Cf. Od. xi. 185. Telemachos νέμεται τεμένεα of Odysseus.

Cf. Od. xx. 336. πατρώια πάντα νέμηαι.

M126 Iason's claim upon his great-grandfather's estate.

276 Pindar, Pyth. iv. 255 et seq.

M127 Rich tribesman might hold several κλῆροι.

277 Od. xiv. 211.

278 Cf. Il. xii. 421. περὶ ἴσης.

M128 The κλῆρος was the holding of the head of an οἶκος.

279 Od. xiv. 62.

280 Od. xiv. 211.

281 Wks. and Dys. 405. The next line which explains that the woman is to be slave and not a wife is evidently a later addition. Aristotle did not know it, and interpreted γυνη as wife.

282 Pol. i. 2, 5-7.

283 I am indebted to Professor Ridgeway for the right meaning and derivation of this word, which stands for ὁμόκηποι, having the α long and not short as stated in Liddell and Scott's Dictionary. Another reading is ὁμόκαπνοι which would mean sharers of the smoke or hearth.

284 Pindar, Nem. ix. 11.

M129 and supplied the maintenance the house.

285 OEcon. i. 2. μέρη δὲ οἰκίας ἄνθρωπός τε καὶ κτῆσίς ἐστιν. Pol. i. 4, 1. ἡ κτῆσις μέρος τῆς οἰκίας ἐστί.

286 Od. iv. 318.

287 Od. xiv. 158; xvii. 155; xx 230. ἴστω νῦν Ζεὺς πρῶτα θεῶν ξενίν τε τράπεζα ἱστίν τ᾽ Ὀδυσῆος ἀμύμονος, ἥν ἀφικάνω.

M130 Force of the bond of food.

288 Il. vi. 230.

M131 The need of an established household strongly felt.

289 Il. xv. 497.

290 p. 75. Mr. Leaf mentions other countries where the father takes a new name as father of his eldest son.

291 Od. iv. 754-7

οὐ γὰρ ὀίω πάγχυ θεοῖς μακάρεσσι γονὴν Ἀρκεισιάδαο ἔχθεσθ᾽, ἀλλ᾽ ἔτι πού τις ἐπέσσεται, ὅς κεν ἔχῃσιν δώματα θ᾽ ὑψερεφέα καὶ ἀπόπροθι πίονας ἀγρούς.

"Far away" implies width of sway and extent of influence; and the protection of outlying properties would necessitate a great name and a strong hand.

M132 Diversion of inheritance by death of heir a sore evil.

292 Il. v. 151 et seq.

293 Od. vii. 150.

294 Od. xi. 184. Cf. xx. 336. ὄφρα σὺ μὲν (= Telemachos) χαίρων πατρώια πάντα νέμηαι.

M133 Naboth's vineyard bound to his family and heir.

295 1 Kings xxi 3.

296 Ezekiel xlvi. 16.

M134 The maintenance of the chiefs levied upon the people under the name of gifts.

297 Od. i. 392.

298 βασιλεύς in Homer means "prince" and is applied to a class, not a single chieftain. Il. xii. 319 of Sarpedon and Glaukos. Il. iv. 96 of Paris. Od. i. 394 of the Ithakans. Od. viii. 41 and 390 of the Phaeakians. Cf.

299 Il. xvii. 250.

300 Il. xxiv. 262.

301 Od. ii. 74.

302 Od. xiii. 13.

303 Od. xix. 195.

M135 The right to receive such "gifts" could be transferred to another.

304 Il. ix. 291. Cf. Il. ix. 483. Peleus enriched Phoinix, and gave him much people (πολὺν λαόν) to be ἄναξ over.

305 Od. iv. 174.

M136 In India the chief of a town might receive the king's supplies.

306 Manu, vii. 118.

307 vii. 123.

M137 The maintenance of the Great King,

308 Herod, i. 192.

309 Ibid.

M138 and of Solomon.

310 1 Kings iv. 7-27. One of these officers was over "threescore great cities with walls and brazen bars."

M139 Revenue from land in ancient Egypt.

311 Herod. ii. 109.

312 Genes. xlvii. 26.

M140 Grants of land to the prince easily made, in their elastic system of agriculture.

313 Pind. Nem. vi. 11 (Trans. Myers), cf. Ridgeway, op. cit. p. 20.

M141 Such grants were a special honour, and served to relieve other contributions.

314 Ezekiel xlv. 8, 9.

315 Ez. xlvi. 18.

316 Od. xxiv. 207.

M142 Modern specimens of the elasticity of Greek methods.

317 Mahaffy, Rambles in Greece, 3rd ed. p. 200.

318 Rennell Rodd's Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, p. 58.

M143 The gifts to the prince not actually food-rents for the land. M144 The chief's land apart from the tribesmen's.

319 Od. vi. 293.

320 Ib. 259.

M145 The land sustained the householder in his duties to other members and guests. M146 The chief had the right to demand gifts from the people; M147 he had tribal right to a τέμενος, as the tribesman to a κλῆρος, M148 but could not deprive the tribesman of his land.

321 The κλῆρος is spoken of as capable of good cultivation by means of a yoke of oxen.

M149 Hesiod an immigrant: not a typical case of a family.

322 Works and Days 637. Possession of land would presuppose admission to full civic rights. V. supra, p. 97.

323 Il. ix. 648; xvi. 59.

324 W. and D. 345 &c. γείτονες ἄζωστοι ἔκιον, ζώσαντο δὲ πηοί.

M150 Land was in theory inalienable from the family.

325 Arist. Pol. VIII. ii. 5. ἦν δὲ τό γε ἀρχαῖον ἐν πολλαῖς πόλεσι νενομοθετημένον μηδὲ πωλεῖν ἐχεῖναι τοὺς πρώτους κλήρους; ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὅν λέγουσι Ὀξύλου νόμον εἶναι τοιοῦτόν τι δυνάμενος, τὸ μὴ δανείζειν εἴς τι μέρος τῆς ὑπαρχούσης ἑκάστῳ γῆς. Cf. Id. iv. 4 ὥσπερ ἐν Λοκροῖς νόμος ἐστὶ μὴ πωλεῖν.... ἔτι δὲ τοὺς παλαιοὺς κλήρους διασῴζειν.

326 Laws 741.

327 Laws 923.

M151 In Sparta child must be accepted by its father's tribesmen,

328 Lycurg. xvi.

329 Suidas; and Harpocration s.v. ἀμφιδρόμια:—Λυσίας ἐν τῷ περὶ τῆς ἀμβλώσεωσ, εἰ γνήσιος ὁ λόγος. ἡμέρα τις ἤγετο ἐπὶ τοῖς νεογνοῖς παιδίοις, ἐν ᾗ τὸ βρέφος περὶ τὴν ἑστίαν ἔφερον τρέχοντες, καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκείων καὶ φίλων πουλύποδας καὶ σηπίας ἐλάμβανον. Octopus is still a staple article of food on the shores of the Mediterranean.

M152 who decided as to its maintenance.

330 Nouvelles Recherches, 1891, p. 63.

M153 Maintenance derived from the κλῆρος. M154 The family bound to their land at Athens;

331 Arist. Pol. Ath. 2 and 5.

M155 and in Lokris.

332 Dareste, &c, Recueil des Inscr. Jurid. Gr. xi.

M156 But heirs at Athens also must first be accepted by group of kinsmen.

333 Isaeus, iii. 60 and 42; vi. 48.

334 Isaeus, iii. 73 and 80.

M157 Further application of the idea of family land. M158 Two methods of occupation of land: (1) by owner himself; (2) by subject population.

335 Cf. Thuc. ii. 16 for Attica. Such are the numerous small farmers who appear in the plays of Aristophanes.

336 Athen. vi. 85. Βοιωτῶν (φησὶν Ἀρχέμαχος) τῶν τὴν Ἀρναίαν κατοικισάντων οἱ μὴ ἀπάραντες εἰς τὴν Βοιωτίαν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐμφιλοχωρήσαντες παρέδωκαν ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς Θετταλοῖς δουλεύειν καθ᾽ ὁμολογίας, ἐφ᾽ ῴ οὔτε ἐξάξουσιν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς χώρας οὔτε ἀποκτενοῦσιν, αὐτοὶ δὲ τὴν χώραν αὐτοῖς ἐργαζόμενοι τὰς συντάξεις ἀποδώσουσιν. Cf. Strabo, xii. 3, 4.

M159 At Gortyn on extinction of citizen-family the κλαρῶται inherited.

337 Gortyn. v. 25. αἱ δὲ μὴ εἶεν ἐπιβάλλοντες τᾶς ϝοικίας οἵτινες κ᾽ ἴωντι ὁ κλᾶρος, τούτονς ἔκεν τὰ κρήματα. The words τᾶς ϝοικίας should be taken with οἵτινες, &c, rather than with the preceding words. οἵτινες κ᾽ ἴωντι ὁ κλᾶρος is equivalent to οἱ κλαρῶται.

See Dareste, &c, Inscript. Jurid. Gr. p. 463.

M160 Similar twofold tenure in the Athenian κληρουχίαι. M161 Examples in Salamis,

338 Mittheil. Inst. Ath. ix. p. 117. The original number of κληροῦχοι in this case was apparently five hundred.

M162 in Lesbos,

339 Thuc. iii. 50.

340 κατεκληρούχησαν.

341 ἐμίσθωσαν.

342 Aelian, V. II. vi. I. Cf. Herod, v. 77 and vi. 100.

M163 Each κλῆρος therefore supported two families.

343 Smith's Dicty. of Antiquities, s.v. colonia.

344 Bekker, Charicles, p. 218.

345 Ridgeway, Origin of Currency, &c., p. 324.

346 The ordinary Athenian dicast is supposed to have subsisted largely upon his pay of three obols or a half-drachma per diem.

M164 The same double ownership in leases "for ever."

347 Dareste, &c, Recueil Inscr. Grec. p. 256 xiii.

348 Cauer, Delectus, 263.

Συνθέκα[ι] Θέρον[ι κ]αἰχμάνορι πὰρ τᾶρ γᾶρ τᾶρ ἐν Σαλαμόναι, πλέθρον ὀπτὸ καὶ δέκα. Φάρεν κριθᾶν μανασίος δύο ταὶ ϝίκατι Ἀλφιόιο μενόρ; αἰ δὲ λίποι, λυσάστο τό διφυίο. Πεπάστο τόν πάντα χρόνον.

349 Dareste, &c, Inscr. Jurid. Grec. xiii. quater. (Mylasa in Karia. Second century B.C.) summarised:—

A. The tribe (φυλή) of the Otorkondeis at the advice of their treasurers and led by the priest of Artemis, decide to purchase from Thraseas, son of Polites son of Melas of Grab ... and adopted son of Heracleitos son of Heracleides of Ogonda, lands (γέας) in the Ombian plain with the sixty-two ranks of vines, three olive trees, and all the other trees without reserve, also lands elsewhere with the trees without reserve for 5,000 drachmae of light Rhodian silver, provided that Thraseas has the sale registered with sureties. Moreover, Thraseas coming to the ekklesia declared that he was ready to manage these things: and the sale having taken place of the said (properties) to the trustees in the name of the god. Thraseas himself then and there took on lease all the said (properties) from the treasurers of the tribe: and he shall hold them (εἰς πατρικά) for his patrimony, himself and his issue or those to whomsoever the inheritance of his goods passes, and he shall pay annually to the treasurers of the tribe 100 and ... drachmae, without fail or fraud.

B. ... all the land and trees which Thraseas has bought from Artemisia, daughter of Hekataios of Ketambissos, without exception in these places either in the matter of the share he took in the division with his brother or of what he bought from Artemisia, all for 7,000 drachmae of light silver of Rhodes, provided that Thraseas register the sale and give sureties. And coming before the ekklesia Thraseas declared that he was prepared to manage this; and the sale of the foregoing having taken place to the trustees in the name of the god, Thraseas himself then and there took on lease all the foregoing from the treasurers of the tribe: and he shall hold them (εἰς πατρικά) for his patrimony, himself and his issue or those to whom the inheritance passes, and he shall pay annually to the treasurers of the tribe 300 drachmae.

The rent forms part of the revenues of the god. If Thraseas gets more than two years in arrear, the contract is annulled.

He shall not divide the land or share the rent (οὐ παραχωρήσει δὲ Θρασέας ἑτέρῳ οὐδενὶ.... καταμερίζων τὰς γέας οὐδὲ καταδιελεῖ τὸν φόρον).

M165 Perhaps due to the prevailing idea of the family as a continuing unit. M166 No final word can yet be said. M167 Explanation of the structure of the kindred to be found in the descent of city life from earlier stage of tribal society. M168 Similarity between the bond of tribal blood and that of citizenship. M169 The threefold bond:— M170 (1) the bond of blood; M171 (2) the bond of religion; M172 (3) the bond of maintenance.

350 Robertson Smith (The Religion of the Semites) holds that the object of sacrifice was thus to maintain this imaginary kinship between the deity and the worshippers.

M173 Many tribal customs survived in the kindred and the household. M174 But these survivals mostly found in post-Homeric records. M175 They perhaps belonged to the pre-Achaian inhabitants of Greece.

351 Companion to the Iliad, pp. 6-7.

352 Since the foregoing chapters were in print, I have had the benefit of seeing Herr Erwin Rohde's admirable work, entitled Psyche (Freiburg and Leipsig, 1894). His view is that the worship of Heroes had the complete form of ancestor-worship: that, ancestors being buried at the hearth, or in the family tomb on private ground, death made no break in the membership of the family. And he claims that the Seelencult or ancestor-worship of the later Greeks must have been continuous from pre-Homeric times.

M176 But many were probably of wider parentage. M177 Comparison with the history of the Jews. M178 Reaction in times of distress to earlier tribal habits by the Jews, and perhaps by the Achaians. M179 These tribal habits probably only dormant throughout and common to all Greeks, M180 if not practically even to all tribal systems.

THE END