[349] Taliaferro to William Clark, May 26, 1831.—William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830-1832, p. 195.

[350] Taliaferro's Diary, January 25, 1831.

[351] Senate Documents, 1st Session, 28th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 269.

[352] Senate Documents, 1st Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 490.

[353] The Minnesota Pioneer, January 2, 1851.

[354] Snelling to Atkinson, May 31, 1827.—Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 10.

[355] The Minnesota Pioneer, May 16, 1850. Other occasions when Indians were imprisoned for similar causes are mentioned in The Minnesota Pioneer, September 23, 1852, April 20, 1854.

[356] The Minnesota Pioneer, October 14, 1852.

[357] Report of Agent A. J. Bruce, September 1, 1846.—Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 4, p. 246.

[358] Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, pp. 233, 234.

[359] Taliaferro's Diary, January 31, 1831; Taliaferro to Captain W. R. Lovett, June 30, 1831, in Taliaferro Letters, Vol. II, No. 150.

[360] Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 138.

[361] Taliaferro to Clark, October 4, 1830.—William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830-1832, p. 68.

[362] Taliaferro's Diary, June 29, 1834.

CHAPTER IX

[363] For an account of the attack on the trading house system see Quaife's Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673-1835, pp. 301-309; also Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, pp. xiii-xviii.

[364] This account of the fur trade is based upon the reminiscences of Mr. H. H. Sibley in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 245-247; and Turner's The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Vol. IX, pp. 601-607.

[365] If an Indian failed continually in paying up his credits, the trader would refuse him any more goods. This would bring on the enmity of the hunter and his whole family. Such was the case of Joseph R. Brown mentioned in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 247.

[366] United States Statutes at Large, Vol. II, pp. 139-146, Vol. III, pp. 332, 333, Vol. IV, pp. 729-735.

[367] A copy of an American trading license is published in the Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, p. 282.

[368] Indian Office Files, 1831, No. 70.

[369] Indian Office Files, 1831, No. 82.

[370] Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 200.

[371] Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 43

[372] Sibley to Featherstonhaugh.—Sibley Papers. This letter is printed in Holcombe's Minnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. II, p. 57.

[373] Chittenden's The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West, Vol. I, p. 323.

[374] A list of the posts in the agency in 1826 is given in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 113, 114.

"The Secretary of War directs that the traders in the St Peters Agency, who have been directed by you to build their houses in a particular form, as designated by you, be informed that they are at liberty to adapt the shape of their building to their own convenience. He moreover directs that the term of Forts, by which they are designated, be changed into Posts."—William Clark to Taliaferro, March 26, 1827, in Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 72.

[375] Taliaferro to Herring, September 15, 1834, in Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 210; Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 74.

[376] See Sibley's story of a tea party given to a number of traders at Fort Snelling.—Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 248, 249.

[377] Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 230.

[378] Taliaferro's Diary, February 22, 1831.

[379] Schoolcraft's Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, p. 44.

[380] Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, pp. 306, 307.

[381] United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 564.

[382] Norman W. Kittson to Sibley, March 2, 1846.—Sibley Papers, 1840-1850. Mr. Kittson was the manager of the American Fur Company's business along the international boundary, with his headquarters at Pembina. He, with the late James J. Hill, was one of the promoters of the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railroad Company.

[383] Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, p. 370.

[384] Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 383.

[385] Taliaferro's Diary, January 30, 1831.

[386] Kittson to Sibley, August 7, 1846.—Sibley Papers, 1840-1850.

Mr. Kittson was the organizer of the picturesque caravans of Red River carts (at one time called "Kittson's carts") which carried on the extensive commerce between the Canadian and American settlements. At an early date this trade assumed large proportions. "The van of the Red River train numbering from an hundred to two hundred carts made entirely of wood and green hides and drawn by oxen and ponies in harness, reached St. Paul on Sunday with furs, hides, buffalo robes, dried buffalo tongues, pemmican, etc. They have been forty days on the route."—The Minnesota Pioneer, July 26, 1849.

[387] Missionary Herald, Vol. 38, p. 58, February, 1842.

[388] Indian Office Files, 1839, No. 62.

[389] Missionary Herald, Vol. 40, p. 281, August, 1844.

[390] Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 563.

[391] Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 383.

[392] Taliaferro's Diary, July 23, 1834.

[393] Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 74.

[394] Marsh to Street, April 28, 1832.—Street Papers, No. 20.

[395] Indian Office Files, 1835, No. 326.

[396] Bailly to Street, August 3, 1832.—Street Papers, No. 28.

[397] Street to Cass, October 3, 1832.—Street Papers, No. 69.

[398] "Several persons have been arrested near Crow Wing for selling whiskey to the Winnebago Indians; and twelve or fifteen barrels of whiskey have been overtaken and knocked in the head, by Capt. Monroe's troops."—The Minnesota Pioneer, August 9, 1849.

[399] Senate Documents, 1st Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 922.

[400] Taliaferro to Clark, August 17, 1830.—Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 143.

[401] Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 140.

[402] Taliaferro to Clark, August 2, 1829.—Indian Office Files, 1829, No. 65.

[403] Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 444.

[404] Senate Documents, 1st Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 919.

[405] The Minnesota Pioneer, May 12, 1849.

CHAPTER X

[406] Taliaferro writes: "It was some length of time before he could induce the Indians to respect the Sabbath-day—all days being alike to them. It so happened that hundreds of important peace conventions were made and confirmed by the hostile tribes on the Lord's day. But time and patience brought them to reason, and for many years they respected the white man's great 'medicine day.' The sign given for the day of rest was the agency flag floating from the flagstaff, at the agency council house."—Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 236.

[407] Missionary Herald, Vol. 45, p. 429, December, 1849.

[408] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 326, 327; Taliaferro's Diary, August 14, 1833.

[409] Street to Taliaferro, August 12, 1829.—Taliaferro Letters, Vol. II, No. 108.

[410] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 119-121.

[411] Taliaferro to Eaton.—Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 151.

[412] Taliaferro's Diary, April 18, May 1, June 8, 1831.

[413] Taliaferro's Diary, August 14, 1833.

[414] Taliaferro's Diary, April 18, 1831.

[415] Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. iv.

[416] Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 255.

[417] Senate Documents, 3rd Session, 25th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 523.

[418] Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 12-30. This volume, written by the son of Samuel Pond, tells of the work of his father and uncle.

[419] Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 30. Among the Kemper Papers (Vol. XX, No. 34) the writer found the following permit to enter the Indian country:

"The Right Reverend, Jackson Kemper, Missionary Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, having signified to this Department, his desire to visit and remain sometime in the Indian country, and requested the permission required by law to enable him to do so, such permission is hereby granted; and he is commended to the friendly attention of civil and military officers and agents, and of citizens, and if at any time it shall be necessary to their protection.

Given under my hand and the Seal of the War Department this 1st day of October 1838.

S. Cooper. Acting Secretary of War."

[420] Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 31, 32; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 324, 325.

[421] Taliaferro's Diary, July 7, 1834.

[422] Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 38-42.

[423] Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 47.

[424] Featherstonhaugh's A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor, Vol. II, p. 11.

[425] Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 43.

[426] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 127-146.

[427] Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 127, 133.

[428] Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. III, Pt. II, Document No. 5, pp. 1054, 1055.

[429] Riggs's Mary and I, Forty Years with the Sioux, pp. 41, 42.

[430] Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 49-59.

[431] Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 4, p. 315.

[432] Executive Documents, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, Vol II, Pt. III, p. 439.

[433] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 343.

[434] Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 63, 64.

[435] Missionary Herald, Vol. 41, p. 281, August, 1845; Vol. 32, pp. 188, 189, May, 1836.

[436] The Spirit of Missions, Vol. IV, p. 61, February, 1839; Tanner's History of the Diocese of Minnesota, p. 24; Post Returns, April, 1839, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.

[437] Gear to Kemper, Nov. 29, 1841.—Kemper Letters, Vol. 25, No. 103. See also The Spirit of Missions, Vol. 5, p. 68, March, 1840.

[438] Acta et Dicta, Vol. I, No. 1, July, 1907, pp. 14-21; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 222-230.

CHAPTER XI

[439] Catlin's Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, Vol. II, p. 592.

[440] Merrick's Old Times on the Upper Mississippi, p. 187. The following description was given by Philander Prescott, a fur trader:

"The Indians say they had dreamed of seeing some monster of the deep the night before, which frightened them very much. It appears they did not discover the boat until it had got into the mouth of the St. Peter's, below Mr. Sibley's. They stood and gazed with astonishment at what they saw approaching, taking the boat to be some angry god of the water, coughing and spouting water upwards, sideways and forward. They had not courage enough to stand until the boat came near them. The women and children took to the woods, with their hair floating behind them in the breeze, from the speed they were going, in running from supposed danger. Some of the men had a little more courage, and only moved off to a short distance from the shore, and the boat passed along and landed. Everything being quiet for a moment, the Indians came up to the boat again, and stood looking at the monster of the deep. All at once the boat began to blow off steam, and the bravest warriors could not stand this awful roaring, but took to the woods, men, women and children, with their blankets flying in the wind; some tumbling in the brush which entangled their feet as they ran away—some hallooing, some crying, to the great amusement of the people on board the steamboat."—Quoted in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 104, note 1.

[441] Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, p. 199.

[442] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 191-193.

[443] Beltrami published an account of his travels in French in New Orleans in 1824. The English version is entitled A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, leading to the Discovery of the Sources of the Mississippi and Bloody River, and was published in London in two volumes in 1828. It is composed of twenty-two letters addressed to "My Dear Countess" and dedicated "to the Fair Sex".

[444] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 101.

[445] The story of this exploration was published under the title of Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, Etc. performed in the year 1823, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Stephen H. Long, U. S. T. E. It was written by Professor Keating from the notes of the party. An English edition appeared in London in 1825. The references given are to this publication.

[446] J. C. Calhoun to Major Long.—Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 41.

[447] Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, p. 324, Vol. II, p. 112.

[448] Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, pp. 306-310.

[449] Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, p. 356.

[450] Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 241.

[451] Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, p. 414.

[452] "My head was covered with the bark of a tree, formed into the shape of a hat and sewed with threads of bark; and shoes, a coat, and pantaloons, such as are used by Canadians in the Indian territories, and formed of original skins sewed together by thread made of the muscles of that animal, completed the grotesque appearance of my person."—Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, p. 481. For a short summary of Beltrami's work see the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 183-196.

[453] Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. II, p. 200.

[454] Catlin's North American Indians, Vol. II, pp. 599-602.

[455] Catlin's North American Indians, Vol. II, pp. 602-607. This quotation is from page 607.

[456] Senate Documents, 1st Session, 24th Congress, Vol. IV, Document No. 333.

[457] Featherstonhaugh's A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor, Vol. I, p. 262.

[458] Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 246.

[459] Featherstonhaugh's A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor, Vol. I, pp. 261, 266, 288.

[460] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, pp. 187, 188.

[461] Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, Vol. II, Document No. 52, p. 53.

[462] Brower's The Mississippi River and its Source which comprises Vol. VII of the Minnesota Historical Collections. See p. 162.

[463] Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 242-245; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 189.

[464] In his reminiscences John C. Fremont has left a very interesting account of these two expeditions.—Fremont's Memoirs of My Life, Vol. I, pp. 30-54.

[465] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 183.

[466] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 129, 133, 134.

[467] Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), pp. 914, 915.

[468] North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, June 26, 1840.

[469] North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, June 5, 1840.

[470] Louisville Journal quoted in the North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, June 14, 1838.

[471] Jackson Kemper was appointed missionary bishop of the Northwest in 1835 and held the position until 1859 when he accepted the bishopric of Wisconsin. His papers and diaries are in the archives of the Wisconsin Historical Society. For an account of his work see Tiffany's A History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, pp. 448, 493.

[472] Kemper Papers, Vol. XXVII, No. 113.

[473] Kemper Papers, Vol. XXVII, No. 116.

CHAPTER XII

[474] Journals of Congress, Vol. III, p. 589.

[475] United States Statutes at Large, Vol. I, p. 138.

[476] United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVI, p. 566.

[477] Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1890, p. xxix.

[478] These figures are taken from an account of the proceedings of the council published in Niles' Register, Vol. XXIX, pp. 187-192. Taliaferro gives the number of his party as being 385 "Sioux and Chippewas, including the interpreters and attendants."—Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 206.

[479] The text of the treaty is printed in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 250-255.

[480] These are the reasons given by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in his report on December 1, 1837.—Senate Documents, 2nd Session, 25th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, pp. 526, 527.

[481] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 129.

[482] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 131; Vol. VI, p. 214.

[483] For an account of the life of Flat Mouth see Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 169, note 10.

[484] Sketches of the life of Hole-in-the-Day are given in The Spirit of Missions, Vol. VIII, p. 461, December, 1843; North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, August 3, 1839; Prairie du Chien Patriot, June 8, 1847.

[485] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. V, p. 353.

[486] The names of the witnesses of the treaty are given in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, p. 493.

[487] A contemporary account of the proceedings of the council published in the Iowa News (Dubuque), Vol. I, Nos. 11 and 14, is reprinted in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 408-433.

[488] The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, p. 420.

[489] Dodge to Harris, July 30, 1837.—Indian Office Files, 1837, No. 226.

[490] Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. III, Pt. 2, Document No. 5, p. 985. The Indians desired whiskey at the councils. In order to prove that it was not refused because of stinginess, two barrels were opened at Prairie du Chien and the whiskey allowed to run on the ground. The old Indian Wakh-pa-koo-tay mourned the loss: "It was a great pity, there was enough wasted to have kept me drunk all the days of my life."—Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. V, p. 124.

[491] The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 409, 410.

[492] The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 424-426.

[493] The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 416, 417.

Taliaferro was violently opposed to granting any funds to the traders.—Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 215, 216.

[494] The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 431, 432.

[495] The text of the treaty is to be found in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 491-493.

[496] Niles' Register, Vol. LIII, pp. 81, 82; Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 493, 494.

[497] See an account of the payment in 1849 at Fort Snelling in The Minnesota Pioneer, September 27, 1849.

[498] Post Returns, November, 1852, October, 1853, October, 1854, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.

CHAPTER XIII

[499] Turner's The Significance of the Frontier in American History in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1893, p. 211.

[500] Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, p. 202.

[501] Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 453; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 468.

[502] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 319.

[503] Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. II, p. 60.

[504] Much has been written on the founding of this colony and the romantic events connected with the struggle between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, in which many of the colonists were the innocent victims. Interesting accounts are given in Kingsford's The History of Canada, Vol. IX, pp. 108-150; Bryce's The Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company, pp. 202-257; Bryce's Lord Selkirk in The Makers of Canada, Vol. V, pp. 115-206; Laut's The Conquest of the Great Northwest, pp. 113-202; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 75-89.

[505] There is a summary of the early trading relations of the Red River Colony with the American settlements in the Collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, Vol. IV, pp. 251, 252. The arrival of these people at Fort Snelling is noted in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 124, 127; VI, p. 350.

[506] "Two families of Swiss emigrants who arrived here yesterday were robbed of almost everything they possessed".—Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824, in Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 50. See also the story of the Tully children in Van Cleve's "Three Score Years and Ten," Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, pp. 49-61.

[507] The facts concerning the migrations of these Red River refugees are taken from the reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams who was herself one of the travellers.—Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 75-95. See also Chetlain's The Red River Colony. This is a small pamphlet written by the son of one of the refugees.

[508] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XIV, p. 84.

[509] Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, pp. 70, 71.

[510] Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, p. 16.

[511] Renville to Sibley, February 22, 1835.—Sibley Papers, 1830-1840. A story is told of a certain "Simple-hearted, honest fellow" named Sinclair. "One time he was sick, at Mendota, and Surgeon Emerson, at the fort, sent by some one, a box of pills, for him to take a dose from. N. W. Kittson called on him a little while after this, and found that Sinclair had not only swallowed all the pills, but was then chewing up the box!"—Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, p. 123.

[512] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 127, 129.

[513] Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824.—Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 50.

[514] Taliaferro's Diary, July 13, 14, 1834; Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 239.

[515] Taliaferro's Diary, July 21, 1834.

[516] Indian Office Files, 1837, Nos. 448, 447, 445.

[517] The Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 231.

[518] Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 14, 15.

[519] Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 16, 17.

[520] Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 18, 23.

[521] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 136; Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, pp. 66, 67.

[522] Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 23, 24.

[523] Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 26, 27.

[524] The Spirit of Missions, Vol. V, p. 335, November, 1840. A recent sketch of Fort Snelling states that there were "no white neighbors except traders, agents of fur companies, refugees from civilization and disreputable hangers-on."—Hammond's Quaint and Historic Forts of North America, p. 272. Many of the evicted settlers can not be classed among these.

[525] This order is published in Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, p. 94.

[526] For the expulsion of the settlers see Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, pp. 99, 100; also, Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 459. Williams (p. 100) says that in 1849 and 1852 memorials were presented to Congress by those who had been expelled, in which they stated that "the soldiery fell upon them without warning, treated them with unjustifiable rudeness, broke and destroyed furniture wantonly, insulted the women, and, in one or two instances, fired at and killed cattle."

Father Galtier, who was there at the time, wrote: "Consequently a deputy marshall from Prairie du Chien was ordered to remove the houses. He went to work, assisted by some soldiers, and, one after another, unroofed the cottages, extending about five miles along the river. The settlers were forced to seek new homes." He makes no mention of personal violence.—Acta et Dicta, Vol. I, No. 1, p. 64.

[527] Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, p. 111.

[528] See the description of St. Paul in 1849 in Seymour's Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West, pp. 94-100.

[529] The Minnesota Pioneer, January 30, 1850.

[530] The Minnesota Pioneer, January 23, February 27, June 27, 1850.

[531] The Minnesota Pioneer, November 27, 1851.

[532] The Minnesota Pioneer, April 17, 1851.

[533] Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XV, p. 534; Post Returns, July, 1855, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.

[534] The Minnesota Pioneer, February 20, 27, 1850.

[535] The Minnesota Pioneer, February 6, 13, 1850; Minnesota Chronicle and Register, February 10, 1851.

[536] The Minnesota Pioneer, February 13, 1850.

[537] Bishop's Floral Home; or, First Years of Minnesota, pp. 152-163.

[538] The Minnesota Pioneer, August 23, 1849.

[539] These two treaties were the treaty with the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of Sioux at Traverse des Sioux, July 23, 1851; and with the Mdewakanton and Wahpakoota bands of Sioux at Mendota on August 5, 1851.—Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 588-593.



INDEX

Abercrombie, John J., fort built by, 50 Adams, Mrs. Ann, 245 Agency house, fire in, 101 Agriculture (see Farming) Aitkin, Mr., 144 Akin, Mr., information furnished by, 172 Alcohol, purchase of, 88 American Fur Company, fort purchased from, 21; warehouse and store of, 81; monopoly of, 135; reference to, 138, 142, 188, 209 Americans, hostility of Indians to, during War of 1812, 8-12; Indians impressed by supremacy of, 112-118; protection promised by, 122 Ammunition, giving of, to Indians, 110 Andrews, Joseph F., 230 Annuities, 42, 43, 111, 126; payment of, to Indians, 184, 185 Apple River, massacre on, 132, 232 Apples, purchase of, 88 Ardourly, Jack, 100 Armorer's shop, 77, 78, 79 Articles of Confederation, 176 Assiniboine River, 5 Astor, John Jacob, 135, 209 Atkinson, Henry, fort named in honor of, 30; reference to, 34 Aunt Phyllis's Cabin, 62

Badger, The, murder of, 127 Bailly, Alexis, 99, 188; disagreement between Taliaferro and, 138, 139; whiskey in store of, 142, 143 Baker, Benjamin, trading house of, 78, 79, 125, 192 Ball-plays, 101; holding of, for Catlin, 164 Balls, music for, 197 Band, fund for maintenance of, 87; music by, 197 Barracks, building of, 25; reference to, 73; description of, 74, 75; taking of sick soldiers from, 85 Bean, J. L., boundary line surveyed by, 130, 131 Bear, hunting of, 105 Bear dance, 164 Bedford (Pennsylvania), 71 Beef, 85; ration of, 109 Beggars' dance, 164 Belen Gate of City of Mexico, 64 Beltrami, J. C., description of council by, 106, 107; reference to, 133, 187; visit of, to Fort Snelling, 160-163 Bennington (Vermont), 61 Benton, Thomas H., 107 Berries, gathering of, 105 Big Eagle, 83 Big Stone Lake, 103 Big Thunder, 83; desire of, to raise corn, 152 Birthplace of soldiers, 92 Black Dog, village of, 83 Black Hawk War, position of Fort Snelling during, 35 Black Hole, confinement of offenders in, 91, 132 Black River, 36, 184 Blacksmith shop, 118 Blacksmiths, work of, 78, 155 Blankets, giving of, to Indians, 110; reference to, 136 Bliss, John H., 68, 114, 151, 153; punishment inflicted by, 90, 91; statement by, 99, 100 Bliss, Mrs. John H., 153 Blockhouses, 74 Blue Earth River, Winnebago reservation on, 37; reference to, 162

Boarding-school, success of, among Indians, 156 Boatmen, foreigners as, 138 Bois brules, difficulties with, 37-40; location of, around fort, 188, 189 Books, fund for purchase of, 87 Boonesborough (Kentucky), 201 Boston, 56, 145 Bougainville, Louis Antoine, report of, 205 Boundary line of 1825, 130, 131, 178, 184 Brandy, 86 Braves, desire of, to take part in council, 181 "Brazil" (steamboat), 168, 169 Bread, character of, 86 Bread tickets, 88 Breakfast, 85 Brewers, 92 Briggs, Ansel, 41 Brock, General, 8 Brooke, George M., site for fort chosen by, 48 Broom, purchase of, 88 Brown, Joseph R., 190, 191 Brown, Private, purchases by, 88 Brown's Falls, 81 Bruce, Amos J., 71 Brunson, Alfred, work of, among Indians, 154 Brunson, Ira B., 195 Buchanan County (Iowa), 41 Buck, Solon J., acknowledgments to, ix Buffalo, hunting of, by half-breeds, 37, 38, 40 Buffalo dance, 164 "Burlington" (steamboat), 168 Butter, purchase of, 88

Calhoun, John C., 19, 224 California, emigration to, 43 Camp Cold Water, establishment of, 27; reference to, 58, 110, 189, 190, 212 Camp Missouri, sickness at, 213 Camp Pierce, 46 Campbell, Duncan, 131 Campbell, Scott, service of, as interpreter, 71, 72 Canada, 3, 8, 57, 92, 158; taking of furs to, 6; importance of fur trade to, 9; visits of Indians to, 37, 106; difficulties with half-breeds from, 37-40; export of furs from, 207 Canal, 20 Canby, Edward R. S., sketch of life of, 63-65 Candles, 86 Candy, purchase of, 88 Canister shot, 77 Cannon, description of, 77 Cannon River, 137 Canoes, 199 Cantonment Leavenworth, establishment of, 56 Cantonment New Hope, establishment of, 25; removal of troops from, 27; reference to, 55 Cards, playing of, 99 Carpenters, employment of soldiers as, 96 Cartridges, stock of, 77 Carver, Jonathan, exploration by, 1; statement by, 1, 2; reference to, 198 Cass, Lewis, visit of, at Fort Snelling, 28; reference to, 137, 140, 178; expedition of, 212 Cat'o'nine tails, 90 Catholic chapel, 81 Catholics, religious work among, 158 Catlin, George, visit of, at Fort Snelling, 163, 164 Catlin, Mrs. George, visit of, to Fort Snelling, 163, 164 Cattle, feeding of, 82, 96 Cellars, 75 Cemetery, 81, 89, 93 Certificates, giving of, to Indians, 113, 114 Chambers, John, 182 Chapel, 81, 195 Chaplain, 88, 101, 194, 195; service of Gear as, 157 Chatel, Mr., work of, 155, 156 Checkers, playing of, 99

Cheese, purchase of, 88 Cherokee Indians, removal of, 63, 64 Cherubusco, Battle of, 64 Chess, playing of, 99 Chicago, 161 Chiefs, giving of certificates to, 113, 114; visit of, to Washington, 115, 116; council with, 181 Children, education of, at fort, 100, 101 Chippewa, Battle of, 55 Chippewa Indians, early traders among, 3; reference to, 7, 48, 104, 108, 139, 142, 144, 163, 177, 178, 228, 231, 242; unwillingness of, to make treaty, 13; treaty between Sioux and, 28; treaty with, 45, 176-186; land ceded by, 47, 48; home of, 103; war parties against, 106; hostility of, 114; feuds between Sioux and, 119-134; killing of, by Sioux, 121, 125; murderers killed by, 122-124; murder of Sioux warrior by, 127; battle between Sioux and, 127, 128, 232; boundary line between Sioux and, 130, 131, 178; trustworthiness of, 134; language of, 172, 173, 174; summoning of, to council, 179 Chippewa River, 131, 172; murder of Sioux on, 232 Choctaw Indians, removal of, 63, 64 Chouteau, Auguste, activities of, as commissioner, 12, 13 Christianity, influence of, 146; method of preaching, 150, 151 Church, organization of, at Fort Snelling, 157; attendance at, 194, 195 Churns, 76 Civil War, use of Fort Snelling during, 52; service of Eastman in, 62; reference to, 63, 201; service of Canby in, 64 Clark, Charlotte Ouisconsin, 23, 212 Clark, Dan E., acknowledgments to, x Clark, Nathan, 21 Clark, Mrs. Nathan, 23 Clark, William, expedition under, 4, 5; Fort Shelby established by, 11; activities of, as commissioner, 12, 13; reference to, 69, 70, 114, 178, 221, 228 Clarke, Colonel, 44 Clerks, 136 Cloud Man, resolution of, to become farmer, 148; reference to, 153 Cloves, purchase of, 88 Coe, Alvan, coming of, to Fort Snelling, 149 Coffee, 86 Colhoun, James E., 161, 162 Colors, guarding of, 85 Columbia, Department of, 65 Columbia Fur Company, 138 Columbia River, 5 Commanders of Fort Snelling, influence of, 54; sketches of lives of, 54-65 Commanding officer, quarters of, 75 Commerce, extent of, 205 Commissary, office of, 75 Commissary department, storehouse of, 75 Commissioner of Indian Affairs, report of, 37; reference to, 67, 177 Confederation, forming of, among Indians, 13 Congress, right of, to regulate Indian affairs, 176; memorials to, 246 Connecticut, 1 Contreras, Battle of, 64 Coon, story about Scott and, 60, 61 Cooper, S., 238 Cooeperation in fur trade, 135 Copper, mining of, 25; block of, 175 Corn, feeding of, to cattle, 82; raising of, by Indians, 105; giving of, to Indians, 110 Council, holding of, with Indians, 35, 36, 43, 106-109, 129, 179-183 Council Bluff (Nebraska), fort at, 20; route of road to Fort Snelling from, 28, 29; naming of fort at, 30; reference to, 160; sickness at, 213 Council Hall, description of, 106, 107 Council House, erection of, 28;

description of, 77; burning of, 77, 78; rebuilding of, 78 Coureurs des bois, activities of, 3 Court-martial, 102 Crane, The, 129, 228 Crawford, Captain, 159 Crawford County (Wisconsin) volunteers from, 35 Credit, fur trade carried on by means of, 136 Creek Indians, removal of, 63, 64 Croghan, George, visit of, to Fort Snelling, 100 Cross Timbers (Indian Territory), 56 Crow Wing, 236 Crow Wing River, 47 Currants, purchase of, 88

Dahcotah: or, Life and Legends of the Sioux around Fort Snelling, 62 Dana, Captain, 49 Dance of the braves, 164 Dances, holding of, by Indians, 164 Dakota, Department of, 52 Dakota Indians (see Sioux Indians) Dearborn, Major, 110 Deaths, number of, at Fort Snelling, 93 Debts, payment of, to traders, 183, 184 De Courcy, Adolphine, 100 Deer, hunting of, 105 Delaware County (New York), 55 Delhi (New York), 56 Democrats, charges of graft against, 51 Denny, St. Clair, 161 Des Moines River, 18, 44 Deserters, dangers faced by, 92 Desertions, causes of, 91; prevalence of, 91, 92 Details, duties of, 85 Detroit, 11, 19; departure of troops from, 21; surrender of, 57 Devil's Lake, 40 Dickson, Robert, activities of, in behalf of English, 11; reference to, 13, 16, 134; instructions to, 208 Diet, description of, 85 Dinner, 85 Dixon, Private, desertion of, 92 Dodge, Henry, visit of, to Fort Snelling, 168; council of, with Indians, 180-183 Dog dance, 164 Dominoes, playing of, 99 Doty, James D., 212 Douglas, Thomas, settlement of, 188, 189 Draft riots, 64 Dragoons, expedition of, 38, 39, 45, 216; activities of, in Iowa, 44, 45; service of, on survey, 46, 47; reference to, 48, 56, 63, 186, 217; frontier service of, 49; arrival of, 215 Dress parade, 85 Drummond Island, visits of Indians to, 13, 14 Drunkenness, prevalence of, in garrison, 89, 90, 194; punishment for, 90 Dubuque, 43, 158, 216 Dubuque, Diocese of, 158 Ducks, 96, 97 Dueling, 102 Duluth, Daniel Greyloson, 3 Dunning, William A., 215

Eagle dance, 164 Eastman, Mary Henderson, writings of, 62 Eastman, Seth, 35, 99, 145; sketch of life of, 62 Eastman, Mrs. Seth, description by, 94 Eaton, John H., 149 Eatonville (Minnesota), colony at, 118, 149; success of colony at, 150; Pond brothers in charge of, 152 Education, work of, among Indians, 156 "Education Families", 103 Education of children, 100, 101 Edwards, Ninian, activities of, as commissioner, 12, 13 Eighth United States Infantry, 18

Elk, hunting of, 105 Emerson, John, sketch of life of, 65, 66; reference to, 194, 245 Emerson, Mrs. John, 66 Emigration, 14, 15 England, 70 English, rule of, in West, 2, 3; activities of, in fur trade, 3, 4, 140; power of, over Indians, 5-17; support of, by Indians in War of 1812, 8-12; medals given by, 112; persistence of influence of, 114, 115; use of Indians by, 208 English River, 42 English trading companies, 2 Episcopal Church, 169 Evans, William, 190 Exploring expeditions, 109

Factors, 136; relations of, with officers of fort, 138, 139 Factory System, 107 Fall, activities of Indians during, 105, 106 Falls of St. Anthony, 7, 24, 29, 30, 86, 96, 149, 153, 198, 207; journey of Long to, 19; plan to establish fort near, 20; saw mill at, 27, 28; fort named for, 29; road to, 81; description of, 81, 173, 174; legend concerning, 81, 82; visits of travelers to, 159-175; attempt to cross, 161, 162 Falstrom, Jacob, 191 Faribault, Jean Baptiste, house of, 80; reference to, 137, 141, 222; trading post of, 187, 188 Faribault, Pelagi, 187 Farmers, 92; employment of soldiers as, 95; work of, among Indians, 155, 156 Farming, efforts to introduce, among Indians, 148-150; work of Indians at, 150; assistance to Indians in, 152, 153; instruction of Indians in, 155 "Fashionable Tour", 159-175 Fat Duty Win (Indian), 156 "Fayette" (steamboat), 169 Fayette County (Iowa), 41 Featherstonhaugh, George William, visit of, to Fort Snelling, 153, 165, 166 Ferries, 14 Ferry house, 81 Ferryman, 81 Fifth United States Infantry, disembarkment of, 2; orders to, 19, 20; location of parts of, 21: journey of, to mouth of Minnesota River, 21-24; companies of, taken to Fort Crawford, 32; reference to, 55, 58, 59, 62, 187 Finley, Mr., home of, 81 Fireplaces, heating by means of, 99 Fires, epidemic of, 101 First United States Infantry, 58, 59, 62 Fishing tackle, purchase of, 88 Flag staff, 75 Flags, giving up of, by Indians, 6; reference to, 112; slur against, 145 Flat Mouth, 120; career of, 179 Flatboats, 14, 86, 199 Flogging, 90 Florida War, service of Eastman in, 62; service of Canby in, 63 Flour, 86 Food, character of, 26, 85-87 Folles-Avoine Indians, 205 Fond du Lac, Department of, 6 Foraging, 85, 96 Foreigners, permission to, to engage in fur trade, 138 Forests, 178 Forsyth, Thomas, journey of, up Mississippi, 22; presents distributed by, 23; arrival of, at mouth of Minnesota River, 24; return trip of, 24; reference to, 211, 228 Fort Abercrombie, facts concerning early history of, 49, 50 Fort Armstrong, construction of, 18; reference to, 20; garrison for, 22; journey of Webb to, 117 Fort Atkinson (Iowa), dragoons from, 35; expedition from, 38; Major Woods at, 41

Fort Atkinson (Nebraska), naming of, 30; sickness at, 93 Fort Benton, 46 Fort Bridger, 64 Fort Calhoun (Nebraska), 20 Fort Clarke, establishment of, 44, 45 Fort Crawford, establishment of, 18; reference to, 20, 23, 59, 157, 161; arrival of troops at, 22; reenforcement of garrison of, 32, 34; removal of troops from, 33 Fort Dearborn, massacre at, 10, 11, 208; reference to, 18, 117; re-occupation of, 18 Fort Defiance, 64 Fort Des Moines, 44 Fort Dodge, establishment of, 44, 45; reference to, 49 Fort Erie, 57 Fort Gaines, 43, 48 Fort Garry, 40, 188 Fort Howard, erection of, 19; reference to, 21, 211 Fort Leavenworth, establishment of, 56 Fort McKay, name of Fort Shelby changed to, 12; re-occupation of site of, 18 Fort Pierre, purchase of, 21; reference to, 167 Fort Ridgely, 49, 186 Fort Ripley, 48 Fort St. Anthony, 29 Fort Shelby, establishment of, 11, 12; capture of, by English, 12 Fort Snelling, significance of establishment of, 2; establishment and early history of, 18-30; range of influence of, 21; erection of, 27, 28; garden at, 28; route of road to, 28, 29; naming of, 29, 30; service of, in protection of frontier, 31-53; attitude of War Department toward, 31; Territorial jurisdictions over site of, 32; activities of troops at, during Winnebago outbreak, 32-34; character and duties of garrison of, 34, 35; service of troops from, in removal of Winnebagoes, 35-37; expeditions from, 39-45; surveying party escorted by dragoons from, 46, 47; relation of, to other forts, 47; fort built by troops from, 48, 49, 50; history of later years of, 50-53; desire to locate town on site of, 50-52; officers' training camp at, 53; biographical sketches of men connected with, 54-72; Dred Scott at, 66; service of Indian agent at, 66-72; description of, 73-83; view from, 79, 80; glimpses of garrison life at, 84-102; relation of, to Indian affairs, 103-118; efforts of authorities at, to keep peace between Sioux and Chippewas, 119-134; regulation of fur trade by officers at, 135-139; regulation of liquor traffic by officers at, 139-145; work of missionaries at, 146-158; religious activities at, 156-158; visits of travelers to, 159-175, 198; Indian treaty made at, 176-186; part of, in opening country to settlement, 184, 185; part of, in settlement of West, 187-201; settlements around, 187-190; removal of settlers from vicinity of, 192-195; relations between St. Paul and, 196-198; withdrawal of troops from, 199; unique facts concerning, 201; arrival of troops at, 212, 215; oil painting of, 223; effect of, on Indian affairs, 231, 232 Fort Sumter, 201 Fort Ticonderoga, 201 Fort Union, 46 Fort William, 9 Fort York, 189 Forts, resistance to building of, 13; location of, 18; building of, 18-20, 47; reference to, 136; degeneration of Indians in vicinity of, 147 "Four Hearts", 68 Four Legs, attempt of, to delay troops, 21 Fourth United States Infantry, 56 Fowle, Major, 34, 122

Fox Indians, rumor of attack by, 117; reference to, 205; treaty with, 208 (see Sac and Fox Indians) Fox River, 19, 163; canal between Wisconsin River and, 20; ascent of, by troops, 21, 22 France, 1, 92 Franks, Mr., 209 Fremont, John C., 167, 241 French, rule of, in West, 2, 3; influence of, over Indians, 3; extent of trade during control of, 205 French traders, 2 Frontier, difficulties on, 15; plan for protection of, 19; service of Fort Snelling in protection of, 31-53; service of Taylor on, 59 Fuel, use of wood for, 99 Funerals, conduct of, 93 Fur trade, 2, 3, 35; activities of English in, 3, 4, 5-17; importance of, to Canada, 9; regulation of, 15-17, 135-139; quantity of furs secured in, 137; use of liquor in, 139, 140; extent of, 205 Fur traders (see Traders) Furs, taking of, to Canada, 6; sorting and packing of, 81; quantity and kind of, secured by traders, 137; annual export of, from Canada, 207

Gaines, Edmund P., 227 Gale, Captain, 131 Galena (Illinois), 32, 151, 168, 170, 175, 190 Galtier, Lucian, 158, 195 Game, killing of, 42 Garden, products of, 28; making of, 95, 96 Gardiner, Captain, 46 Gardner, Lieutenant, 216 Garrison, life of, at Fort Snelling, 84-102 Gear, Ezekiel, purchases made by, 88, 89; service of, as chaplain, 157; reference to, 169, 170, 173 Geese, 96 "General Ashley" (keel boat), 33 "General Brooke" (steamboat), 169 "General Fatigue", 85 Genoa (Italy), 70 Geological surveys, beginning of, 165 George the Third, medals of, 112 Gettysburg, Battle of, 63 Ghent, negotiations at, 209 Good Road (Chief), 83; village of, 155 Gooding, Mrs., 23 Gooding, Miss, 29 Goods for Indian trade, 136 Goose River, 40 Gorgets, 112, 114 Gorman, W. A., 197 Graft, charges of, 51 Graham's Point, 50 Grant, Peter, trading post of, 206 Grapeshot, 77 Gray, A., report by, 8 Great Britain, exploration of domain of, 1; diplomatic correspondence with, 140 Great Lakes, 2, 103 Green, Platt Rogers, marriage of, 29; reference to, 83 Green Bay, 4, 21, 138; fort on, 19; fur trade at, 205 Greenly, Mr., 43, 44 Greenough, I. K., 101, 143 Green's Villa, 82 Grist mill, 82 Grooms, Mr., 142, 151 Groseilliers, Medard Chuart, exploration by, 3 Guardhouse, 75 Gull Lake, 179 Guns, giving of, to Indians, 110

Half-breeds, difficulties with, 37-40; reference to, 157, 184; location of, around fort, 188, 189 Hamilton, Mrs. Alexander, visit of, to Fort Snelling, 168 Hannibal (negro servant), 90 Harness, 75 Harriet (negro woman), 66 Harriman, D. B., 232 Harrison, William H., 57

Harrodstown (Kentucky), 201 Hartford (Connecticut), 21 Hastings (Minnesota), 26 Hay, raising of, 96 Hays, John, 190 Heald, Nathan, 10 Heiskell, William King, Fort Snelling reservation sold by, 51 Hennepin, Louis, 3 Henry, Alexander, 206 Herring, Elbert, 221 Hiawatha, 62 Higby, James, 196 "Highland Mary", 43 Hill, James J., 235 Hivernants, 136 Hole-in-the-Day, 124, 126, 129, 228, 231; career of, 179, 180 Holland, 92 Homesickness, 25 Horses, feeding of, 85; raising of hay for, 96; exchange of, for liquor, 141 Hospital, 75; taking of sick soldiers to, 85; number of soldiers in, 93 Howitzers, 77 Hudson's Bay, 189 Hudson's Bay Company, 8, 140, 188, 206, 244 Huggins, Alexander G., 154 Hull, William, 10, 57; surrender of Detroit by, 57, 58 Hunt, Abigail, marriage of, 57 Hunting, skill of Scott in, 60, 61; success of soldiers in, 96, 97; activities of Indians in, 105, 106; reference to, 111, 188; efforts to supplement, by farming, 148 Hunting grounds, 82 Hunting parties, size of, 38; encounters by, 129; watching of, by Indian agent, 129, 130

Illinois, admission of, 15; Indian outbreak in, 32-34 Illinois River, 177 Indian affairs, regulation of, 34, 35, 67; relation of Fort Snelling to, 103-118, 231 Indian agency, buildings of, 77; proposed removal of, 78; councils with Indians at, 106-109 Indian agent, protection for, 18; service of Taliaferro as, 66-71; relation between military authorities and, 67; house of, 77, 78; task of, 103, 104; visit of Indians to, 111; aid given to sick Indians by, 111, 112; efforts of, to promote peace between Sioux and Chippewas, 119-134; service of, as mediator, 191, 192; reference to, 220 Indian ball, 101 Indian country, preparations for march into, 93-95 Indian dances, holding of, for Catlin, 164 Indian schools, 118 Indian Territory, removal of Indians to, 63, 64 Indian Tribes of the United States, History, Conditions, and Future Prospects of the, 62 Indian villages, 83 Indiana, admission of, 15; reference to, 63 Indians, influence of French traders over, 3; trade of English with, 4; power of English over, 5-17, 114, 115; support of British by, in War of 1812, 8-12; treaties with, 12, 13; sending of presents to, 13, 23; visits of, to Drummond Island, 13, 14; proposals for dealing with, 15; regulation of trade with, 15-17; refusal of, to supply troops with food, 26; relation of Fort Snelling to, 31; hostility of, 32-34; opposition of, to half-breeds, 37; power of agents over, 67; tepees of, 73; blacksmith work for, 78; legend of, concerning Falls of St. Anthony, 81, 82; treatment of deserters by, 92, 93; plan for civilization of, 103; number of, around Fort Snelling, 103, 104; character of life among, 104-106; councils with, at Fort Snelling, 106-109;

effect of military display on, 108, 109; relief of sufferings of, 109, 110; visit of, to agent, 111; help to, in sickness, 111, 112; vaccination of, 112; evidence of power of government given to, by Fort Snelling, 112-118; medals and certificates given to, 113, 114; influence of Fort Snelling over, 116-118; regulation of fur trade with, 135-139; goods used in trade with, 136; efforts to suppress liquor traffic with, 139-145; evil effects of liquor on, 141; work of missionaries among, 146-158; degeneration among, 147; log village for, 149; work of, at farming, 150; assistance to, in farming, 152, 153; boarding-school for, 156; effect of religious work among, 158; paintings of, by Catlin, 163, 164; relations of United States with, 176-178; speeches by, 181, 182; disputes between settlers and, 191, 192; drunkenness among, 194; use of, by British, 208; plans for permanent territory for, 209; respect of, for Sabbath, 237; steamboats feared by, 239, 240 Indigo, purchase of, 88 Intemperance, prevalence of, in garrison, 89, 90 Interior, Department of, Indian affairs placed under control of, 67 Interpreter, service of Campbell as, 71, 72; danger to, from fire, 78; activities of, 129, 130, 131; service of Renville as, 161 Interpreters, foreigners as, 138 "Ione" (steamboat), 169 Iowa, journey of Kearny across, 29; removal of Winnebagoes from, 35, 36, 47; expeditions from Fort Snelling into, 41-45 Iowa, Territory of, 32, 158 Iowa City, Major Woods at, 41, 42; reference to, 43; description of, 216 Iowa County, petition from, 41 Iowa Indians, 177; treaty with, 208 Iowa River, difficulties with Indians along, 41, 42-44; departure of Indians from, 44 Ireland, 92; immigrants from, 189 Iron, mining of, 25 Irving, Washington, 14 Izard, George, 57

Jack, Captain, war with, 65 Jackson, Andrew, 15 Jail, use of, 196 James, Edward, settlers removed by, 195 James River, 116 Jarvis, Doctor, 112 Jefferson, Thomas, statement of, concerning trade, 4 Jesuits, work of, 146 Jewellers, 92 Jews' harps, giving of, to Indians, 107 Johnson, George, 118 Johnson County (Iowa), 41

Kansas State Historical Society, 221 Kaposia, 83, 152; missionary at, 154; abandonment of mission at, 155; school at, 156; battle near, 232 Kearny, Stephen Watts, survey of route for military road by, 29 Keating, William H., 161, 162 Keelboats, 86 Kemper, Jackson, letters describing visit of, to Fort Snelling, 169-175; reference to, 238, 242 Kentucky, settlement of, 14; reference to, 15, 63 Kickapoo Indians, treaty with, 208 Kinzie, John, 117 Kitchens, 75 Kittson, Norman W., 140, 235, 245 Knives, 136

La Baye, 205 Laborers, 92 Lac du Flambeau, 118 Lac du Traverse, 16 Lac qui Parle, 110, 116, 144, 154, 155 Laidlaw, William, 138

Lake Calhoun, 82, 96, 118, 133, 148, 153, 154; mission on, 83 Lake Harriet, 82, 96, 127, 154, 198; Indian boarding-school at, 156 Lake Huron, 13, 14, 19, 21 Lake Itasca, 167 Lake Julia, 163 Lake Michigan, 17, 19, 21 Lake Mini-Waken, 40 Lake of the Isles, 82, 96 Lake of the Woods, 16, 140, 209 Lake Pepin, 23, 24, 29, 93, 142, 171, 172, 212 Lake Pokegama, 232 Lake St. Croix, 128 Lake Superior, trading posts on, 6; reference to, 9, 47, 160, 162, 172 Lake Traverse, 103, 116 Lake Winnebago, 21 Lake Winnipeg, 4, 162, 189, 205 Lakes, hunting in region of, 82, 83 Landing at Fort Snelling, description of, 73 Lands, questions concerning, 111 Land's End, 138 Land-seekers, effect of coming of, 117, 118; land cessions urged by, 176 Latrobe, Charles Joseph, 223 "Laughing Water," 82 Laundresses, quarters of, 75 Lead mines, 178 Leavenworth, Henry, 21, 29, 63, 190, 211; message of, to Indian chief, 21, 22; journey of, to mouth of Minnesota River, 22-24; arrival of, at mouth of Minnesota River, 24; return of, to Prairie du Chien, 24; camp moved by, 27; successor to, 27; sketch of life of, 55, 56 Lee, Francis, 49 Leech Lake, Pike at, 6; trading post on, 6; reference to, 130, 179 Legend concerning Falls of St. Anthony, 81, 82 Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The, 14 Lewis, Meriwether, expedition under, 4, 5; reference to, 72 Library, purchase of books for, 87; reference to, 99 Licenses, granting of, to traders, 16, 137, 138 Linn County (Iowa), 41 Liquor, 86; effect of, on Indians, 129, 141; suppression of traffic in, 129; power of, among Indians, 139, 140; prices charged for, 141, 142; destruction of, 143, 144 Liquor traffic, regulation of, 139-145 Little Crow, 68, 116, 117, 132, 155 Little Falls (Minnesota), 6, 81 Little Thunder, 118 Lockwood, Judge, 170 Log cabins, erection of, 25 Log village for Indians, 149 Long, Stephen H., site for fort approved by, 19; reference to, 95; expedition of, to upper Mississippi, 160-163 Longfellow, Henry W., 62 Lookout platform, 74 Loomis, Gustavus, 36, 156, 166; punishment inflicted by, 90 Loras, Mathias, 127, 231; activities of, at Mendota, 158 Lords of the North, 54-72 Louisiana, transfer of, 7 Louisiana Purchase, effect of, 4 Louisville (Kentucky), 169 Lover's rock, 172 Lower Red Cedar Lake, trading post on, 6 "Loyal Hanna" (steamboat), 169 Lumber, making of, 27, 28, 82

McCain, H. P., acknowledgments to, ix M'Gillis, Hugh, 6 McGregor, John R., 196 McKenny, T. L., 17 McKenzie, Kenneth, trading house bought by, 79; reference to, 138 McLean, Nathaniel, 71, 220 McMahon, Doctor, 121 McNeil, Colonel, 117 Mackinac, capture of, by British, 9, 10; reference to, 11, 12, 18, 118, 146, 201, 209; transfer of, to Americans, 18 Madison, James, 12

Magazine, 74; contents of, 76, 77 Ma-ghe-ga-bo, 182, 183 Magruder, William T., 63, 186 Mahoney, Sergeant, purchases made by, 89 Mail, carrying of, to Fort Snelling, 97-99, 101 Maize, raising of, 95 "Malta" (steamboat), 169 Man-of-the-sky, 133 Mandan (North Dakota), 5 Mandan Indians, Lewis and Clark among, 5; reference to, 206 Maple sugar, 120 March, preparations for, 93-95 Marengo (Iowa), difficulties with Indians near, 42, 43 Marion (Iowa), 42 Marquette, Jacques, 3, 146 Marryat, Frederick, visit of, to Fort Snelling, 168, 229 Marsh, John, letter from, 33; service of, as tutor, 100, 101 Marston, Major, 22 Massacre of 1862, 118 Massy, Louis, 192 Mather, William Williams, visit of, to Fort Snelling, 165 Mdewakanton Sioux Indians, treaty with, 247 Meals, character of, 85-87 Medals, giving up of, by Indians, 6; giving of, by English, 112; giving of, by United States, 113, 114; slur against, 145 Mendota, treaty of, 49, 247; settlement at, 80, 81; headquarters of fur trade at, 135, 136; factor at, 139; reference to, 142, 212, 223, 245; religious activities at, 157, 158; traders at, 188 Menominee Indians, unwillingness of, to make treaty, 13; reference to, 177 Mess-rooms, 75 Mexican War, services of Taylor in, 59; services of Scott in, 61; reference to, 63; service of Canby in, 64 Mexico, City of, 64, 197 Michigan, Territory of, 32 Military frontier, forward movement of, 17, 18 Military posts, establishment of, 2; permission for establishment of, 7 Military reservation, 192; removal of settlers from, 192-195 Military road, survey of route for, 28, 29 Military rules, severity of, 91 Mille Lac, 180 Miller, John, 19 Mills, 82, 149; guarding of, 96 Minneapolis, real estate speculation at, 50 Minnehaha Creek, 27 Minnehaha Falls, 62, 96, 127, 198 Minnesota, Indians in, 103; diocese of Dubuque extended over, 158; reference to, 177 Minnesota, Territory of, 32, 216; organization of, 196 Minnesota River, Carver on, 1; reference to, 2, 21, 30, 31, 47, 55, 74, 106, 110, 111, 118, 121, 138, 140, 146, 154, 155, 185, 187, 207; cession of land at mouth of, secured by Pike, 7, 8; promise of trading house at mouth of, 17; selection of site for fort at mouth of, 19; arrival of troops at mouth of, 24, 212; fort located at junction of Mississippi River and, 27; concentration of Sioux Indians along, 49; scenery at mouth of, 79, 80; Indian villages on, 83; clearing of timber from banks of, 99; expedition up, 162; name of, 206 Minnesota Valley, settlement of, 39; geological survey in, 165 Mission, 83 Missionaries, 3, 118, 146-158; methods of, suggested by Taliaferro, 150, 151; service of, 199 Missionary societies, 145 Missions, activities at, 155 Mississippi River, Carver on, 1; reference to, 2, 13, 15, 21, 30, 48, 55, 58, 74, 103, 107, 120, 126, 129, 131, 135, 143, 158, 167, 179, 187, 205, 207;

foreign jurisdictions over country west of, 2, 3; expedition of Pike up, 4; activities of British traders on, 5-8; cession of land on, secured by Pike, 7, 8; treaties with Indians on, 12, 13; proposed trading posts on, 17; forts on, 18, 19; fort located at junction of Minnesota River and, 27; exploration of, by Cass, 28; scenery along, 79, 80; road along, 81; Indian villages on, 83; low water in, 86; seizure of liquor on, 144; first steamboat on upper, 159, 160; attempt to find source of, 163; discovery of source of, 167; advertisements of trip on, 168, 169; description of journey up, 169-175; reasons for cession of land east of, 178, 179; cession of land east of, 182-185, 192; military reservation on, 193 Mississippi Valley, settlement of, 39; erection of military posts in, 47; work of missionaries in, 146; opening of, to settlement, 185; reference to, 200 Missouri, increase in population of, 15; reference to, 66 Missouri, Territory of, 29, 32 Missouri Compromise, 66 Missouri Fur Company, murder of employees of, 113 Missouri Indians, 116 Missouri River, 2, 3, 6, 13, 21, 30, 37, 46, 56, 72, 107, 112, 113, 116, 135, 138, 148, 167, 205, 216, 230; English traders on, 4; Lewis and Clark expedition on, 4, 5; treaties with Indians on, 12, 13; forts on, 19, 20; return of Sacs and Foxes from, 42; removal of Indians to, 44 Modoc Indians, war with, 65 Molino del Rey, Battle of, death of Scott in, 60, 61, 62 Moncrief, W. T., 226 Monroe, James, 36, 49, 186, 236 Monsieur Tonson, 100 "Monsoon" (steamboat), 169 Montreal, activities of merchants of, 4 Moores, Hazen, 143 Morgan's Bluff, 89 Morrill, Mr., 50 Morse, Jedidiah, plan of, for civilizing Indians, 103, 118 Mud Lake, 125, 191 Mumford, Mr., 101 Murderers, surrender of, by Indians, 113; killing of, by Chippewas, 122-124; punishment of, 125, 126, 132 Murphy, R. G., 71, 145 Musick, Peter, killing of cattle of, 191 Musket flints, 77 Muskrat furs, exchange of, for liquor, 142 Muskrats, trapping of, 105 Mutinies, causes of, 91

Nadin, complaint of, 181 Nadoueseronoms, 119 Navajo Indians, expedition against, 64 Needles, purchase of, 88 Nelson River, 189 Neutral Ground, removal of Winnebagoes from, 47 New Mexico, 64 New Orleans, 56 New Ulm (Minnesota), 49 New York City, 56, 145, 172, 175; draft riots in, 64 Niagara Falls, 55, 173 Nichols, R. C., building of Fort Armstrong by, 18 Nicollet, Jean, exploration by, 3 Nicollet, Joseph N., explorations by, 166, 167; reference to, 180 Nine Mile River, 174 Nokay River, 48 North, Lords of, 54-72 North Dakota, 40 North West Company, activities of, 4; traders of, 5; extent of commerce of, 6; reference to, 8, 9, 10, 244

Northern Pacific Survey, 46 Northwest, period of foreign rule in, 1-17; reference to, 18; importance of Fort Snelling in, 55, 118; guardian of, 30; work of missionaries in, 146-158; coming of first steamboat to, 159, 160; missionary bishop of, 169, 242; part of Fort Snelling in development of, 199, 200; meaning of term, 205

Oak Grove, mission at, 155 Oats, raising of, 95 O'Fallon, Benjamin, 16 Officer of the day, 85 Officers' Mess, 88 Officers' quarters, description of, 75; fire in, 101 Officers' Training Camp, 53 "O. H. Perry" (keelboat), 33, 34 Ojibway Indians, home of, 103 Old Northwest, settlement of, 14; reference to, 205 Oliphant, Laurence, 222 Oliver, Lieutenant, experiences of, 26 Orderly-room, 75 Ordnance, alleged lack of, 76; stock of, 76, 77 Ordnance sergeant, quarters of, 75 Ordway, John, 206 Oregon treaty, 46 Orphan asylum, 118 Orphans, fund for relief of, 87 Osage Indians, treaty with, 208 Ottawa Indians, 177 Otter furs, exchange of, for liquor, 142 Otter Tail Lake, 37, 131 Otto, Helen, acknowledgments to, x

Pacific Coast, emigration to, 45; necessity of railroad to, 46; survey of route for railroad to, 46, 47 Pacific Northwest, 205 Page, Captain, 36 Painted rock, 175 Painters, 92 "Palmyra" (steamboat), 168 Paper, purchase of, 88 Papermakers, 92 Parade ground, 73; sweeping of, 85 Parkman, Francis, 146 Parties, holding of, 100, 101 Pattern farms, 103 Patterson, Robert, visit of, to Fort Snelling, 164 Pawnee Indians, campaign against, 56 Paymaster, office of, 75 Peace conferences between Indians, 131 Peace pipe, 107; smoking of, 126 Pelzer, Louis, vii Pembina, hunting party from, 38; expedition to, 39, 40, 45; reference to, 140, 163 Pemmican, making of, 37 Peoria (Illinois), 99 Pepper, purchase of, 88 Perrot, Nicholas, 3 Perry, Abraham, 192 Perry, Mrs. Abraham, 193 Pe-she-ke, speech by, 183 Pettijohn, Eli, purchase made by, 88 Phelan, Edward, 190 Philadelphia, 161, 164 Physician at Fort Snelling, sketch of life of, 65, 66; service of, to settlers, 190, 191 Piankashaw Indians, treaty with, 208 Picnic grounds, 82 Picnics, 96 Pike, Zebulon M., expedition under, 4; activities of English traders investigated by, 5-8; cession of land secured by, 7, 8; reference to, 11, 22, 139, 146, 179, 192, 193; promise made by, 17 Pike's Island, 187 Pillager band of Chippewas, treaty with, 45; reference to, 179, 182 Pilot Knob, 80 Pine Bend, 86 Pine Coulie, 232 Pine timber, 172 Pinisha, 83 Pipestone quarry, trip to, 167 Pioneers, protection of, against Indians, 116;

coming of, 199 (see Settlers) Pittsburgh, 160 Plattsburg, 57 Pleasures of soldiers, 96, 97 Plympton, J., 65, 125, 126, 192, 193 Poage, Sarah, 154 Poinsett, J. R., 194 Police guard, 85 Pond, Gideon, coming of, to Fort Snelling, 151; work of, among Indians, 152-156 Pond, S. W., 72, 103; coming of, to Fort Snelling, 151; work of, among Indians, 152-156 Pontiac's conspiracy, 3 Pope, John, 215 Pork, 86; ration of, 109; giving of, to Indians, 110 Portage des Sioux, 17 Post fund, 87 Post school, 75; fund for maintenance of, 87; organization of, 101 Potatoes, raising of, 95 Potosi (Wisconsin), 170, 173 Pottawattamie Indians, 42, 177; treaty with, 208 Poupon, Isadore, 230 Powder, stock of, 77 Poweshiek (Chief), 44 Prairie du Chien, 11, 16, 20, 21, 26, 32, 33, 34, 41, 58, 66, 92, 122, 140, 142, 149, 161, 164, 170, 172, 173, 181, 187, 195, 243, 246; establishment of Fort Shelby at, 11, 12; capture of, by British, 12; round-about route to, 13; Fort Crawford at, 18; arrival of troops at, 22; return of Leavenworth to, 24; carrying of mail between Fort Snelling and, 97-99, 101; treaty made at, in 1825, 130, 177, 178 Preemption, 192 Prescott, Philander, 212 Presents, giving of, to Indians, 13, 23, 107, 111 President of United States, 16 Prevost, George, 8 Prices, fixing of, 87 Prison, number of soldiers in, 91 Prisoners, guarding of, 85 Provencalle, Louis, 143 Provisions, distribution of, to Indians, 110; character of, 213 Pump, 74 Punishments, character of, 90, 91 Puthuff, William H., 209

Quaife, Milo M., acknowledgments to, ix Quarrels in garrison, 102 Quarrying, employment of soldiers at, 96 Quartermaster, trouble between physician and, 65, 66; office of, 75 Quebec, 118, 208

Radisson, Pierre Esprit, exploration by, 3; reference to, 119 Railroad, survey of route for, 46, 47 Rainville, Mr., 229 Raisins, purchase of, 88 Ramsey, Alexander, 36, 182; treaty made by, 45; council called by, 131, 132 Rations, character of, 85-87, 109; reference to, 95; issuance of, to Indians, 181, 182 Real estate speculation, 50 Reconnoitering, 85 Red Bird, hostility of Indians under, 33, 34 Red Bird War, 214 "Red Head," 108, 228 Red River carts, caravans of, 235, 236 Red River of the North, trading posts on, 4, 206; reference to, 16, 49, 50, 103, 138, 151, 188, 205, 236; difficulties with half-breeds from, 37-40; expeditions to, 38-40, 162; Lord Selkirk's colony on, 188 Red River Trail, 46 Red Wing (Chief), 92; village of, 171, 172; payment of annuities to Indians under, 185 Regulations for the Army, General, 84, 86

Renville, Daniel, 156 Renville, Joseph, 138, 191; service of, as interpreter, 161 Renville, Rosalie, 156 Republicans, charges of graft made by, 51 Reveille, 84 Revival, success of, 156 Reynolds, Lieutenant, 86 Riggs, S. R., 144 Road to Fort Snelling, 73, 81 Robertson, Mr., work of, 155, 156 Robertson, Gustavus A., 156 Rock Island, building of fort on, 18; garrison for fort on, 22; reference to, 117 Rock River, hostility of Indians on, 12, 13 Rocky Mountains, 16 Roll call, 84, 85; punishment for absence from, 90 Round Tower, Old, 72; description of, 74 Routine duties, description of, 84, 85 Rum, 86; evil effect of, 139 Rum River, 27, 101, 130; battle on, 128 Runners, sending of, to Indian camps, 130 Rupel, J. B. F., 143 Ryerson, Private, purchases by, 88

Sabbath, respect of Indians for, 237 Sac Indians, hostility of, 13; pursuit of, 35; reference to, 205; treaty with, 208 Sac and Fox Indians, 35, 42, 177; return of, to Iowa, 42 St. Anthony (Minnesota), real estate speculation at, 50 St. Croix River, trading posts on, 6; cession of land at mouth of, 8; reference to, 126, 172, 174, 175, 180, 207 St. Joseph's, 10 St. Lawrence River, 205 St. Louis, 4, 5, 11, 22, 48, 56, 58, 69, 72, 120, 159, 162, 169, 170, 172, 213, 228; troops from, 34; bringing of supplies from, 86 St. Paul, 36, 46, 71, 216, 236; real estate speculation at, 50; founding of, 195, 196; relations between fort and, 196-198 St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad Company, 235 St. Peter's, 170, 172, 173, 175, 206 St. Peter's agency, service of Taliaferro at, 68-71 St. Peter's River (see Minnesota River) St. Vincent (Minnesota), 206 Salt, 86 Sandy Lake, trading post on, 6; reference to, 114, 120, 180 Sanford, John F. A., Dred Scott bought by, 66 Santa Fe Trail, dangers on, 56 Sauk River, 133 Sault Ste. Marie, 119, 163 Saw mill, erection of, 27; reference to, 82, 172 Saxton, Lieutenant, 46 Say, Thomas, 161, 162 Scalp dance, 123, 128, 131, 132 Scalps, taking of, 128 Scenery, description of, around Fort Snelling, 79, 80 School, organization of, 101 Schoolcraft, Henry R., statement by, 14; reference to, 119, 130 Schools, success of, among Indians, 156 Scientific expeditions, 109 Scotland, 92; immigrants from, 189 Scott, Dred, fugitive slave case of, 66 Scott, Martin, sketch of life of, 59-62 Scott, Winfield, naming of Fort Snelling suggested by, 29, 30; reference to, 55 Scott vs. Sanford, 66 Scrub brush, purchase of, 88 Scurvy, ravages of, 26, 213 Second United States Infantry, 63 Secretary of War, 19, 103, 130, 149 Selkirk, Lord, colony of, 188, 189 Settlement, opening up country to, 184, 185

Settlements, protection for, 18 Settlers, annoyance of, by Indians, 42, 43; desire of, for land cession, 178; service of Fort Snelling to, 187-201; disputes between Indians and, 191, 192; memorial of, 192; efforts to exclude from reservation, 192-195; ejection of, 195, 246 Seymour, Samuel, 161 Shakopee (Minnesota), 83 Shakpay, 83 Shambaugh, Benj. F., introduction by, v; acknowledgments to, vii, ix Shapaydan, 83 Shaw, Mr., 22 Sherman, W. T., military career of, 63 Sheyenne River, 103, 138 Shields, James, 197 Shining Mountains, 3 Shipler, Jacob, 196 Shoemakers, 92 Shoes, purchase of, 88 Shot, stock of, 77 Sibley, General, 64 Sibley, Henry H., description by, 26, 27; house of, 80; hunting by, 96, 97; reference to, 110, 145, 180, 213, 231, 239; relations between officers of fort and, 139 Sibley House, 223 Sick, taking of, to hospital, 85 Sickness, prevalence of, among troops, 26, 213; losses because of, 93; help to Indians in case of, 111, 112 Sinclair, Mr., 245 Sioux Indians, early traders among, 3; land at mouth of Minnesota ceded by, 7, 8; visits of, to Drummond Island, 13, 14; goods sent to, 22; treaty between Chippewas and, 28; unfriendliness of, 33; part of, in Black Hawk War, 35; hostility between half-breeds and, 37; reference to, 48, 98, 101, 151, 158, 171, 177, 178, 179, 180, 184, 198, 205, 229, 231, 242; concentration of, 49: massacre by, 52, 83; visit of, to Washington, 68;

villages of, 83; home of, 103; number of, 103, 104; migrations of, to Canada, 106; vaccination of, 112; hostility of, 114; disillusionment of, 115; influence of Fort Snelling over, 116-118; rumor of attack by, 117; feuds between Chippewas and, 119-134; killing of Chippewas by, 121, 125; surrender of murderers by, 122, 125, 126; battle between Chippewas and, 127, 128, 232; boundary line between Chippewas and, 130, 131, 178; imprisonment of, 132; untrustworthiness of, 134; temperance society among, 145; farmer for, 155; language of, 174; delegation of, to Washington, 179; treaty made by, 184, 247; payment of annuities to, 185, 186; amount of land ceded by, in 1805, 207 Sioux of the Lakes, treaty with, 208 Sioux of St. Peter's River, treaty with, 208 Sioux-Chippewa boundary line, 48 Sioux language, school books in, 156 Sisseton Sioux Indians, 113, 129, 228; treaty with, 247 Sixth United States Infantry, company of, in Iowa, 44; reference to, 48, 57, 63, 197; frontier service of, 49 Skunk River, 42 Smallpox, efforts to check, 112 Smith, C. F., expedition under, 40; site for fort recommended by, 49, 50 Smith, William R., 180 Smuggling of whiskey, 142, 143 Snelling, Josiah, building of fort by, 27, 28; letter by, 28; activities of, during Winnebago outbreak, 32-34; reference to, 55, 96, 100, 102, 117, 132, 142, 163, 190; sketch of life of, 56-59; punishments inflicted by, 90; description by, 113; evil effects of liquor described by, 140, 141 Snelling, Mrs. Josiah, 100, 160

Snelling, William J., 102, 163 Soap, 86; purchase of, 88 Social life, 99-102 Soiree, 101 Soldiers, building of fort by, 27; surroundings of, at Fort Snelling, 73-83; life of, at Fort Snelling, 84-102; occupation of, 92; birthplace of, 92; journeys into Indian country enjoyed by, 93-95; employments of, 95, 96; pleasures of, 96, 97; carrying of mail by, 97, 98; social life among, 100-102; quarrels among, 102; dependence of missionaries on, 148; revival among, 156; church services for, 157; expedition escorted by, 162, 163; drunkenness among, 194; arrival of, at Fort Snelling, 212; ejection of settlers by, 246 Soup, character of, 86, 87 South Dakota, Indians in, 103 Southwest Company, 188 Spain, exploration of domain of, 1 Spanish, rule of, in West, 2, 3; Indian trade won from, by English, 4 Speculators, desire of, for land cession, 178 Speeches, making of, by Indians, 181, 182 Split Upper Lip, 123 Spring, eagerness for coming of, 102; activities of Indians in, 104, 105 Squad-rooms, 75 Squatters, huts of, 79 (see Settlers) Starch, purchase of, 88 Stairway, 73 Stanton, Edwin M., 64 Steamboating, beginning of, on upper Mississippi, 159, 160 Steamboats, use of, to bring supplies, 86; mail carried by, 97; reference to, 159, 199; advertisements of, 169; attitude of Indians toward, 239, 240 Steele, Franklin, Fort Snelling reservation sold to, 51, 52; adjustment with, 52; home of, 79; account books of, 87 Steen, Mr., 43, 44 Stevens, Isaac I., survey of route for railroad by, 46; reference to, 217 Stevens, Jedediah I., coming of, to Fort Snelling, 149; work of, among Indians, 154; preaching by, 157 Stillwater (Minnesota), 197 Stockade, erection of, 25; reference to, 73, 136 Store, purchase of goods at, 87-89 Storehouse, 75 Storer, William, 131 Stoves, use of, for heating, 99 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 62 Straits of Mackinac, 21 Street, Joseph M., 149, 231 Strong Earth, complaint of, 121; career of, 180 Strong Ground, career of, 180 Sugar, 86; purchase of, 88 Sugar bush, 105 Summer, activities of Indians during, 105 Sumner, Edwin V., expedition under, 38 Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 67, 71 Supplies, character of, 26; bringing of, to Fort Snelling, 86; amount of, furnished to Indians, 182 Supreme Court of United States, 66 Surveyors, destruction of landmarks of, 42 Suspenders, purchase of, 88 Sutler, home of, 79; purchase of goods from, 87-89; service of Brown as, 190 Swan, 96 Swan River, 179 Switzerland, immigrants from, 172, 189

Taliaferro, Lawrence, 28, 35, 66, 72, 77, 78, 84, 89, 91, 98, 102, 103, 114, 116, 139, 140, 160, 167, 178, 179, 180, 184, 193, 221; threat against, 33; service of, as Indian agent, 68-71; letters and papers of, 69, 70;

speech by, 108; suffering of Indians relieved by, 109, 110; visit of Indians to, 111; aid given to sick Indians by, 111, 112; murderers demanded by, 113; efforts of, to civilize Indians, 118; difficulties of, with Sioux and Chippewas, 120-134; traders' licenses granted by, 137, 138; disagreement between Bailly and, 138, 139; liquor laws enforced by, 142-144; efforts of, to induce Indians to farm, 148-150; cooeperation of, with missionaries, 149-158; wedding ceremony performed by, 191; service of, as mediator, 191, 192 Tatling, results of, 102 Tattoo, 85 Taylor, Zachary, service of, at Fort Snelling, 59 Tea party, 197 Teamsters, employment of soldiers as, 96 Temperance societies, 143, 145 Tennessee, settlement of, 14; reference to, 15 Tenth United States Infantry, expedition of companies of, 40; reference to, 63, 64 Tepees, repairing of, 105 Teton Sioux Indians, treaty with, 208 Theatrical performances, 100 Thespian Players, 100 Third Artillery, 63 Third United States Infantry, 19, 21 Thomas, Sergeant, 223 Throckmorton, Captain, 169 Timber, destruction of, 42 Timber lands, opening up of, 185 Tintatonwan village, 83 Tippecanoe, Battle of, 56 Toopunkah Zeze, killing of, 123, 124, 231 Tourist traffic, extent of, 168, 169 Tourists, increase in number of, 198 (see Travelers) Traders, activities of, 3, 4; regulation of activities of, 135-145; granting of licenses to, 137, 138; law suit begun by, 144; opposition of, to farming, 150; religious work among, 157, 158; desire of, for treaty, 178, 179; presence of, at council, 180; speeches of Indians concerning, 181; payment of debts to, 183, 184; reference to, 187, 192; location of, at Mendota, 188; service of, 199 Trading companies, development of, 135; profit of, 136 Trading house, 78, 79, 135 Trading houses, establishment of, 17; protection for, 18; cluster of, 80 Trading posts, location of, 6, 135, 136, 138; permission for establishment of, 7; reference to, 187, 188 Training camp, use of Fort Snelling as, 52, 53 Travelers, visits of, to Fort Snelling, 159-175 Traverse des Sioux, treaty of, 49, 247 Treaties, making of, with Indians, 12, 13, 28, 47, 48, 176-186, 208, 247; making of, between tribes, 131, 132 Treaty of Ghent, terms of, 12, 18 Treaty of Paris (1783), 16 Trinkets, 136 Troops, proposed employment of, in mining, 25; troubles of, during first winter, 25-27; ravages of scurvy among, 26; new camp for, 27; service of, in protection of frontier, 31-53; withdrawal of, from Fort Snelling, 52, 199 (also see Soldiers) Truces, making of, between tribes, 131 Turkey River, removal of Winnebagoes from, 35, 36; reference to, 47 Turner, F. J., 187 Tutor, service of Marsh as, 100, 101

Uncle Tom's Cabin, 62 United States, establishment of military posts by, 2;

agreement of, to make peace with Indians, 12; northern boundary of, 16; expansion of, 45, 46; hostility of Indians to, 114; relations of, with Indians, 176-178; agreement of, with Chippewas, 184; land ceded to, by Sioux in 1805, 207 Upper country, extent of, 2 Utah, 64

Vaccination of Indians, 112 Vail, J., 143 Valentine Ball, 197 "Valley Forge" (steamboat), 169 Van Antwerp, Ver Planck, 180 Van Cleve, Horatio P., 212 Van Cleve, Mrs., 231 Vancouver (Washington), 47 Vevay (Indiana), 190 Vinegar, 86 Vineyard, Miles, 179 Virginia, 70 "Virginia" (steamboat), trip of, up Mississippi River, 159, 160 Volga River, 41 Voyageurs, 136, 157, 188

Wabasha (Chief), 33, 117; land sold by, 35; meeting of couriers at village of, 98; missionary at village of, 154; village of, 171; payment of annuities to Indians under, 185 Wabasha's Prairie, 35 Wahpakoota Sioux Indians, treaty with, 247 Wahpeton Sioux Indians, treaty with, 247 Wall around Fort Snelling, description of, 73, 74, 76 Wakh-pa-koo-tay, 243 Wakinyantanka, 83 Wamditanka, 83 Wapsipinicon River, 42 War Department, 19, 22, 39, 44, 160; naming of Fort Snelling by, 29, 30; attitude of, toward Fort Snelling, 31; Indian affairs placed under control of, 67 War of 1812, English supported by Indians during, 8-12; reference to, 18, 209; service of Snelling during, 57; service of Taliaferro in, 70 War parties, 106 Warfare, history of, between Sioux and Chippewas, 119-134 "Warrior" (steamboat), 151, 164 Warriors, desire of, to take part in council, 181 Washington, George, 168 Washington (Connecticut), 151 Washington, D. C., 46, 58, 62, 64, 98, 192; visit of Indians to, 68, 115, 116, 179; treaty with Sioux at, 184 Washington Monument Association, 197 Washington Territory, 46 Washington's birthday, celebration of, 100 Water power, 178 Weapons, stock of, 76, 77 Webb, James, journey of, to Fort Armstrong, 117 Webster, Daniel, statement by, 59 Weddings, 191 West, prediction of Carver concerning, 1, 2; foreign jurisdictions in, 2, 3; English supported by Indians in, 8-12; rapid development of, 14; cause of trouble in, 15; influence of Fort Snelling in, 52; service of Canby in, 65; work of missionaries in, 146 West Point Military Academy, 62, 63, 100 Westward movement, 14, 15 Wheat, spoiling of, 86; raising of, 95 Wheeling (West Virginia), 161 Wheelwrights, 92 Whiskey, 86; drinking of, by soldiers, 89; efforts to suppress traffic in, 139-145; smuggling of, 142, 143; destruction of, 143, 144, 243; traffic in, 194, 236 Whistler, Captain, 21, 211 White Head, 118 Whitney, Asa, 217

Whooping cough, epidemic of, 191 Widows, fund for relief of, 87 Wilcox, Captain, 32 Williams, Lieutenant, 99 Williamson, Thomas S., 110; work of, among Indians, 154-157 Williamson, Mrs. Thomas S., 154 Wines, seizure of, 143; giving of, to Indians, 144 Winnebago Indians, unwillingness of, to make treaty, 13; attempt of, to delay troops, 21, 22; outbreak of, 32-34; removal of, to new reservation, 35-37, 48; reference to, 41, 42, 177, 211, 236; treaty with, 47; new reservation for, 48; disturbances among, 48, 49; language of, 174 Winnebago War, 214 Winnipeg, 188 Winona (Minnesota), 35 Winter, difficulty in securing mail during, 97-99; life at Fort Snelling during, 99-102; life among Indians during, 104, 109, 110 Wisconsin, Nicollet in, 3; Indian outbreak in, 32-34; desire of Winnebagoes to return to, 36; reference to, 168; desire for land cession in, 178; bishop of, 242 Wisconsin, Territory of, 32, 180; marshal of, 195 Wisconsin Historical Society, 242 Wisconsin River, 19, 20, 34; canal between Fox River and, 20 Women, social life of, at fort, 100-102 Wood, Doctor, aid given to sick Indians by, 111, 112 Wood, securing of, for fuel, 99 Woods, Samuel, expedition under, 38, 41-45; reference to, 40; fort established by, 44, 45 Wool, John E., 194 Wyandot Indians, treaty with, 208

Yankton Sioux Indians, half-breed killed by, 37; treaty with, 208 Yeast powder, purchase of, 88 Yellowstone Expedition, 20; failure of, 21 Yellowstone River, fort at mouth of, 19



Transcriber's Notes:

Note: There are a number of inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation which are left as in the original, as they were copied directly from various sources, such as personal journals.

Page 12, para, 3: Treaty of Ghent, 1914, changed to 1814.

Page 13: 'Menominees' spelled as in original.

Page 98: 'inteligence' spelled as in original.

Page 101: 'great numbers of Dear—Our' spelled as in original.

Page 113: 'afraid to die. the Murderer' as in original. Note: This writer/source doesn't capitalize normally.

Page 128: Chippeways spelled as in original.

Page 129: 'liveing' spelled as in original.

Page 134: 'Chippeways' spelled as in original.

Page 143: 'Societties' spelled as in original.

Page 156: 'revival among the the soldiers, and' (Removed extra 'the').

Page 170: 'a-head' spelled as in original.

Page 172: 'The Sioux have winter & summer houses. The latter are conical made....' apparently refers to winter, even though the phrase is 'winter & summer'.

Page 177: 'Menomonies' spelled as in original.

Page 191: Falstrom also spelled Faustram on same page.

Footnote 8: 'tradeing' spelled as in original.

Footnote 8: 'visit us. he' as in original.

Footnote 8: 'Mandens' spelled as in original.

Footnote 27: 'massacreing' spelled as in original.

Footnote 183: Part of year missing from original. Changed from '18 ' to '18_'.

Index: Warfare, history of: Siuox changed to Sioux.

THE END