8. Espero me mande pronto los coloridos para las telas para pantalones.
9. Deploro que el quiera justificarse con argumentos que se quiebran de sutiles (which do not stand the light of day).
10. Explicate para que te entienda.
11. No te justifiques con malas razones (by quibbling).
12. Expliqueme V. de que se trata (what it is about).
13. No le explique V. mas de lo necesario.
[Footnote 143: The 1st pers. plural Past Definite of the 1st Conjugation may take an accent to distinguish it from the Present Indicative.]
EXERCISE 2 (46).
Translate into Spanish—
1. We should like to do more business with your firm.
2. You would greatly oblige (us) by sending us a remittance.
3. He would do well to write it to them.
4. Let him write at once.
5. We hope you may arrive safe and sound, and we advise you to take care of yourself. |
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