* * * * *

"We now translate from Le Canadien:—'At the invitation of Mr. Jos. Hamel, City Surveyor, Hon. Wm. Sheppard, the President, and (G. B.) Faribault, Vice-President of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, went with him on Saturday, the 19th instant, (1843) to visit the place, and according to the position of the debris of the vessel, the nature of the wood it is composed of, and the character of the stones (ballast) they found at the bottom, they were satisfied that all the probabilities are in favor of Mr. Hamel's hypothesis.

"'On a report of this visit, the Council of the Literary and Historical Society assembled on Monday last, and resolved on laying open the debris, leaving it to Mr. Faribault, the Vice-President, to make, with Mr. Hamel, the necessary arrangements for the execution. The members of the Council having no funds at their disposal, that they can legally apply to this purpose, have so far carried it on at their own expense.

"'Some valuable evidences of the ancient existence of this vessel have been gathered. We shall speak of them in giving an account of the exhumation in progress, under the direction of Messrs. Faribault and Hamel. All those who can throw any light on the subject, either of their own knowledge or by what they may have learnt by tradition, are earnestly solicited to impart the same at the Office of Le Canadien.'

"Those gentlemen ought not to be allowed to carry on this work at their sole expense. The country, the world, are interested in it. This continent in 1535, from end to end one vast wilderness, the imagination can scarcely figure to itself a more awful solitude than that in which, during the winter of 1535-6 Cartier and his faithful followers, amidst savages in an unknown country, during a Canadian winter, at a thousand leagues from their native land, were buried in the dreary swamp (for it then must have been little better) of Sainte Croix now the beautiful valley of the St. Charles, covered with cheerful cottages and a redundant population. Look to-day from the Citadel of Stadacone in all directions north, south, east, west, than which under heaven, there is not a more splendid panorama, and think of what it was when Cartier and his comrades first looked upon it. Contrast his landing on the flinty rock at the base of Cape Diamond, the 14th September, 1535, and reception by a few gaping savages, with that of the present Governor-General, Sir Charles Metcalfe; amidst acclaiming thousands, on the 25th (Aug. 1843)—the manner of passing a winter at Stadacone in 1535-6 and at the same place in 1842-3. What changes have the three centuries wrought! What recollections have they left! And what changes will not the next three hundred years bring about? More wonderful probably than those we admire to-day. But come what may of that which men sometimes call great and glorious, nothing can obliterate or eclipse the honors justly due to the memory of the celebrated navigator and his comrades, who first "coasting the said island (now Orleans) found at the end of it an expanse of water very beautiful and pleasant, and a little bar harbour," ('hable,' as he calls it,) and wintered there at about half a league northward of and under the highland of Stadacone."

"During the dismal winter Jacques Cartier must have passed in his new quarters at Ste. Croix, he lost, by sickness contracted, it is said, from the natives, but more probably from scurvy, twenty-five of his men. This obliged him to abandon one of his three vessels (La Petite Hermine it is believed) which he left in her winter quarters, returning with the two others to France. The locale of the debris or remains, not only corresponds with the description given by Jacques Cartier of Ste. Croix, but also with the attention and particular care that might be expected from a skilful commander, in the selection of a safe spot in an unknown region where never an European had been before him, for wintering his vessels. They lie in the bottom of a small creek or gulley, known as the ruisseau St. Michel, into which the tides regularly flow, on the property of Charles Smith, Esq., on the north side of the St. Charles and at about half a mile following the bends of the river above the site of the old Dorchester Bridge.—They are a little up the creek at about an acre from its mouth, and their position (where a sudden or short turn of the creek renders it next to impossible that she should be forced out of it by any rush of water in the spring or efforts of the ice,) evinces at once the precaution and the judgment of the commander in his choice of the spot. But small portions of her remaining timber (oak) are visible through the mud, but they are bitumanised and black as ebony, and after reposing in that spot 307 years, seem, as far as by chopping them with axes or spades, and probing by iron rods or picks, can be ascertained, sound as the day they were brought thither. The merit of the discovery belongs to our fellow townsman, Mr. Joseph Hamel, the City Surveyor."

Quebec, 28th August, 1843.

"LE CANON DE BRONZE."—THE BRONZE CANNON.

"A few years ago an ancient cannon of peculiar make, and supposed to have been of Spanish construction, was found in the river St. Lawrence, opposite the Parish of Champlain, in the District of Three Rivers. It is now in the Museum of Mr. Chasseur, and will repay the visit of the curious stranger. The ingenious writer of the Treatise upon this piece of ordnance, published in the second volume of the TRANSACTIONS of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, has endeavoured to show that it belonged to Verazzani,—that the latter perished before the second voyage of Jacques Cartier, either by scurvy or shipwreck, on his way up the river towards Hochelaga. He also endeavors, with great stretch of fancy, to explain and account for the pantomime enacted by the Indians in the presence of Jacques Cartier, in order to dissuade him from proceeding to Hochelaga so late in the season, by their recollection and allusion to the death of Verazzani, some nine or ten years before. But if they had really known anything respecting the fate of this navigator—and it must have been fresh in their memory, if we recall to mind how comparatively short a period had elapsed—is it not most likely that they would have found means, through the two interpreters to communicate it to Cartier? Yet it appears that the latter never so much as heard of it, either at Hochelai, now the Richelieu, where he was on friendly terms with the chief of the village—or at Hochelaga, where it must have been known—or when he wintered at Ste. Croix, in the little river St. Charles—nor yet when he passed a second winter at Carouge! The best evidence, however, that the Indian pantomime had no reference to Verazzani, and to disprove at once the truth of the tradition respecting his death in any part of the St. Lawrence, is to show, which we shall do on good authority, that at the very time when Cartier was passing the winter at Ste. Croix, Verazzani was actually alive in Italy. From a letter of Annibal Caro, quoted by Tiraboschi, an author of undoubted reputation, in the Storie della Literature Italiana, Vol. VII. part I. pp. 261, 462, it is proved that Verazzani was living in 1537, a year after the pantomime at Ste. Croix!

While on the subject of the Canon de Bronze it may be noted that Charlevoix mentions also a tradition, that Jacques Cartier himself was shipwrecked at the mouth of the river called by his name, with the loss of one of his vessels. From this it has been supposed that the Canon de Bronze was lost on that occasion; and an erroneous inscription to that effect has been engraved upon it. In the first place the cannon was not found at the mouth of the River Jacques Cartier, but opposite the Parish of Champlain; in the next, no shipwreck was ever suffered by Jacques Cartier, who wintered in fact at the mouth of the little river St. Charles. The tradition as to his shipwreck, and to the loss of one of his vessels, most probably arose from the well known circumstance of his having returned to France with two ships, instead of three, with which he left St. Malo. Having lost so many men by scurvy during his first winter in Canada, he was under the necessity of abandoning one of them, which lay in the harbour of Ste. Croix. The people of Champlain having possessed themselves of the old iron to be found on the vessel, it of course soon fell to pieces, and in process of time arose the tradition that Jacques Cartier had been shipwrecked. The removal of the scene of his supposed disaster from the St. Charles to the River Jacques Cartier. was an error of Charlevoix.

Before we conclude this notice of Verazzani: it may be mentioned, that in the Strozzi Library at Florence, is preserved a manuscript, in which he is said to have given with great minuteness, a description of all the countries which he had visited during his voyage, and from which, says Tiraboschi, we derive the intelligence, that he had formed the design, in common with the other navigators of that era, of attempting a passage through those seas to the East Indies. It is much to be desired, that some Italian Scholar would favor the world with the publication of this manuscript of Verazzani."

[See pages 71-72.]

THE FRENCH WHO REMAINED IN QUEBEC AFTER ITS CAPITULATION TO THE BRITISH IN 1629.

(From the Canadian Antiquarian)

In Canadian annals there is no period veiled deeper in Cimmerian darkness, than the short era of the occupation of Quebec by the English under Louis Kirke, extending from the 14th July 1629, to 13th July, 1632. The absence of diaries, of regular histories, no doubt makes it difficult to reconstruct, in minute details, the nascent city of 1629. Deep researches, however, in the English and French archives have recently brought to the surface many curious incidents. To the Abbe Faillon, who, in addition to the usual sources of information had access to the archives of the Propaganda at Rome, the cause of history is deeply indebted, though one must occasionally regret his partiality towards Montreal which so often obscures his judgment. Another useful source to draw from for our historians, will be found in a very recent work on the conquest of Canada in 1629 by a descendant of Louis Kirke, an Oxford graduate, it is published in England.

Those who fancy reading the present to the past, will be pleased to meet in those two last writers a quaint account of the theological feud agitating the Rock in 1629. Religious controversies were then, as now, the order of the day. But bluff Commander Kirke had a happy way of getting rid of bad theology. His Excellency, whose ancestors hailed from France, was a Huguenot, a staunch believer in John Calvin. Of his trusty garrison of 90 men a goodly portion were calvinists, the rest, however, with the chaplain of the forces, were disciples of Luther. The squabble, from theology, degenerated into disloyalty to the constituted authorities, a conspiracy was hatched to overthrow the Governor's rule and murder Kirke. His Reverence the Lutheran minister was supposed to be in some way accessory to the plot, which Kirke found means to suppress with a high hand, and His Reverence, without the slightest regard to the cut of his coat, was arrested and detained a prisoner for six months in the Jesuit's residence on the banks of the St. Charles, near Hare Point, from which he emerged, let us hope, a wiser, if not a better man. History has failed to disclose the name of the Lutheran minister.

Elsewhere [332] we have furnished a summary of the French families who remained in Quebec in 1629, after the departure of Champlain and capitulation of the place to the British. Students of Canadian history are indebted to Mr. Stanislas Drapeau, of Ottawa, for a still fuller account, which we shall take the liberty to translate.

"Over and above the English garrison of Quebec, numbering 90 men, we can make out that twenty-eight French remained. The inmates of Quebec that winter amounted to 118 persons, as follows:

1. GUILLAUME HOBOU—Marie Rollet, his wife, widow of the late Louis Hebert, Guillaume Hebert son of Louis Hebert.

2. GUILLAUME COUILLARD, son-in-law of the late Louis Hebert.—Guillemette Hebert, his wife, Louise, aged four years, Marguerite, aged three years, Louis, aged two years, their children.

3. ABRAHAM MARTIN.—Marguerite Langlois, his wife; Anne, aged twenty-five years; Marguerite, aged five years; Helene, aged two years, their children.

4. PIERRE DESPORTES.—Francois Langlois, his wife; Helene Langlois.

5. NICHOLAS PIVERT.—Marguerite Lesage, his wife; Marguerite Lesage, his little neice; Adrien du Chesne, Surgeon.

NICOLET; FROIDEMOUCHE; LE COQ., carpenter; PIERRE ROY, of Paris, coach- builder; ETIENNE BRUSLE, of Champigny, interpreter of the Hurons; NICOLAS MARSOLAIS, of Rouen, interpreter of the Montagnais; GROS JEAN, of Dieppe, interpreter of the Algonquins.

ENGLISH GARRISON.—Louis Kirke, Commandant and Governor;... Minister of Religion; Le Baillif, of Amiens, clerk to Kirke; 88 men, officers, and soldiers."

THE ARMS OF THE DOMINION.

THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES TO THE GOVERNOR GENERAL.

DOWNING STREET, October 14, 1868.

My Lord,—I have the honour to enclose a certified copy of 26th May, Her Majesty's Warrant of Assignment of 1868, Armorial Bearings for the Dominion and Provinces of Canada, which has been duly enrolled in Her Majesty's College of Arms, and I have to request that your Lordship will take such steps as may be necessary for carrying Her Majesty's gracious intentions into effect.

I have, &c,

(Signed) BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS.

TO THE GOVERNOR, THE RIGHT HON. VISC. MONK, &c., &c.

VICTORIA R.

VICTORIA, by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith, &c.

To our right trusty and well-beloved councillor Edward George Fitzalan Howard, (commonly called Lord Edward George Fitzalan Howard), deputy to our right trusty and right entirely beloved cousin, Henry, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, and our Hereditary Marshal of England—Greeting:

Whereas, etc,... We were empowered to declare after a certain day therein appointed, that the Provinces of Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick should form one Dominion under the name of Canada, etc.,... and after the first day of July, 1867, the said Provinces should form and be one Dominion under the name of Canada accordingly.

And forasmuch as it is Our Royal will and pleasure that for the greater honour and distinction of the said Provinces, certain Armorial Ensigns should be assigned to them;

Know Ye, therefore, that We, of Our Princely Grace and special favour have granted and assigned, and by these presents do grant and assign the Armorial Ensigns following, that is to say:

FOR THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO

Vert a sprig of three Leaves of Maple slipped, or on a chief Argent the Cross of St. George.

FOR THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC

Or on a Fess Gules between two Fluer de Lis in chief Azure, and a sprig of three Leaves of Maple slipped vert in base, a Lion passant guardant or

FOR THE PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA

Or on a Fess Wavy Azure between three Thistles proper, a Salmon Naiant Argent

FOR THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK

Or on Waves a Lymphad, or Ancient Galley, with Oars in action, proper on a chief Gules a Lion passant guardant or, as the same are severally depicted in the margin hereof, to be borne for the said respective Provinces on Seals, Shields, Banners, Flags or otherwise, according to the Laws of Arms

And we are further pleased to declare that the said United Province of Canada, being one Dominion under the name of Canada, shall, upon all occasions that may be required, use a common Seal, to be called the "Great Seal of Canada," which said seal shall be composed of the Arms of the said four Provinces quarterly, all of which armorial bearings are set forth in our Royal Warrant

Our Will and Pleasure is that you, Edward George Fitzalan Howard, (commonly called Lord Edward George Fitzalan Howard) Deputy to our said Earl Marshal, to whom the cognizance of matters of this nature doth properly belong, do require and command that this Our Concession and Declaration be recorded in our college of arms, in order that Our Officers of Arms and all other Public Functionaries whom it may concern may take full notice and knowledge thereof in their several and respective departments. And for so doing this shall be your Warrant, given at our Court at St James, this twenty-sixth day of May, in the thirty-first year of Our Reign

By Her Majesty's command,

(Signed) BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS

"SEAL OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA—Messrs J. G. and A. B. Wyon have now on view, at 287 Regent Street, impressions from the seals of the four provinces of Canada and the Great Seal of the Dominion, just completed, with the gold medal that has been struck in commemoration of the union of the provinces. They are all designed and executed in a very high style of art. Of the seals, that for the Dominion is, of coarse, the largest. It represents the Queen seated under a Gothic canopy and holding the ball and sceptre, while the wings of the canopy contain the shields of the Provinces—two on either side—hanging on the stem of an oak. These Gothic canopies occupy nearly the whole of the middle space of the seal, the ground between them and the border is covered with a rich diaper, and a shield bearing the Royal Arms of England fills the space beneath the centre canopy. The border of the seal bears the inscription, "Victoria, Dei Gratia, Britanniae Regina, F. D. In Canada Sigillum." This work would add to the reputation of any other seal engraver, though it can hardly do so to that of the Messrs Wyon, whose productions have long enjoyed a high and deserved celebrity. The seal is well filled, as it should be in a Gothic design, but it is not crowded, the ornaments are all very pure in style, and the whole is in the most perfect keeping. The execution is not less remarkable, the relief is extremely high in parts (although it does not at first appear to be so, owing to the breadth of the composition), but, in spite of this difficulty, the truth, sharpness, and finish of every part have been preserved as well as they could possibly be on a medal, or even on a coin. The smaller seals for the provinces are engraved on one general design. The crown surmounts a central shield bearing the Royal Arms, below which is a smaller shield bearing the arms of the particular province—New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, or Nova Scotia. The Royal motto on a flowing ribbon fills up the space at the sides; a border adapted to the outline of the design runs outside this, and touches the circular border of the seal containing the legend. These seals are no less remarkable for carefulness of execution than the one to which we have referred. The medal which has been struck to commemorate the confederation of the provinces is in solid gold, and is so large and massive that its value in metal alone is L50. On the obverse there is a head of the Queen, for which Her Majesty recently gave Mr. Wyon sittings; the reverse bears an allegorical design—Britannia seated and holding the scroll of confederation, with figures representing the four provinces grouped around her. Ontario holds the sheaf and sickle; Quebec, the paddle; Nova Scotia, the mining spade; and New Brunswick the forest axe. Britannia carries her trident and the lion crouches by her side. The following inscription runs round a raised border: "Juventas et Patrius Vigor Canada Instaurata 1867." The relief on this side is extremely bold, and the composition, modelling and finish are such as to leave little to be desired. The treatment of the head on the obverse is broad and simple; the hair is hidden by a sort of hood of flowing drapery confined by a plain coronet, and the surface is but little broken anywhere. The ornaments are massive rather than rich; there is a plain pendant in the ear, and a miniature of the Prince Consort is attached to a necklace of very chaste design."—Morning Chronicle, Quebec.

[See page 148.]

MILITIA UNIFORMS.

Canadian militiamen will be interested in the following letter which appeared in the Toronto Globe.

SIR,—I observe in your "Notes from the Capital" a paragraph to the effect that Major-General Luard has taken exception to the gold lace worn by certain arms of the active militia. I am aware that this point has been raised before, and perhaps it is not a very material issue; but there is a feature—an historical one—in connection with the subject that deserves attention, and I remember when the militia was more active than now, in the face of danger to the peace of the country, this historical point was brought into prominence. I simply suggest that a certain warrant signed by the King after the war of 1812 be unearthed. I believe it lies somewhere in the militia archives, having been transferred from the Public Record Office. According to an old officer, now dead, who was familiar with it, this warrant authorises the Canadian militia—a royal force, by the way— to wear the same uniform as His Majesty's "Royal Regiments." Hence it is that the characteristic features of the royal livery has been assumed by the artillery and the other arms of the service. My informant, who had served in 1812, also stated that it was owing to an accident that silver was assumed in 1862, the contractor in London, who supplied, in great haste, uniforms for the militia at the time of the Trent affair, assuming that "militia" uniforms must be after the style of the English force, which bears silver ornaments. The Canadian militia is, of course, on a different footing, and takes precedence after the regular army. I think, therefore, that for the sake of history and the prominent position of the Canadian militia in a warlike sense, and in view of services rendered, such as no other militia in the British service ever rendered, this point is worthy of revival and investigation. Apart from this there is the fact that a change of dress is a source of expense and embarrassment to officers. I have served in various corps for seventeen years, and I know. L. A. M. L.

[See page 24.]

HORSES.

"L'un des premiers soins du Monarque fut d'y faire passer (au Canada), a ses frais, des chevaux, tant pour faciliter aux colons les travaux de l'agriculture, que pour leur procurer leur commodite particuliere, attendu que jusque-la ils n'avaient pu marcher qu'a l'aide de raquettes pendant l'hiver. Le 16 juillet 1665 on debarqua a Quebec douze chevaux, les premiers envoyes de France par le Roi. Il etait naturel que les sauvages, a qui ces animaux etaient entierement inconnus, temoignassent une grande surprise en voyant ces orignaux de France: c'est ainsi qu'ils les appelaient, par comparaison avec ces animaux du pays, n'ayant pas de mots dans leur langue pour les designer. Ce qu'ils admiraient surtout, c'etaient qu'ils fussent si traitables et si dociles sons la main de leurs cavaliers, qui les faisaient marcher a leur fantaisie. [333] Sa Majeste a encore envoye des chevaux, ecrivait en 1667 la mere Marie de l'Incarnation, et on nous a donne pour notre part deux belles juments et un cheval, tant pour la charrue que pour le charroi. [334] "L'annee 1670, le Roi envoya pareillement un etalon et douze juments, et les fit distribuer aux gentilshommes du pays, les plus zeles pour la culture des terres: une jument a M. Talon, deux juments a M. de Chambly avec un etalon, une a M. de Sorel, une a M. de Contrecoeur, une a M. de Saint- Ours, une a M. de Varenne, deux juments a M. de Lachesnaye, une a M. de Latouche, une a M. de Repentigny, enfin la douzieme a M. Le Ber. Voici les conditions auxquelles le Roi faisaient ces sortes de dons aux particuliers, ils devaient les nourrir pendant trois ans: et si par leur faute, quelqu'un de ces animaux venaient a mourir, celui a qui il avait ete donne etait oblige de donner au receveur du Roi la somme de deux cents livres. Dans l'autre cas, il pouvait le vendre apres les trois ans expires, ainsi que les poulains qu'il aurait pu avoir; mais avec charge au bout de trois ans, de donner au receveur de Sa Majeste un poulain d'un an pour chaque cheval, ou la somme de cent livres. Il etait pareillement ordonne que, lorsque ces poulains que le Roi faisait elever et nourrir seraient parvenus a leur troisieme annee, on les distribuer ait a d'autres particuliers, et toujours aux memes conditions. [335] Comme on le voit, ces conditions ne pouvaient etre plus avantageuses aux particuliers, ni au pays en general; aussi Colbert, qui avait tant a coeur de voir fleurir la colonie, ecrivait a M. Talon, le 11 fevrier 1671. "Je tiendrai la main a ce qu'il soit envoye en Canada des cavales et des anesses, afin de multiplier ces especes si necessaires a la commodite des habitants." [336] De tous les animaux domestiques envoyes par le Roi dans la Nouvelle- France, les chevaux furent, en effet, ceux qui s'y multiplierent le plus, quoique le nombre des autres y augmentat d'une maniere etonnante. [337]— (L'Histoire de la Colonie Francaise en Canada, Faillon, Vol. III, p. 222.)

EXPORTATION OF CANADIAN CATTLE TO EUROPE.

According to the statistics furnished by Mr. McEachran, V.S., and Government Inspector of live stock, the total shipments for 1879 from Montreal and Quebec from toe opening to the close of navigation, as compared with the two previous years, are as follows:—

1879 1878 1877 Cattle... 24,823 18,665 6,940 Sheep.... 78,792 41,250 9,500 Hogs..... 4,745 2,078 430

The great majority of animals shipped from Quebec were forwarded by sail from Montreal, and large as the increased shipments of cattle, sheep and hogs this year are over 1878 and 1877, the exports next year will doubtless show a still large increase as compared with those of 1879— [Quebec Mercury, 18th Nov., 1879.]

Mr. J. A. Couture, veterinary surgeon, the officer in charge of the Point Levi cattle quarantine, furnishes the following figures regarding the Canadian Cattle Trade during the season of 1879. The total number of live stock shipped at Montreal was 17,101 head of cattle, 59,907 sheep, and 3,468 hogs. From this port the shipments were 4,000 head of cattle, 17,274 sheep, and 188 hogs; or a grand total from the two shipping ports of 21,112 head of cattle; 77,181 sheep and 3,656 hogs. The estimated value of this live stock is—cattle, $1,111,200; sheep, $771,810; and hogs, $52,720; or a grand total of $2,935,730. The value of the forage exported with this stock for food, averaging the trip of each steamship at ten days, is placed at $92,690; and the estimated sums paid to the various steamship lines for freight is $583,900.—[Quebec Mercury, 24th Nov., 1879.]

[See page 200.]

SHIP-BUILDING AT QUEBEC UNDER FRENCH DOMINATION.

"La construction des vaisseaux etait une autre branche d'industrie que Louis XIV avait a coeur d'introduire en Canada; et dans ce dessin, il eut soin d'y faire passer tous les ouvriers necessaires, ainsi que d'autres, pour preparer des bois propres a cette construction et les transporter en France. Peu apres son arrivee en Canada, M. Talon donna tous ses soins a un objet de si grande importance. "Il faut couper des bois de toute sorte, lit-on dans la Relation de 1667, qui se trouvent par tout le Canada, et qui donnent facilite aux Francais et aux autres, qui viennent s'y habituer, de s'y loger des leur arrivee. Il fait faire des matures, dont il envoie cette annee des essais a la Rochelle pour servir a la marine. Il s'est applique, de plus, aux bois propres a la construction des vaisseaux, dont l'epreuve a ete faite en ce pays par la batisse d'une barque, qui se trouve de bon service, et d'un gros vaisseau tout pret a etre mis a l'eau." [338] Dans l'etat de la depense du Roi pour l'annee 1671, nous lisons cet article remarquable: "Quarante-mille livres pour etre employees a la construction des vaisseaux qui se font en Canada, comme aussi a la coupe et a la facon des bois envoyes de ce pays pour les constructions qui se font dans les ports du royaume." [339] Le premier de ces vaisseaux, auxquels on travaillait l'annee 1672, devait etre du poids de quatre a cinq cents tonneaux; et, dans le meme temps, on se disposait a en construire un autre plus considerable encore, dont tous les materiaux etaient deja prets. [340] L'un de ces batiments etant enfin acheve, on demanda au Roi qu'il voulut bien le laisser dans la colonie, ce qui pourtant n'eut pas lieu." [341]—Histoire de la Colonie Francaise en Canada, Faillon, Vol. III, p. 256.

Extract from "Memoires et Relations sur l'Histoire Ancienne du Canada d'apres des Manuscrits recemment obtenus des Archives et Bureaux Publics, en France."

(Publies sous la direction de la Societe Litteraire et Historique de Quebec, 1840. (1748.))—"Il y a une Construction royale etablie a Quebec; le Roy y entretient un Constructeur-en-chef, et tous les ouvriers necessaires; mais cette construction est aujourd'hui decriee, et l'on dit que le Roy va la faire cesser pour les raisons suivantes:

En premier lieu, on pretend que les vaisseaux batis a Quebec coutent beaucoup plus que ceux batis dans les ports de France; mais on n'ajoute pas que ce n'est qu'en apparence, attendu qu'il passe sur le compte de la construction beaucoup de depenses qui n'y ont aucun rapport.

En second lieu, que ces vaisseaux jusqu'a present ont ete de tres-peu de duree; d'ou l'on conclut que les bois du Canada ne valent rien.

Pour juger sainement de la qualite de ces bois, il faut entrer dans le detail de ce qui en regarde la coupe, le transport a Quebec, et l'employ a la construction.

Premierement: Ces bois du Canada sont extremement droits, ce n'est qu'avec beaucoup de peine qu'on trouve dans leurs racines des bois tords, propres a la construction.

Deuxiemement: Jusqu'a present on n'a exploite que les Chenieres les plus voisines des rivieres, et consequemment situees dans les lieux bas, a cause de la facilite de transport.

Troisiemement: Les bois sont coupes en hiver; on les traine sur la neige jusques au bord des rivieres et des lacs; lorsque la fonte des neiges et des glaces a rendu la navigation libre, on les met en radeaux pour les descendre a Quebec, ou ils restent longtems dans l'eau, avant d'etre tires a terre, et ou ils en contractent une mousse qui les echauffe; encore imbibes d'eau, ils sont exposes dans un chantier a toute l'ardeur du soleil de l'ete; l'hiver qui succede les couvre une seconde fois de neige, que le printems fait fondre, et ainsi successivement jusqu'a ce qu'ils soient employes; enfin, ils restent deux ans sur les chantiers, ou de nouveau ils essuyent deux fois l'extremite du froid et du chaud qu'on sent dans ce climat.

Voila les causes du peu de duree de ces vaisseaux:

Si on coupoit les bois sur les hauteurs; s'ils etoient transportes a Quebec dans des barques; si on les garantissoit des injures du tems dans des hangars, et si les vaisseaux ne restoient qu'une annee sur les chantiers il est evident qu'ils dureroient plus longtems. Dans la demolition de ceux qui ont ete condamnes en France, on a reconnu que les bordages s'etoient bien conserves, et qu'ils etoient aussi bons que ceux qu'on tire de Sede; mais que les membres en etoient pourris. Est-il etonnant que les bois tords pris a la racine d'arbres qui avoient le pied dans l'eau qu'on n'a pas eu attention de faire secher a couvert, s'echauffent quand ils se trouvent enfermes entre deux bordages?

Je ne vois donc pas que les raisons alleguees centre les vaisseaux de Quebec soient suffisantes pour en faire cesser la construction. Je dis plus, que le Roy fait en Canada, celle de la construction me paroit la plus necessaire, et celle qui peut devenir la plus utile. Tout esprit non prevenu sera force de convenir qu'on y fera construire des vaisseaux avec plus d'economie que dans les ports de France, toutes les fois qu'on ne confondra pas d'autres depenses avec celles de la construction. D'ailleurs, il est important qu'il y ait a Quebec un certain nombre de charpentiers et de calfats; il en manque aujourd'hui, malgre ceux que le Roy entretient; et lorsque les particuliers en ont besoin au printems, ils n'en trouvent point; un calfat se paye six francs pour une maree. J'avoue qu'alors tous les travaux de cette espece sont presses; mais ordinairement un charpentier gagne trois a quatre francs par jour avec les particuliers. Independamment de l'interet des particuliers, les vaisseaux qui viennent a Quebec, ont quelques fois besoin d'un radoub, et dans le nombre des navires marchands, il y en a toujours quelqu'un qu'il est necessaire de radouber par des accidents arrives dans la traversee. Si le Roy faisoit cesser ici la construction de ses vaisseaux, tous les ouvriers qui y sont employes seroient forces d'aller chercher du travail ailleurs.

Enfin, on a besoin en Canada de petits batiments pour les postes de la peche, pour le commerce de Quebec, a Montreal, pour le cabotage de la riviere, pour la traite a Gaspe et a Louisbourg; et cette partie de la construction est si fort negligee ici, que les Anglois de ce continent fournissent une partie des batimens pour la navigation dans l'interieur de notre Colonie. Ce n'est pas que leurs bois sont meilleurs, ou leurs batimens mieux construits que les notres, mais ils les donnent a meilleur marche. Aussi voyons-nous dans toutes nos places maritimes des navires marchands construits dans la Nouvelle-Angleterre.

Loin donc de prendre le parti d'abandonner la Construction royale, parti prejudiciable a la Colonie, et j'ose dire a l'Etat, il seroit necessaire non-seulement que le Roy continuat a faire construire des vaisseaux en Canada, mais encore qu'il encourageat des entrepreneurs pour la construction de batimens marchands. La gratification de vingt francs par tonneau, accordee aux particuliers qui feroient passer en France des batimens construits en Canada, ne suffroit pas aujourd'huy pour les engager a cet egard dans des entreprises d'un certaine consideration; la main d'oeuvre est hors de prix, et les entrepreneurs seraient forces de faire venir de France les voiles, cordages et autres agres.

Il faudroit, independamment de la gratification, que le Roy fit passer a Quebec une partie de ses agres, et qu'il les donnat aux entrepreneurs a un prix raisonnable: il faudroit en outre qu'il leur procureroit un fret pour les batimens qu'ils envoyeroient en France, et il le leur procureroit en ordonnant qu'on recut dans ses ports les planches, bordages, merrains, plancons de chene, matures et autres articles de cette espece, dont ces batimens seroient charges, au meme prix qu'il les paye aux fournisseurs qui tirent tous ces articles de l'etranger; en prenant ces mesures, le Canada fourniroit les batimens necessaires pour le commerce interieur de la Colonie, dispenseroit la France d'avoir recours aux Anglois pour les navires qui manquent a son commerce en Europe, et que les Anglois construisent dans le meme continent ou nous avons de si vastes possessions; les matures du Canada, estimees autant que celles que nous tirons du Nord a grands frais, ne seroient pas pour nous en pure perte; ces exploitations devenant considerables, faciliteroient la culture des terres, en desertant des cantons qui, peut-etre, ne le seront jamais; enfin cette construction, etablie sur le pied ou on le propose, couteroit sans doute, au Roy; mais cette depense, sagement economisee, feroit partie de celles que nous avons dit etre necessaires pour la balance du commerce de cette Colonie avec la France."

I have furnished elsewhere, a sketch and a tabular statement showing the gradual progress in ship-building, under French Rule and under English Rule, from 1787 down to 1875.—Vide QUEBEC PAST AND PRESENT, page 434-9.

[See page 219.]

THE CONQUEST OF NEW YORK.

"Louis XIV," says Parkman, "commanded that eighteen thousand unoffending persons should be stripped of all they possessed, and cast out to the mercy of the wilderness. The atrocity of the plan is matched by its folly. The King gave explicit orders, but he gave neither ships nor men enough to accomplish them; and the Dutch farmers, goaded to desperation, would have cut his sixteen hundred soldiers to pieces." [342]

"Si parmy les habitans de la Nouvelle-York il se trouve des Catholiques de la fidelite desquels il croye se pouvoir asseurer, il pourra les laisser dans leurs habitations, apres leur avoir fait prester serment de fidelite a Sa Majeste.... Il pourra aussi garder, s'il le juge a propos, des artisans et autres gens de service necessaires pour l'a culture des terres, ou pour travailler aux fortifications, en qualite de prisonniers.... Il faut retenir en prison les officiers et les principaux habitans desquels on pourrat retirer des rancons. A l'esgard de tous les autres estrangers (ceux que ne sont pas Francais), hommes, femmes et enfans, sa Majeste trouve a propos qu'ils soient mis hors de la Colonie et envoyez a la Nouvelle Angleterre, a la Pennsylvanie ou en d'autres endroits qu il jugera a propos par mer ou par terre, ensemble ou separement le tout suivant qu il trouvera plus seur pour les dissiper et empescher qu en se reunissant ils ne puissent donner occasion a des entreprises contre cette Colonie. Il envoyera en France les Francais fugitifs qu'il y pourra trouver et particulierement ceux de la Religion Pretendue-Reformee (Huguenots)—(New York Col. Docs. IX 422)

Vide—Le Roy a Denonville, 7 juin 1689 le Ministre a Denonville, meme date, le Ministre a Frontenac, meme date ordre du Roy a Vaudreuil, meme date le Roy au Sieur de la Coffinere; meme date, Champagny au Ministre, 16 Nov. 1689

COPY OF THE EPITAPH PREPARED BY THE ACADEMIE DES INSCRIPTIONS AT PARIS FOR THE MARQUIS OF MONTCALM'S TOMB.

Leave was asked by the French Government to have the marble tablet, on which this epitaph was inscribed, sent out to Quebec, and granted by the English Government (Vide William Pitt's Letter, 10th April, 1761). This inscription, from some cause or other, never reached Quebec.

EPITAPH

Hic jacet Utroque in orbe aeternum victurus, LUDOVICUS JOSEPHUS DE MONTCALM GOZON Marchio Sancti Verani, Baro Gabriaci, Ordinis Sancti Ludovici Commendator, Legatus Generalis Exercituum Gallicorum Egregius et Civis et Miles, Nullius rei appetens praeterquam verae laudis Ingenio felici et literis exculto Omnes Militiae gradus per continua decora emensus, Omnium Belli Artium, temporum, discriminum gnarus, In Italia, in Bohemia, in Germania Dux industrius Mandata sibi ita semper gerens ut majoribus par haberetur, Jam clarus periculis Ad tutandam Canadensem Provinciam missu Parva militum manu Hostium copias non semel repulit, Propugnacula cepit viris armisque instructissima Algoris, mediae, vigiliarum, laboris patiens, Suis ucice prospiciens immemor sui, Hostis acer, victor mansuetus Fortunam virtute, virium inopiam peritia et celeritate compensavit, Imminens Coloniae fatum et consilio et manu per quadriennium sustinuit Tandem ingentem Exercitum Duce strenuo et audaci, Classemque omni bellorum mole gravem, Mulitiplici prudentia diu ludificatus Vi pertractus ad dimicandum, In prima acie, in primo conflictu vulneratus, Religioni quam semper coluerat innitens, Magno suoram desiderio, nec sine hostium moerore, Extinctus est Die XIV. Sept, A. D. MDCCLIX. aetat. XLVIII. Mortales optimi ducis exuvias in excavata humo, Quam globus bellicus decidens dissiliensque defoderat, Galli lugentes deposuerunt, Et generosae hostium fidei commendarunt The Annual Register for 1762.

THE FRENCH REFUGEES OF OXFORD, MASS.

An elegantly printed volume has just issued from the press of Noyes, Snow and Co., Worcester, Mass, from the pen of George F. Daniels, containing a succinct history of one of the earliest Massachusetts towns—the town of Oxford; we think we cannot introduce it to the reader more appropriately, than in the words of Oliver Wendell Holmes, whose graceful introduction prefaces the volume.

Oliver Wendell Holmes to George F. Daniels:—"Of all my father's historical studies," says the Autocrat of the Breakfast-table, "none ever interested me so much as his 'Memoir of the French Protestants who settled at Oxford, in 1686,'—all the circumstances connected with that second Colony of Pilgrim-Fathers, are such as to invest it with singular attraction for the student of history, the antiquary, the genealogist. It carries us back to the memories of the massacre of Saint Bartholomew, to the generous Edict of Nantes, and the gallant soldier-king, who issued it; to the days of the Grand Monarque, and the cruel act of revocation which drove into exile hundreds of thousands of the best subjects of France— among them the little band which was planted in our Massachusetts half- tamed wilderness. It leads the explorer who loves to linger around the places consecrated by human enterprise, efforts, trials, triumphs, sufferings, to localities still marked with the fading traces of the strangers who, there found a refuge for a few brief years, and then wandered forth to know their homes no more. It tells the lovers of family history where the un-English names which he is constantly meeting with— Bowdoin, Faneuil, Sigourney—found their origin, and under what skies were moulded the type of lineaments, unlike those of Anglo-Saxon parentage, which he finds among certain of his acquaintance, and it may be in his own family or himself. And what romance can be fuller of interest than the story of this hunted handful of Protestants leaving, some of them at an hour's warning, all that was dear to them, and voluntarily wrecking themselves, as it were, on this shore, where the savage and the wolf were waiting ready to dispute possession with the feeble intruders. They came with their untrained skill to a region where trees were to be felled, wild beasts to be slain, the soil to be subdued to furnish them bread, the whole fabric of social order to be established under new conditions. They came from the sunny skies of France to the capricious climate where the summers were fierce and the winters terrible with winds and snows. They left the polished amenities of an old civilization, for the homely ways of rude settlers of another race and language. Their lips, which had shaped themselves to the harmonies of a refined language, which had been used to speaking such names as Rochefort and Beauvoir and Angouleme, had to distort themselves into the utterances of words like Manchaug and Wabquasset and Chaubunagungamang. The short and simple annals of this heroic and gentle company of emigrants are full of trials and troubles, and ended with a bloody catastrophe.

'After Plymouth, I do not think there is any locality in New England more interesting. This little band of French families, [343 ] transported from the shore of the Bay of Biscay to the wilds of our New England interior, reminds me of the isolated group of Magnolias which we find surrounded by the ordinary forest trees of our Massachusetts town of Manchester. It is a surprise to meet with them, and we wonder how they came there, but they glorify the scenery with their tropical flowers, and sweeten it with their fragrance. Such a pleasing surprise is the effect of coming upon this small and transitory abiding-place of the men and women who left their beloved and beautiful land for the sake of their religion. The lines of their fort may become obliterated, 'the perfume of the shrubbery may no longer be perceived but the ground they hallowed by their footsteps is sacred and the air around their old Oxford home is sweet with their memory.'

This exclusiveness in the selection of settlers for Canada, ever since the days of the DeCaens, to render the population homogeneous and prevent religious discord, was extended to Frenchmen, whose only disability, was their faith, and who did not belong to the national Church, and though the colony, more than once was at its last gasp, for want of soldiers and colonists to defend it, it was forbidden ground to the 500,000 industrious Frenchman, whom the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1682, drove to England, Holland and Germany, and the English and Dutch colonies in America. This policy of exclusiveness, was vigorously denounced by the leading historian of Canada, F. X. Garneau, in 1845.

"The poorly expressed request, for fifteen hundred colonists to take the place of those who had joined the army, remained unanswered—unattended to. Though at the very time the Huguenots solicited as a favour permission to settle in the New World, where they promised to live peaceably under the shadow of their country's flag—which they could not cease to love—it was just when they were denied a request, which had it been granted would have saved Canada and permanently secured it to France. But Colbert's influence," says Garneau, "at Court had fallen away; he was on his death- bed. So long as he was in power he had protected the Calvinists, who had ceased to disturb France and who then were enriching it. His death which took place in 1684, handed them over to the tender mercy of the Chancellor Le Tellier and of the fierce Louvois. The dragonnades swept over the protestant strongholds, awful heralds of the revocation of the edict of Nantes. The king, said a celebrated writer, exhibited his power by humbling the Pope and by crushing the Huguenots. He wished the unification of the Church and of France—the hobby of the great men of the day, presided over by Bossuet. Madame de Maintenon, a converted Calvinist, and who had secretly become his wife (1685) encouraged him in this design and suggested to him the cruel scheme of tearing away children from their parents, to bring them up in the Roman Catholic faith. The vexatious confiscations, the galleys, the torture of the wheel, the gibbet,—all were successively but unsuccessfully resorted to as a means to convert them. The unhappy Protestants' sole aim was to escape from the band which tortured them, in vain were they prohibited from quitting the kingdom, and those who aided them in their flight sent to the galleys—five hundred thousand escaped to Holland, to Germany, to England, and to the English colonies in America. They carried thither their wealth, their industry, and after such a separation—ill blood and thirst for revenge, which subsequently cost their native country very dear. William III, who more than once charged the French troops at the heads of French regiments, and Roman Catholic and Huguenot regiments, were seen, when recognising one another on the battle-field, to rush on one another with their bayonets, with an onslaught more ferocious than soldiers of different nationalities exhibit to one another. How advantageous would not have been an emigration, strong in numbers and composed of men, wealthy, enlightened, peaceful, laborious, such as the Huguenots were—to people the shores of the St. Lawrence, or the fertile plains of the West? At least, they would not have borne to foreign lands the secret of French manufactures, and taught other nations to produce goods which they were in the habit of going and procuring in the ports of France. A fatal policy sacrificed these advantages to the selfish views of a party—armed by the alliance of the spiritual and temporal power with an authority, which denied the breath of life to conscience as well as to intellect. 'If you and yours are not converted, before such a day, the king's authority will ensure your conversion,' thus wrote Bossuet to the dissenters. We repeat it, had this policy not been resorted to, we should not be reduced, we Canadians, to defend every foot of ground, our language, our laws, and our nationality, against an invading hostile sea. How will pardon be granted to fanaticism, for the anguish and suffering inflicted on a whole people, whose fate has been rendered so painful, so arduous—whose future has been so grievously jeopardized.

"Louis XIV, who had myriads of dragoons to butcher the Protestants, and who by his own fault was losing half a million of his subjects—the monarch who dictated to Europe, could only spare two hundred soldiers to send to Quebec, to protect a country four times larger than France, a country which embraced Hudson's Bay, Acadia, Canada, a large portion of Maine, of Vermont, New York, and the whole Mississippi valley"— Garneau's History of Canada, (Vol. I. p. 492-96—1st edition.)

[See page 107.]

VENERABLE MOTHER OF THE INCARNATION.

"In one of the many works which the philosopher of Chelsea has given to the world, we find the assertion of a great truth that history is but the biography of leading men. The poet of Cambridge also tells us that the lives of the great are so many models, and that as they have left their footprints on the sands of time, so may we by following their noble example render our lives illustrious. These reflections of the philosopher and poet extend no doubt to those of the fairer sex, in whom exalted virtue was manifested, and whose devotion in the pursuit of noble deeds awakens the spirit of emulation in all hearts. From the earliest period of time heroic women have appeared. The mother of the Maccabees, the mother of the Gracchi, the grand prophetesses whose actions are recorded in that sublimest of books, the Bible—these and many others adorn the pages of history, whether sacred or profane, and afford living, ever-present proofs, that the pathway of glory and honour may be pursued by even the weaker members of the human race.

In Canada, youthful though her record may be, there have appeared actresses on the great stage of humanity, whose virtues appeal for admiration, whose nobility of soul provokes general reverence, and whose impress upon the future destinies of the country is of a more profound nature than may be imagined at first sight.

Foremost among such heroic women, may be regarded the foundress of the Ursuline Convent in Quebec, the Venerable Mother Mary of the Incarnation. Gifted by nature, burning with zeal for the welfare of souls, imbued with the greatest confidence in the mercies of a bountiful Creator, she fully realized the great idea of Blessed Angela de Merici, that the preservation of the world from innumerable evils, largely depended upon the correct training of youth. Born in sunny France, she braved the dangers of the deep, so that on our virgin soil she might plant the pure, untainted flag of Christian education; and, now that the Province of Quebec has emerged from the lowliness of its early condition—now that the settlers by the banks of the St. Lawrence have become a great people, with a literature all their own, rich in its very youthful exuberance, with their language preserved, and the free exercise of their religion guaranteed no less by the faithful adherence to treaty obligations, than by their own hardy devotion, we can calmly review the past, and gratefully acknowledge the blessings bestowed on the country through the instrumentality of that lady who founded that holy sisterhood in our midst, which daily labours to honour the Intelligence of God, by the cultivation of intellectual graces. Few, indeed, are the families in Quebec which have not experienced the value of the Ursuline community in our city. One of the crowns of womanhood is gained in Christian education—an education which falls upon the soil of the soul, like freshening dew, and adorns the heart and mind with the flowers of virtue. Hence the life of the Venerable Mother Mary should be carefully studied and pondered over; hence her deeds should be proclaimed and her saintly legacies preserved, and therefore, it is, that the writer humbly calls attention to a new work, written by a daughter of Erin, written lovingly and sweetly in the quiet precincts of the Ursuline Convent, Blackrock, Cork, and in which may be found the story of the devoted French woman, whose name is now inseparably linked with that of Canada, told in chaste language worthy alike of the virtuous theme, and of the ability which marks the narration. The earlier days of the French Colony are depicted therein; and with an accuracy no less commendable than useful. In fact the book is eminently a readable one, the object of the publication being to extend the knowledge which all of us ought to possess of one whose life glorified God, and whose advent to our shores was a very benediction."

JAMES JOSEPH GAHAN.

Quebec, 27th January, 1881.

We copy the following from the Quebec Gazette, 10th October, 1793:—

THE VARIATION OF THE NEEDLE AT QUEBEC.

"For the information of the curious, the particular benefit of Land Surveyors, and safety of seafaring people, please to insert in your Gazette, that from critical observation on the variation of the needle at Quebec, it is found to be on the decrease, or in other words to be again returning to the Eastward,—a proof of which is, that in 1785, when the Meridian line on Abraham's Plains was ascertained by me, the variation was found to be 12 degrees, 35 minutes West; whereas at present the variation is no more than 12 degrees, 5 minutes West, having in the space of eight years diminished half a degree.

I am sir,

Your most obedient humble servant.

(Signed,) SAMUEL HOLLAND.

Quebec, 8th October, 1793.

How do matters now stand, Commander Ashe?

"VARIATION OF THE NEEDLE AT QUEBEC."

(To the Editor of the Morning Chronicle.)

DEAR SIR,—"For the information of the curious, the particular benefit of Land Surveyors, and safety of sea-faring people," I will endeavor to explain how our compass variation stands.

With regard to the reprint from the Quebec Gazette of 1793, in the Chronicle of the 23rd instant, in which Major Samuel Holland observes that he had passed our Maximum Westerly Variation, it is very likely that such was the case, as I find that Major Sabine in 1818, found the Variation for London to be 24 deg. 30' West, and in 1822 to have retrograded to 24 deg. 12': this was not only the case in England, but all over Europe where observations were taken, so that there is no doubt that the same disturbing influence was affecting the needle here in 1793. Whatever that influence is, it must shortly alter. Major Samuel Holland's observations have affected us in the opposite direction, for in 1860 Captain Bayfield found the variation for Quebec to be 15 deg. 45' West, with an annual increase of 5', which would give the present variation as about 17 deg. 0' West. This agrees very closely with observations taken here last November for deviation, which with range of only 7 deg. 30', gave a mean result of 17 deg. 3' 9" West. I am, &c,

E. D. ASHE, Commander R. N.

Observatory, Quebec, Feb. 23rd, 1876.

OUR CITY BELLS—THEIR NAMES.

1st. Bell, Louise; 2nd, Olivier Genevieve; 3rd, Pierre Marie; 4th, Marie- Joseph-Louise-Marguerite; 5th, Jean-Olivier, &c.

"Now, on the gentle breath of morn, Once more I hear that chiming bell, As onward, slow, each note is borne, Like echo's lingering, last farewell." (The Evening Bells, of the General Hospitals: by ADAM KIDD.—1829.)

"Quebec Bells are an institution of the present and of the past:" so says every Tourist. To the weary and drowsy traveller, steeped at dawn in that "sweet restorer, balmy sleep," under the silent eaves of the St. Louis or Stadacona hotel, this is one of the features of our city life, at times unwelcome. We once heard a hardened old tourist savagely exclaim, "Preserve me against the silvery voice of Quebec Evening Belles, I rather like your early Morning Bells." Another tourist, however, in one of our periodicals closes a lament over Quebec "Bell Ringing," with the caustic enquiry "Should not Bell Bingers be punished?"

Being more cosmopolitan in our tastes, we like the music of our City Bells in the dewy morn, without fearing the merry tones of our City Belles, when the silent shades of evening lends them its witchery. There is certainly as much variety in the names as there is in the chimes of our Quebec Bells.

Though the Bells of the "ancient capital" are famous in history and song, Quebec cannot boast of any such monsters of sound as the "Gros Bourdon" of Montreal—weighing 29,400 lbs., dating from 1847, "the largest bell in America." The R. C. Cathedral in the upper town, raised in 1874, by His Holiness, Pius IX to the high position of Basilica Minor, the only one on the continent—owns two bells of antique origin; the Parish Register traces as follows, their birth and christening. "1774—9th October. The Churchwardens return thanks to His Lordship Jean 0. Briand, Bishop, for the present he made of the big bell, which, exclusive of its clapper, weighs 3,255 lbs. Name, LOUISE, by Messieur Montgolfier, Grand Vicaire, and Mdlle de Lery, representing its Matron. Blessed by Monsigneur Louis Masriacheau D'Esgley, coadjutor."

"1778. 28th July. Christening of the bells by M. Noel Voyer, on the 22nd July. Blessed by Sa Grandeur, Monseigneur Briand; the first weigh 1,625 lbs.—named OLIVIER GENEVIEVE—Godfather, Sa Grandeur, with Madame Chanazard wife of M Berthelot 7 yards of white damask given as a (christening) dress. The second, was called PIERRE MARIE, by M. Panet, Judge of the Court, and his wife Marie Anne Rottot; said bell weighing 1,268 lbs."

A halo of poetry hovers over some of our bells. About 1829, Adam Kidd, a son of song, hailing from Spencer Wood,—a friend of the Laird of the Manor—Hon. H M Percival, wrote some graceful lines on the Church Bells of the General Hospital Convent. This poem was published at the Herald and New Gazette office, in Montreal. In 1830, with the Huron Chief, and other poems by Kidd, and by him inscribed to Tom Moore, "the most popular, most powerful and most patriotic poet of the nineteenth century, whose magic numbers have vibrated to the heart of nations," says the Dedication.

A delightful volume has recently been put forth by a Ursuline Nun, entitled "GLIMPSES OF THE MONASTERY," in which the holy memories of the cloister blend with exquisite bits of word painting; we find in it a glowing sketch of the Convent Bells, and of the objects and scenery, surrounding the "Little World" of the Ursulines. "Marriage Bells" are of course left out.

The writer therein alludes to that short-lived bell of Madame de la Peltrie, melted in the memorable fire of the 31st December, 1650, which the pious lady used to toll, to call "the Neophytes to the waters of baptism, or the newly made Christians to Holy Mass."

(See page 113.)

(From "Trifles from my Diary.")

"GENERAL WOLFE'S STATUE," CORNER PALACE STREET

BY THE AUTHOR OF "MAPLE LEAVES."

Olim truncus eram ficulnus, inutile lignum, Cum faber, incertus scamnum faceretne Priapum Maluit esse Deum. Horace, Sat I. 8.

Henry Ward Beecher begins an amusing sketch of our city with the words, "Queer old Quebec,—of all the cities on the Continent of America, the quaintest." He concludes his humorous picture by expressing the wish that it may remain so without being disturbed by the new-fangled notions of the day. Some one has observed that its walls, streets, public places, churches and old monasteries, with the legends of three centuries clinging to them, give you, when you enter under its massive gates, hoary with age, [344] the idea of an "old curiosity shop," or, as the name Henry Ward Beecher well expresses it, "a picture book, turning over a new leaf at each street." It is not then surprising that the inhabitants should have resorted not only to the pen of the historian to preserve evergreen and fragrant the historical ivy which clings to its battlements, but even to that cheap process, in use in other countries, to immortalize heroes— signboards and statues—a process recommended by high authority. We read in that curiously interesting book, "History of Signboards—"

"The Greeks honored their great men and successful commanders by erecting statues to them; the Romans rewarded their popular favorites with triumphal entries and ovations; modern nations make the portraits of their celebrities serve as signs for public-houses:

Vernon, the Butcher Cumberland, Wolfe, Hawke, Prince Ferdinand, Granby, Burgoyne, Keppel, Howe, Evil and good have had their tithe of talk, And filled their signpost then, like Wellesley now."

If Wolfe served as a signboard recently in Britain, he has filled the same office now close on a century in Canada, and still continues to do so. He has defied wind and weather ever since the day when the Cholette Brothers affixed to the house at the north-west corner of St. John and Palace streets a rough statue of the gallant young soldier in the year 1771, with one arm extended in the attitude of command, and pointing to the Falls of Montmorency.

Nor has Mr. de Gaspe, the author of the "Canadians of Old," thought it beneath his pen to indite an able disquisition on its origin, brimful of wealth for our antiquaries and a great deal more practical in its bearings than even Jonathan Oldbuck's great Essay on Castrametation. A Three Rivers antiquarian had attempted to establish that it was Ives Cholette who had been the sculptor of the statue in question, but our old friend (through the church registers—and through ancient and irrefutable records) showed it could neither be Ives Cholette, aged, in 1771, 10 years, nor his younger brother Hyacinthe, aged then but 8 years, who had designed this great work of art, but Cholette of another ilk. [345]

In these halycon days of old Quebec, free from municipal taxes, Fenian scares and labor strikes, when the practical joker [346] and mauvais sujets, bent on a lark, would occasionally take possession, after night-fall, of some of the chief city thoroughfares, and organize a masquerade, battering unmercifully with their heavy lanterns. Captain Pinguet's hommes de guet,—the night patrol—long before Lord Durham's blue-coated "peelers" were thought of, the historic statue would disappear sometimes for days together; and after having headed a noisy procession, decorated with bonnet rouge and one of those antique camloteen cloaks which our forefathers used to rejoice in, it would be found in the morning grotesquely propped up, either in the centre of the old Upper Town market, or in the old Picote cemetery in Couillard street [347], in that fanciful costume (a three-storied sombrero, with eye-glass and dudeen) which rendered so piquant some of the former vignettes on the Union Bank notes. I can yet recall as one of the most stirring memories of my childhood, the concern, nay, vexation, of Quebecers generally when the "General" was missing on the 16th July, 1838, from his sacred niche in Palace street, and was subsequently triumphantly replaced by the grateful citizens,—rejuvenated, repainted, revarnished, with the best materials Halifax could furnish, the "General" having been brought there by the youngsters of the "Inconstant" frigate, Captain Pring, from Quebec. It would appear the roystering middies, having sacrificed copiously to the rosy god, after rising from a masonic dinner in the Albion Hotel, in Palace street, had noticed the "General" by the pale moonlight, looking very seedy, and considering that a sea voyage would set him up, had carried him on board. The General was driven down in a caleche by Colvin of St. Louis street—a carter—through Palace Gate, standing erect; the sentry presenting arms, as if he were saluting the officer of the night. He was safely introduced through a port-hole, the seaman of the watch, shaking his head knowingly, saying—"One of our swells pretty tight, I guess." From Halifax "General Wolfe" sailed for Bermuda—thence to Portsmouth, at both of which places he was jauntily set up as a signboard; a short time after he was re-shipped to Halifax, packed in a box, with his extended arm sawn off lying by his side. Fearing, however, the anger of the Quebec authorities, the "General" was painted afresh and returned by the "Unicorn" steamer, "Cape Douglas," which plied between the Lower Ports,—with the "Inconstants'" best regards to their Quebec friends, and best wishes for the General's health and safety.

The following extract from the journal of the venerable Jas. Thompson, the last survivor of Wolfe's army, who expired at the ripe age of 98 years—in 1830, throws light on this matter. This anecdote was reduced to writing, and by request forwarded by him to His Excellency the Earl of Dalhousie, through his A.D.C. and brother Col. Ramsay. "We had a loyal fellow in Quebec, one George Hipps, a butcher, who owned that house at the corner of Palace and John streets, still called 'Wolfe's Corner,' and as it happened to have a niche, probably for the figure of a saint, [348] he was very anxious to fill it up, and he thought he could have nothing better than a statue of General Wolfe; but he did not know how to set about getting one. At last he found out two French sculptors, who were brothers—of the name of Cholette, and asked me if I thought I could direct them how to make a likeness of the General in wood. I said I would, at all events, undertake it, and accordingly the Cholettes tried to imitate several sketches I gave them; but they made but a poor job of it after all; for the front face is no likeness at all, and the profile is all that they could hit upon. The body gives but a poor idea of the General, who was tall and straight as a rush. So that after my best endeavors to describe his person, and I knew it well, for which purpose I attended every day at their workshop which was in that house in St. Louis street where the Misses Napier are now (1828) residing, [349] and which is somewhat retired from the line of the street, the shop itself being on the projecting wing—I say that we made but a poor "General Wolfe" of it. It has been several times—the house being only one storey high—pulled down by mischievous persons and broken, and as often repaired by the several owners of the house; and, much to their credit be it spoken, it still keeps its ground, and I hope it will do so until the monument is finished. [350]

"I suppose that the original parts of the statue must be as rotten as a pear and would be mouldered away if it was not for their being kept so bedaubed with paint."

Note.—Officers of H.B.M. frigate "Inconstant," Capt. Pring: 1st Lieut. Hope; Lieutenants and other officers,—Sinclair, Erskine, Curtis, Connolly, Dunbar, McCreight, Sharpe, Stevens, Hankey, Shore, Barnard, West, Tonge, Prevost, Amphlett, Haggard, Tottenham, Maxfield, Paget, Kerr, Herbert, Jones, Montgomery. Mr. James was purser. L. de Tessier Prevost is now high in command, having distinguished himself in the Indian seas, capturing pirates: West and others are admirals, (1870).

[See page 197.]

2 Sept, 1796. VENTE D'UNE NEGRESSE PAR FRANCIS BELLET A TH. LEE

Pardevant le Notaire Public en la Province du Bas Canada, residant a St- Denis sur la riviere et comte Richelieu, soussigne et temoins enfin nommes, fut present Messire Louis Payet pretre, Cure de la paroisse de St- Antoine au nord de la riviere Richelieu, lequel a constitue pour son procureur special M. Francois Bellet, capitaine de batiment, residant en la ville de Quebec, pour vendre pour et au nom du dit constituant et a son plus grand avantage qu'il pourra faire, une negresse d'environ trente et une annees, appelee Rose, appartenant au dit constituant par achat devant M. J. Pierre Gautier, notaire a Montreal, en date du mois mars 1795, dont il s'oblige remettre l'expedition si besoin est a la premiere Requisition, pour le prix et somme que le dit procureur en trouvera du recu donner toute quittance valable et raisonable, approuvant d'avance comme alors, tout ce que ce dit procureur aura fait concernant la dite vente, ce fut ainsi fait et passe a St-Denis, etude du notaire soussigne, l'an mil sept cent quatre-vingt seize le deux de septembre avant midi presence des Srs. Charles Gariepy et Jean-Baptiste Gosselin au dit lieu, temoins a ce appelle, qui ont signe avec Messire Louis Payet et notaire soussigne, ainsi signe Charles Gariepy, Jean-Bte. Gosselin, L. Payet, Chs. Michaud Nre. Pc. a la minute des presentes demeuree en la Garde et possession du dit notaire soussigne.

CHS. MICHAUD. Nre. Pc.

Par devant les notaires publics en la province du Bas Canada residens a Quebec soussignes.

Fut present M. Francis Bellet demeurant en sa maison, rue sous le Fort, en cette ville, lequel en vertu de la procuration ci-dessus et precedentes pages reconnait et declare avoir vendu et vendre a M. Thomas Lee du dit Quebec, la nommee Rose, negresse, denommee et designee en la dite obligation, pour prix et somme de cinq cents livres de vingt sols et de la lui delivrer incessement le dit Sieur acquereur declarant la connaitre et l'accepter, et a paye les dites cinq cents livres au dit Sieur vendeur en billet de la dite somme, ordre du dit sieur Bellet, lequel acquitte, la presente vente le sera aussi, Quebec, neuvieme septembre en l'office de M. Dumas, Notaire, l'an mil sept cent quatre-vingt seize et ont signe, lecture faite avec les dits notaires

FRANCOIS BELLET THOMAS LEE. CHS. VOYER, N. Public. A. DUMAS. Not. Pub.

[See page 200.]

THE ICE-SHOVE. APRIL, 1874

WHOLESALE DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY—A SAD SPECTACLE

"At the very moment of its departure, and when the entire city was rejoicing in the longed-for event—at the very time when the glad news was flashing over the wires to Montreal and the West, that Nature's barrier to the uninterrupted navigation of the St. Lawrence was so slowly floating away—we regret to say that the ice-bridge of 1874 was making itself memorable yesterday to Quebec in a shape more formidable than its perverse tenacity or its injurious effects upon trade. It was rioting in a perfect orgie of destruction, crushing man's handwork in its passage like so much frail glass in the grasp of a giant. At 3.20 p.m., when the glad announcement passed from mouth to mouth that the ice was moving, it began its destructive work. The scene was at Blais Booms and the immediate neighborhood, where the Government steamers Napoleon III and Druid, the Gulf Ports steamers Georgia, Miramichi and Hadji and a large number of tug steamers and other craft belonging to the St. Lawrence Tow Boat Company and other parties were in winter quarters and have been in the habit of so doing for years on account of the superior facilities and safety offered by the place. Nearly a hundred craft of all kinds, steamers, ships, schooners, and barges, were here congregated, moored in many instances together and extending over a line of nearly 300 yards. The floating ice as it came down, struck the outside craft—a sailing vessel, we believe—driving it against its neighbor, the Georgia, and then hurrying both of them against the others, jamming them against each other and against the wharves in inextricable confusion and causing a tremendous amount of damage, if not irreparable loss. Some were stove in, filled with water and sunk, only leaving their bows or masts above water to mark where they had gone down, while others disappeared from view altogether. Fortunately no lives were lost. The loss and damage to property cannot fall far short, we believe, of a million of dollars. The following is a summary of the accident:

Government steamer Napoleon III driven against the Mariner's Chapel wharf had her side completely stove in; full of water and almost keeled over, very badly damaged, and will cost a heavy sum to repair. She had steam up at the time, but could not move out. Broke her cables and lost her anchors.

Gulf Ports steamer Georgia—Hole stove in her side; hold, full of water. Damage easily repaired.

Gulf Ports SS. Hadji—Singular to say, though the boat was in the very middle of the confused mass, it received no damage worth mentioning.

Gulf Ports SS. Miramichi—very slightly damaged. Will be extricated to-day and proceed to her wharf, to sail for below on Tuesday next.

Government steamer "Druid,"—on her beam ends, slightly damaged.

Steamboat "Napoleon,"—keeled over,

Steamboat "Mersey,"—on her side.

Steamboat "Canada,"—sunk.

Steamboat "Beaver,"—sunk, completely disappeared.

Steamboat "Castor"—disappeared.

Steamboat "Rival"—badly damaged.

Steamboat "Shannon,"—badly damaged.

Steamboat "Rescue,"—sunk, lies under the bows of the "Miramichi."

Steamboat "Conqueror No. 1,"—badly damaged.

A schooner, owned by Mr. Kennedy, of Gaspe, laden with provisions, and which was detained here last fall, was also sunk and lies near the "Georgia." In addition two of Mr. H. H. Hall's blocks or piers were completely carried away by the crushing weight of the ice."—(Quebec Budget.)

[See page 317.]

THE PISTOLS AND SASH OF GENERAL WOLFE, 1759.

(To the Editor of the Morning Chronicle.)

DEAR SIR,—Would you allow me to supply in your columns additional information on an incident relating to the siege of Quebec in 1759. By the following documents, which come to me with every guarantee of reliability in the writer, it would appear that the gallant General Wolfe, before expiring on the Plains of Abraham, on the 13th of Sept, 1759, bequeathed his pistols and sash to one of the surgeons who attended him. Dr. Elihu or Edward Tudor was a Welshman, born in 1733. He graduated at Yale College, 1750, joined the English army in 1755, was present at the taking of Quebec, and left the service about 1767, receiving a pension and grant of land from the English Government. These relics are now in the possession of Dr. Tudor's grand daughter, Mrs. Strong, at Monkton, awaiting farther particulars.

I remain, Dear Sir,

Yours, &c.

J. M. LeMoine.

STATE OF VERMONT,

SENATE CHAMBER,

MONKTON, April 26th, 1875.

J. M. LeMoine, Esq., Literary and Historical Society, Quebec.

SIR,—Please find enclosed statement of Mrs. Strong relative to the pistols and sash of Gen. Wolfe. You will undoubtedly remember that I wrote to you last winter, and that you answered asking for something more authentic. Consequently I drew up a set of questions, leaving after each question space for answer. Now I return them to you. There is no question in the minds of people here about the facts as stated by Mrs. Strong. The authority of the matter is as established here as that Mr. Harrower is proprietor of Gen. Montgomery's sabre. I should be very happy to receive one of the books that are being prepared of that era in the history of Quebec.

I have the honor, sir, of being at your service, G. E. SMITH.

STRONG AND MIDDLEBROOKE,

VERGENNES, Vt., 1875.

Dr. Elihu or Edward was descended from Owen Tudor, who came from Wales with the Puritans, was born 1733, graduated at Yale College 1750, joined the army 1755, was at the taking of Quebec and the Havana; about 1767; he was discharged and returned to his native place; he received a pension during his life, and also a grant of land from the English Government.

The above statement is made by C. W. Strong, of the above firm.

C. E. SMITH

Will Mrs. Strong please answer the following questions:—

What is your maiden name?—Sarah Tudor.

What was your father's name in full and profession?—Edward Tudor, educated at Philadelphia as Physician, Surgeon and Dentist.

What was your grandfather's name and profession?—Elihu Tudor, Physician and Surgeon,—generally wrote it Edward, as he disliked the name of Elihu.

When and where was he born?—Feb. 1733, Windsor, Conn.

When and where did he die?—East Windsor, Conn., 1826.

Was he Surgeon on Gen. Wolfe's staff's at Quebec in 1759?—He was.

How do you know that your grandfather Tudor attended upon Gen. Wolfe when he was wounded on the 13th Sept., 1759, at Quebec?—I have often heard my grand father relate the circumstances and other interesting reminiscences of the General.

What is the history or tradition as you have it that Gen. Wolfe gave your grandfather his pistols?—The history he (my grandfather) gave was only, that they were given him at the death of Gen. Wolfe.

Describe them—They are rifle breech-loaders, London maker, Flint Locks, silver mounted, with English coat of arms on butt; the sash was cut up; Dr. Strong has a piece; it is stained.

Have you them in your possession?—My son, Dr. Edward Strong, of Crown Point, N. Y., has them.

Have you the sash worn by Surgeon Tudor at the time the General was killed?—The sash was three yards long, Crimson silk. It was Gen. Wolfe's sash given to my grandfather.

What is said of stains of blood upon it from the wound that caused Wolfe's death?—It was rent with the shot, and stained with his blood.

MRS. SARAH TUDOR STRONG.

_THE POST OFFICE.

"In a recent issue of the Journal des Trois Rivieres appeared a somewhat interesting paper on the Canadian postal system. From this paper we learn that on the cession of this country to Great Britain a regular mail courier was established between the cities of Montreal and Quebec. The celebrated Benjamin Franklin was the Deputy Postmaster General for the English colonies from 1750 to 1774. In 1776 this functionary, while giving evidence before a committee of the British Parliament, stated that, as a rule, the mail courier kept the route by the water highways, seldom penetrating into the interior. From his evidence, also, we learn that the mail communication between Quebec and Montreal was not more frequent than once a month. For not having established intermediate post-offices between the two towns, Franklin alleged the great distance between the settlers on the banks of the St. Lawrence, the isolation of the Canadian villages, and the excessive difficulty of intercommunication in his day. The fact is, however, that Benjamin Franklin was a great enemy to Canadian prosperity, and always looked with aversion upon the people of the newly-acquired colony. In 1774, war having broken out between the mother-country and the English colonies, Franklin was deprived of his office, and Mr. Hugh Finlay, a subordinate of the great republican philosopher, was appointed Deputy Postmaster General for Canada. Mr. Finlay had been given great proofs of capacity under the previous regime, and being a man of very high character and probity, he was armed with large discretionary powers to put the mail system of Canada on a better footing, and to make its operations more extended and regular. Until 1790, there were added but two intermediate post-offices between Quebec and Montreal; in the year following, offices were opened at Three Rivers and Berthier. Every month, however, a mail messenger was sent by way of Halifax to England. At this date the local mail betwixt Quebec and Halifax was bi-weekly in summer, and once a week in winter; the local mail between Quebec and Montreal had increased to twice a week. In 1800, Mr. Hugh Finlay was succeeded in office by Mr. George Heriot. This gentleman, being also commissioned as Deputy Postmaster General for New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, as well as for the two Canadas, had to oversee the service throughout all these provinces and to visit them from time to time. In the four first years of his administration he opened but one new post-office in Lower Canada, and five in the Upper Province. Matters progressed slowly enough until 1816, when Mr. David Sutherland succeeded Mr. Heriot. In 1817 be opened six additional offices of delivery in Lower Canada which made the total number of offices in operation thirteen. Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island were placed under the management of independent offices, and in that year the mails were still expedited but weekly to New Brunswick. In 1824, Mr. Sutherland was succeeded by Mr. Thomas Allen Stayner, and it was in this year that New Brunswick was endowed with an independent postal department. Mr. Stayner administered his important office for the space of twenty- seven years, with great zeal and giving entire satisfaction to the public. He greatly increased the number of local offices, and inaugurated many of the reforms which have since developed into that vast and safe system of communication with which our people are so familiar. On the 6th of April, 1851, the Canadian Mail Department was transferred from the Imperial to Provincial control, the first Postmaster General being the Hon. John Morris. Some idea of the progress made from 1760 to 1851, a period of ninety years, may be obtained by contrasting the department under Benjamin Franklin and that over which Mr. Morris was called to preside. The courier, who made monthly journeys on horseback between the military posts of Quebec and Montreal, and whose safe arrival at either of those then distant cities would no doubt cause the utmost satisfaction to the King's lieges, male and female, had been replaced by the steamboat and soon would be by the railway; and the two primitive post offices of Canada had expanded into a network of 601 local offices, transmitting among them letters to the number of 2,132,000 annually. In 1861 these figures had attained to 1775 offices, and the number of letters transmitted to 9,400,000; in addition to a weekly line of ocean mail steamers to Europe, over 1200 miles of railway doing mail service from one end of Canada to the other, and a magnificent network of telegraphic wire supplementing the postal system. What the number of offices and of letters carried may have been for the last year ending July 1867, when the postal systems of the Dominion were again placed under one head, we have not at hand, but we may state that during the official term of Hon. Mr. Langevin, now Secretary of State, the revenue from this source attained almost $900,000.

In the year 1851, the system of cheap postage was tried in Canada, the rate being reduced from an average one of fifteen cents to a uniform rate of five cents for prepaid and seven cents for unpaid letters. In the following year this reform resulted in doubling the number of letters carried, with the reduction of only one-third of the previous revenue; and in a short time the receipts not only increased to the former figure but greatly exceeded it. Under the new system we expect this reform in the charge for postage will be greatly extended."—(Quebec Mercury.)

[See page 263.]

MONUMENT OF THE VICTIMS OF 1837-'38

"L'Ordre newspaper announces the completion of the monument in the Cote des Neiges Cemetery to the memory of the victims of 1837-38. It required many efforts and great energy to bring to a completion a work which had unhappily encountered many difficulties. For some months, furnished with sums collected either by a special or general subscription, or the proceeds of concerts and pleasure excursions, the Committee applied themselves to the work, and on Sunday they went to take possession from Mr. T. Fahrland, architect, and Mr. L. Hughes, the constructor of the monument. The inauguration will take place next summer.

Situated on the highest elevation of the Cemetery, this monument commands the vast resting place of the dead. It is of octagonal shape, 55 feet in height, the pyramid reposing on a base of 80 by 90 feet. The architecture, stern and grand, strikes the beholder at a distance, and his admiration will not cease as he approaches. On the four sides of the base white marble tablets are set, having neatly engraved on them these inscriptions (in French):

On the first stone, facing the road, we read:

To the Political Victims of 1837-1838. Religious Souvenir The 92 Resolutions adopted by the Assembly of Lower Canada, March 1st, 1834 Subsidies refused by the Assembly of Lower Canada, Feb 23rd, 1836. Lord Gosford Disposes of the Public Money notwithstanding the refusal to grant it. This religious and historical monument has been erected under the auspices of the Institut Canadien in 1858.

L. HUGHES, T. FAHRLAND, Contractor. Architect

On the second stone:

BATTLES OF ST. DENIS AND ST. CHARLES, 23rd and 25th Nov., 1837.

Charles Ovide Perrault, Advocate, M.P.P.

Charles St. Germain Benjamin Bouthillier Olivier L'Escaut Francois Dufaux Romain dit Mandeville Joseph Comeau Andre Mandeville Moise Pariseau Henri Chaume Eusebe Phaneuf Pascal Delisle Louis Dauphinais Pierre Minet Marie Anne Martel Gabriel Lusignan Joseph Dudevoir Amable Hebert Toussaint Paquet Antoine Amiot J. Bte. Hebert Marc Jeannotte J. Bte. Patenaude Toussaint Loiselle Francois Dubuc Cleophas Bourgeois Francois Dumaine Hypolite Senecal-Lamoureux Pierre Emery-Coderre, And eleven other victims not identified.

On the third stone, facing the city:

EXECUTED AT MONTREAL; By the order of the Court Martial. The 21st December, 1838, Joseph Narcisse Cardinal, Notary, M. P. P. Joseph Duquet, Student at Law. The 18th January, 1839: Francois Marie Thomas Chevalier de Lorimier, Notary. Francois Nicholas, Teacher, Amable Daunais, Farmer. Pierre Remi Narbonne, Painter. Charles Hendelang, Soldier.

And on the fourth side we read:

BATTLE OF ST. EUSTACHE, 15th December, 1837:

Jean Olivier Cherrier, M.D. (His ashes repose here.)

Joseph Payette Amable Lauzon Alexis Lachance J. B. L. Lanze Jean Morin Joseph Leduc Nazaire Filion Jean Dore Eustache Lafleur Seraphine Dore Joseph Guitard Augustin Dore Francois Dube Pierre Dabeau Pierre Gatien J. Gauthier dit Larouche Joseph Bonviette J. B. Lebrun J. B. Campeau J. B. Toupin Louis Robert dit Fache

Their remains as well as those of several other persons, not identified, rest in the cemeteries of St. Eustache and Ste. Scholastique.

Engagement at Odelltown, November, 1838;

To the Number of Victims found: BOYER, LANCTOT. Of St. Philippe.

It is a holy and salutary thought, to pray for the dead: M. LII, Ch. 12, v. 46.

The fine monument has cost $3,000 to $4,000, and many efforts were required to realize this sum. The execution does great credit to Messrs. Fehrland and Hughes. The names of the committee who contributed to produce this result, are as follows: Dr. Coderre, chairman; Mr. R. Trudeau, treasurer; Mr. C. O. Perrault, secretary; Messrs. L. A. Dessaulles, Henry Lacroix, A. H. Morin, Joseph Doutre, N. Bourbonniere and Gonzalve Doutre."—(Quebec Mercury.)

FINE FOR DUELLING GIVEN TO BUREAU DES PAUVRES.

(Sentence du Conseil Souverain du Samedy, septieme avril 1691.)

(Extrait par T. P. Bedard, archiviste provincial—Quebec.)

Le Conseil assemble ou estoient;

Monsieur le gouverneur et Monsieur l'intendant

Maistres Louis Rouer de Villeray, primier conseiller -+ " Mathieu Damours Deschampen " Nicolas Dupont de Neuville + Conseillers " Jean Baptiste Depeiras " Charles Denys de Vitray -+

Et Francois de la Magdeleine Ruette d'Auteil, procureur general du Roy.

Veu par le Conseil le proces criminel extraordinairement fait et instruit a la requete du procureur general du Roy, demandeur et accusateur allencontre de Pierre de Noyan et Guillaume de Lorimier, capitaine dans le detachement de la marine que sa majeste entretient en ce pays, defendeurs et accuses. Information faite contre les dits accuses, les 25, 27 et 28 fevrier dernier, decrets d'ajournement personel allencontre deux donne le cinq mars ensuivant; exploits de signification faite a leur auberge le neuvieme ensuivant; autres exploits de signification faite au quartier ou est la compagnie du dit de Lorimier le 16 ensuivant, et en la ville des 3 R. au domicile du dit de Noyan quartier de sa compagnie du 15 du mesme mois, arrest du 27 ensuivant rendu sur requete du dit de Lorimier, certificat du chirurgien major du dit detachement sur requisitoire du dit procureur general, le dit arrest portant que le dit sieur Noyan seroit incessamment interroge, et ensuite le dit sieur de Lorimier en son domicile ou le conseiller commissaire se transportera a cet effet. Interrogatoires des dits de Noyan et de Lorimier du 29 du dit mois, contenant leurs reconnaissances, confessions et denegations. Conclusions du dit procureur general, ouy le rapport de Mtre. Jean Baptiste Peiras conseiller et tout considere. Le conseil a declare et declare les dits de Noyan et de Lorimier deument atteints et convaincus de s'estre querelles et battus sur le champ, l'epee a la main, et s'estre entreblesses. Pourquoy les a condamnes et condamne a aumosner chacun la somme de cinquante livres, aplicable moytie a l'Hostel Dieu de cette ville, et l'autre au bureau des pauvres d'icelle, et aux depens du proces a taxer par le conseiller raporteur; deffenses a eux de recidiver, sous telle peine qu'il apartiendra.

(Signe) Bochart Champigny, Depeiras.

_MEMORABILIA.

Jacques Cartier landed on the banks of the Saint Charles .. Sept. 14, 1535 Quebec founded by Samuel de Champlain ..................... July 3, 1608 Arrival of the Franciscan Friars (Recollets, Denis Jamay, Jean Dolbeau, Joseph LeCaron) at Tadousac, in the ship St. Etienne, Capt. Pontgrave .................................. May 25, 1615 First Mass said in the Lower Town Chapel, by Father Dolbeau. June 26, 1615 Fort St. Louis built at Quebec ............................ 1620-4 Arrival of the First Jesuits .............................. 1625 Quebec surrendered to Admiral Kirk ........................ 1629 Quebec returned to the French ............................. 1633 Death of Champlain the first Governor ..................... Dec. 25, 1635 Settlement formed at Sillery .............................. 1637 A Royal Government formed at Quebec ....................... 1663 Quebec unsuccessfully besieged by Admiral Phipps .......... 1690 Count de Frontenac died ................................... Nov. 28, 1698 Sir Hovenden Walker's armada shipwrecked on Egg Island .... Aug. 23, 1711 Battle of the Plains of Abraham ........................... Sept. 13, 1759 Capitulation of Quebec .................................... Sept. 18, 1759 Battle of Ste. Foye—a French Victory ..................... April 28, 1760 Canada ceded by treaty to England ......................... Feb. 10, 1763 Blockade of Quebec by Generals Montgomery and Arnold ...... Nov. 10, 1775 Death of General Richard Montgomery ....................... Dec. 31, 1775 Retreat of Americans from Quebec .......................... May 6, 1776 Division of Canada into Upper and Lower Canada ............ 1791 First Cholera, (3,500 deaths) ............................. 1832 Second do. 2,500 " ................................. 1834 Destruction by fire of Chateau St. Louis .................. Jan. 23, 1834 Insurrection in Canada .................................... 1837 Second Insurrection ....................................... 1838 Union of the two Provinces in one ......................... 1841 Great Fire in St. Roch's suburb ........................... May 28, 1845 " " in St. John " ............................. June 28, 1845 Dominion of Canada formed ................................. July 1, 1867 Departure of English troops ............................... 1870-1 Second Centenary of Foundation of Bishopric of Quebec by Monseigneur Laval Oct. 1, 1674, ........................... 1874 Centenary of Repulse of Arnold and Montgomery before Quebec, on 31st Dec., 1775 ................................ Dec. 31, 1875 Dufferin Plans of City embellishment, promulgated Christmas day 1875 Departure of the Earl of Dufferin ......................... Oct. 18, 1878 Arrival of the Marquis of Lorne and Princess Louise ....... June 4, 1879 Dufferin Terrace named by " " ........... July 9, 1879 " City Gates—St. Lewis and Kent founded ........... 1879

_DEATH SENTENCES CARRIED INTO EFFECT AT THE QUEBEC GAOL FROM THE YEAR_ 1814 _to_ 1876, _INCLUSIVE.

a-PRISONER'S NAME AND DESCRIPTION b-COMMITTED WHEN AND HOW, BY WHAT AUTHORITY AND FOR WHAT CAUSE c-RECOMMITTED, WHEN, HOW, BY WHAT AUTHORITY, AND FOR WHAT CAUSE d-REMARKS

1

a-PATRICK MURPHY, an Irishman, in height, 5 feet, 8 inches, fair complexion, sandy hair, and blue eyes, and mark in the head.

b-On the 5th of March, 1814, by warrant from Henry Blackstone, (Coroner Blackstone was a son of the celebrated English Jurist, Sir Wm Blackstone), Coroner for the District of Quebec, for the wilful murder of Marie Anne Dussault, of the Parish of Les Ecuriels, on the 1st of March, 1814.

c-On the 6th of May, 1814 by order of the Court of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery, being on this day convicted of wilful murder of Marie Anne Dussault, and on 9th of May, 1814, by further order of the Court of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery, being on this day attained, sentenced to be hanged on Friday, the 20th of May.

d-Executed on Friday, the 20th May, 1814.

2

a-JAMES WELSH, an Irishman, in height, 5 feet, 10 inches, dark complexion, black hair, and brown eyes, and no nose.

b-On the 27th of December, 1814, by virtue of a warrant from Henry Blackstone, Esq., Coroner for the district of Quebec, charged with the wilful murder of Robert Stephens.

c-On the 16th May, 1815, by order of the Court of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery, held for the District of Quebec, being on this day convicted of murder, and further ordered by the same court attained, sentenced to be executed on the 18th of May.

d-On the 18th of May, 1815, executed, according to his sentence.

3 4

a-GABRIEL MIRON, *CHARLES ALARIE, *THOMAS THOMAS +THOS CHAMBERLAIN, +JAMES MARTIN, +JOHN CALLOW.

b-On the 12th day of September, 1818, by John Fletcher, Esq., charged before me with suspicion of having feloniously stolen from on board a vessel in the harbour of Quebec, several chests of Tea of the value of one hundred pounds, sterling, of the goods and chattels of James Owen.

c-*On the 30th of September, 1818, by the Court of Oyer and Terminer, for stealing to the value of forty shillings in a vessel on a navigable river, sentenced to death. Suspended in consequence of former sentence of death.

d-*On the 23rd Oct., 1818, sentence put in execution. +Delivered by the September Court, 1818.

5

a-JOHN MULKAHEY

b-On the 3rd day of July, 1821, by A. Caron, Esq., charged with suspicion of felony and murder.

c-On the 5th of July, by H. Blackstone, Esq., Coroner, charged with the wilful murder of Moses McAllister, at the parish of St. Michel, in the county of Hertford.

c-On the 29th of September, by the Court of King's Bench, convicted of murder. Sentence: That he be taken to the place from whence be came, and that he be taken from thence, on Wednesday, the 26th day of September instant, to the place of execution, and he be then hanged by the neck 'till he be dead; and that his body, when dead, be taken down and dissected and anatomised.