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leg = law.
1. leg al, pertaining to 2. il legal, not 3. legal ity, state of 4. legal ize, make 5. legis late, bring forth 6. privi lege, private
6. A private law, a peculiar benefit, right, or favor not enjoyed by others or by all, is a privilege.
FIFTH MONTH.
aceous = having the quality of.
[In defining words of this ending, combine the meaning of the suffix with the meaning of the root; thus, cretaceous means having the quality of chalk.]
1. creta ceous, chalk 2. crust aceous, shell 3. carbon aceous, coal 4. farin aceous, grain 5. herb aceous, herb 6. sapon aceous, soap
al = pertaining to.
1. capit al, head 2. corpor al, body 3. cymb al, cup 4. dent al, tooth 5. di al, day 6. fest al, feast 7. fili al, son, daughter 8. fin al, end 9. flor al, flower 10. frug al, fruit 11. jovi al, merry 12. leg al, law 13. miner al, mine 14. nas al, nose 15. nat al, born 16. nomin al, name 17. norm al, rule 18. pen al, punishment 19. plur al, more 20. reg al, king 21. roy al, king 22. rur al, country 23. vit al, life 24. voc al, voice
1. Pertaining to the head, as, capital punishment, which involves the forfeiture of the head.
10. A frugal person is economical with his means, hence fruitful in saving.
16. Pertaining to the name only, not real; as, a nominal Christian.
17. Pertaining to the standard or rule; as, the normal color of the crow is black.
ence, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means state of being.
1. abs tin ence, hold 2. af flu ence, flow 3. bene vol ence, wish 4. con dol ence, grief 5. con fid ence, faith 6. de pend ence, hang 7. im pot ence, power 8. omni pot ence, all 9. re tic ence, silent 10. sequ ence, follow
1. State of holding from something which tempts and entices; as, abstinence from strong drink.
2. (See third month, page 63.)
3. State of being actively desirous (wishing) for the well-being of others. "The laws of social benevolence require that every man should try to assist others by his experience."
4. Condolence. State of being in grief or sympathy with others on account of their afflictions.
5. Confidence. State of being confident (of having faith in others or in one's self).
6. Dependence. State of being dependent (of hanging [relying] on others for support).
7. Impotence. State of being impotent (of having no power; weak; feeble).
8. Omnipotence. State of being all powerful.
9. Reticence. State or quality of being silent; refraining from speech.
10. Sequence. State of being sequent (following); order of following.
ance, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means state of being.
1. con cord ance, heart 2. con son ance, sound 3. dis cord ance, heart 4. dis son ance, sound 5. domin ance, master 6. ex pect ance, look 7. fragr ance, scent 8. re pugn ance, fist 9. sembl ance, similar 10. temper ance, time
1. Concordance. State of being heart with heart; harmony; agreement.
2. Consonance. State of agreement of sound with sound; tones in unison.
8. Repugnance. Literally, the state of being disposed to fight (strike) back (with the fist) [obsolete]. Opposition; aversion; dislike.
10. Temperance. State of being well timed (regular in habits) in eating, drinking, sleeping, exercising, etc.
ent = one who, that which.
1. ad her ent, stick 2. ante ced ent, go 3. belliger ent, wage war 4. de pend ent, hang 5. equi val ent, power 6. in solv ent, loosen 7. pre ced ent, go 8. op pon ent, place 9. re pell ent, drive 10. tang ent, touch
NOTE.—The meanings of the above prefixes have frequently been given. Combine the meaning of suffix, root, and prefix, adding other words when necessary, to make definitions. The only word in the list which can give any difficulty is number four, which is explained in the work of seventh year, sixth month, page 35.
ment = mind.
1. mental 2. comments 3. mention 4. memento 5. demented
1. One's mental powers are the powers of his mind, including intellect, feeling, and will.
2. One's comments on a topic generally reveal to some degree the state of his mind in regard to it.
3. The mention of a thing calls it to mind.
4. A memento is a reminder.
5. A demented person has the powers of his mind impaired.
mit, mitt = send, let go.
1. ad mit, to 2. com mit, with 3. e mit, out 4. o mit, (ob) by 5. per mit, through 6. re mit, back 7. sub mit, under 8. trans mit, across
1. A ticket will admit you (let you go) to the entertainment.
2. To place in custody; to entrust with; as to commit a fund to the care of trustees; to commit (send) a prisoner to jail.
3. To send or give out; as, the fountain emits water.
4. To let go by; to neglect; to overlook; as, to omit a fact.
5. A permit will let you go through the factory.
6. To remit is to send (back) value for value received.
7. To give up or let one's self go under the government of another; to yield, or surrender. "Do not submit yourself to insult."
8. To send (across) from one to another; as, to transmit a message.
norm = rule.
1. norm al, pertaining to 2. ab normal, from 3. e normous, out 4. enorm ity, state of
1. Pertaining to the usual rule or type; as, his pulse is normal.
2. Deviating from the natural condition, course, or rule; as, an abnormal appetite.
3. Out of the ordinary; not conforming to the usual rule; as the death rate was enormous.
4. The state or quality of being enormous; especially the quality of being extremely bad; as, the enormity of his crime.
pater = father.
1. patern al, pertaining to 2. patri arch, rule 3. patron ize, act of 4. patri cide, kill 5. patri ot, one who 6. patrimony
1. Pertaining to a father; fatherly; as, paternal love.
2. Patriarch. One of the fathers and rulers of a tribe or race; particularly applied to the early tribes of mankind.
3. Patronize. To act like a patron, or one who protects, fosters, or supports some enterprise, as a father looks after those under his care.
4. Patricide. The killing of a father.
5. Patriot. One who loves and supports the institutions of his country somewhat as a father cares for the interests of his family.
6. Patrimony. An inheritance from an ancestor; especially from one's father.
SIXTH MONTH.
fy = to make.
1. ampli fy, large 2. certi fy, certain 3. clari fy, clear 4. dei fy, god 5. exempli fy, example 6. falsi fy, false 7. forti fy, strong 8. horri fy, horror 9. identi fy, the same 10. justi fy, right 11. lique fy, liquid 12. magni fy, large 13. puri fy, pure 14. rare fy, rare 15. recti fy, right 16. terri fy, frighten 17. testi fy, witness 18. typi fy, type 19. veri fy, true 20. vivi fy, life
ile = pertaining to, belonging to, capable of, like.
1. ag ile, act 2. duct ile, draw 3. frag ile, break 4. fert ile, bear 5. host ile, enemy 6. juven ile, young 7. puer ile, child 8. serv ile, serve 9. vers atile, turn 10. vir ile, man
2. A ductile substance is one which is capable of being drawn into wire.
9. A versatile person is capable of turning readily from one thing to another; manysided.
ine = belonging to, like.
1. aquil ine, eagle 2. bov ine, cow 3. can ine, dog 4. dent ine, tooth 5. div ine, deity 6. fel ine, cat 7. femin ine, woman 8. mar ine, sea 9. mascul ine, male 10. sal ine, salt
1. An aquiline nose is one hooked like the beak which belongs to an eagle.
3. The canine teeth are so called because they correspond to those best developed in the dog.
ion = the act of, ing. (In many words ion means that which.)
1. ablut ion, washing away 2. bisect ion, cutting in two 3. expans ion, spreading out 4. expuls ion, driving out 5. inspect ion, looking into 6. intercess ion, going between 7. collect ion, gathering together 8. combust ion, burn 9. commot ion, move 10. frict ion, rub 11. junct ion, join 12. opt ion, choose 13. resurrect ion, rising again 14. secess ion, going aside 15. stat ion, stand 16. tens ion, stretch
1. An ablution is the act of washing away, or cleansing.
15. A station is a standing place for the train.
ite = one who.
1. A Canaanite is one who dwelt in the land of Canaan. 2. A Dowieite is one who is a follower of Dowie. 3. A favorite is one who receives special favor. 4. A hypocrite is one who pretends to be what he is not. 5. An Israelite is one who is a descendant of Israel, or Jacob. 6. A Levite is one who is a descendant of Levi.
port = carry.
1. port able, capable of 2. port folio, leaf 3. port er, one who 4. ex port, out 5. im port, into 6. re port, back 7. sup port, under 8. trans port, across 9. port
1. Capable of being carried or moved without difficulty; as, a portable engine.
2. Portfolio. A case or folder in which leaves of loose paper or other stationery may be carried.
3. Porter. Literally, one who carries burdens.
7. Support. To carry or uphold from beneath (under).
9. Port. The manner in which one carries himself.
rupt = break.
1. ab rupt, away 2. bank rupt, bench 3. dis rupt, apart 4. e ruption, out 5. inter rupt, between 6. rupt ure, ing 7. rout 8. route
2. At Florence, it is said, a trader or money changer who failed in business had his banca, or money bench, broken; hence, one who is unable to pay his debts is bankrupt.
6. A rupture is a breaking apart; as the rupture of a blood vessel.
7. To break the ranks of, and throw into confusion; as to rout an enemy.
8. Route originally meant a road broken through a new and untraveled section of country. After thus broken it became a way or route for travel.
scribe, script = write.
1. circum scribe, around 2. de scribe, down 3. in scribe, in, upon 4. pre scribe, before 5. sub scribe, under 6. tran scribe, across 7. post script, after 8. in scription, upon 9. scribe 10. scribble 11. script 12. scripture
1. Circumscribe. To draw (write) a bounding line around; hence, to lay down the limits or restrict the action of.
9. A scribe, in Jewish history, was a custodian and writer of the official records of the nation.
10. To scribble is to do hasty or careless writing.
11. Script consists of characters written by hand.
12. Scripture. The sacred writings of any people.
spec, spect = look, see, view.
1. a spect, (ad) toward 2. circum spect, around 3. ex pect, out 4. in spect, into 5. per spective, through 6. pro spect, before 7. retro spect, backward 8. spectat or, one who 9. sus pect, under 10. spectacle 11. spectacles
1. The appearance of a thing as viewed (looked toward or at) by the eye or mind; as, a stern aspect; the southern aspect of a house.
2. Looking around in all directions, as against danger or error. "Of all these circumstances, the slow, circumspect eye of the master took cognizance one by one."
5. Perspective. That which is seen through an opening or vista. The effect of distance upon the appearance of objects.
9. Suspect. To underlook; to imagine or infer that appearances misrepresent; hence one who suspects is inclined to look beneath the surface.
10. Spectacle. Something exhibited to be looked at, especially if it be held worthy of unusual notice.
SEVENTH MONTH.
ory = place where.
1. arm ory, arms 2. deposit ory, put away 3. dorm itory, sleep 4. fact ory, make 5. laborat ory, work 6. manufact ory, hand made 7. observ atory, observe 8. prepar atory, to make ready 9. reform atory, form again 10. terr itory, land
1. An armory is a place where arms and other instruments of war are kept.
2. A depository is a place where things are or may be put away for safe keeping.
5. A laboratory is, literally, a place for labor; particularly a place for scientific experimentation.
6. A manufactory was formerly so called because it named a place where things were made by hand. The first part of the word is now generally omitted, and appropriately so, because a small part of the work in a factory is done by hand.
10. Territory is extent of land belonging to or ruled by the government. Literally it means a place where there is land.
ous = having, consisting of, full of, pertaining to.
1. amphi bi ous, double + life 2. aque ous, water 3. bili ous, bile 4. clamor ous, to cry out 5. decidu ous, fall 6. furi ous, rage 7. greg arious, flock 8. hetero gene ous, other + kind 9. homo gene ous, like + kind 10. im per vi ous, no + through + way 11. numer ous, number 12. preci ous, price, value 13. pre coci ous, early + ripe 14. ponder ous, weigh 15. pre poster ous, before + after 16. viv acious, life
1. Living both on land and in water. "Seals of amphibious nature, are either for the land or water."
2. Pertaining to, or containing water; as, an aqueous vapor.
3. A state of ill health due to a disordered condition of the liver, the gland which secretes bile.
4. Consisting of loud and repeated outcries or noise; as, a clamorous crowd.
5. The leaves of deciduous trees fall once a year.
8. Consisting of unlike elements or ingredients of different (other) kinds.
13. Having the mental faculties prematurely developed; as, a precocious child.
15. Contrary to nature, reason, or common sense. Originally, preposterous meant having the after part before.
ulent = full of.
1. corp ulent, body 2. fraud ulent, fraud 3. op ulent, wealth 4. succ ulent, juice 5. esc ulent, food 6. vir ulent, poison
1. A corpulent person is one who has an excess of fat; hence, literally speaking, is full of body.
4. Succulent plants are full of juice; as, the stalk of the sugar cane.
5. Esculent plants are those suitable for food (literally, full of food).
"Every lover of that invaluable esculent (the potato) has reason to remember with gratitude the settlers of Londonderry."—Whittier.
ure = act or state of, that which.
1. capt ure, take 2. depart ure, from + part 3. en clos ure, within + shut 4. fixt ure, fasten 5. fract ure, break 6. gest ure, act, do 7. junct ure, join 8. manu fact ure, hand + make 9. overt ure, open 10. past ure, feed 11. pict ure, paint 12. pleas ure, please 13 post ure, place 14. pro ced ure, forward + go 15. rapt ure, carry away 16. script ure, write 17. signat ure, mark or sign 18. sut ure, sew 19. text ure, weave 20. verd ure, green
y = state of being, full of, consisting or made of.
1. bloody 2. dewy 3. dressy 4. curly 5. faulty 6. filthy 7. fleshy 8. frosty 9. fussy 10. gaudy 11. gloomy 12. grassy 13. guilty 14. hardy 15. hoary 16. lofty 17. marshy 18. rainy 19. rosy 20. sandy 21. shady 22. spunky 23. thirsty 24. wealthy
While the above words serve to illustrate the use of y as a suffix, to analyze them would not be profitable. On account of their simplicity no illustrations are needed to show their use, and no definitions; in fact, there are no words simpler on which to base definitions.
The eight words following, which end in y, can, however, be analyzed with profit:
1. an arch y, without + rule 2. a path y, without + feel 3. aut ops y, self + see 4. col loqu y, together + speak 5. ob loqu y, against + speak 6. poly gam y, many + marriage 7. sym path y, together + feel 8. sym phon y, together + sound
tort, tors = twist, wring, wrest.
1. con tort, together 2. dis tort, aside 3. ex tort, out 4. re tort, back 5. torch 6. tor ment, that which 7. tortoise 8. tort ure, that which
1. To twist together; to turn awry. "A form contorted and misshapen from that which nature gave."
2. To twist aside; to twist out of shape; to wrest from the true meaning. "For gold the hireling judge distorts the laws."
3. To wring or wrest out of or away from; to get by force or by taking unfair advantage. "'Till the injurious Romans did extort this tribute from us, we were free."
4. To bend, twist or turn back. A retort is a short and pointed reply turned back on an assailant. A retort tube is one twisted or bent back at one end.
5. The torch is so called because the wick is twisted like a rope.
6. Torment comes from tormentum, a machine (engine) for throwing stones to inflict torture.
7. The tortoise is so called because of its twisted or crooked feet.
8. Wringing pain; anguish of body or mind. "In ancient Greece, torture was never employed except in case of treason".
tract = draw.
1. abs tract, away 2. at tract, to 3. con tract, together 4. de tract, from 5. dis tract, apart 6. ex tract, out 7. pro tract, forward 8. re tract, back 9. re treat, back 10. sub tract, under 11. trace 12. tract able, capable of 13. trail 14. train
1. To draw away; to consider apart. "In truth the object and sensation are the same thing and cannot be abstracted from each other."
2. To draw to or toward. A magnet attracts iron filings.
3. To draw together or closer. Heat expands and cold contracts.
4. To draw away from. To take away a part of something, especially from one's credit. "Should I detract his worth, 'twould argue want of merit in myself."
5. To draw apart or away. The attention is distracted when it is drawn apart from the thing in hand.
6. To draw out, to withdraw. Honey is sometimes extracted from the honeycomb and the comb replaced in the beehive.
7. To draw forward; to extend or prolong; as, "England desired not to protract the war."
8. To draw back; to take back what has been said. When one finds he has said a hasty thing he would do well to retract it.
9. To draw back, as from an enemy. "Come, shepherd, let us make an honorable retreat."
10. To draw away; as apart from the whole. Literally to draw away from under, or in an underhanded way, as by stealth. The word is very seldom used literally.
11. A trace is one of the tugs or straps by which a vehicle is drawn.
12. A tractable child is one which can be easily led or drawn.
13. Trail means to draw along, or what is drawn.
14. A train consists of cars drawn by a locomotive.
ven, vent = come.
1. ad vent, to 2. ad vent ure, upon 3. a venue, to 4. con vene, together 5. circum vent, around 6. e vent, out 7. inter vention, between 8. in vent, upon 9. re venue, back 10. pre vent, before
1. A coming or arrival of any important event or personage. The advent of summer. An Adventist is one who makes the second personal coming of Christ a special feature in his doctrine.
2. An adventure is a stirring experience, come upon, as it were, suddenly and unexpectedly.
3. That which comes to a certain place. Formerly an avenue was a roadway bordered with trees which comes to a residence.
4. To come together. "The household fowls convene."
5. To circumvent an individual is to gain an advantage over him in a secret and round about (coming around) way.
6. The outcome of an occurrence; as, "In that event all will be right." "Marriage is the principal event for good or evil in all lives."
7. The act of coming between persons or objects; especially interference with the acts of others.
8. To come upon; to find out or discover.
9. Revenue is that which comes back, as from an investment; income from all forms of one's property.
10. To stop or hinder from happening by means of previous measures. Originally prevent meant to come before; as in Matt. xvii:25: "When Peter was come into the house, Jesus prevented him."
vers, vert = turn.
1. ad verse, to (against) 2. ad vers ity, state of 3. ad vert, to 4. ad vert ise, act of 5. a vers ion, away 6. a vert, away 7. di verse, apart 8. di version, aside 9. di vorce, apart 10. in vert, into 11. per verse, thoroughly 12. re verse, back 13. trans verse, across 14. versat ile, capable of 15. vers ion, that which 16. vertex 17. vertigo 18. vortex
1. Turned against; antagonistic. Adverse winds. "Error is adverse to human happiness."
2. State of adverse fortune; a condition of calamity, distress, or unhappiness. "Ye have this day rejected your God, who himself saved you out of all adversities."
3. To turn the mind or attention to; as, "I will only advert to some leading points in the argument."—Emerson.
4. To advertise an article is to cause the public to turn attention to it.
5. A turning away from. "Adhesion to vice and aversion to goodness."
6. To turn away or aside. "Till ardent prayer averts the public woe."
7. Diverse ways are different ways—they turn apart.
8. The act of turning aside from a course; as the diversion of the mind from study.
9. A judgment or decree dissolving marriage, and thus turning husband and wife apart from each other.
10. To turn into another position; as, upside down, inside out, end for end, etc.
11. A perverse inclination is one thoroughly wrong or turned from the right.
12. To turn back; as to reverse an engine.
13. A transverse beam is one turned across others.
14. Capable of moving or turning around; as a versatile spindle; turning with ease from one thing to another; many sided; as, a versatile writer.
15. That which is translated (or turned) from another language; as, the King James version of the Bible.
16. The highest point, peak, or summit. Literally the turning point.
17. A turning or whirling around; dizziness or giddiness.
"That old vertigo in his head Will never leave him till he's dead."
18. A whirlpool. (Vortex is another form of vertex.)
EIGHTH MONTH.
ic = pertaining to.
1. aqua tic, water 2. arc tic, bear 3. barbar ic, foreign; uncivilized 4. chron ic, time 5. civ ic, citizen 6. dom estic, house 7. epi dem ic, upon + people 8. erra tic, wander 9. Homer ic, Homer 10. luna tic, moon 11. lyr ic, lyre, harp 12. metal lic, metal 13. metr ic, measure 14. numer ic, number 15. op tic, eye 16. pan ic, Pan 17. phon ic, sound 18. publ ic, people 19. rust ic, country 20. techn ic, art, trade
2. Arctic means, literally, pertaining to the northern constellations called the Great and Little Bears; hence pertaining to the north polar regions.
8. Erratic means wandering from the proper or usual course in opinion or conduct.
9. Homeric means relating to Homer, the great epic poet of ancient Greece, or to the poetry which he wrote.
10. A lunatic is one who is periodically insane, with intervals of sanity (as if affected by the moon).
11. Lyric poetry is that which is adapted to the lyre or harp; fit to be sung to an accompaniment.
16. Panic means sudden or groundless fright, such as was said to have been caused by Pan, the god of pastures and forests.
ise, (ize) = make, do, cause.
1. ad vert ise, to + turn 2. critic ise, judge 3. familiar ize, family 4. fertil ize, bear, produce 5. leg alize, law 6. re cogn ize, again + know 7. sym path ize, with + feel 8. tan tal ize, Tantalus 9. agonize 10. brutalize 11. civilize 12. crystallize 13. equalize 14. generalize 15. harmonize 16. humanize 17. idolize 18. magnetize 19. modernize 20. naturalize 21. organize 22. realize 23. systematize 24. tyrannize
1. A merchant when he advertises goods hopes thereby to cause people to turn their attention to them.
2. To criticise is to (make) pass judgment upon.
3. To familiarize means, literally, to make as one of the family, to become intimate with.
4. Ground is fertilized when it is caused to produce more abundantly.
5. Any conduct is legalized when it is made lawful.
6. We recognize a person when we know him again; as, one whom we have known before.
7. To sympathize is to feel with another.
8. Tantalize is derived from Tantalus, a Phyrgian king who, according to Greek mythology, was punished in the lower world by being placed in a lake of pure water up to his chin, while there hung over him luscious fruit, the fruit and the water receding whenever he sought to satisfy his hunger or thirst. Hence tantalize means to tease or torment by presenting something desirable to the view and frustrating expectation by keeping it out of reach.
Words 9 to 24 may be defined in a simple and satisfactory manner by using some meaning of the suffix ize in the definition with the first part of the word; thus, agonize means to cause to have agony.
ist = one who.
1. agri cultur ist, field + culture 2. an arch ist, without + rule 3. art ist, art 4. a the ist, without + god 5. botan ist, plant 6. de ist, god 7. dent ist, tooth 8. flor ist, flower 9. ge olog ist, earth + science 10. hypno tist, sleep 11. journ alist, day 12. jur ist, right 13. loy alist, law 14. oc ulist, eye 15. optim ist, best 16. pessim ist, worst 17. re viv alist, again + life 18. roy alist, king 19. sci entist, knowledge 20. somn ambul ist, sleep + walk
4. An atheist is one who is without belief in a personal God.
6. A deist is one who believes in God but denies revealed religion.
15. An optimist is one who holds the opinion that all events are ordered for the best.
16. A pessimist is one who has a disposition to take the least hopeful (worst) view of things; one who believes that the ultimate tendency of the world is toward evil and not good.
oid = having the form of, shaped like.
1. aster oid, star 2. dent oid, tooth 3. ethm oid, sieve 4. spher oid, sphere 5. typh oid, cloud, stupor 6. variol oid, various
meter, metr = measure.
1. anemo meter, wind 2. baro meter, weight 3. chrono meter, time 4. dia meter, across 5. gas ometer, gas 6. ge ometer, earth 7. hexa meter, six 8. hydro meter, water 9. lacto meter, milk 10. metr ic, pertaining to 11. penta meter, five 12. peri meter, around 13. thermo meter, heat 14. tri gon ometry, three + angle
1. The anemometer is an instrument for measuring the force and velocity of the wind.
2. The barometer measures the weight of the atmosphere, and thus aids in determining the indications of the weather.
3. A chronometer is an instrument for measuring time. Specifically, it is a large and very accurate watch for use in astronomical observations.
6. Geometry literally means earth measure. It treats of the measurement of surfaces, and is therefore applied in the measurement of land.
7. The hexameter in poetry is a measure having six poetic feet to the line.
8. The hydrometer is used for measuring the specific gravity of water and other liquids.
9. The lactometer is used for measuring the purity and richness of milk.
10. The metric system of weights and measures is one in which the meter is the unit of measure.
12. The perimeter is the measure around a body or figure.
14. Trigonometry treats of measurements based on the triangle (three angles).
phon = sound.
1. eu phony, well 2. phon etic, pertaining to 3. phon ic, pertaining to 4. phono graph, write 5. sym phony, with 6. tele phone, far
polis = city.
1. acro polis, high, upper 2. Anna polis, Ann 3. Constantin ople, Constanine 4. Indiana polis, Indiana 5. metro polis, mother 6. Minne apolis, Minne 7. police 8. politics
1. The acropolis was the upper part of a Grecian city. It commanded a view of the surrounding country.
2. Named for Queen Ann.
3. A contraction of Constantinopolis. Named for Constantine.
4. Indiana means, literally, the land of the Indians. Indianapolis means city of Indiana.
5. The metropolis is the chief, or mother city, of the state or country.
6. The city of Minne (haha).
7. A police force is a body of civil officers in a city organized for its protection.
8. Politics is the science of government in state or city.
scop = view.
1. horo scope, hour 2. kaleido scope, beautiful + form 3. micro scope, small 4. stereo scope, solid 5. tele scope, far
1. The horoscope is an instrument for viewing the heavens at the hour of one's birth, by which the astrologers professed to foretell the events of a person's life.
2. The kaleidoscope is an optical instrument in which an endless variety of beautiful patterns or forms may be viewed by changing its position.
4. The stereoscope is an instrument, with two eye glasses, for giving to pictures the appearance of solid forms as seen in nature.
PART TWO
Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Words, Principles of Pronunciation, and Rules of Spelling.
SEVENTH YEAR.
(First Month.)
TERMS TO BE DEFINED.
An ELEMENTARY SOUND is the simplest sound of spoken language.
There are forty-four elementary sounds in the English language. As there are only twenty-six letters in the alphabet some letters represent more than one sound. Certain marks or distinguishing characters used with the letters to indicate the various sounds are called DIACRITICAL MARKS.
PHONOTYPY is a method of representing each of the elementary sounds by a distinct printed character or letter.
The VOCALS or TONICS are those elementary sounds made by an unmodified or uninterrupted tone of the voice; as ā, ĕ.
The SUBVOCALS or SUBTONICS are those elementary sounds made by the tone of the voice modified by the organs of speech, making an undertone; as b, d, g, r.
The ASPIRATES or ATONICS are those elementary sounds made by merely breathing modified by the organs of speech; sometimes called breath sounds; as p, t, s.
TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.
[From Swett's Normal Word Book.]
I. Vocals.
-+ a ā-le, āi-m ae ae-lms, ae-rt a a-ll, b-a-ll ă ă-n, m-ă-n a ȼ-a-re, a-ir ȧ ȧ-sk, f-ȧ-st ē ē-ve, b-ē ě ě-nd, m-ě-n ẽ h-ẽ-r, ẽ-rr ī, ȳ ī-ce, b-ȳ ĭ, y ĭ-t, h-y-mn ō ō-ld, n-ō ǒ ǒ-n, n-ǒ-t o, [=oo] m-o-ve, m-[=oo]-n ū ū-se, m-ū-şe ǔ ǔ-p, b-ǔ-t u u-rge, b-u-rn ụ, [)oo] f-ụ-ll, w-[)oo]-l oi, oy oi-l, b-oy ou, ow ou-t, ow-l + -
II. Subvocals.
-+ b b-i-b, b-a-be d d-i-d, d-ea-d ḡ ḡ-i-ḡ, ḡ-a-ḡ j j-ar, j-et l l-u-ll, te-ll m m-ai-m, ȼa-me n n-u-n, n-o-ne ng, n ri-ng, i-n-k r r-oa-r, r-ea-r th th-ese, wi-th v val-ue, v-ain w w-ell, w-eb y y-es, y-et z z-one, z-est zh, z a-z'-ure, sei-z'-ure + -
III. Aspirates.
-+ f f-i-fe, o-ff h h-at, h-ome k k-ite, k-ill p p-i-pe, to-p s s-un, s-ame t t-en-t, t-ar-t ch ch-ur-ch, ch-ild sh sh-all, wi-sh th th-in, th-ree wh wh-ere, wh-y + -
NOTE.—The foregoing forty-four sounds are those most employed in the English language. Some of these sounds are represented by other letters, as shown in the following:
IV.—Table of Equivalents.
[Dictionary Work—Metcalf & DeGarmo.]
CHAR. EQUIV. ē = ī ẽ = ĩ = u ā = e a = e o = a (broad a) o = [=oo] = u ĭ = y ŭ = ȯ
ŏ = ạ ọ = [)oo] = ụ ī = ȳ oi = oy ou = ow ū = ew
CHAR. EQUIV. j = ġ (soft) g = ḡ (hard) z = [ṣ=] k = ȼ = ȼh f = ph s = c (cedilla c) sh = ch n = ng x = ks x = gz
COGNATE sounds are such as are produced by the same organs of speech in a similar position. The cognates are in pairs, as follows: Vowels: ā ĕ, ē ĭ, a ă, ae ȧ, a ŏ, u ŭ, ōō [)oo]; consonants: g' k, b p, d t, j ch, th th, v f, z s.
[Second Month.]
LETTERS.
A LETTER is a mark or character used to represent a sound,—usually an elementary sound.
An ALPHABET is an orderly arrangement of all the letters of a language.
The NUMBER OF LETTERS in the different alphabets vary, as follows: English 26, Arabic 28, French 25, German 26, Greek 24, Hebrew 22, Italian 21, Russian 33, Spanish 27, Sanskrit 49. The Chinese have no alphabet, but about 20,000 syllabic characters.
The POWER OF A LETTER is the elementary sound for which it stands.
LETTERS AS TO FORM are either script or print.
There are many different STYLES OF LETTERS; as, Roman, Italic, Old English, and Script.
As to SIZE letters are both capital and lower case.
[Third Month.]
VOWELS.
A VOWEL sound is a free and uninterrupted sound of the voice. The vowel sounds are formed by the voice modified, but not interrupted, by the various positions of the tongue and lips.
A CONSONANT sound is an articulate sound made by the obstructed voice, and which in utterance is usually combined with a vowel sound.
There is no absolute division between vowels and consonants. Certain vowels are so open as to be only vowels, certain consonants are so close as to be only consonants; but there are yet others which have the value now of vowels and now of consonants; as, i, u, w, and y.
"Y as a vowel is a substitute for i, and i is a consonant as a substitute for y. W and y are vowels: (1) When they end words or syllables, (2) when they are not followed by a vowel in the same syllable, (3) when they are followed by a silent vowel in the same syllable. W and y are consonants when they begin words or syllables and are immediately followed by a vowel. I is a consonant when it represents the consonant y, as in alien. U is a consonant when it represents the consonant w, as in quick, language."—Irish's Orthography.
A DIPHTHONG is produced by running together two vowel sounds in the same syllable.
A diphthong is PROPER if both the vowels are sounded; as o and i in boil.
An IMPROPER DIPHTHONG or DIGRAPH is merely a collection of two vowels in the same syllable, of which only one is sounded; as in rain, teach.
The diphthongs in the following words are all that are in common use, viz.: toil, toy, sound, cow, peal, oil, audible, awning, say, seine, people, feud, obey, eschew, believe, loan, hoe, hue, juice. Of these oi, oy, ou, and ow are the only proper diphthongs.
A TRIPHTHONG is produced by running together three vowel sounds in the same syllable.
A triphthong is PROPER if all three of the vowels are sounded. (But there are no proper triphthongs that I know of.)
A triphthong is IMPROPER or is called a TRIGRAPH if one or two of the three vowels is silent; as in adieu, beauty.
[Fourth Month.]
CONSONANTS.
CONSONANTS are divided on three different bases; as follows:
I. MUTES and SEMIVOWELS.
The mutes represent an explosive sound, and are so called because the mouth organs are closed just before the sound is uttered and the voice is momentarily mute.
The four subvocals b, d, j, g, and their cognates, p, t, ch, and k, are generally classed as mutes. Pronounce them and see if they do not represent explosive sounds.
All other consonants are semivowels, and are pronounced with a continuous sound. The sound may be continued so long as the breath lasts; but in the case of mutes the sound must stop with the explosive utterance.
II. The SUBVOCALS and ASPIRATES are shown in the vertical columns of the table below. The subvocals are sometimes called voice consonants and the aspirates breath consonants. These are fit terms, for they indicate the basis of classification.
III. LABIALS, LINGUA-DENTALS, and PALATALS constitute a classification of the consonants with respect to the place of formation. Bead the table from left to right. The lips have most to do with making the labial sounds; the lingua-dentals are formed at the point of the tongue in contact with the teeth, the palatals between the tongue and hard and soft palate.
Consonant Table.
Subvocals. Aspirates. (Voice.) (Breath.) Labials. { b p (Lips.) { v f { w wh { m
Lingua- { d t Dentals. { z s (Point of{ th (sonant) (non-sonant) th tongue.) { l { n { r
Palatals.{ zh sh (Between { j ch tongue { g k and { y palate.) { h { ng
EIGHTH YEAR.
[First Month.]
SYLLABLES.
SYLLABLE literally means taken together.
A SPOKEN SYLLABLE is an elementary sound, or a combination of elementary sounds, uttered together, or with a single impulse of the voice. It constitutes a word or a part of a word.
A WRITTEN or printed syllable is a part of a word separated from the rest, and capable of pronunciation by a single impulse of the voice.
As to where a word shall be divided in making it into syllables depends upon the PURPOSE OF SYLLABICATION. When the purpose is to show the derivation the division is made with reference to the component parts (roots, prefixes, and suffixes); but if the purpose is to indicate correct pronunciation, the result may be very different. For illustration, the following words are divided, first, to show derivation: abs-tract, bene-vol-ent, pre-de-cess-or, e-duc-ate, phon-o-typ-y, pro-gress, e-lig-ible; and, second, to indicate correct pronunciation: ab-stract, be-nev-o-lent, pred-e-ces-sor, ed-u-cate, pho-not-y-py, prog-ress, el-i-gi-ble.
While in the illustrations here given the syllables formed for one purpose are very different from those formed for the other, yet in the majority of words the resulting syllables are the same whether divided for one purpose or for the other.
In the United States the prevailing purpose of syllabication is to indicate pronunciation.
The ULTIMATE syllable of a word is the last (ultimus = last); the PENULTIMATE is next to the last (pen = almost); the ANTEPENULTIMATE is the third from the last (literally, before almost the last); the PREANTEPENULTIMATE is the fourth from the last (literally, before the one that is before the one almost last).
[Second Month.]
ACCENT.
ACCENT is stress of voice on a particular syllable in pronouncing a word.
In long words two, and sometimes three, syllables are accented. But one syllable is always accented more strongly than the others are. The stronger accent is called the PRIMARY accent, the weaker is called the SECONDARY. Thus, in am' mu ni' tion the primary accent falls on the third syllable and the secondary on the first.
The "PRINCIPLES" which govern the placing of accent are complicated. The International Dictionary says there are no principles by which to determine the accent in English. Another high authority says: "All attempts to assign rules for the place of the accent in English only serve to render the subject hopelessly intricate and confounded."
There are, however, certain tendencies which mature pupils might profitably consider, but the limited scope of this book will not permit me to attempt to set them forth.
In the words of the following list the accent changes with a change of meaning. When nouns or adjectives these words are accented on the first syllable; when verbs, on the second:
abstract accent compound conflict concert contract contrast converse convict desert escort export ferment forecast frequent incense insult permit prefix present produce project record survey
[Third Month.]
WORDS.
A WORD is a sign of an idea. It may be either spoken or written.
A PRIMITIVE, OR ROOT, word is one not derived from any other word of the language; as, fix, strike, man.
A DERIVATIVE is a word formed from a primitive by changing it internally, or by adding a prefix or suffix; as, men, suffix, strikers.
A SIMPLE WORD is a single word. It may be either primitive or derivative.
A COMPOUND WORD is a combination of two or more simple words; as, buck-saw, well-behaved, school-room.
A word of one syllable is a monosyllable (mono = one); of two syllables, a dissyllable (dis = two); of three syllables, a trisyllable (tri = three); of three or more syllables, a polysyllable (poly = many).
The ROOT of a word is its fundamental or elementary part which carries the primitive notion or significance with it, without prefix or suffix; as, ge (earth), graph (write), vol (wish).
A PREFIX is a significant syllable joined to the beginning of a word; as, autograph, circumvent, amphitheater.
A SUFFIX is a significant syllable joined to the end of a word; as, man ly, fert ile, ment ion.
AFFIX is a general term for prefixes and suffixes; it may be applied to either or to both together.
SEVENTH YEAR.
[Fifth Month.]
SILENT LETTERS.
Silent letters have at least four uses:
1. To modify sounds of other letters in the same syllable.
Drop final silent e from such words as the following and note the effect on the sound of the other vowel in the same syllable: bare, pure, ripe, lame.
2. To indicate pronunciation.
In the four words last given, for illustration, the pronunciation changes when the final silent e is dropped.
Another class of words ending in ce and ge retain the final silent e on adding a suffix beginning with a or o to preserve the soft sound of c and g, and with it the correct pronunciation of the word; as, serviceable, noticeable, changeable, courageous.
3. To show the meaning of words.
Illustrations: clime, climb, plumb, belle, butt, dyeing, singeing, guilt, damn.
4. To show the derivation of words.
Numerous illustrations are found in words derived from the Greek. In chronic, and chronology, the h is silent, but serves to indicate that the root of those words is identical with the Greek root chron, which means time. Similarly the g in gnostic, the e in eulogy, p in pneumonia, the h in chromatic.
In honour and favour u is silent, and therefore a useless letter, so far as sound is concerned. The u signifies that the word came to us through the French, instead of directly from the Latin. The question is, whether we shall go to the trouble of writing the extra letter in a large class of such words for the sake of the historical association. Perhaps one in a thousand would choose to do so, but others of us are more intent on saving time and ink. When the spelling reform idea becomes operative with English speaking people, a great many silent letters will go the way of the u in labour, favour, and the like.
The following are some of the numerous classes of silent letters together with the principle found to be operative through them.
[Sixth Month.]
"E final is silent when preceded by another vowel in the same syllable."
change sense adverse Chinese condense brace quite bade oppose deceive force scribe burlesque embrace machine crease measure canine emerge endorse cease absolve caprice examine advise
[Seventh Month.]
"B is usually silent before t or after m in the same syllable."
lamb tomb numb debt bomb comb thumb dumb doubt crumb limb climb plumb redoubt jamb
[Eighth Month.]
"C is silent before k in the same syllable. C is silent in czar, victuals, muscle, corpuscle, indict, and Connecticut."
back deck lack stack Patrick buck duck hack stick reckon burdock chick luck suck thicken clock click lick beckon Cossack
EIGHTH YEAR.
[First Month.]
"D is silent before g in the same syllable."
edge hedge ridge lodge misjudge wedge budge bridge sledge judgment pledge drudge fudge begrudge lodgment
[Second Month.]
"G is silent before m or n in the same syllable."
phlegm malign gnaw campaign gnash arraign paradigm feign foreign gnu benign diaphragm reign design seignior resign gnat assign gnarl consign
[Third Month.]
"H is silent when it follows g or r in the same syllable."
ghost myrrh rheumatism rhapsody rhinoceros aghast hemorrhage rhyme rhythm Rhine gherkin rhubarb rhombus rhomboid catarrh
[Fourth Month.]
"K is silent before n in the same syllable."
knack kneel knot knap sack knob knave knife knock knowledge knucks knead knight knoll knuckle knarl knee knit know knell knout
[Fifth Month.]
"N final after l or m is silent."
hymn contemn solemn limn damn kiln condemn column autumn
[Sixth Month.]
"T is silent before ch in the same syllable."
hitch pitch match notch catch kitchen botch hatch scratch patch latch Dutch watch Mitchell satchel thatch ditch witch batch Scotch
[Seventh Month.]
"W is silent before r in the same syllable."
wrestle wren wrist writing wreak wrong wrote wreck wrest writ wring wraith awry write wrought wrath wretch wreath wrinkle wrangle
[Eighth Month.]
"Gh is always silent after i and, when not a substitute for f or k, is also silent after au and ou."
sight plight weigh fraught through light wright weight caught although fight height freight thought slaughter might wight aught daughter laughter
SEVENTH YEAR.
PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.
[Sixth Month.]
"A constituting or ending an unaccented syllable is short Italian a."
again America banana fatality papa alas amuse canine fatigue parasol algebra apparatus China lapel pica alkali area data massacre sacrament amass arena drama ornament valise
[Seventh Month.]
"E constituting or ending a syllable is long."
depot memento obedience really society event museum penal recess superior feline nausea precedence resource theater frequent negro precise sacrilegious theology mechanic notoriety pretense secretary veto
[Eighth Month.]
"O constituting or ending a syllable is long."
broken explosive melodeon poem spoken chosen gondola melody police tobacco composition licorice open potato trophy coquet location opponent promotion zodiac cupola locust pantomime proviso zooelogy
EIGHTH YEAR.
[Fourth Month.]
"Iconstituting or ending an unaccented syllable, not initial, is always short, and is usually short even in initial syllables, if unaccented."
divide tirade sentinel fidelity residence direct intimate continent digest levity finance indivisible defensible hilarious reticent imitate equidistant predicate maritime reticule piazza nobility finance invitation direction
In the initial syllables i, bi, chi, cli, cri, pri, tri, however, i is generally long.
idea biology climatic primeval tripod idle Chinese criterion triangular triune isothermal chirography biennial binomial priority
[Fifth Month.]
E before terminal n should always be silent in participles, and also in most other words.
given stolen ridden bidden forsaken taken proven shaken woven gotten broken driven written shaven risen spoken frozen arisen chidden smitten fallen hidden beaten eaten stricken
also
heaven oaken happen burden leaven often leaden seven garden brazen widen golden even eleven christen
But in the following words e should be sounded:
hyphen chicken marten lichen sudden linden linen gluten mitten aspen
E should also be sounded in any word (not a participle) in which terminal en is immediately preceded by l, m, n, or r.
women Ellen Helen omen pollen barren linen woolen Allen Warren
[Sixth Month.]
"E before terminal l should usually be sounded."
Abel model morsel cancel marvel level travel rebel gravel barrel nickel apparel towel channel kennel chapel citadel revel Mabel libel camel laurel bevel funnel parcel
But in the following words and in their derivatives e before terminal l should not be sounded:
easel weasel ravel mantel shekel navel chattel shrivel drivel snivel shovel grovel mussel hazel teasel
[Seventh Month.]
"In most words i before terminal l or n should be sounded."
Latin vigil anvil goblin coffin cavil cabin council rosin origin javelin pencil axil assassin tranquil resin bobbin violin peril moccasin retail satin utensil pistil daffodil
In the following words i should not be sounded:
devil basin evil cousin weevil raisin
[Eighth Month.]
"I accented in most words from the French has the sound of long e."
pique quarantine police critique unique machine routine ravine regime intrigue caprice suite valise Bastile magazine guillotine fatigue antique
SEVENTH YEAR.
RULES OF SPELLING.
Many people think that rules of spelling are of no value, because they are hard to remember and because of numerous exceptions. This is certainly true of a great many such rules (and there are a great many); but three or four of these rules apply to so many words difficult to spell, and they have such a small number of exceptions that they are well worth while. Several hundred words are spelled according to the first rule given below. The rule itself is short, and all of the exceptions could be learned "for keeps" by a pupil in an hour. But pupils must have drill in applying the rules or they may be able to repeat the rules perfectly and glibly and not be able to spell the words coming under them.
Since the rule given for the work of the first month, seventh year, and that given for the second month, are counterparts, each of the other, I prefer to take them together. Knowing that "silent final e is dropped when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added", we naturally infer its counterpart, viz.: "Silent final e is retained when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added."
To bring about the necessary drill and insure attention to the application of the rule, I suggest that a class of pupils, reciting by turns, spell at least twenty-five words according to the following model. [The words are on the board in this form: love + able, care + less.]
"The suffix able begins with the vowel a; therefore when it is added to the word love the final silent e is dropped, and the word is spelled lovable." Or,
"The suffix less begins with the consonant l; therefore, when it is added to the word care the final silent e is not dropped, and the word is spelled careless."
Words to be spelled according to this model should be mixed,—those in which the suffix to be added begins with a vowel mixed with those in which the suffix begins with a consonant. Exceptions ought to be thrown into the mixture, and when a pupil comes to an exception, he can proceed according to the model, concluding with, "but this word is an exception to the rule".
Fifty words are here given to illustrate this rule, but pupils who want to do thorough work should spell several such fifties.
[First Month.]
love—able adventure—ous decide—ing care—less change—ing ice—berg blame—able extreme—ly house—keeper achieve—ment fickle—ness idle—ness brake—man fore—cast excite—ment cure—able compare—able console—able discourage—ment continue—ally endure—ance prove—able contrive—ance amaze—ment move—able guide—ance fierce—ness acquire—ing forgive—ness peace—ful else—where hate—ful deface—ment enlarge—ment believe—ing disgrace—ful admire—able converse—ed blue—ish abide—ing hedge—hog lodge—ing advertise—ment achieve—ing amuse—ment eye—brow hoarse—ness dine—ing pursue—ing argue—ing revenge—ful
EXCEPTIONS.
Words ending in ce and ge retain the e when a suffix beginning with a or o is added.
changeable challengeable pronounceable exchangeable peaceable advantageous chargeable serviceable outrageous manageable traceable courageous marriageable noticeable vengeance
OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
hoeing singeing seer nursling truly shoeing tingeing seeing loathsome duty toeing freeing agreeable awful wisdom dyeing fleeing mileage duly wholly
Five other exceptions, to be remembered together: argument, judgment, lodgment, abridgment, acknowledgment.
The exceptions here given, which are practically all of the exceptions to this rule, should be reviewed until they cannot be forgotten. The value of the rule depends much on a thorough committal of the exceptions.
[Third Month.]
Rule II: "When a suffix is added to a word ending in y, preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i, unless the suffix begins with i."
Model for drill on this rule (supply + ed, display + ed are written on the board):
"The y in supply is preceded by a consonant, therefore, when the suffix ed is added the y is changed to i and the word is spelled, supplied." Or,
"The y in display is preceded by a vowel, therefore when the suffix ed is added the y is not changed, and the word is spelled, displayed."
carry + ed study + es espy + ed juicy + est hurry + es destroy + ed deny + ing homely + est marry + ing pity + ing survey + ed pity + ful decay + ed pity + less employ + ing rally + es annoy + s joy + less noisy + est pretty + est copy + ed city + es mighty + er pity + able
EXCEPTIONS.
y does not change before 's; as in
la'dy's en'e my's ba'by's coun'try's
Other exceptions to the rule, or to what is inferred from it:
staid (or stayed) slain dry'ly la'dy like paid dai'ly dry ness la dy bug laid sly ly (but, dri'er, la dy ship said sly ness dri'est) ba by hood saith shy ly shy ness ba by house
[Fourth and Fifth Months.]
Rule III: "Monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable, ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel." This rule carries with it the inference that the final consonant is not doubled unless these conditions are all complied with.
Model for drill on this rule:
"Refer is not a monosyllable, but it is accented on the last syllable; it ends in a single consonant r, preceded by a single vowel e; therefore, on adding the suffix ed, beginning with the vowel e, the final consonant r is doubled, and the word is spelled, referred."
refer + ed gallop + ed suspend + ed suffer + ing omit + ed abhor + ence kidnap + ed travel + ed cheat + ed join + ing admit + ing rebel + ious flatter + ed benefit + ed differ + ence fertil + izer prefer + ing permit + ed enamel + ed quarrel + ing remit + ance map + ing drug + ist brag + art heap + ing connect + ing emit + ed unfit + ed confer + ing offer + ed conceal + ed parallel + ed acquit + ed* commit + ee shelter + ed stir + ing root + ed squeal + ing intermit + ent equal + ed depend + ent begin + er cheer + ed vigor + ous occur + ed shovel + ed forgot + en regret + ed submit + ed transmit + ed drum + er spin + ing
* After q, u is a consonant.
EXCEPTIONS.
The final consonant is not doubled when, in the derivative, the accent is thrown from the last syllable of the primitive; as, re fer', ref'er ence.
ref'er ence def'er ence ref er ee' pref er ence in fer ence ref'er a ble or con fer ence pref er a ble re fer'ri ble
OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
gas es (but gassy) tranquillity gas eous humbug ging trans fer able crystallize humbug ged ex cellence chagrined
NOTE.—There is a large class of words ending in l, and accented on some other syllable than the last, in whose derivatives the l is doubled by many writers; but it accords more with the analogy of the language not to double the l. Such words are the following: apparel, cancel, channel, cudgel, dishevel, drivel, duel, enamel, equal, gambol, grovel, jewel, libel, marshal, marvel, metal, model, panel, peril, quarrel.
REFERENCE TABLE OF SUFFIXES.
able, see ble age, that which, having ain, see ian al, pertaining to an, pertaining to, one who ant, one who, that which, quality of, condition of ary, one who, that which, place where, condition of, quality of, pertaining to ate, act of, state of, shaped like ble, capable of, fit to be cle, little, that which ed, condition of ee, one who ence, see ant ent, see ant er, one who, that which es, see er et, little ful, full of, having fy, to make ial, see al ian, one who ible, see ble ic, pertaining to il, see ile ile, capable of, quality of ion, act of, state of, that which ious, see ous ish, act of is, that which ise, see ize ism, state of, doctrine of ist, one who ity, that which, state of being, quality of ive, that which, quality of ize, act of lent, full of less, without ly, state of being ment, that which oid, form or, one who ory, see ary ous, full of, quality of, having tic, see ic tude, quality of ty, see ity ure, that which, act of y, that which
INDEX TO ROOTS.
This index is to be used as a cross-reference by means of which, words in different parts of the book having a common root may be associated.
Page.
act 11, 61 ambl 15, 18, 82 anim 25, 35 *ann 11 aqua 74, 80 arch 28, 45, 82 *art 12 *aster 12 *aud 13 bi, be 9, 64, 65, 74 brev 9, 39 burse 13, 20 *capt, caput 53 *ced, cess 53 *cent 54 cept 14, 55 *chron 46 cep, cip 18, 50 *civ 55 clam, claim 20, 74 clud, clus 16 cogn 20, 56, 81 *cord, card 17 *corpus, corpor 17 *cura, curo 18 *curr 58 cuspid 21, 35, 50 cycl 21, 50, 64 *dent 58 *dict 58 *doc, doct 59 dors 26, 56 dote 25, 63 *duc 22 dur 32, 33 *fac, fec, fic 23 femin 35, 71 *fer, lat 24 *fest 24 fid 39, 51, 56, 67 *fin 62 *firm 62 fix 19, 49, 60 *flex, flect 62 flor 39, 66, 82 *flu 63 *foli 26 form 15, 25, 61, 73 *fort 26 *fract, frang 27 *frater 27 fresh 20, 40 fuse 13, 59, 61 fy 70 gam 21, 28, 45 *ge 47 gnost 59, 63 gon 26, 83 grad, gress 52, 54, 59, 60, 61 *graph 47 *grat, grac 65 *greg 65 hale 55, 56 hypnot 45, 82 itio, it 9, 55, 61 *ject 66 journ 49, 82 junct 71, 75 juven 20, 70 laps 20, 51 lect 51, 60, 71 *leg 66 *liber 30 *liter 31 loc 13, 40 *log, logy 48 loqu 51, 57, 59, 76 luc 39, 61 luna 60, 80 lut, luv 9, 50 *manu 31 mar 61, 71 *mater 32 matur 19, 56 *ment 68 meridi 50, 57 *meter 83 mingle 14, 51 *mit 69 moni 19, 49 mort 39, 56, 57 mot 40, 51, 59, 71 mut 32, 51, 56, 61 nat 40, 56, 66 nomi 21, 28, 50, 66 *norm 69 nov 20, 56 numer 38, 74 opo, opt 29, 44, 64, 76, 80 *pater 69 path 25, 29, 30, 45, 63, 76, 81 *ped, pod 36 *pel, puls 35 *pend, pens 35 *phon 83 ple, plen 20, 40 *polis 84 *pon, pos 37 *port 72 preci 52, 74 roy 63, 66, 82 *rupt 72 sal 34, 71 scend 52, 61 *scop 84 *scrib, scrip 72 secu 15, 40 sect 13, 14, 21, 50, 56, 71 soci 25, 32 solv 9, 68 son 25, 68 *spec 73 sta, sist 11, 15, 57, 60, 71 struct 20, 57 surrect 20, 71 *tang, tact 41 *tempor 41 *ten, tain 42 *terr 43 thesis 25, 29, 64 *tors, tort 76 *tract 77 trude 56, 57, 59 une 21, 39 use, uti 9, 32, 39 vade 15, 56 *ven 78 *vers, vert 79 via, vi 15, 21, 56, 74 vir 21, 70 viv 39, 70, 74, 82 vol 10, 67 zoo 48, 64
* Given in the Illinois State Course of Study.
INDEX TO PREFIXES.
Page.
a (an) 63 a, ab, abs 9 ad (ac, etc.) 49 ambi, amphi 9 ante 50 anti 25 auto 64 bene 10 bi 50 circum 10 con (col, etc.) 51 contra 11 de 52 dia 26 dis 13 en (on) 26 epi 64 ex (e, ec) 55 extra 14 in (im) 56 inter 14 micro 65 non 15 mono 28 ob (op) 57 para 29 per 15 peri 29 post 57 pre 18 pro 59 re 20 retro 60 se 60 semi 20 sub (suc, etc.) 60 super 20 syn (sym) 29 tele 30 trans 61 tri 21 uni 25 vice 63
INDEX TO SUFFIXES.
Page
able 32 ac 44 aceous 66 acy 33 al 66 an 33 ance 68 ary 34 ate 35 ence 67 ent 68 fy 70 ic 38, 80 ics 44 id 39 ile 70 ine 71 ion 71 ise 81 ist 82 ism 45 ite 71 ity 39 ive 40 ment 40 oid 82 ory 73 ous 74 ulent 75 ure 75 y 45, 75
CONTENTS.
Seventh Year.
First Month. Page. Word Analysis 9-13 Elementary Sounds 85 Rule of Spelling 100
Second Month. Word Analysis 13-18 Letters, Alphabet, etc. 87 Rule of Spelling 100
Third Month. Word Analysis 18-24 Vowels 88 Rule of Spelling 101
Fourth Month. Word Analysis 25-28 Consonants 89 Rule of Spelling 102
Fifth Month. Word Analysis 28-32 Silent Letters—Principle 93 Rule of Spelling 102
Sixth Month. Word Analysis 32-38 Silent Letters—Principle 94 Principle of Pronunciation 96
Seventh Month. Word Analysis 38-43 Silent Letters—Principle 94 Principle of Pronunciation 97
Eighth Month. Word Analysis 44-48 Silent Letters—Principle 95 Principle of Pronunciation 97
Eighth Year.
First Month. Word Analysis 49-55 Syllables 90 Silent Letters—Principle 95
Second Month. Word Analysis 55-59 Accent 91 Silent Letters—Principle 95
Third Month. Word Analysis 59-63 Words 92 Silent Letters—Principle 95
Fourth Month. Word Analysis 63-66 Silent Letters—Principle 95 Principle of Pronunciation 97
Fifth Month. Word Analysis 66-70 Silent Letters—Principle 96 Principle of Pronunciation 98
Sixth Month. Word Analysis 70-73 Silent Letters—Principle 96 Principle of Pronunciation 98
Seventh Month. Word Analysis 73-80 Silent Letters—Principle 96 Principle of Pronunciation 99
Eighth Month. Word Analysis 80-84 Silent Letters—Principle 96 Principle of Pronunciation 99
Reference Table of Suffixes 105
Index to Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes 106-107
Transcriber's notes:
The legend for reading accented characters:
x macron (straight line) above the letter x macron (straight line) below the letter ẍ diaeresis (umlaut) above the letter x diaeresis (umlaut) below the letter x breve above the letter x breve below the letter x tilde above the letter x tilde below the letter x overlay hyphen through the letter
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