Integer vitae scelerisque purus.

The inscription, which we think worthy of commendation for the chasteness and conciseness of its style, is from the pen of (the late) J. B. Parkin, Esq., advocate, of this city; the most lasting monument, however, of the honoured deceased is that which was the product of his own brain, his History of Canada. This work is unfortunately incomplete, though the materials of a posthumous volume are still extant; but it is to be regretted that Mr. Christie's widow has been robbed, and that by the hand of no common thief, of some most important documents collected by and belonging to her late husband—Quebec Mercury, 5th Nov., 1859.

[72] Opposite to Mr. Narcisse Turcotte, jeweller, on Mountain Hill.

[73] The Basilica Minor, or Roman Catholic Parish Church, built in 1647, restored after the siege of 1759, was consecrated by Bishop Laval on the 18th July, 1666, under the name of the Church of the Immaculate Conception. It is the oldest church in North America. Its length is 216 feet by 108 in breadth, and is capable of containing a congregation of 4,000 persons. "It originated in a gift, in 1644, on the part of Couillard and Guillemette Hebert, his wife, of 80 perches of land in superficies, for a parish church, on condition on the part of the Fabrique, or church authorities, that they would furnish a pew in perpetuity in said church for them and their successors, on their paying them a sum of 30 livres, tournois, at each mutation. The Church was begun in 1644 and 1645, on this spot, out of collections made in the years 1643 and 1644 together, until the price for which were sold 1,270 beaver skins—worth about 8,000 livres—was given by the Quebec merchants. The partners of the India Company presented the church with a bell."—Histoire abregee de l'Eglise de Quebec.

[74] The Indian Fort (Fort des Hurons) was built to protect the unfortunate Hurons who, after the butchery of 1648-49, had sought refuge at Quebec. It is conspicuous on an old plan of Quebec of 1660, republished by Abbe Faillon. It stood on the northern slope of Dufferin Terrace, on the side to the east of the present Post Office, south-east of the Roman Catholic Parish Church.

[75] Voyage Sentimental—LaRue, page 96.

[76] "THE VOLTIGEURS, 1812.—This corps, now forming under the command of Major De Salaberry, is completing with a despatch worthy of the ancient war-like spirit of the country. Capt. Perrault's company was filled up in 48 hours, and was yesterday passed by His Excellency the Governor; and the companies of Captains Duchesnay, Panet and L'Ecuyer have nearly their complement. The young men move in solid columns towards the enlisting officers, with an expression of countenance not to be mistaken. The Canadians are awakening from the repose of an age secured to them by good government and virtuous habits. Their anger is fresh, the object of their preparations simple and distinct. They are to defend their King, known to them only by acts of kindness and a native country, long since made sacred by the exploits of their forefathers."—(From the Montreal Canadian Courant, 4th May, 1812.) Does the sacred fire still burn as bright? We hope so.

[77] The Hotel Dieu is fully described at page 63 of "QUEBEC PAST AND PRESENT."

[78] Bouchette's British Dominions in North America, 1832, p. 254.

[79] The practical jokers in our good city were numerous and select; we might mention the Duke of Richmond's sons, Lord Charles and Lord William Lennox: Col. Denny, 71st Highlanders; the brilliant Vallieres de St. Real, later on Chief. Justice; Petion Christie, P. A. De Gaspe, the writer; L. Plamondon, C. Romain and other legal luminaries; recalling the days of Barrington in Ireland, and those of Henry Cockburn in Scotland; their petit souper, bon mots, boisterous merriment, found a sympathetic chronicler in the author of "The Canadians of Old". Facile princeps for riotous fun stood Chas. R. Ogden, subsequently Attorney-General, as well known for his jokes as for his eloquence: he recently died a judge at the Isle of Wight.—(J. M. L.)

[80] The first idea of utilising the ruins of the Chateau St. Louis, burnt in 1834, is due to His Excellency the Earl of Durham, Governor-General and High Commissioner in Canada from the 29th May to the 1st November, 1838. George Lambton, Earl of Durham, died in England in 1840. He was one of our ablest administrators, and with all his faults, one of the most ungenerously treated public men of the day by the Metropolitan statesmen.

[81] "Le Chien d'Or—the History of an Old House,"—MAPLE LEAVES, 1873, p. 89. [82] "His constant attendance when he went abroad," says Mere Juchereau.

[83] The Old Regime in Canada, p. 177-9.

[84] John George Lambton, Earl of Durham, was born at Lambton Castle, in April, 1792, and died at the Isle of Wight, on the 28th July, 1840, broken-hearted at the apparent failure of his Canadian mission.

"Lord Durham," says Justin McCarthy, "was a man of remarkable character. It is a matter of surprise how little his name is thought of by the present generation, seeing what a strenuous figure he seemed in the eyes of his contemporaries, and how striking a part he played in the politics of a time which has even still some living representatives. He belonged to one of the oldest families in England. The Lambtons had lived on their estate in the north in uninterrupted succession since the Conquest. The male succession, it is stated, never was interrupted since the twelfth century. They were not, however, a family of aristocrats. Their wealth was derived chiefly from coal mines, and grew up in later days; the property at first, and for a long time, was of inconsiderable value. For more than a century, however, the Lambtons had come to take rank among the gentry of the country, and some member of the family had represented the city of Durham in the House of Commons from 1727 until the early death of Lord Durham's father, in December, 1797, William Henry Lambton, Lord Durham's father, was a staunch Whig, and had been a friend and associate of Fox. John George Lambton, the son, was born at Lambton Castle, in April, 1792. Before he was quite twenty years of age, he made a romantic marriage at Gretna Green with a lady who died three years after. He served for a short time in a regiment of Hussars. About a year after the death of his first wife, he married the eldest daughter of Lord Grey. In 1828 he was raised to the Peerage with the title of Baron Durham."—History of Our Own Times, page 9.—Justin McCarthy.

[85] I use the term advisedly, for had he followed out the Colborne policy and gibbetted the "Bermuda exiles," he would have had one sin less to atone for, at the hands of Lord Brougham and other merciless enemies in England.

[86] Thanks to the late Mr. J. B. Martel, then Secretary of the Harbour Commission, Quebec, we may designate in a few words the site which the Quebec Bank now possesses. This extent of ground (at that period a beach lot), was conceded to the Seminary by the Marquis de Denonville in 1687, and confirmed by the King, the 1st March, 1688. The 25th August, 1750, Messire Christophe de Lalane, Directeur du Seminaire des Missions Etrangeres a Paris, made a concession of it to Mons. Nicholas Rene Levasseur, Ingenieur, formerly chief contractor of the ships of "His Most Christian Majesty." On the 24th June, 1760, a deed of sale of this same property, to Joseph Brassard Descheneaux, consisting of a two-story house and a wharf (avec les peintures au-dessus de la porte.) On the 8th September, 1764, a deed of sale to Alexander McKenzie, purchase money, $5,800. On the 19th April, 1768, Joseph Descheneaux assigned his mortgage to Mr. John Lymburner. On the 11th August, 1781, a deed of concession of the beach in the rear, to low water mark, by the Seminary to Adam Lymburner. The 5th November, 1796, a deed of sale by the attorney of Adam Lymburner. Subsequently Angus Shaw became the proprietor in consideration of $4,100. On the 17th October, 1825, a judicial sale, to the late Henry Atkinson, Esq.

[87] Hon. D.A. Ross.

[88] This attempt, although ushered in with a brilliant victory on 28th April 1760, failed.

[89] Born in 1765; died in 1820; resided at Quebec, 1741-46.

[90] See Histoire de la Gazette de Quebec—Gerin, p. 24.

[91] The "Neptune" Inn was opened as a house of public entertainment for captains, by William Arrowsmith, on 1st May, 1809 (See Quebec Mercury, 1st May, 1809.)

[92] DOINGS OF THE PRESS GANG AT QUEBEC, 1807—Le Canadien newspaper, of September, 1807, thus records the death, on the 13th September of that year, of Simon Latresse, from the discharge of fire arms.—It had taken place on the evening of the preceding Saturday, the perpetrator being one of the crew of H.M. man-of-war Blossom, commanded by Captain George Picket. "Latresse," says this journal, "was at the time attending a dance in St. John suburbs, when a press-gang, under the charge of Lieut. Andrel, entered. Latresse was laid hold of, but his great strength and activity enabled him to shake off his captors. He then took to his heels and received from one of them a pistol shot, the ball going through his body. He was a native of Montreal, aged 25 years; had been for seven years a voyageur to Michilimakinac; was noted for his fidelity and attachment to his employers. Latresse leaves a widowed mother of 75 years of age to mourn his loss, of whom he was the support". The poet Quesnel wrote a fine piece of verse to commemorate the event. It is to be found in the Bibliotheque Canadienne of 1826.

[93] Quebec, 5th December, 1816. "At a meeting of the Board of Green Cloth, held at the "Neptune" Inn, John Wm. Woolsey in the chair, it was unanimously decided to establish a Merchants' Exchange in the lower part of the Neptune Inn, &c. (Then follow the resolutions.) Subscription to be two guineas per annum.

"On motion of John Jones, Esq., Resolved that the following gentlemen do form a Committee of Management:—Thomas Edward Brown, James Heath, George Symes, John W. Woolsey and Robert Melvin."

[94] William Finlay, an eminent merchant of Quebec, and one of its chief benefactors, made several bequests which the city authorities invested in the purchase of this market. Mr. Finlay died at the Island of Madeira, whether he had gone for his health, about the year 1831.

[95] "ROMPU VIF," 1752—A good deal of patriotic indignation has been bubbled over at the mention of what was termed the Old World mode of punishing high treason against the State. With respect to the atrocious sentence pronounced by Chief Justice Osgood, at Quebec, in 1797, carried out on the criminal David McLane, the "disembowling and hanging" particulars (so well related by an eye-witness, the late P. A. DeGaspe, Esq.,) ought not to be considered such a novelty in Canada.

A Montreal antiquary, Mr. P. S. Murphy, has unearthed a sentence pronounced at Montreal in the good old Bourbon times, 6th June, 1752, which shows that the terrible punishment of "breaking alive" (rompu vif) was in force under the French regime.

"Belisle," says Mr. P. S. Murphy, "was condemned to 'torture ordinary and extraordinary,' then to be broken alive on a scaffold erected in the market place. The awful sentence was carried out to the letter, his body buried in Guy street, Montreal, and a Red Cross erected to mark the spot."

Translation.—Extract from the requisition of H. C. Majesty's Attorney:—

"I require for the King that Jean Baptiste Goyer dit Belisle be arraigned and convicted of having wilfully and feloniously killed the said Jean Favre by a pistol shot and several stabs with a knife, and of having similarly killed the said Marie-Anne Bastien, wife of the said Favre, with a spade and a knife, and of having stolen from them the money that was in their house; for punishment of which that he be condemned to have his arms, legs, thighs and backbone broken, he alive, on a scaffold, which shall be erected for that purpose in the market place of this city, at noon, then on a rack, his face turned towards the sky, he be left to die. The said Jean Baptiste Goyer dit Belisle, being previously put to the torture ordinary and extraordinary, his dead body shall be carried by the executioners to the highway which lies between the house lately occupied by the said accused and the house lately occupied by the said Jean Favre and his wife. The goods and chattels of the said Jean Baptiste Goyer dit Belisle confiscated to the King, or for the benefit of those who may have a right to them, or of those not liable to confiscation, the sum of 300 livres fine being previously set apart, in case that confiscation could be made for the benefit of His Majesty.

"(Signed), FAUCHER. "Done at Montreal, the 6th June, 1752."

[96] The most spacious, the most remarkable of these substantial vaults of French construction, are those which now belong to the Estate Poston, on the north side of Notre Dame street, nearly opposite the church Notre Dame des Victoires. It is claimed that these vaults were so constructed as not only to be fire proof but water-proof likewise at the seasons of high water, in spring and autumn. This vault is now occupied by Messrs. Thompson, Codville & Co. as Inland Revenue and Customs bonded warehouses.

[97] "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," Ferland, Vol. 1, p. 280.

[98] Concession de la Barre aux Jesuites, Sept. 16, 1683.

[99] Cul-de-Sac means a street without an issue. The filling in of this old market place, by the wharves on which Champlain Market Hall now stands, has totally altered this locality.

[100] M. de Laval, in 1661, described the city as follows:—

"Quebecum vulgo in superiorem dividitur et inferiorem urbem. In inferiore sunt portus, vadosa navium ora, mercatorum apoticae ubi et merces servantur, commercium quodlibet peragitur publicum et magnus civium numerus commoratur."

[101] George Allsop, a British merchant, came from England to this country in the last century with Thomas Aylwin, grandfather of Judge Thos. Cushing Aylwin. The Hale family were already in Canada, and became intimate with the Allsops. George Allsop had six sons, all born in the Montcalm House ramparts. At the time of Robert Allsop's birth his mother was placed for safety in the vaults of the Citadel, at the time of the siege (1775) says a family tradition. These six sons were as follows:—

George Waters Allsop, eldest, sent home to the Bluecoat School to be educated; he was a Latin and Greek scholar, and a person of eminence in other respects. John Allsop, merchant in London. Carleton Allsop, Consul-General to Colombia. Robert Allsop, Deputy Commissary-General. James Allsop, Paymaster 1st Batt., 44th Foot. William Allsop, merchant, died at sea on a voyage to Buenos Ayres, and was buried on the Patagonian coast, all co-seigneurs of Seignories of Jacques Cartier and d'Auteuil. James Allsop, at the age of 17, was taken by Hon. John Hale, Receiver- General, into his office, St. John street, at $600 per annum. This house was afterwards occupied by a Mrs. Stinson (I think as a boarding-house); sold to Judge Aylwin, who left it by will to his nephew, Robt S. Bradley, who now owns it. James Allsop did not like the drudgery of Mr. Hale's office, who sent him to England with a recommendation to the late Duke of Kent, asking for a Paymastership. There were difficulties at first, he not being considered old enough; but at last he was gazetted to one in the 1st Batt., 44th Regt., and this Battalion was ordered to New Orleans, Hon. Col. Mullins (Lord Ventry's son), commanding, who, being seized with a panic on the field, disgraced himself, lost his presence of mind on seeing the destruction the Americans were dealing out to the British troops, by firing behind their cotton bags, and was in consequence the cause of the death of Hon. Col. Pakenham, brother-in-law to the Duke of Wellington. Miss Pakenham was a celebrated beauty, and engaged to marry the Duke on his return from the Peninsular War; but having, unfortunately, taken the small-pox during the Duke's absence, her father wrote to the Duke to absolve him from his promise, she having become so much disfigured from its effects, but the Duke was too honourable, and married her. They were both in Brussels. My father, who was Paymaster to the 2nd Battalion of the 44th, was at Waterloo. We remained in Brussels some years.—(Diary of Mrs. Chas. Aylwin.)

[102] See Appendix—"La Negresse Rose."

[103] Quebecers will remember with pleasure the presence in our midst of this famous Polar navigator in August, 1880, and his lady, whose kindliness of manner and elegant French, won the hearts of many. The instructive torpedo lectures of the scientific commander of the Northampton iron-clad, Capt. Fisher, will likewise retain a corner in the chambers of memory.

[104] In fact, the spot where the remains of the great geographer and discoverer are supposed to rest, seems to be the site on which the new Post Office in the Upper Town has lately been built. Another theory, however, is lately propounded by an Ottawa antiquary. See QUEBEC PAST AND PRESENT.

[105] XAVIER MARMIER.—This writer was born at Pontcartier, France, in 1809, and early evinced a passion for travel. Having visited Switzerland and Holland, he came to Paris in 1830. Being well versed in German literature, he edited for ten years the Revue Germanique, during which period he travelled and wrote much. In 1836-38 he went as the Secretary of a scientific expedition to the north of Europe. He spent several weeks at Archangel, visited Iceland, Greenland, and other hyperborean regions, and after his return published many works, among which may be mentioned Travels in Iceland and Greenland (7 vols., 8vo, with elaborate maps and numerous folio plates), the Literature of Denmark and Sweden, Souvenirs of Voyages and Traditions, Popular Songs of the North, Letters on Holland and on Russia, Finland and Poland, Poems of a Traveller, the Rhine and the Nile, Letters upon Algeria and the Adriatic, A Summer on the Baltic, &c, &c, besides voluminous essays in reviews and magazines. He was recalled from travels to become librarian of the Department of the Marine, and in 1847 was appointed in charge of the library of Sainte Genevieve. He is still (in 1881) living in Paris.

[106] Lettres sur l'Amerique, par X Marmier, Canada, Etats-Unis, Havane, Rio de la Plata, 2 Vols., Paris, 1851.

[107] The Jesuit Fathers were in the habit of fastening the painters of their canoes at the foot of the hill, "la canoterie," on their return by water from their farm called "Ferme des Anges," hence its name.

We borrow from the "Directory for the City and Suburbs of Quebec" for 1791, by Hugh McKay, printed at the office of the Quebec Herald, the following paragraph, "Rues Ecartees" (out-of-the-way streets)— "La Canoterie (canoe landings) follows the street Sault-au-Matelot, commencing at the house of Cadet (where Mr. O. Aylwin resides), and continues up to Mr. Grant's distillery; St. Charles street commences there and terminates below Palace Gate; St. Nicholas street extends from Palace Gate to the water's edge, passing in front of the residence of the widow La Vallee; the old ship yard opposite to the boat yard, Cape Diamond street commences at the wharf owned by Mr. Antrobus and terminates at the outer extremity of that of Mons. Duniere, underneath Cape Diamond, the streets Carriere, Mont Carmel, Ste. Genevieve, St. Denis, Des Grisons, are all situated above St. Louis street" (Mr. Louis Duniere was M.P. in 1828.)

[108] Mr. T. P. Bedard sends us the following note on this street:—"Au 17eme siecle, la rue Sault-au-Matelot etait la rue commerciale par excellence avec la rue Notre-Dame, c'etait la ou ce faisait toutes les affaires, la rue St. Pierre actuelle etant alors envahie par l'eau durant les grandes marees."

[109] Did the dog belong to Champlain? an antiquary asks us.

"Ad laevum fluit amnis S. Laurentii, ad dextram S. Caroli fluviolus. Ad confluentem, Promontorium assurgit, Saltum Nautae vulgo vocant, ab cane hujus nominis qui se alias ex eo loco praecipitem dedit." (Historia Canadensis.—Creuxius, p. 204.)

[110] Francois de Bienville.

[111] In that early, dark, but not unhappy era of Quebec municipal existence, in June, 1842, when the great novelist, Chas. Dickens, perambulated our thoroughfares and surveyed our battle fields, did the author of "Pickwick," in his rambles, meet in this odoriferous lane any of those "roving, gentlemanly, philosophic, republican" porkers, such as had crossed his path in the "empire city" of the West, and which, as typical New York pigs, have since become famous. "A select party," says he, "of half a dozen gentlemanly hogs have just now turned the corner."

"Here is a solitary swine lounging homeward by himself. He has only one ear, having parted with the other to vagrant dogs in the course of his city rambles. But he gets on very well without it, and leads a roving, gentlemanly, vagabond life, somewhat answering to that of our club men at home. He leaves his lodgings every morning at a certain hour, throws himself upon the town, gets through the day in some manner quite satisfactory to himself, and regularly appears at the door of his own house again at night, like the mysterious master of Gil Blas. He is a free and easy, careless, indifferent kind of pig, having a very large acquaintance among other pigs of the same character, whom he rather knows by sight than conversation, as he seldom troubles himself to stop and exchange civilities, but goes grunting down the kennel, turning up the news and small talk of the city, in the shape of cabbage-stalks and offal, and bearing no tails but his own, which is a very short one, for his old enemies the dogs have been at that too, and have left him hardly enough to swear by. He is in every respect a Republican pig, going wherever he pleases, and mingling with the best society, on an equal if not superior footing, for every one makes way when he appears, and the haughtiest give him the wall if he prefer it. He is a great philosopher, and seldom moved, unless by the dogs before mentioned."—(Dickens' American Notes, p. 38.)

[112] CANADA'S ROYAL VISITORS—WHO HAVE BEEN HERE SINCE 1787.—"Canada has been honoured with visits from the following Royal personages:—His Royal Highness Prince William Henry (afterwards William IV.) uncle of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, landed in Quebec in 1787. H.R.H. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria, visited Canada in 1791, four years later than his brother. H.R.H. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and heir apparent of the British Crown, was in this country in 1860, and laid the corner-stone of the Parliament Buildings at Ottawa. H.R.H. Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, second son of Queen Victoria, was here in 1861, H.R.H. Prince Leopold in May, 1880. H.E.H. Prince de Joinville, son of Louis Philippe, King of France, was in Canada the same year as Prince Alfred. Prince Napoleon Bonaparte, cousin of Napoleon III., Emperor of France, also in 1861. H.R.H. Prince Arthur, third son of the Queen, in 1869. H.R.H. the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia, in 1871. H.R.H. Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, in 1876 (Centennial year); and Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise and H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh (his second visit), in 1878. It will thus be seen that Queen Victoria's father, uncle and five of her children have been in Canada."

[113] Opened by him in 1831.

[114] "Travels through North America during the years 1825-26," By Carl Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach.

[115] Prescott Gate levelled in 1871.

[116] These steps went into Prescott Gate.

[117] The R. C. Bishop's Palace, on whose site the present brick structure, Parliament House, was since erected.

[118] Bleak House, on the St. Louis Heights, was, until 1871, the quarters of the Colonel of Engineers.

[119] The Abbe de Fenelon was the half-brother of the illustrious Archbishop of Cambray, the author of "Telemachus." He was tried by Frontenac and the Superior Council for having, at the preceding Easter, preached at Montreal a violent sermon against the _corvees_ (enforced labor) to build up Fort Frontenac, &c. He refused to acknowledge the competency of the tribunal to try him, appeared before it with his hat on, &c. Frontenac had him committed for contempt. Altogether it was a curious squabble, the decision of which was ultimately left to the French King.— (Parkman's Frontenac, p. 37, M. Faillon, _La Colonie Francaise, Vol. III, pp. 515, 517.)

[120] Montcalm, de Vaudreuil, de Longueuil, de Bougainville, LaCorne, de Beaujeu, Tache, de Lery, de St. Ours and others constituted this party of honourable men.

[121] MEMOIRES sur les affaires du Canada, 1749-60.

[122] Servants, lackeys and nobodies were named store-keepers, "leur ignorance et leur bassesse ne font point un obstacle," say the Memoires, 1749-60.

[123] "He (deCallieres), says Parkman, laid before the King a plan, which had, at least, the recommendation of boldness and cheapness. This was to conquer New York with the forces already in Canada, aided only by two ships of war. The blow, he argued, should be struck at once, and the English taken by surprise. A thousand regulars and six hundred Canadian Militia should pass Lake Champlain and Lake George, in canoes and bateaux, cross to the Hudson, and capture Albany, where they would seize all the river-craft, and descend the Hudson to the town of New York, which, as Callieres states, had then about two hundred houses and four hundred fighting men. The two ships were to cruise at the mouth of the Harbour, and wait the arrival of the troops, which was to be made known to them by concerted signals, whereupon they were to enter and aid in the attack. The whole expedition, he thought, might be accomplished in a month, so that by the end of October, the King would be master of the country....

It will be well to observe what were the instructions of the King towards the colony which he proposed to conquer. They were as follows: If any Catholics were found in New York, they might be left undisturbed, provided that they took an oath of allegiance to the King. Officers, and other persons who had the means of paying ransoms, were to be thrown into prison. All lands in the colony, except those of Catholics swearing allegiance, were to be taken from the owners, and granted under feudal tenure to the French officers and soldiers. All property, public or private, was to be seized, a portion of it given to the grantees of the land, and the rest sold on account of the King. Mechanics and other workmen might, at the discretion of the commanding officer) be kept as prisoners to work at fortifications and do other labor. The rest of the English and Dutch inhabitants, men, women, and children were to be carried out of the colony, and dispersed in New England, Pennsylvania or other places, in such manner, that they could not combine in any attempt to recover their property and their country. And that the conquest might be perfectly secure, the nearest settlements of New England were to be destroyed, and those more remote, laid under contribution.—(Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV, p. 187-9.)

[124] See Appendix, verbo "CONQUEST IN NEW YORK."

[125] THE CHIEN D'OR A LEGEND OF QUEBEC.

[126] L'INTENDANT BIGOT.

[127] For the names of the victims and further particulars, vide 2nd Volume du Dictionnaire Genealogique, par l'Abbe Tanguay.

[128] These bricks were found to be only 1-1/2 inches thick, of a dark flinty appearance and as hard as iron, and seemed to be composed of silica and oxide of iron.

The Jesuit College had been occupied as a barrack, under the warrant of General J. Murray, in 1765. (J. M. L.)

[129] Cours d'Histoire du Canada, Vol. II, p. 140.

[130] Louis XV.

[131] Smith's History of Canada, Vol. II., p. 105.

[132] Life of Lord Nelson, by Robert Southey, LL.D.

[133] See Judge Henry's Diary of the Siege of 1775.

[134] The friends of the history will, no doubt, rejoice to learn that the Literary and Historical Society has acquired the interesting diaries and correspondence of Mr. James Thompson.

[135] Named after George Pozer, an aged Quebec millionaire, who for years resided in the house subsequently occupied as a book-store by the late Chas. Hamel. This eccentric old German was a native of Wesel, Germany. He had emigrated in the last century to New York, from thence to London, England, from thence to Quebec. He died here in 1840, immensely wealthy, the cause of his death being a cold be caught in attending Parliament, at Kingston, to remonstrate against what he considered the encroachments of the City Council, at Quebec, who, to remove obstructions in the public streets, had forcibly done away with the projecting steps of "Freemasons' Hall," the Chien d'Or building, for years the property of George Pozer. George Pozer was the grandfather of Hon. M. Pozer, the portly Senator for Beauce.

[136] Ryland street recalls the astute and able secretary and adviser to many Governors, the Hon. Herman W. Ryland, who died in 1836, at Mount Lilac, Beauport.

[137] St. Ours street reminds the student of history of that brave French brigadier who on the glorious battle-field of the 13th September, 1759, shed his blood to uphold the lost cause of France.

[138] Dambourges street perpetuates the name of the intrepid Lieutenant (afterwards Colonel) Dambourges, who, on the 31st December, 1775, in the Sault au Matelot engagement, helped so zealously to uphold the flag of Old England.

[139] Hon. William Grant had wedded, at Montreal, on the 11th September, 1770, the widow of the third Baron de Longueuil, who had expired in 1755. Hon Wm. Grant's decease is thus mentioned in the Quebec Mercury, on the 7th October, 1805:—"Died, on Saturday, of an inflammation in his bowels, after a short illness, William Grant, Esq., of St. Roch. He came to this country shortly after the conquest; (about 1763). Under the old constitution (prior to 1774) he was many years a Privy and Legislative Councillor. Under the present one, he was three times elected a representative to the House of Assembly for the Upper Town of Quebec. He also, at different periods, filled several other important stations in the Province, in all which he manifested ability, assiduity and activity. He embarked in speculative enterprise at an early age, whence his life may be truly said to have been a life of distinguished usefulness. His possessions are extensive and valuable". On a portion of the lot acquired and still occupied by Mr. Prudent Vallee, from the heirs of the late Peter Brebaut, on the 4th May, 1833, by deed, before L. T. McPherson, Esq., N. P., there remains still the massive ruins of what in the early part of the century was a stately stone dwelling, with vaulted rooms in the basement. The edifice faced towards St. Vallier street, and was surrounded by a high wall, with an iron gate on the St. Vallier street side, and an iron porte-cochere, enclosing what was once no doubt a blooming garden; it is now densely built over, since the great fire of 1845 swept over the locality like a tornado. This ostentations mansion is described in Mr. Vallee's deed as the "Manor House," and we are led to believe that here for many a long day flourished the enterprising and wealthy "Seignior of St. Roch," the Hon. Wm. Grant, Receiver-General of His Majesty's rents, with Madame La Baronne de Longueuil, his respected spouse. The Grant estate, by a patent from Sir James Craig, dated 11th March, 1811, subsequently included what is now a most populous portion of St. Roch, styled "La Vacherie," because the city cows were daily brought to these moist lands adjoining the St. Charles. However, this opulent family had another manor, built by the Baronne very shortly after her marriage with Mr. Grant, in 1770, on the lovely Island of St. Helene, opposite to Montreal. She had also erected, opposite to Molson's brewery, a banal mill to grind the corn garnered in the neighborhood. The St. Helene manor was probably the country seat during the summer mouths, and the St. Vallier street mansion la maison de ville of its busy and successful master, who died in 1805, ten years after his noble lady, who had expired on the 25th February, 1795.

[140] This gentleman (Mr. William Henderson) was for many years Secretary of the Quebec Fire Assurance Company. I believe he is still living, and that he resides at Frampton, in the County of Dorchester, P.Q.

[141] Renaud & Brown's Mills at present.

[142] Report No. 3 of Commissioners of the Harbour of Quebec.

[142] Queen's Birthday, Brochure, 1880.

[144] QUEBEC PAST AND PRESENT, p. 353.

[145] QUEBEC AS IT WAS AND AS IT IS.—Chas. Roger, 1864.

CHAPTER IV.

[146] The residence of Jos. Shehyn, Esq., M.P.P., occupies now this historic site.

[147] SAUNDERS SIMPSON.—He was Prevost Marshal in Wolfe's army of Louisbourg, Quebec and Montreal, and cousin of my father's. He resided in that house, the nearest to St. Louis Gate, outside, which has not undergone any external alteration since I was a boy.—From unpublished Diary of Deputy Commissary General Jas. Thompson.

[148] Recent evidence extracted by Dr. H. H. Miles, out of Jas. Thompson's papers and letters, strengthen the theory previously propounded, and indicate Miss Mary Simpson, daughter of Saunders Simpson, as the famed Quebec beauty of 1782.

[149] Paint and extensive repairs have very much improved the historical house—owned and partly occupied by Mr. Green, Surveyor of H. M. Customs, Quebec—this year until May tenanted by George Stewart, Esq., author of "Lord Dufferin's Rule in Canada," "The Great St. John Fire, 1877," &c.

[150] Major Perrault and his esteemed father, the Prothonotary, a warm friend to education, both lived there many years.

[151] Three only now exist.

[152] My old friend died in 1867—regretted as a scholar, an antiquarian and the type of the old English gentleman.

[153] This realm of fairy land, so rich in nature's graces, so profusely embellished by the late James Gibb, Esq., President of the Quebec Bank, was recently sold for a rural cemetery.

[154] The stately home of Thomas Beckett, Esq.

[155] The picturesque villa of R. R. Dobell, Esq.

[156] A mossy old hall founded by Mr. McNider in the beginning of the century; now occupied by the Graddon family.

[157] The grand mansion of the late Chas E. Levey, Esq.

[158] Owned by Mr. Morgan.

[159] The highly cultivated farm and summer residence of Andrew Stuart, Esq.

[160] The property of Charles Ernest Levey, Esq.

[161] The beautiful home of W. Herring, Esq.

[162] The rustic abode of the late Hon. John Neilson, now owned by his eldest son, John Neilson, P. L. Surveyor, advantageously known by his popular notes on Canadian Birds. Dornald with its umbrageous glens, undulating meadows, broad and dense hard wood groves, seems a veritable Eden to the feathered tribe and offers innumerable opportunities of observation to the eye of a naturalist.

[163] Recently acquired by James Bowen, Esq., founded by the late W. Atkinson, Esq., in 1820.

[164] For account of the duel, which laid law one of the Hollands, see Maple Leaves for 1863. The tree, however, has lately been destroyed by a storm.

[165] A stately Convent of Congregational Nuns.

[166] The ornate country seat of Robt. Hamilton, Esq.

[167] The cosy dwelling of And. Thompson, President Union Bank.

[168] The homestead of Hon. D. A. Ross, late Atty.-Genl., Province of Quebec.

PART II—ENVIRONS OF QUEBEC

[169] A. Brulart de Sillery, Marquis de Puisieux, was Minister of Foreign Affairs in France from 1747 to 1751.—O'Callaghan's Paris Document Table, vol. x.

[170] His career furnishes a curious instance of the lavish expenditure which ambitious sovereigns formerly required on such grand occasions. Let us quote his biographer's own words: "Son entree dans Rome fut superbe; il etait dans un carosse ouvert, en forme de caleche, tout brillant d'or, meme jusqu'aux roues qui etaient dorees. Ses chevaux etaient ferres avec des plaques d'argent qui ne tenaient que par un seul clou, afin que, venant a se detacher, elles fussent ramassees par les pauvres, a qui, outre cela, il faisait jeter quantite d'argent. Son carosse etait entoure de douze gentilshomme bien montes et superbement vetus; et de douze valets de pied d'une rich livree, suivis des carosses que le Pape avait envoye pour lui faire honneur. Sa Saintete fut sur un balcon pour voir son entree. M. l'ambassadeur etait vetu en Chevalier de Malte, avec sa croix enrichie de diamants. Ce fut dans ce superbe equipage qu'il fit les visites des cardinaux."

[171] An authentic record still remains of the foundation of the mission; it is written in the language of Virgil, by Father Deguen, its first missionary, and heads the register of baptisms, marriages and burials of the mission. It runs thus: "Dominus de Sillery, eques militenses et sacerdos non adpridem factus, vir imprimis plus, reductionem Sancti Josephi, una et amplius leaca, supra Kebicum ad ripas magni fluminis." Jacta sunt fundimenta domus, Julii, 1637, et 14 Aprilis anni, 1638.— Bressani, Appendix, p. 300.

[172] Il y avait (des petite forts) a Sillery, sur les fiefs Saint Michel, Saint Francois, Saint Sauveur, a Beauport, a l'Ile d'Orleans. "Les Hiroquois," dit la mere de l'Incarnation, "craignent extremement les cannons; ce qui fait qu'ils n'osent s'approcher des forts." Les habitants, afin de leur donner la chasse et de la terreur, ont des redoutes en leurs maisons pour se defendre avec de petites pieces.—Abbe Ferland's Notes, p 92.

[173] History of the Hotel-Dieu, Mere Juchereau.

[174] Abbe Faillon's Histoire de la Colonie Francaise en Canada, vol. ii., p. 28.

[175] The hotel was later kept by one Pierre Letarte.

[176] Faillon cautions students to be careful not to confound the name of the parish of Ste. Foye with the name "Sainte Foix" which M. Puiseaux had given to his manor, higher up than Quebec on the shore of the St. Lawrence.—Ibid, vol. iii, p. 319.

[177] "Jacques Brassier, Jean Tavernier, Nicholas Josselin, Etienne Robin dit Desforges, Rene Douspin Jean LeComte, and Francois Crusson dit Pelate, belonged to those immortal seventeen heroes who, led on by their brave and youthful commander, Adam Dollard Desormeaux, shed their blood so nobly for the salvation of the nascent colony at Montreal at the Longue Sault, on 21st May, 1660."—(See Faillon, vol. ii., p 416.)

[178] Manuscript owned by G. B. Faribault, Esq.

[179] Histoire de la Colonie Francaise en Canada, Faillon, vol. iii., p. 222.

[180] The insecurity produced in the colony at this period by the incessant inroads of the Five Nations was such that several colonists were on the eve of, and some did, return to France.

"Les familles francaises eparses sur les bords du St. Laurent, se trouvaient exposees a des dangers continuels. Pendant le jour, les hommes etaient attaques au coin des champs, a l'oree d'un bois, sur les eaux du grand-fleuve. Pour tomber tout-a-coup sur leurs victimes, les maraudeurs iroquois se tenaient caches tantot derriere un arbre renverse, tantot dans un marais, ou au milieu des joncs du rivage pendant la nuit, ils rodaient autour des maisons, cherchant a surprendre quelques familles sans defense."—(Ferland, Histoire du Canada: Vol. I., p. 398.)

Hence the French houses in each settlement were generally close to one another for mutual protection; the church in the centre to sound the tocsin of alarm.

[181] Relations des Jesuites, 1652, p. 7.

[182] Histoire du Canada—Ferland. Vol. I, page 109.

[183] "Monsieur de Courcelles, qui en fut le chef (de l'expedition), y apporta toute la diligence possible, de sorte qu'il se trouva pret a partir le 9 Janvier, 1666, accompagne de M. duGas, qu'il prit pour son lieutenant, de M. de Salampar, gentilhomme volontaire, du Pere Pierre Raffeix, Jesuite, de 300 hommes du Regiment Carignan Salieres et de 200 volontaires, habitants des colonies francaises, chacun ayant aux pieds des raquettes, dont ils n'etaient pas accoutumes de se servir et tous sans en excepter les chefs et M. de Courcelles meme etant charges chacun de 25 ou 30 livres de biscuit etc. A peine pourrait on trouver dans toutes les histoires une marche plus difficile et plus longue, que le fut celle de cette petite armee, et il fallut un courage francais et la constance de M. de Courcelles pour l'entreprendre * * * il fallait faire trois cent lieues sur les neiges, traverser continuellement sur la glace des lacs et des rivieres en danger de faire autant de chutes que de pas, ne coucher que sur la neige au milieu des forets, et souffrir un froid qui passe de beaucoup la rigueur des plus rudes hivers de l'Europe.

"Cependant nos troupes estant allees le premier jour a Sillery, pour recommander le succes de leur entreprise a l'Archange Saint Michel, Patron de ce lieu la, plusieurs eurent des le troisieme jour, le nez, les oreilles, les genoux et les doigts, ou d'autres parties du corps gelees et le reste du corps couvert de cicatrices."—Relations des Jesuites, 1666, page 6.

[184] This crack regiment had covered itself with glory at the battle of St. Gothard in 1664, when 80,000 Turks had been cut to pieces by the army of Count Coligny.—(Histoire de la Mere de l'Incarnation, Casgrain, p. 425-6.)

[185] "Le vingt-cinq Janvier," says Ferland, "ils etaient sur les glaces a l'entree du lac Saint Pierre. Le froid etait plus vif, que les jours precedents; des glacons accumules barraient presque la route qu'ils suivaient. Les volontaires accoutumes de longue main a rencontrer ces difficultes savaient les surmonter; ils etaient vetus a la maniere du pays, et portaient habits, bonnets et chaussures de peaux de betes; aussi ils pouvaient sans danger braver le froid. Il n'en etait pas ainsi des soldats francais, encore peu habitues a la severite du climat, et qui n'etaient pas pourvus de couvertures suffisantes. L'on fut contraint de reporter aux Trois Rivieres plusieurs d'entre eux dont les uns s'etaient blesses sur les glaces, et les autres avaient les mains, les bras et les pieds geles."—(Cours d'Histoire du Canada, vol. ii, p. 467.)

[186] Baron Vincent Saint Castin, was from Oleron, in Bearn. Originally a Colonel in the King's Guards, he came to Canada in 1665, a Captain in the Carignan Regiment. He was, in 1680-1, in command of Fort Penobscot in Maine. He married Matilda, the daughter of Madockawando, Sachem of the Penobscots, by which tribe he was adopted and elevated to the rank of Chief. He played a conspicuous part in the wars of that day, signed treaties with the Governors of New England. Having amassed a property of 300,000 crowns, he retired eventually to France, where he had an estate. He was succeeded by his son in the Government of Penobscot. His daughters married advantageously in the colony. We find one of them, Mademoiselle Brigitte de Saint Castin, amongst the pupils of the Ursuline Nuns at Quebec, about the beginning of the last century.—"Les Gouverneurs Generaux du Canada le menagent et ceux de la Nouvelle Angleterre le craignent," says La Hontan.

[187] Notes on the Environs of Quebec, 1855.

[188] Occupied by Michael Stevenson, Esq.

[189] The temple for Catholic worship, erected at Pointe a Puizeau about 1854, is very picturesquely located; its stained glass windows, its graceful new spire, frescoed ceilings, add much to its beauty. The Rev'd Messire George Drolet has succeeded to the Rev. Father Harkin, who had been in charge ever since the late Abbe Ferland was appointed secretary to the Archbishop of Quebec and Military Chaplain to the Forces. For some time in 1877, St. Columba Church was in the spiritual charge of Monseigneur de Persico.

[190] From the noise it makes before easterly gales.

[191] The Jesuits in North America, Parkman—pages 282-3. Vimont, Relation, 1645, 2-22.

[192] Breweries, however, and other manufactories had been in operation in the colony as early as 1668, as we glean from the following entry in the Jesuits' Journal:—

"Et parce qu'un pais ne peut pas se former entierement sans l'assistance des manufactures, nous voyons deja celle des souliers et des chapeaux commencee, celle des toiles et des cuirs projetee, et on attend que la multiplication qui se fait des moutons, produise suffisement des laines pour introduire celle des draps, et c'est ce que nous esperons dans peu puisque les bestiaux se peuplent assez abondamment, entr-autres les chevaux qui commencent a distribuer dans tout le pais. La brasserie que Monsieur Talon fait construire, ne servira pas peu aussi pour la commodite publique, soit pour l'epargne des boissons enivrantes, qui causent ici de grands desordres, auxquels on pourra obvier par cette antre boisson qui est tres saine et non malfaisante, soit pour conserver l'argent dans le pais qui s'en divertit par l'achat qu'on fait en France de tant de boissons, soit enfin pour consumer le surabondant des bleds qui si sont trouves quelquefois en telle quantite que les laboureurs n'en pouuaient avoir le debit."—Relations des Jesuites, 166, p. 3. On the site of Talon's brewery, was built the Intendant's Palace, in the rear of Boswell's Brewery.

[193] Heriot's Travels, 1806, p. 98.

The Jesuit, Father Ennemond Masse died at Sillery, 12th May, 1646, aged seventy-two.

[194] Histoire de la Colonie Francaise en Canada, vol. II, p. 115.

[195] Faillon, vol. III, p. 318.

[196] In 1684, at the review of French troops at Fort Fontenac, appear among others Captaines de la Cote; the Captain de la Cote de Beauport, Duchesnay, Laferte and Meseray, of Cap. Rouge. (Paris Documents, vol. IX, p 234.)

[197] "Along this road was the favorite drive of the Canadian belle."— Hawkins' Picture of Quebec.

[198] Madame Pean's house in St. Louis street stood where the Officers Barracks have been since built. We take her to have been that pretty Ang. De Meloises, a pupil of the Ursuline Nuns, mentioned in the Historie des Ursulines de Quebec.

[199] Quebec, Past and Present; Maple Leaves—1865.

[200] The monument erected by the inhabitants of Sillery, to the memory of the Revd. Pere Ennemond Masse, S. J., first Missionary to Canada, was inaugurated on Saturday afternoon, the 26th June, 1870, in presence of the inhabitants of Sillery, and of several literary gentlemen of the environs. Revd. G. V. Cazeau, addressed those present, and was followed by the Abbes Laverdiere and Casgrain, and by Hon'l P. C. A. Chauveau and Mr. R. R. Dobell.

Mr. Dobell delivered a lengthy and able address on the worth of the good missionary but dwelt chiefly on the career of the benevolent Commander Brulart de Sillery:

At our suggestion, the monument was made by its inscriptions to commemorate the merit of both:

The speakers all paid a high tribute to the researches of the Revd. Abbes Laverdiere and Casgrain, through whose labors the resting place of the Revd. Pere Masse were discovered, and with whom originated the idea of erecting this monument.

The ground upon which the monument stands was given by Mr. Henry Lemesurier: and Mr. R. R. Dobell has nobly assisted Messrs. Laverdiere and Casgrain in carrying out the project.

The monument is plain but elegant, and altogether about 20 feet high. It is of cut-stone, with four marble tablets surmounted by a marble cross. One of the tablets bears the following inscription:

The Inhabitants of Sillery Have erected this Monument to the Memory of PERE ENNEMOND MASSE, S.J., First Missionary in Canada, Buried in 1646, In the Church of Saint Michel, On the Domain of Saint Joseph of Sillery.

On another tablet was inscribed:

The Church of Saint Michel, Which formerly stood on this spot, Was built by The Commander of Sillery, Founder (in 1637) of the St. Joseph Domain.

The ceremony throughout was of a most interesting character, serving to mark an important event in the history of Canada.

[201] The Plains of Abraham. Notes, original and selected, by Lt. Col. Beatson, Royal Engineers—Gibraltar: Printed at the Garrison Library Press, 1858. This volume is very rare.

[202] Donation du 10 Octobre, 1648, et du 1er Fevrier, 1652, par Adrien Duchesne a Abraham Martin, de 30 arpents de terre.

Concession du 16 Mai, 1650, par la Compagnie de la Nouvelle France, de 12 arpents de terre a Abraham Martin.

Vente du 1er Juillet, 1667, aux Dames Ursuline de Quebec, par les heritiers d'Abraham Martin, d'un terrain contenant 32 arpents en superficie.

[203] A creature of Bigot, Capt. DeVergor, on the 13th of September, 1759, after allowing his militia men to return home on leave, was in charge of the post at Wolfefield, where Wolfe ascended after taking the Captain prisoner; this was the key to the position. Ferland and other writers have imputed treason to DeVergor.

[204] "MONTCALM EN CANADA."

In a work published at Tournai, in 1861, par un ancien missionnaire, at page 193, Pere Martin notices the discrepancies between the various writers whom he had consulted. "It is difficult at the present day, to decide with certainty as to the numbers of the two armies who met on the Plains of Abraham; ancient writers are no more in accord than modern. Here are some of the estimates:

FRENCH. ENGLISH. L'Intendant Bigot,....................... 3,500 3 to 4,000 Montreuil, Major General,................ ... 4,500 Doreil, Commissaire,..................... 3,000 6,000 Colonel Fraser,.......................... 5,000 4,000

(Sullivan says the forces were equal, but that Wolfe's soldiers were disciplined veterans, and that the half of Montcalm's were militia and Indians.)

Hawkins,................................. 5,000 4,800 Bancroft,................................ 5,000 5,000 Garneau,................................. 4,500 8,000 Beatson,................................. 7,500 4,828 Dussieux,................................ 4,500 5,000

The estimates given by Garneau, of the English, and by Lt. Col. Beatson, of the French, are evidently exaggerated. The estimates of Knox and Ferland deserves also notice, even if only from the discrepancy they present."

[205] Montcalm, when he heard that the English had ascended the hill and were formed on the high ground at the back of the town scarcely credited the intelligence ... but he was soon undeceived. He saw clearly that the English fleet and army were in such a situation that the Upper and Lower Town might be attacked in concert, and that nothing but a battle could save it. Accordingly he determined to give them battle.—The Annual Register for the year 1759.

[206] Local tradition relates that, on receiving, about 8 o'clock in the morning of the 13th September, the startling intelligence that the English were in possession of the Plains, MONTCALM (hitching up his breeches with both hands, as was his custom) briskly exclaimed, "if that be the case it is time we were hastening thither; for we must drive them into the river before noon."—R. S. B.

[207] "The English troops were exhorted to reserve their fire; and they bore that of the enemy's light troops in front (which was galling though irregular) with the utmost patience and good order, waiting for the main body of the enemy which fast advanced upon them. At forty yards distance our troops gave their fire, which took place in its full extent, and made a terrible havoc among the French."—The Annual Register for 1759.

"General Wolfe ordered the men to load with an additional bullet which did great execution.

"As soon as the French came within musket-shot they began to fire, but the British reserved their fire until the enemy were within twenty yards." —Beatson's Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain from 1729 to 1790.

[208] The Canadian militia (of which more than half of Montcalm's forces consisted) were without bayonets.—MONTCALM'S Letter of 24th August, 1759.

[209] The authenticity of this famous, prophetic letter has been attacked by subsequent writers: among others by Francis Parkman.

[210] For a description of the spot where MONTCALM expired, see Album du Touriste.

[211] Knox's Journal, Vol. ii., pp. 14, 21, 24, 28, Aug. 21 "The project of erecting a fortress on the Island of Coudres, for a garrison of three thousand men, is laid aside for want of proper materials, and the season being too far advanced for such an undertaking. The enterprise of storming Quebec is also given up as too desperate to hope for success." P. 28.

[212] Denis de Vitre, then a prisoner of war in England, had been induced to come to Canada, partly by threats, partly by promises, to pilot the English fleet. According to the Diary of old James Thompson, both Cugnet and Davis had indicated the spot when Wolfe landed at Sillery. Stobo claimed the credit of it, and according to Panet's Diary, it was on his advice, that on the 21st July, 1759, was undertaken the expedition to Deschambeault and neighboring parishes, where 100 Quebec ladies of respectability secreted there—had been captured and brought back.

[213] "For sale, the elegant villa of the late Sir Frederic Haldimand, K.B., delightfully situated near the Falls of Montmorency, with the farm- house.—Quebec, 1st December, 1791."—Supplement to the Quebec Gazette, 22nd Dec., 1792.

[214] Our port must have presented quite a warlike aspect—over and above the Ulysses and Resistance frigates there had preceded the Prince's arrival, the following ships of war, forming part of Commodore Sawyer's squadron: The flag ship Leander, 50 guns, Capt. J. Bevelay; the Resource, Commander Paul Minihin; the Ariadne, Commander Osburn; the Thisbe, Capt. Coffin, was also arrived from a cruise, and four transports, one named the Lord Mulgrave, with detachments of the 5th, 25th and 54th regiments, were anchored before the city.

[215] The list of the partners of Prince Edward's grandson H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, at the ball, etc., given in his honour in Quebec, by the Mayor and citizens, at the Music Hall, on the 21st August, 1860, comprises: 1. Mrs. Langevin (wife of Sir H. L. Langevin, M.P.P., and Mayor of Quebec); 2. Mrs. Cartier (wife of Sir George Etienne Cartier, Attorney General); 3. Miss Irvine (daughter of Colonel Irvine, then Provincial Aide-de-Camp); 4. Miss Price; 5. Miss LeMesurier (since married to Capt. Carter); 6. Miss Derbyshire (Mrs. J. Adamson); 7. Miss Clementina Sewell; 8. Miss Caron (daughter of Hon. Justice Caron, and now wife of Mr. Justice Taschereau); 9. Lady Milne; 10. Miss Napier, of Montreal (since married to Capt. Bell); 11. Mrs. Serocold (wife of Captain Serocold and daughter of the Hon. Chief Justice Duval); 12. Miss Dunscomb (daughter of the Collector of Customs at Quebec); 13. Miss Fischer (daughter of the Attorney General of New Brunswick); 14. Miss Mountain (daughter of the late Bishop of Quebec); 15. Miss Agnes Anderson; 16. Mrs. Ross; 17. Mrs. Alex. Bell; 18. Miss Tilley (daughter of Sir Leonard Tilley); 19. Mrs. R. H. Smith.

[216] He was created Field Marshal in 1827.

[217] Monsieur Jean Laforme was, indeed, a high authority on hair dressing. Our youthful grandmothers of 1791 would have no other than Monsieur Laforme to dress their hair for the Chateau balls. A memorable instance has been handed down to posterity of the awful dilemma in which, either a press of engagements or an oversight, placed the Court peruquier, from which his genius alone extricated him. The beautiful Mrs. P——t, the consort of the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in 179-, had to attend at a ball at the Castle St. Louis. Unfortunately she had omitted engaging in time Laforme to arrange her hair for the evening in question; and every hour of the day on which the ball was to take place, being bespoken, the hair-dresser at his wit's ends said that he would guarantee that she would yet go to the ball, but she must place herself entirely in his hands. "Well," said the Grande Dame, "what, then, am I to do?" "Bah!" said the peruquier, "'tis easily settled; I shall do your hair the day previous."—"But then how am I to sleep with my hair done up?" "Oh! that is again easily arranged—you will sleep in fauteuil. I will have your hair and head padded and strapped down." And thus was it done and she went to the ball.

[218] The Hon. Hugh Finlay was Deputy Postmaster General for Canada from 1774 to 1800, when he was succeeded by George Heriot, who wrote a folio of travels on Canada. Hugh Finlay had served under Benjamin Franklin, the first English Deputy Postmaster General for the then British American Provinces, from 1750 to 1774, when he resigned. When he took the appointment the postage on letters was insufficient to cover his salary, L300 per annum.

[219] "Away," exclaimed the Prince to the excited voters, "with those hated distinctions of English and Canadians; you are all my august father's beloved subjects."

[220] The anecdote of the officer, who, on being ordered on foreign service, cut off his queue and buried it with military honors, is humorously related by Erskine Neale, in the Duke's biography, p. 325.

[221] Christie's History of Canada.

[222] This curious incident is mentioned in the Maple Leaves for 1865, in connection with a mess dinner, when a gentleman friend of one of the young Hollands was proved to be a beautiful female in disguise, who afterwards married the brother of an English nobleman.

[223] Since these lines were written in 1865, many changes have come over Marchmont—our esteemed neighbor was suddenly called away, leaving his beautiful house to his devoted wife; she, too, alas! has paid the debt of nature in May, 1880.

[224] "Ce capitaine avait avec lui beaucoup d'habitants de Lorette, dont le lieu etait a portee de ce poste; ils lui demanderent permission d'aller travailler la nuit chez eux, il la leur accorda (on pretend que ce fut a condition d'aller aussi travailler pour lui, sur une terre qu'il avait dans cette paroisse)."—Memoire sur les affaires du Canada, 1749-60, p. 114.

[225] Captain Chandler was appointed, in 1800, commissioner to settle the domain accruing from the Jesuits' estates; subsequently he became Seigneur of Nicolet, where he died about 1863.

[226] We give here the poetical tribute paid by Adam Kidd to a spot where he appears to have spent many happy hours, as a guest of the Percevals, together with, his notes to the poem:—

SPENCER WOOD

Through thy green groves and deep receding bowers, Loved Spencer Wood! how often have I strayed, Or mused away the calm, unbroken hours, Beneath some broad oak's cool, refreshing shade

There, not a sound disturbed the tranquil scene, Save welcome hummings of the roving bee, That quickly flitted o'er the tufted green, Or where the squirrel played from tree to tree.

And I have paused beside that dimpling stream, Which slowly winds thy beauteous groves among Till from its breast retired the sun's last beam, And every bird had ceased its vesper song.

The blushing arbors of those classic days, Through which the breathings of the slender reed, First softly echoed with Arcadia's praise, Might well be pictured in this sheltered mead.

And blest were those who found a happy home In thy loved shades, without one throb of care— No murmurs heard, save from the distant foam That rolled in column's o'er the great Chaudiere.

And I have watched the moon in grandeur rise Above the tinted maple's leafy breast, And take her brillant pathway through the skies, Till half the world seemed lulled in peaceful rest.

Oh! these were hours whose soft enchanting spell Came o'er the heart in thy grove's deep recess, Where e'en poor Shenstone might have loved to dwell, Enjoying the pure balm of happiness!

But soon, how soon, a different scene I trace, Where I have wandered, or oft musing stood, And those whose cheering looks enhanced the place, No more shall smile on thee, lone Spencer Wood!

"This is one of the most beautiful spots in Lower Canada, and the property (1830) of the late Hon. Michael Henry Perceval, who resided there with his accomplished family, whose highly cultivated minds rendered my visits to Spencer Wood doubly interesting. The grounds and grand walks are tastefully laid out, interspersed with great variety of trees, planted by the hand of nature. This scenery is altogether magnificent, and particularly towards the east, where the great precipices overhang Wolfe's Cove. This latter place has derived its name from the hero, who, with his British troops, nobly ascended its frowning cliffs on the 13th September, 1759, and took possession of the Plains of Abraham."—ADAM KIDD, 1830. —(The HURON CHIEF and other poems—Adam Kidd.)

[227] The illustrious Chancellor of the Exchequer, Spencer Perceval, assassinated by Bellingham on the 11th May, 1812, probably took the name of Spencer from the Earls of Egmont and Northampton, connected with the Percevals.

[228] Mrs. P. Sheppard died 28th August, 1877.

[229] Died July the 7th, 1878.

[230] Mr. P. Lowe, during many years in charge of the conservatory, furnished us with the following note:—"The hot-houses belonging to Henry Atkinson, while in my charge, consisted of pinery, stove and orchid house. In the pinery were grown specimens of the Providence, Enville, Montserrat and Queen pines—a plant of the latter variety, in fruit, being exhibited at the Horticultural Exhibition, Montreal, in September, 1852, the fruit of which weighed between five and six pounds, tang the first pine-apple exhibited of Canadian growth, but not the first grown at Spencer Wood, it was noticed in the Illustrated London News. The following are the names of a few of the plants grown in the stove-house:—Ardisia; Alamanda; Amaryllis, Achimenes; Aschynanthus, Asclepias, Begonias, Crinums, Centradinias; Calumnmas, Drymonias; Euphorbias, Franciscia; Goidfussia; Gesneras, in twelve varieties; Gloxinias, in twenty-four varieties; Gloriosa; Gardenias; Hibiscus; Inga; Ipomaea; Justicia; Lamandra; Legastrema; Musa-Cavendishii, which we fruited—the only one fruited in the province to this day, to my knowledge—the bunch of fruit weighed ninety pounds; Maranta; Melastomas, Mennetties; Nymphas; Osbeekias, Penteas, Passiflora; Peideum; Stephenotis, Streluzias; Russellea; Ruellea; Rondilitia, Tabernaemonana; Tradescantia; Vinca; Clerodendrons, &c., &c. In the orchid house, the following are a portion of the names of plants grown be me:—Bletia; Bolbophyllum; Cyppripedium; Cymbedium; Catazetum; Cattleya; Brassavoleas, Dendrobiums, Epidendrons, Aerides; Gongora; Gomezia; Maxallaria; Oncidium, Plurathalis; Pholidota; Physosiphon; Plurathalles; Peristerias, Ripsalis, Stanhopeas; Zygopetalum, &c., &c. The houses containing the above were heated by hot-water pipes for atmospheric heat and open tanks for bottom heat; they were the most complete of the kind I have seen either in Canada or Great Britain—so much so, that, during my stay with Mr. Atkinson, we used to produce for Christmas and New Year's Day pine-apples, cucumbers, rhubarb, asparagus and mushrooms, all in the same house."

[231] Mr. DeGaspe married, 1811, Susanna, daughter of Thos. Allison, Esq., a captain of the 6th Regiment, infantry, and of Theresse Baby, the latter's two brother officers, Captains Ross Lewin and Bellingham, afterwards Lord Bellingham, married at Detroit then forming part of Upper Canada, two sisters, daughters of the Hon. Jacques Duperon Baby.

[232] The copy of Audubon's works here alluded to, was the same, we opine, as that generously presented by the illustrious savant to Mr. Martyn, chronometer-maker, St Peter street,—an ardent ornithologist, whose roof sheltered the great naturalist, in Quebec in 1842.

Audubon made several excursions round Quebec to study our birds, was the honoured guest of the late Henry Atkinson, at Spencer Wood, and visited the collection of Canadian birds of Hon. William Sheppard, at Woodfield.

[233] His last work in the cause of natural history is the publication of his "Tableau Synoptique des Oiseaux du Canada," got the use of schools, which must have entailed no small amount of labour, a sequel to "Les Oiseaux du Canada," 2 vols., 1860.

[234] These stones and inscriptions were donated to the author of "Quebec Past and Present"—by the city authorities on taking down the City Gates.

[235] Pierre Herman Dosquet, born at Lille in Flanders in 1691, arrived in Canada in 1721, was shortly afterwards sent a missionary to the Lake of Two Mountains, was made a bishop in 1725, purchased Samos from Nicholas de la Nouiller, in 1731, where he built a country house in 1732. Sold it some years afterwards to the Quebec Seminary, visited France in 1733 and resigned his see and left the country in 1739 and died in Paris in 1777.

[236] Judge Adam Mabane died in 1792.

[237] A fairy plot of a flower garden was laid out near the edge of the cliff to the north-east, with a Chinese Pagoda enclosing the trunk of a large tree at one side, and a tiny Grecian temple at the other.

[238] Probably the four-gun battery mentioned in the account of the Battle of the Plains. We also find in a diary of the siege operations on the same day, "A mortar and some l8-pounders were carried to Samos, three quarters of a league from the town. Batteries were erected there, which fired before night on the man-of-war that had come to anchor opposite, L'Ance du Foulon, which was forced to sheer off."

[239] "Who can visit the sylvan abode, sacred to the repose of the departed without noticing one tomb in particular in the enclosure of Wm. Price, Esq. we allude to that of Sir Edmund Head's gifted son? The troubled waters of the St. Maurice and the quiet grave at Sillery recall as in a vision, not only the generous open-hearted boy, who perished in one and sleeps in the other, but they tell us also of the direct line of a good old family cut off—a good name passing away, or if preserved at all, preserved only on a tombstone."—Notman's British Americans.

[240] The late Bishop is the author of a collection of poems known as the Songs of the Wilderness, many of the subjects therein having been furnished in the course of his apostolic labours in the Red River settlement.

[241] The following is the extract from the True Witness referred to: "In the reign of George II, the see of York falling vacant, His Majesty being at a loss for a fit person to appoint to the exalted situation, asked the opinion of the Rev. Dr. Mountain, who had raised himself by his remarkable facetious temper to the See of Durham. The Dr. wittily replied. 'Hadst thou faith, thou wouldst say to this mountain (at the same time laying his hand on his breast) be removed and cast into the sea (see).' His Majesty laughed heartily, and forthwith conferred the preferment on the facetious doctor."

[242] "En 1865, les Iroquois furieux d'avoir vu manquer l'effet de leurs propositions faites aux Hurons, firent des incursions dans la colonie et jusqu'au bas de Quebec. Au mois de mai, on plantait le ble d'Inde dans les environs de Quebec; un frere Jesuite avait voulu engager les Algonquins a faire la garde chacun leur tour et pour leur donner l'exemple, le bon Frere avait voulu etre la premiere sentinelle. Il s'etait donc avance en explorant dans les bois (c'etait dans le voisinage de la propriete actuelle de M. le Juge Caron, sur le Chemin du Cap Rouge), tout a coup le Frere recut deux coups de feu qui l'etendirent a terre grievement blesse, et en meme temps deux Iroquois, sortant d'un taillis, l'assommerent et lui enleverent la chevelure. (Cours d'histoire de l'abbe Ferland a l'Universite Laval). Page 4, Journal de l'Instruction Publique, pour Janvier, 1865."

[243] The Hon. Wm. Sheppard, then President of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Lady Dalhousie had presented to this Society, founded by her husband in 1824, her herbarium (see Vol. I Transactions, Literary and Historical Society, page 255).

[244] For anything good in this short sketch of our Wild Flowers, the reader is indebted to Mr. S. S. Sturton, whose paper on the Wild Flowers of Quebec was our guide.—J. M. L.

[245] Mr. Wheeler is a younger brother of J. Talboys Wheeler, the eminent writer on the classics, but better known latterly as the Historian of India.

[246] The History of Emily Montague, by Mrs. Brooke, London, 1769.

[247] It has been excessively difficult to procure even one copy of this now old book, the edition being out of print more than sixty years ago. The Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, is indebted to Edwin King Esq., Post Office Inspector, Montreal, for the only copy I ever saw. Tradition recalls that Mrs. Brooks the novelist, was the wife of a military Chaplain, stationed in Quebec in 1766. [248] The vinery contains the following new varieties, etc:—Black Alicante Foster's Seedling, White, Muscat Hamburg, Lady Downs, Golden Hamburg, also the common Black Hamburg, Joslyn St. Albans, Muscat of Alexandria, Sweet Water, Black St. Peter's, &c., &c. The conservatory is stocked with seventy Camellia Japonica of the newest varieties, twenty varieties of choice Azelias; Chorozemas, Heaths, Epacris, Dillwynia, Eriostemon, Acacias, Geraniums, Fuchias, with a large collection of creeping plants, &c.

[249] William Smith was second son of Chief Justice William Smith, of Quebec, born on 7th February, 1769, educated at Kensington Grammar School, London, and came to Canada with his father in 1786. He was appointed, soon after, Clerk of the Provincial Parliament, and subsequently Master in Chancery of the Province of Lower Canada, and, in 1814, was appointed by Earl Bathurst a member of the Executive Council. He was the author of the first English "History of Canada, from its first discovery to the year 1791," a standard work in two volumes. He died at Quebec, 17th December, 1847.

William Smith married Susan, who died at Quebec, 26th Jan, 1819, daughter of Admiral Charles Webber, of the County of Hampshire, England, by whom he left five children:

1. William Breudenell Smith, late Colonel of the 15th Regt., (now of London.)

2. Charles Webber Smith, of London, married Anna Chelworth, and died in 1879, without issue.

3. Emily Ann Smith, married the Rev. Geo., son of General Mackie, late Governor of St. Lucia, and left issue Rev. Dr. Mackie, was for years the Rector of the Anglican Cathedral at Quebec.

4. Louisa Janet Smith, married her cousin Robert Smith, son of Chief Justice Sewell.

5. Caroline Susanna Smith, married Henry, son of Andrew Stuart, M. P., Quebec.—Magazine of American Hist., June 1881.

[250] A plan drawn by Jeremiah McCarthy, P. L. S., dated 1802, shows what was the Smith estate on St. Louis Street, in the early part of the century.

[251] CHIEF JUSTICE WILLIAM SMITH.

(1728-1793.)

Chief Justice William Smith was the eldest son of William Smith, who was a member of His Majesty's Council, and afterwards Judge of the King's Bench for the State of New York. He was born at New York, 18th June, 1728. In his youth, he was sent to a grammar school, and afterwards to Yale College, Connecticut, where he greatly distinguished himself by his learning. He was an excellent Greek and Hebrew scholar, and a thorough mathematician. He was appointed Chief Justice of New York, 24th April, 1780. At the breaking out of the rebellion in 1775, he was a staunch Loyalist, and left New York in the same vessel with the King's troops and Sir Guy Carleton, and landed at Plymouth, 16th January, 1784. As A reward for his loyalty, he was made Chief Justice of Lower Canada, 1st September, 1785, and came to Canada in the Frigate "Thistle" of 28 guns, with Lord Dorchester, the Governor-General of Canada, landing at Quebec, 23rd October, 1786. Chief Justice Smith was the author of the "History of the Province of New York, from the first settlement to the year 1732." He married, 3d November, 1752, Janet, daughter of James Livingstone, Esq., of New York, and died at Quebec, 6th December, 1793. His Royal Highness, Prince Edward, fourth son of King George III, with a numerous train of friends, followed the remains to the grave from his late dwelling on St. Louis street. He owned the land on which his son-in-law, Chief Justice Sewell, subsequently built his mansion, down, he the lot (inclusive) on which stood his dwelling, and where his son the Hon. William Smith, died in 1847. It is now the property of sheriff Chs. Alleyn.

[252] The Quebec Library Association founded by Lord Dorchester at Quebec in 1779.

[253] An accurate and interesting account of the hardships and sufferings of the band of heroes who traversed the wilderness in the campaign against Quebec 1775, by John Joseph Henry, Esq., late President of the Second Judicial District of Pennsylvania—Lancaster, printed by William Greer 1812.

Henry, according to the preface written by his daughter, was born Nov. 4th 1758, at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In the fall of 1775—being then 17 years of age, he joined a regiment of men raised in Lancaster Co. for the purpose of joining Arnold, who at that time was stationed in Boston. His book is addressed to "my dear children" and assures them "upon the honour of a gentleman and an honest man, that every word here related, to the best of his recollection and belief is literally true." He with an officer and seven men were dispatched in advance of the army "for the purpose of ascertaining and marking the paths which were used by the Indians at the numerous places in the wilderness towards the head of the river Kennebec, and also to ascertain the course of the river Chaudiere." Each day's proceedings are carefully noted, and are really highly interesting, showing the great privations they had to endure.

[254] The remains of this old French chapel were recently discovered, (the site belongs to R. R. Dobell & Co.) and a small monument erected to Father Masse who was interred there in 1646.

[255] "7th September, 1759.—Fine warm weather, Admiral Holmes' squadron weighed early this morning. At six o'clock we doubled the mouth of the Chaudiere, which is near half a mile over; and at eight we came to anchor off Cap Rouge. Here is a spacious cove, into which the river St. Michael disembogues, and within the mouth of it are the enemy's floating batteries. A large body of the enemy is well entrenched round the cove, (which is of circular form) as if jealous of a descent in those parts; they appear very numerous, and may amount to about one thousand six hundred men, besides their cavalry, who are cloathed in blue, and mounted on neat horses of different colours; they seem very alert, parading and counter marching between the woods on the heights in their rear, and their breastworks, in order to make their number show to the greater advantage. The lands all around us are high and commanding, which gave the enemy an opportunity of popping at our ships, this morning, as we tacked in working up."—Knox's Journal, Siege of Quebec, 1759, vol. ii., page 56.

[256] AN EARL ON FOX-HUNTING.

The Earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham addressed the following letter to the Pall Mall Gazette, in May 1870:—Sir,—The fox is tolerated, nay preserved (under the penalty of conventional ostracism against his slayers,) because he is the only animal with whose intellect man may measure himself upon equal terms without an overwhelming sense of the odds in his favour. The lion, the elephant, the ibex, the chamois, and the red deer are beasts of chase falling before man, but the fox alone can cope with him in point of intellect and sagacity, and put him to all his shifts. It is this ingredient in fox-hunting—viz: the consciousness of having to do with a foe worthy of him, which brings men of all ages, sorts, kinds, intellects, characters, and professions to the covert side, uniting together occasionally as odd an assemblage as ever went into the ark. No man, when he puts on his top-boots in the morning, can say whether he may not be about to assist at a run which may live in story like the Billesdon Coplow or the Trojan War, and of which it shall be sufficient, not only to the fortunate sportsman himself but to his descendants of the third and fourth generation, to say—he was there!

Villiers, Cholmondeley, and Forester made such sharp play, Not omitting Germaine, never seen till to-day: Had you jug'd of these four by the trim of their pace At Bib'ry you'd thought they had been riding a race. Billesdon Coplow.

"Their fame lives still. But what, O ye sentimentalists! would ye prepare both for fox and fox-hunter? If the fox was not regarded as the only animal possessed of these talents and capabilities, he must shortly rank as a sneaking little robber of hen-roosts, the foe of the good wife and gamekeeper, and become as extinct as a dodo. Were the fox himself consulted, I am sure that he would prefer to this ignoble fate the present pleasant life which he is in the habit of leading upon the sole condition of putting forth all his talent and dying game when wanted."

[257] I am indebted for a deal of information contained in this communication to McPherson LeMoyne, Esq., Seigneur of Crane Island, P.Q., and lately President of the Montreal Club for the protection of fish and game.

[258] Chs. Panet, Esq., ex-member for the County of Quebec.

[259] The sanguinary battle of Fontenoy was fought on the 11th May, 1745. The Duke of Cumberland, subsequently surnamed "the butcher," for his brutality at Culloden, commanding the English, &c, the French led by Marechal de Saxe. This defeat, which took place under the eye of Louis XV cost the British 4041, their allies the Hanoverians, 2762 and the Dutch 1541 men. Success continued to attend the French arms at Ghent, Bruges, Oudenarde, and Dendermond, which were captured—(Lord Mahon) Wolfe, Murray and Townshend were at Fontenoy. The battle of Lauffeld took place on the 2nd July, 1747, the English commanded by Cumberland, the French by Saxe, the chief of the English Cavalry, Sir John Ligonier, being taken prisoner—(Lord Mahon). The French victory of Carillon, in which the Militia of Canada bore a conspicuous part, was won near Lake George, 8th July, 1758. The English army, under General Abercrombie, though more numerous, was repulsed with great slaughter.

[260] Chs. Tarieu de Lanaudiere, Knight of St. Louis, commanded a portion of the Canadian Militia at Carillon, and also during the campaign of 1759. Under the English rule he was Aide de Camp to Sir Guy Carleton—served in 1775, and accompanied the General to England, where George III rewarded him handsomely. He was called to the Legislative Council, and appointed Deputy Postmaster General of Canada.

[261] Knox's Journal. Vol. I, p. 179.

[262] The Bureau was at the foot of Mountain Hill, next to (the Old Neptune) Chronicle Office.

[263] For many years, it was the practice to close the gates of Quebec at gun fire (10 p.m.) for carriages, leaving the wicket open only for pedestrians, in the troublous days of 1837-8, the wicket at times was closed.

[264] Mr. Jean Tache, the first owner of the "Old Neptune Inn," and of a poetical turn, wrote the first Canadian poem, intituled Tableau de la Mer.

[265] History of French Dominion in North and South America.—Jeffery, London, 1760, page 9.

[266] Montgomery Place, on the Hudson, is now the residence of Mrs. Ed. Livingston, a country seat of unrivalled beauty.—"It is," says Downing, "one of our oldest improved country seats, having been originally the residence of General Montgomery, the hero of Quebec. On the death of his widow, it passed into the hands of her brother, Edward Livingston, Esq., the late Minister in France."—page 31.

[267] Major Samuel Holland was also a first rate Engineer. He was, says Abbe Bois, one of the legatees of the late Gen. Wolfe, and died at Quebec, 28th Dec, 1801.

[268] My old friend, the late Wm. Price, Esq., of Wolfe's Field, to whose literary taste and happy memory, I am indebted for several incidents in these pages, and whose written statement I still hold, anent the mysterious stranger could not at the time furnish me with her name, it had escaped his memory, but, as he informed me since he had furnished it to Lady Head, his amiable neighbor of Spenser Wood. (Her name was Neville).

[269] The old Chateau Garden.—This lot, 3 acres, 3 yards, 9-1/2 feet in superficies, was granted to Major Samuel Holland by letters-patent, under the great seal, on the 12th March, 1766, with certain reservations as to the requirements for barracks or fortifications. The Major does not seem to have taken possession of it—but about 1780, General Haldimand having tendered Major Holland the sum of L800 as an indemnity for the use of the land, and the amount being refused, Government took possession of the lot and erected there a five-gun battery. Major Holland died in 1801, and by his will, dated 25th Oct., 1800, bequeathed the property to his wife, Marie Josette Rolet, and his children, John Frederick, Charlotte, Susannah and George Holland, in equal shares.

[270] The original Holland House stood a little behind the present mansion.

[271] The last will and codicil of S. Holland was executed before Chs. Voyer and colleague, N.P., at Quebec, and bears date 14th and 25th December, 1800. The Chateau St. Louis property is therein thus described: —"Un grand emplacement proche le Chateau St. Louis, donne et accorde au dit Sieur Testateur, cultive actuellement en jardin."

[272] The Gomin road took its name from Dr. Gomin, a French botanist and physician, whose dwelling according to plans in the possession of the "Seigneurs" the Seminary of Quebec stood some two hundred years ago on or near the spot where the cottage of Jas. Connolly, Esq., now exists.

[273] This property has since passed by sherrif's sale into the hands of Arch. Campbell, Esquire, of Thornhill, and is actually owned by Israel Tarte, M.P.P.

[274] This deed was passed at Quebec before W. Fisher Scott, N.P. It purports to have been executed "in the Gaoler's Room," entre les deux guichets, in the common gaol of the district of Quebec. Some of those who signed it must have been in custody, why or wherefore does not appear.

[275] A truculent gardener, it is said, who had been left in charge, some years back, converted the monumental slabs into grinding stones, on the 15th November, 1871, a violent storm broke in twain the Holland Tree.

[276] The iron statue erected in 1863, to commemorate the Battle of St. Foye, fought April 28th, 1760.

[277] Vol. ii., p. 224.

[278] Subsequently Col. of the American Rebel Regiment called the "Congress Own."—See Quebec Gazette, 7 March, 1838.

[279] Bleak House, on the St. Louis Heights.

[280] "John King, living on General Murray's farm, at Sans bruit, having the best pasturage for cattle in the neighborhood during the summer, well watered by several runs, informs all those who may choose to send him their cows that they will be well taken care of, and that he will send them cow-herds to town every morning at six o'clock, who will bring them home every evening between five and six. The price will be two dollars for the summer, to be paid said King on St. Michael's day."— Quebec Gazette, 4th April, 1768.

[281] Cannon balls, shot and shell, and rusty bayonets have been dug up in the neighborhood. Old metallic buttons, with the figure XV., were picked up showing that they once ornamented the scarlet uniforms of many gallant fellows of that XVth Regiment, who, "at eight in the morning on the 28th April, 1760," had issued triumphantly from St. John Gate—never to return.

[282] Emery de Caen dined here with the Jesuits, 6th August, 1632.— Relations des Jesuites.

[283] Cahire-Coubat (expressive of windings, says Sagard,) called by Jacques Cartier, the river Ste. Croix (of the Holy Cross), and subsequently denominated the River St. Charles, in compliment says La Potherie, to Charles de Boues, Grand Vicar of Pontoise, founder of the first mission of the Recollets in New France.

[284] "Champlain a certainement jete un grand jour sur cette question, en prouvant aussi bien qu'il etait possible de le faire, que Jacques Cartier avait hiverne dans la riviere Saint Charles, et en faisant lui-meme des investigations sur les lieux. Seulement il pourrait bien se faire qu'on pris trop a la lettre un mot de son edition de 1632, ou il dit que les vaisseaux de Cartier hivernerent la ou etait de son temps la demeure des Jesuites. Quant a Charlevoix, non-seulement il n'a pas, eclairci la question, mais il n'a fait que l'embrouiller. Tout ce qu'il dit la dessus, a tres peu d'exception pres, est plein d'erreurs, et inconciliable avec la situation et la conformation des lieux decrits par le capitaine Malouin."

[285] The late Amable Berthelot, one of our antiquarians, in reviewing the papers published by Mr. Jos. Hamel, in 1843, on the recent discovery of the wreck of the Petite Hermine, on the Ferme des Anges, at the mouth of the Lairet stream, thus expressed himself, p. 3:—"Il ne me fut pas difficile, en suivant attentivement le texte du second voyage de Jacques Cartier, tel que nous le donne Lescarbot, de prouver, jusqu'a l'evidence, que ce navigateur Malouin avait reellement passe l'hiver a la riviere St. Charles, et non a celle qui porte aujourd'hui le nom de Jacques Cartier; et je crois que depuis ma dissertation, il n'est reste en ce pays aucun doute sur ce sujet."

[286] "Le lundi, onzieme jour d'octobre, nous arrivasmes au Hable de Sainte Croix, ou estaient nos navires, et trouvasmes que les maistres et mariniers qui estaient demeures avaient fait un fort devant lesdits navires, tout clos de grosses pieces de bois plantees debout, joignant les unes aux autres, et tout a l'entour garni d'artillerie, et bien en ordre pour se defendre contre tout le pays."—(Second voyage de Jacques Cartier, p. 48). Republished by Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, in 1843. At the foot, we read, "On pense que ce fort a du etre bati a l'endroit ou la petite Riviere Lairet se decharge dans la Riviere St. Charles." "The exact spot in the River St. Charles, where Cartier moored his vessel, is supposed on good authority to have been the site of the old bridge (a little higher up than the present), called Dorchester Bridge, where there is a ford at low water, close to the Marine Hospital. That it was on the east bank, not far from the former residence of Chas. Smith, Esq., is evident from the river having been frequently crossed by the natives coming from Stadacona, to visit their French guests." (Hawkins' Picture of Quebec, p. 47) The Abbe Faillon in his elaborate work—Histoire de la Colonie Francaise au Canada, 1865—in some valuable notes on Jacques Cartier, p. 496, discusses the erroneous views of Charlevoix and Father Leclerc, and corroborates the accepted belief about the St. Charles and not the Jacques Cartier River, as being the spot where the great discoverer wintered in 1535-36.