15 Al Norte... ino hay mas que el Polo!

El Oceano Atlantico se dilata por el Sur.... Alla esta el continente europeo, con su perdurable primavera.... Luego el Africa, ila patria del sol!... Despues las zonas antarticas, gozando ahora de los favores del estio....

20 Al Oriente, a dos mil cuatrocientas millas de este archipielago, solo se halla la Nueva Zembla.[116-3]

iOh! iQue pesadilla descorrio[116-4] en mente humana ilusion tan negra como la realidad de mi desventura!



VII

El upas, arbol venenoso de la Oceania,[116-5] no deja brotar ni 25 una planta en el ambito que cobija su ramaje.

Donde el caballo de Atila[116-6] sentaba el pie no volvia a nacer la hierba.

El envidioso no ve mas que la sombra del bien ajeno. (p117) El egoista esta siempre asfixiado por falta de otro mundo que absorber....

El esceptico vive negativamente.

?Y yo? ?Que soy? ?Que hago? ?Como vivo?



VIII

05 iCuantos brillantes salones se abriran en este momento a una multitud alegre y bulliciosa!

El baile... el amor... la musica....

iCondenacion para mi!

Alla imagino un perfumado gabinete, una chispeante chimenea, 10 alfombras, butacas, pieles, cafe, ron, tabaco...; una platica tierna, descanso del placer, incentivo de mas placeres...; una alcoba tibiamente alumbrada, un lecho mullido y el sueno de la felicidad....—iAy, mi Alejandra!

Pero no.... Estoy en San Petersburgo. Es una tarde de 15 Mayo. Tomamos el sol en embalsamados jardines. La gente rie, habla aca y alla, me saluda....—iAlejandra! iAlejandra mia!

iTampoco!

iAh! ique perdurable noche!...

20 ?Cuando llegara manana?



IX

Nuevas eternidades han rodado sobre mi cabeza.

Duermo mucho.

?En que hora, en que dia, en que mes me encuentro?

?Ha pasado ya un ano, o una semana solamente?

25 ?Abulto yo el tiempo con la imaginacion, o no lo siento pasar y lo achico?

?De que pecan[117-1] mis calculos? ?de exagerados[117-2] o de cobar des? (p118)

iOh! ?Que es este tiempo sin medida, pro indiviso,[118-1] sin cronometro, sin dia ni noche, sin sol, luna ni estrellas? iEs el caos; es la nada con un solo ser, como mi pobre espiritu, abismada en el eterno vacio!

05 Me he puesto a veces las manos sobre el corazon; he sumado luego los latidos que he contado en distintas ocasiones, y ha pasado de un millon la suma total.

iUn millon de latidos!... iUn millon de segundos!... iOnce dias y medio!

10 iY luego se deslizan los anos de nuestra ventura como pajaros por el aire, sin dejar rastro en la memoria!

iCuantas veces me vio el crepusculo de la tarde al lado de mi adorada, y llego la noche, y paso, y rayo el dia..., y toda esta cantidad de tiempo no fue otra cosa que una larga 15 mirada!

iOh! icuantas inmensidades contiene un minuto de dolor!

Y icuan pasajera es una inmensidad de dicha!



X

Las rocas crujen sobre mi cabeza.

Parece que la isla va a partirse en mil pedazos.

20 Este debe de ser el vendaval del equinoccio....

Es decir, que Marzo habra[118-2] mediado ya y que el sol lucira en el horizonte....

iVoy a salir! iQuiero ver el cielo! iQuiero ver el sol!

Pero ?que oigo?

25 Los osos blancos rugen terriblemente.... iMejor! iLucharemos!...

iTambien yo tengo hambre de sangre caliente, de carne que palpite entre mis unas!

(p119)

Cojo la escopeta; rompo el hielo que obstruye la entrada de esta gruta, y salgo....

iExtrana debe ser mi aparicion entre las nieves! iParecere una fiera que deja su cubil, un monstruo que sale del infierno, 05 Lazaro[119-l] que se levanta de la tumba!



XI

iMe he enganado miserablemente!

Creia hallarme en la primavera; esperaba ver el sol; contaba con que habrian transcurrido cuatro o cinco meses..., iy me hallo con el invierno, y es de noche, y estamos en Enero, 10 a juzgar por la disposicion de las estrellas!...

iAun no ha mediado mi sufrimiento, cuando yo no podia sufrir ya mas!...—?Que va a ser de mi?

He alli la luna en el cenit obscuro del firmamento....

Parece una blanca paloma venida de otros horizontes a visitar 15 un mundo olvidado por el Criador....

iDoloroso espectaculo!

Por donde quiera que miro, veo solo un interminable paramo, una soledad sin limites....

El mar helado, y cubierto ademas de nieve, no se diferencia 20 de la tierra.

Los elementos se confunden aqui como las horas de mi ocio.

Todo ha mudado de sitio, de forma, de color.

El valle esta repleto de nieve y nivelado con el monte.

El arbol se asemeja a una campana de cristal.

25 La superficie del Oceano no es lisa: fantasticas brenas de hielo la cubren.

Y todo esta mudo, blanco, frio, inmovil.

iQue monotonia tan desesperadora!

El cielo aparece negro al lado de la reverberante claridad 30 de la luna y de la nieve. (p120) Las estrellas se ven tan lejos y tan atenuadas que parecen, pertenecer a otros mundos.

Mas ?por que se extiende de pronto una obscuridad densisima?

05 ?Por que las estrellas fulguran en la sombra con un brillo desusado?

?Que es esto?

Desbordase de la luna un oceano de claridad; la blanca sabana que envuelve la creacion refleja una luz intensa; la 10 lontananza del horizonte se rasga y se prolonga....

En seguida las tinieblas se tornaron espesisimas.

?Que misterio se obra en la Naturaleza?

iOh! iLa aurora boreal!

15 El Septentrion se inflama con mil luces y colores; una llamarada de oro y fuego inunda el espacio ilimitado; las soledades se incendian; los monolitos de hielo brillan con todos los matices del arco iris. Cada carambano es una columna de topacio; cada estalagmita una lluvia de zafiros. Rasgase la penumbra, y descubrense oceanos de claridad.... iAlla 20 adivino el Polo alumbrado intensamente, erial solitario que ningun pie humano llegara a hollar nunca! Y en aquella region de continuo espanto creo divisar el eje misterioso de la Tierra....

25 Unico espectador de este sublime drama, caigo instintivamente de rodillas....

iHe aqui los confines del Globo trocados en esplendoroso templo, en una capella ardente[120-1] en un sagrario de purisimo oro derretido!

Dominando tan vasta iluminacion alzanse columnas de llama 30 aerea, arcos de divina lumbre, bovedas de flamulas desatadas.... Asi se conciben la cuna del rayo, el manantial de la luz, el lecho del sol en la fulgente tarde....

iCuanta vida, cuanto ardor, cuanta belleza en el universo! (p121) iQue lujo de fuego y de colores, despues de tanto tiempo en que mis ojos solo vieron la atonia del color y de la existencia!

Pronto se concentran en un punto tantos rios de ebulliciente claridad, y formanse mil soles de fuegos fatuos, que se apagan 05 sucesivamente, como la iluminacion de terminada fiesta. Los prismas se decoloran: la escarlata amarillea: la purpura toma un tinte violado....

iOtra vez desolacion y tinieblas!

El meteoro ha desaparecido.



XII

10 Heme de nuevo en mi sepulcro.

El ocio y el frio combaten otra vez mi cuerpo y mi alma.

iEl ocio! Acurrucado frente a[121-1] la hoguera paso unas horas sin medida....

Mis ojos se nutren de la llama: mi corazon respira olas de 15 fuego. Sin este fuego no fluiria mi sangre.... El ocio y el frio son una misma cosa.

Y pasa el tiempo....

Ya[121-2] pienso en nimiedades, en frivolas relaciones de un atomo de ceniza con un atomo de lumbre: ya se desentumecen 20 mis ideas, y recorro el mundo de una ojeada. Mi ninez y mis amores; toda la historia de mi vida pasa ante mi imaginacion....

Cuando salga de aqui, si lo consigo, habre nacido de nuevo.

El frio y el ocio han cristalizado otro ser con los despojos 25 de mi ser pasado.

iCuanto profundo y asolador pensamiento, cuanta negativa ciencia adivinada sacare de esta prision!

La soledad me ha engrandecido de un modo horrible, espantoso....

30 He visto el mundo y la sociedad tan a lo lejos, en tan (p122) graduada perspectiva, que he adquirido el conocimiento exacto de todas las cosas.

iCuanta pequenez he dejado de apreciar!... iPequeneces que alla juzgaba de alta transcendencia!

05 iOh! iSi vuelvo al mundo vivire soberanamente, sin que el velo de la preocupacion me oculte la felicidad, sin que la costumbre me aprisione entre sus redes! iQue invulnerable me hizo la desesperacion!

Entre mi corazon y el mundo no hay ya ningun lazo: el 10 hielo nos separo para siempre.

iYo soy yo! Todos los hombres son una unidad, y yo soy otra.

iYo soy, pues, un mundo! iUn mundo rival de aquel!

iYo lo aplastare manana bajo mi egoismo, como el me arrojo 15 ayer de su seno!

Yo era humilde: yo queria mi puesto en aquella familia de hermanos; yo abdicaba mi individualidad por conseguir solidaridad en un poco de amor.... Hoy me han endurecido mi pensamiento y su crueldad. iGuerra a muerte! iMe 20 basto contra todos!

iTengo frio en el alma como en el cuerpo!



XIII

Despues de otra eternidad de inaccion, que asi puede haber sido un dia como un ano (pues no tengo conciencia de mi propia vida), abandono de nuevo esta caverna.

25 El frio material es insoportable....

iOh!... ique duda tan espantosa llevo en el cerebro!...

iAcabo de pensar que acaso habra transcurrido ya el verano; que bien puedo encontrarme con nuevas nieves; que quizas ha empezado otra noche de dos mil doscientas horas!...

30 iAh!... Este pensamiento me hiela el corazon y el alma. (p123) He salido de la gruta.

iAun es de noche!

iTremendo problema!... ?Que noche es esta que estoy mirando?

05 ?Es que no ha concluido el invierno de mi condena?

?Es que ha empezado otro?

?En que ano me encuentro?



XIV

iOh ventura! iEl horizonte se tine de color de rosa hacia el Mediodia!

10 Dijerase que la aurora boreal brilla en el punto opuesto de la boveda celeste....

Pero no es la fatua aurora boreal.... iEs la verdadera aurora, la aurora del dia!...

El aliento del Ecuador enrojece las brumas del Oceano....

15 Los hielos sonrien por todas partes al recibir las caricias de la primera alborada....

Las estrellas se borran en el cardeno firmamento....

La luna se oculta por el Septentrion....

iEsta amaneciendo!

20 iSalve, primera luz del alba!

iSalve, rayo perdido del astro deseado, que vienes a alegrar estos desiertos!

iSalve, cabello luminoso, desprendido de la dorada frente del sol!

25 iYa es de dia!

Asi despertaria el mundo el dia de la creacion.

Asi saldria la creacion de las tinieblas del caos.

Asi renaceria la especie humana cuando volvio la paloma al arca de Noe[123-1] con el ramo de oliva.

30 En cuanto a mi, hoy despierto de la nada del no ser, de esa negacion sin nombre en que he vivido tantos meses. (P124) Hoy sacuden mis sentidos su letargo, y la luz turba la monotonia de la noche y de la nieve.

Hoy renazco a la vida, y ese rayo matinal que colora el Oriente viene a ser el iris que me presagia mejores dias.

05 Hoy, en fin, se reanuda mi dulce consorcio con la esperanza de vivir.

Una hora ha durado la alborada.

Hubo un momento en que me parecio que el sol iba a salir....

10 La cerrazon de niebla que entolda el horizonte amenazaba romperse....

Todo ha desaparecido.

He contemplado, pues, sin intervalo alguno el crepusculo de la manana y el de la tarde. iEspectaculo grandioso! Mi 15 corazon rebosa de entusiasmo y de alegria.

Hoy debe ser el 4 de Febrero.



XV

Dia 5.[124-1]

Los resplandores del sol han durado hora y media.

La cuspide de una montana elevadisima ha reflejado por un 20 momento los rayos del sol.

iYo lo vere manana!



XVI

iEl sol! iEl sol!

iAl fin has brillado ante mis ojos, astro divino, manantial de luz, foco de la vida!

25 iComo me alegra el alma esta corta visita que hoy haces al Spitzberg!

iBendito seas mil veces, rey de la Naturaleza, coronado de (P125) rayos y vestido de oro, que te anuncias al mundo con la risuena aurora y te despides con el melancolico suspiro de la tarde!

?Que son las estrellas sino tu brillante sequito, tu numerosa corte, que tarda una noche entera en desfilar por los cielos?



XVII

05 Han transcurrido tres meses mas, abreviados por la esperanza.

iLa primavera! La diosa de los perfumes y de la armonia sonrie ya en el cielo, en la tierra, en el mar y en el ambiente.

Todo vive; todo se agita; todo se alegra.

10 El sol acaba de ocultarse por el Norte: identro de una hora volvera a salir!

Pasado manana, que debera ser el 5 de Mayo, empezara el dia de tres meses, durante el cual vendra algun buque groenlandero a este archipielago, y me volvera al mundo habitado 15 por los hombres.

En este instante iluminan la tierra cinco distintos resplandores: el crepusculo de la tarde, la claridad del amanecer, un perdido destello de la agonizante aurora boreal, el moribundo resplandor que desde el Sur envia la menguada luna, y la vacilante 20 luz de las remotisimas estrellas.

El blinc, o sea la refraccion de la nieve, mezcla su fulgor a tantos fulgores, dando a la Naturaleza cierto vislumbre fantastico.



XVIII

He aqui a la Creacion[125-1] revestida de todos los encantos que 25 se atreve a desplegar en esta latitud.

El mar ha roto sus cadenas de hielo y mece en lontananza sus verdes olas.

El viento ha recobrado elasticidad.... iSiquiera el ruido es ya una distraccion en esta ociosidad perdurable! (P126) Oyense hacia el Norte estruendos misteriosos....

Es que se hunden los alcazares de cristal que edifico la mano del invierno.

Incesantemente se deslizan por el Oceano, viniendo del Polo, 05 mil flotantes islas, que pasan ante mis ojos como fantasmas, hijos del espanto de estas regiones, o como ambulante cordillera....

Son tempanos de hielo que desharan manana las brisas del Circulo polar.[126-1]

Esto sucede en el Oceano. En la tierra todo sonrie, murmura, 10 canta y se desenvuelve.

Las campinas se cubren de cierta verdura, algunos vegetales cuelgan por los laderos de las montanas, y hasta en la nieve brotan amarillos fresales.

Mil cascadas y torrentes, formados por el deshielo, corren, 15 saltan y se derrumban con alegre estrepito, comunicando al aire estremecido placidisimos rumores.

Las adormideras blancas y las doradas siemprevivas inclinan sus languidas cabezas sobre la espuma de las aguas como nayades voluptuosas.

20 Los cedros seculares y los desgajados abetos se cubren de obscuras hojas.

El liquen festonea los zocalos de las montanas.

Donde quiera hay variedad, colores, vida, movimiento.

La isla canta, el mar se lamenta, la atmosfera murmura.... 25 iMagnifico concierto!

El burgomaestre, el buitre polar, arroja su prolongado grito.

Los mallemaks[126-2] trinan con blanda melodia.

Los rotger modulan su patetico gorjeo, semejante al arrullo de la tortola.

30 El apura-nieves, el pajaro de oro, revolotea de aca para alla, como una estrella sin destino.

iQue transformacion, que resurreccion tan admirable!

Y, sin embargo, esta primavera seria aterradora comparada con el mas rudo invierno de Escocia.[126-3]

(P127)



XIX

iAh! ?Que es aquel punto negro que se destaca sobre los confines del Oceano, bajo la cupula azul del firmamento?

Mi corazon late con una violencia irresistible.

?Me habre enganado?

05 iGracias, Dios mio! iEs un buque ballenero!

Viene hacia aqui....

Ira al estrecho de Henlopen, y pasara a un cuarto de milla de esta isla.

Mi escopeta le avisara....

10 iMe he salvado!

iDesesperacion!

El frio ha destruido el organismo de mi escopeta.

iNo podre hacer senal a ese buque!

Lo estoy viendo.... Dista de aqui una milla.... Es un 15 groenlandero....

—iSocorro! iSocorro! iSocorro!

iAh! No puedo mas: mi voz enronquece.... iEstoy tan extenuado!...

—iSocorro!...

20 iNo me oyen!

iOh, estar tan cerca de los hombres y no salvarme!

iVer el puerto despues del naufragio, y morir sin tocar la orilla!

iMorir, como Prometeo,[127-1] encadenado en una roca!

25 iMorir despues de un ano de martirio; despues de haber comprado la vida con diez meses de sepultura!

iY no hay remedio!

iYa doblan el cabo de Henlopen!...

iDesaparecieron!... iAy!... iDesaparecieron!

30 iTremenda ironia de mi destino!

iNecio de mi,[127-2] que me reconcilie con la esperanza! (p128) iNecio de mi...que!... iAh! No huyas de esa manera ante mis ojos, Dios mio!

?Y que?

?He de confiarme de nuevo a una suerte cruel que se burla 05 de mis lagrimas?

iNo!

Estoy decidido.

Yo mismo me dare la muerte.

Esto es mejor que pasar otro invierno enterrado vivo en un 10 sepulcro.

iLos sepulcros se han hecho para los muertos!



XX

A bordo del Grande Esberrer.

Dia 8 de Agosto.

Camino hacia los lares patrios.

15 Acabo de perder de vista la ultima montana del Spitzberg.

El buque que me ha recogido es el mismo que vi alejarse hacia el estrecho de Henlopen.

Cuando me desangraba por cuatro cisuras que me hice en pies y manos, la tripulacion del Grande Esberrer, que habia 20 desembarcado en otra rada de la isla del Nordeste, me encontro tendido en tierra y me salvo la vida....

Llegue al Spitzberg a la edad de diez y nueve anos, y he permanecido alli diez meses. Sin embargo, los marineros que me acompanan, al ver encanecidos mis cabellos, mi frente surcada 25 de arrugas y mis ojos tetricos y apagados, me creen llegado a la edad de treinta y cinco o cuarenta anos....

Guadix, 1852. (p129)



EPILOGO.—DEDICATORIA

A MI BUEN AMIGO EL SR. D. JOSE J. VILLANUEVA Te remito un punado de canas de mi cabeza. El papel en que van envueltas es mi fe de bautismo. Por ella veras que tengo veintiun anos: de consiguiente,[129-1] tenia diez y nueve cuando escribi el anterior monologo. 05 Dice un refran que por todas partes se va a Roma. Y yo anado que por cualquier parte se va a Spitzberg. Este epilogo es tambien la dedicatoria de la presente obrilla. Recibelo todo con indulgencia, y devuelveme la fe de bautismo.

Madrid, 1854.



IDIOMATIC COMMENTARY (p131)

N.B. In studying the commentary the student should underline in the text the idiomatic expressions here indicated, including those to which he is referred back in the Reviews. As irregular verb-forms are introduced with special frequency, it would be well to keep the list of irregular verbs at hand for reference. The italicized words are those that are especially idiomatic.

Page 1.

1. Lo hizo antes de llegar He did it before arriving. (cf. 53). 2. Nunca tomo lo ajeno. He never took what belonged to others. 3. Se puso de rodillas. He got down on his knees. 4. ?Que se le ofrece a V.? What do you wish?

Page 2.

5. Me pongo triste. I become sad. 6. Vino hace tres dias. He came three days ago. Hacia tres dias que estaba He had been here for three days. aqui. Ocho dias hace. It is a week. 7. Lo ofrezco al que presente I offer it to the one who will las senas (cf. 47). present the description. 8. Se echo a llorar. He began to cry. 9. Aqui se habla espanol. Spanish is spoken here.

N.B. The reflexive is frequently used as a substitute for the passive.

10. Roba a los pasajeros. He robs the passengers. 11. Dio con el libro. He hit upon the book. 12. Vuelvo a hablar. I speak again.

Page 3 (Review 6, 11, 8, 3).

13. Hace ocho dias. It is a week. Hacia quince dias. It was a fortnight. 14. Es de Enrique. It belongs to Henry. 15. Sera de el (cf. note 8, 6). It must be his. It probably is his. Lo habra dicho. Lo diria. He must have said it. 16. Estaba trabajando. He was working. 17. Se sonrio. He smiled.

N.B. The reflexive form is often used in Spanish without reflexive value.

18. Mi hijo esta aqui. My son is here. ?Estas aqui? ihijo mio! Are you here, my son? No vi jamas obras suyas. I never saw any works of his. No vi jamas sus obras. I never saw his works. 19. No tengo gana de hacerlo. I have no desire to do it. 20. Es de los nuestros. He is one of us.

Page 4 (Review 6).

21. Se rie de todo (cf. 17). He laughs at everything. 22. En seguida se fue. He went off immediately. 23. Los demas. The others. Por lo demas. As for the rest. Las demas mujeres. The rest of the women. 24. Se puso de mal humor (cf. 5). He became ill-humored. 25. Siete u ocho. Seven or eight. Seis o siete. Six or seven. 26. Lo hizo en un abrir y cerrar He did it in an instant. de ojos. 27. Amadlo. Love him. Amaos (cf. note 30, 5). Love each other. 28. ?De que se trata? What is the question? 29. Me tendio la mano (cf. note He held out his hand to me. 4,5). 30. Se lo digo a V. I tell you it. (cf. note 4, 6). No pudo darselo. He could not give it to him.

Page 5 (Review 13, 12).

31. Se puso a cavilar. He began to reflect. 32. Voy a hacerlo. I am going to do it. Iba a hablar. He was going to speak. 33. Pasado manana vendra. He will come day after to-morrow. 34. Quedaremos en lo dicho. We will abide by what we have said. 35. Segun supo despues. According to what he learned later. 36. Por alli va. Thereabouts he goes. Por aqui. Hereabouts. 37. De vez en cuando viene. From time to time he comes.

Page 6.

38. A fuerza de trabajar. By dint of laboring. 39. A eso (or cosa) de At about ten o'clock. las diez. A las cinco. At five o'clock. A la una y media. At half-past one o'clock. 40. Habla (familiar form). Speak! No hables (cf. note 6, 7). Don't speak! 41. ?En que piensa V.? Of what are you thinking?

Page 7 (Review 32, 18, 35).

42. ?Que quiere decir? What does he mean? 43. Todo el que habla. Every one who speaks. 44. Se hablan unos a They speak to each other. otros. 45. No tiene hambre. He is not hungry. Tenia frio. I was cold. 46. Se parece a mi. He resembles me. Me parece (a mi). It seems to me. 47. Mi libro y el de mi hermana. My book and my sister's. Mi madre y la de V. (cf. 7). My mother and yours. 48. Estara dentro de la casa. He must be inside the house.

Page 8 (Review 44, 30, 11, 15, 7).

49. A poco se fue (cf. 142). In a little while he went off. 50. De pronto vino. Suddenly he came. 51. Lo dijo repetidas veces. He said it many times.

Page 9 (Review 20).

52. V. se equivocaba. You were mistaken. 53. Despues de hablarle. After speaking to him. Al decir esto, se fue. On saying this, he went off.

N.B. In Spanish the infinitive is used after prepositions instead of the present participle as in English.

54. Soy un heroe. I am a hero. Somos unos heroes. We are heroes. Oyo unos tiros. He heard some shots. 55. Poco a poco. Little by little. 56. Era de dia. It was day.

Page 10 (Review 53, 13, 39, 28).

57. Acabo de llegar. I have just arrived. Acababa de hablar. I had just spoken. 58. Desde luego se fue. He went away immediately. 59. Debo hablar. I must (or am to) speak. Debia hablar. I was to speak. Debi hablar. I had to speak. El debia de ser (conjectural). It must have been he. 60. Me despedi de el. I took leave of him. 61. Vino otro. Another came.

Page 11 (Review 9, 32, 53, 36).

62 Luego que vine. As soon as I came.

63. Detras de la casa esta It is behind the house. (cf. 48).

Page 12 (Review 61, 53, 6, 13).

64. Se volvio loco. He went mad. 65. Lo mataron a golpes. They killed him with blows. 66. Tuvo que hacerlo. He had to do it. 67. Tenga V. cuidado. Take care. 68. Delante de la casa. In front of the house. 69. No cabe duda. There is no doubt.

Page 13.

70. Se fue al dia siguiente. He went away next day.

Page 14 (Review 6, 12).

71. No hace calor; hace frio It is not warm; it is cold. (cf. 45).

Page 15 (Review 61, 18, 30, 12, 53, 54).

72. iQue venga! Let him come! 73. Lo siento mucho. I deeply regret it.

Page 16 (Review 61, 59, 39).

74. Debajo de otro arbol Under another tree. (cf. 61). 75. Digamoslo asi. Let us say it thus. 76. Isabel y Carlos. Isabella and Charles. Carlos e Isabel. Charles and Isabella. 77. He aqui el libro. Here is the book. He lo aqui. Here it is.

N.B. He aqui is equivalent to the French voici, voila.

Page 17 (Review 9, 22, 42, 39, 70).

78. Soy yo. It is I. 79. Me voy. I am going away. Se fue. He went away. 80. Hay tres amigos. There are three friends. Hubo un hombre. There was a man. Un hombre como los hay en A man such as there are in Africa. Africa. 8l. En cuanto a mi. As for me; as far as I am concerned 82. Vamonos (cf. note 31, 4). Let us go away. 83. Despues de eso. After that.

Page 18 (Review 39, 66, 7, 15, 16).

84. Hice fuego. I fired.

Page 19 (Review 53, 48, 32, 41).

85. Una idea cualquiera. Some idea or other. Cualquier hombre. Any (or every) man. 86. Soy musico (sastre, etc.). I am a musician (tailor, etc.).

Page 20 (Review 18, 41, 29, 1, 48).

87. Dio voces. He shouted.

Page 21 (Review 29, 39, 23, 48, 80, 18, 15, 83).

88. Sigo hablando. I go on talking. Siguio hablando. He continued talking.

Page 22 (Review 15, 39, 53, 22, 54, 32).

89. Me acuerdo de eso. I remember that. 90. Dormia. He slept. Se durmio. He fell asleep. 91. Dio la una (cf. 39). It struck one. 92. A su alrededor. Around him. 93. ?Que ha sido de el? What has become of him? 94. ?Que hacer? What is (or was) to be done?

Page 23 (Review 64, 86, 50, 72).

95. Hace falta una corneta. A cornet is lacking, or is needed. 96. No bien deje de hablar. No sooner did I cease to speak. Dejate de monadas. Cease your grimaces. 97. Se levanto. He rose.

Page 24 (Review 48, 13, 8, 27).

98. Ha de ir (cf. note 3, 3). He must (or is to) go. 99. Vino a darmelo. He came to give it to me.

N.B. The infinitive expressing purpose is regularly preceded by para, but after verbs of motion by a.

Page 25 (Review 77, 47, 64, 29, 88).

Page 26 (Review 9, 61).

100. No encuentra nada que He finds nothing to admire. admirar 101. Cerca del lecho. Near the bed.

Page 27 (Review 77, 23, 14, 81, 9, 47, 18).

102. Aquel es desgraciado, The former is wretched, the este es feliz. latter is happy.

Page 28 (Review 15, 61, 97, 89).

103. Tal vez. Perhaps. 104. Hay que hacerlo. It is necessary to do it.

Page 29 (Review 12, 9, 98).

105. No le hizo caso. He paid no attention to him. 106. No esta ya en He is no longer in the world. el mundo. Ya no esta aqui. He is no longer here.

Page 30 (Review 23, 27, 7).

107. No tengo nada que I have nothing to do with him. ver con el. 108. He aqui en lo que piensa. That is what he is thinking of. Eso es de lo que hablaba. That is what he was talking of.

Page 31 (Review 1, 15, 12, 79, 82, 46).

109. Le toco hablar primero. It fell to him to speak first. Me toca hacer esto. It is my duty to do this. 110. Mi mujer siempre tenia My wife was always right. razon.

Page 32 (Review 1, 78, 106, 80, 62, 46).

111. Ahora bien. Now then! 112. Lo hice de nuevo. I did it again. 113. Lo hizo otra vez. He did it a second time.

Page 33 (Review 39, 15, 61).

114. A fuer de legitimo After the manner of a genuine boticario. apothecary. 115. Vino un tal Garcia. A certain Garcia came. 116. Con el libro o sea con el With the book or with the manuscrito. manuscript. 117. A las nueve en punto At nine o'clock sharp. (cf. 39) 118. Yo me encargo de ello. I will undertake it. 119. Tuvo mas de veinte. He got more than twenty. 120. Ya lo creo. I quite believe it.

Page 34 (Review 98, 9).

121. Nos pasamos a los We went over to the Carlist party. carlistas. 122. Les dio de comer. He gave them a dinner (or something to eat). 123. Ni uno vendra. Not one will come.

Page 35 (Review 15, 9, 6, 46, 7, 23, 99, 80).

124. Diez franceses, todos ellos Ten Frenchmen, all of them oficiales. officers.

Page 36 (Review 12, 119, 101, 6, 61, 97).

125. Vino el mismo rey. The king himself came. 126. Viene ahora mismo. He is coming even now. 127. Me doy por vencido. I acknowledge myself conquered.

Page 37 (Review 17, 15, 99, 6, 75, 80, 21, 53).

Page 38 (Review 28, 15, 83, 35, 88, 12).

128. Vamos a ver (cf. 138). Let us see. 129. Estuvo a la izquierda. He was on the left side. 130. Anduvo a ciegas. He went blindly. 131. Cada cual seguia Each one went on answering. respondiendo.

Page 39 (Review 129, 54, 53, 116).

132. Es decir que vendre. That is to say I will come. 133. En tanto que lo hacia. While he was doing it. En tanto. During this time. En esto. At this moment. 134. ?Que hora es? What time is it?

Page 40 (Review 39, 97, 72, 133, 53, 48, 112).

135. Se puso de pie (cf. 143). He stood erect. 136. Lo hicieron pedazos. They tore it into pieces. 137. Se dejo ver. He let himself be seen.

N.B. The dependent infinitive often has passive value.

Page 41 (Review 53, 72, 32, 133, 119, 27, 124, 40).

138. A ver como lo hace Let us see how he does it. (cf. 128). iA ver! Let us see! Here! Come! 139. Vino en pos de mi He came after me (or in my tracks)

140. No tengo para que hacerlo. I have no reason for doing it. 141. Dio un paso atras. He took a step backward.

Page 42 (Review 23, 3, 9).

142. De alli a poco murio He died a little time after that. (cf. 49).

Page 43 (Review 32, 9, 78, 71, 39).

Page 44 (Review 95, 101, 72, 138, 40, 32, 23, 123, 39, 56, 132, 99).

143. Caminaba a pie (cf. 135). He went on foot. 144. Lo hizo a fin de irritarme. He did it in order to anger me. 145. Eso no hace al caso. That is not to the point.

Page 45 (Review 129, 80, 15, 110, 7, 72, 133, 137, 105).

146. Se fue el ano pasado. He went off last year.

Page 46 (Review 40, 9, 53, 137, 32, 96).

147. Me dio a entender. He gave me to understand.

Page 47 (Review 68, 119, 80, 47, 25, 81, 16).

Page 48 (Review 27, 119, 47, 59, 80, 98).

148. O algo por el estilo. Or something of the kind.

Page 49 (Review 30, 141, 53, 65).

149. Cuento con el. I count on him.

Page 50 (Review 83).

150. Como ibamos diciendo. As we were saying.

Page 51 (Review 83, 133, 53, 113, 98, 80).

Page 52 (Review 53, 29, 133, 74, 80, 99, 61).

151. Se vestia lujosa y He dressed luxuriously and elegantemente elegantly.

Page 53 (Review 3, 53, 135, 113).

152. Cual si hubiese visto. As if he had seen.

Page 54 (Review 88, 113, 81, 12, 77).

153. No tengo nada que hacer. I have nothing to do.

Page 55 (Review 40, 53, 32, 61).

154. A mi ver es asi. In my opinion it is thus.

Page 56 (Review 16, 99, 88, 150).

155. Buenas noches. Good night!

156. iQue diablo! Zounds! The deuce! (cf. note 62, 3).

Page 57 (Review 50, 12, 52, 6).

Page 58 (Review 47, 15, 119, 99).

157. Ya ve V. (cf. 120). Now you see.

N.B. Ya is often merely emphatic.

158. ?Que le parece a V. eso? How does that strike you?

Page 59 (Review 101, 32, 53, 137, 38, 143, 83).

159. A pesar de esto. In spite of this. 160. Me llamo Juan. My name is John. 161. Volvio a los ocho dias He returned after a week. (cf. 49). 162. Anduvo desde Madrid He walked from Madrid as far as hasta Paris. Paris.

Page 60 (Review 38, 29, 112, 53).

Page 61 (Review 16, 31).

163. Se asio de mi mano. He seized my hand.

Page 62 (Review 103, 41, 7, 53, 83, 22).

Page 63 (Review 12, 160, 133, 101, 61, 35, 50, 31).

164. A pesar nuestro, lo oimos In spite of ourselves, we heard it. (cf. 159). 165. De cuando en cuando. From time to time.

Page 64 (Review 66, 23, 5, 161, 8, 57).

Page 65 (Review 18, 6, 23, 53, 50, 133, 147, 59, 65).

Page 66 (Review 136, 30, 83, 62, 119).

166. Es cuanto tengo. That is all I have.

Page 67 (Review 29, 6, 28, 35, 9, 47).

Page 68 (Review 65, 122, 162, 61).

167. Me sirve de cocinero. He serves me as cook.

Page 69 (Review 76, 137, 9, 32, 5, 42, 66).

168. Tiene tres anos. He is three years old. 169. Lo conozco de nombre. I know him by name.

Page 70 (Review 32, 70, 53, 31, 15, 59, 39).

Page 71 (Review 117, 160, 68, 18, 30, 133).

Page 72 (Review 98, 47, 8, 104, 31).

Page 73 (Review 32, 99, 79, 30, 81).

Page 74 (Review 160, 16, 59, 150, 58, 30).

Page 76 (Review 166, 47).

Page 77 (Review 148, 38, 41, 58, 35, 59).

170. Me lo dio _de balde_. He gave it to me gratis. 171. Es hermosa, y rica _por She is beautiful, and rich into _anadidura_. the bargain.

Page 78 (Review 138, 40, 28, 82, 12, 148).

172. ?Tiene V. sueno? Are you sleepy? 173. ?Que tiene V.? What is the matter with you? No tengo nada. Nothing is the matter with me. 174. Sabe V. leer? Do you know how to read?

Page 79 (Review 132, 15, 52, 35, 110, 12).

175. Hace luna. The moon shines. 176. Venga V. en cuanto Come as soon as day dawns. amanezca.

Page 80 (Review 159, 47, 66, 176, 73, 80).

177. Voy a casa de mi tio. I am going to my uncle's house. 178. Manana estara de vuelta. He will be back to-morrow. 179. Vino el tal hombre. The said man (or this same man) came.

Page 81 (Review 14, 16, 104, 110, 39, 9).

180. Huele a hereje. This smacks of heresy.

Page 82 (Review 18, 144, 1, 30, 178, 88, 96).

Page 83 (Review 122, 72, 80).

181. Echo al correo ambas He mailed both letters. cartas. 182. Tomabamos el sol. We were sunning ourselves.

Page 84 (Review 15, 89, 6, 159, 40, 62, 135).

183. Tres anos hace que reside He has been living here for three aqui. years. Tres anos hacia que residia He had been living here for three aqui. years. 184. No trato de hacerlo. He did not try to do it.

Page 85 (Review 16, 91, 66, 79, 72, 39, 47).

185. Se hizo soldado. He became a soldier. Hecho ya un hombre. Having already become a man.

Page 86 (Review 160, 8).

186. El libro, o mas bien The book, or rather manuscript. manuscrito.

Page 87 (Review 157, 28, 80, 66, 70, 178, 60).

Page 88 (Review 137, 57, 181).

187. He tenido noticias. I have received news.

Page 89 (Review 79, 59, 113, 93, 68, 76, 42).

188. La ventana da al jardin. The window opens on the garden.

Page 90 (Review 81,104,41,75,116,185,9,31,12).

Page 91 (Review 7, 106, 29, 47, 99).

Page 92 (Review 61, 12, 53, 31, 16, 40, 2, 99).

189. Pues bien, que venga Well then, let him come. (cf. 72).

Page 93 (Review 64, 21).

Page 94 (Review 66, 179, 8, 22, 96, 167, 60).

Page 95 (Review 12, 181, 40, 28, 59, 119).

Page 96 (Review 48, 27, 168, 15, 155).

190. Se le olvidaba. He was forgetting. 191. Lloraba a lagrima viva. He was weeping bitterly. 192. Por lo pronto. For the present.

Page 97 (Review 53,57,21,160,92,99).

Page 98 (Review 32,167,17,174,79,103,158).

193. No tengo miedo. I am not afraid.

Page 99 (Review 17,149,66,95,50).

Page 100 (Review 114,155,120,15,109).

194. ?Como va de salud? How's your health?

Page 101 (Review 125,9,179,22).

195. Se viste a la francesa. He dresses himself in the French fashion. 196. Vino a su vez. He came in his turn. 197. Dista poco de aqui. It is not very far from here.

Page 102 (Review 72,107,6,53,160,99,16).

Page 103 (Review 170, 141, 132).

198. Me lo compro a mi. He bought it of me. 199. Lo se de cierto. I know it quite certainly.

Page 104 (Review 140, 82, 150).

Page 105 (Review 59, 30, 157, 15,115, 12, 14, 132).

200. ?No cae V.? Don't you understand? 201. Dio principio al trabajo. He made a beginning of the work. 202. Lo hizo repetidas veces. He did it several times.

Page 106 (Review 66, 122, 99, 5).

Page 107 (Review 88, 133, 125).

203. Llamo a la puerta. He knocked at the door.

Page 108 (Review 32, 57, 83, 179, 69, 106, 157, 30).

204. Es mejor de lo que yo creia. It is better than I thought. 205. Me hablo al oido. He whispered to me.

Page 109 (Review 98, 47, 88, 112, 99, 76).

Page 110 (Review 1, 12, 142, 53, 99, 103).

Page 111 (Review 77, 132).

Page 112 (Review 48, 167, 185, 32).

Page 113 (Review 64, 1, 7, 60, 77, 9, 46).

206. ?Se pone el sol o Is the sun setting or rising? sale?

Page 114 (Review 12, 98, 92).

207. iQue cielo tan What a lovely sky! hermoso!

Page 115 (Review 39, 77, 48).

208. Camina muy de prisa. He goes very rapidly.

Page 116 (Review 64, 47, 197, 12).

Page 117 (Review 61, 15).

Page 118 (Review 29, 32, 59, 132, 45).

Page 119 (Review 59, 97, 149, 56, 93, 77, 99, 207).

209. Por donde quiera que vaya. Wherever he may go.

Page 120 (Review 50, 22, 3).

Page 121 (Review 83, 113, 77, 54, 112, 61).

Page 122 (Review 96, 45, 57, 15).

Page 123 (Review 56, 15, 53, 99, 81).

210. ?Es que ha empezado? Has it begun (lit. is it (true) that it has begun)?

Page 124 (Review 80, 59).

Page 125 (Review 60, 57, 48, 12, 33, 59).

Page 126 (Review 9, 209, 207).

Page 127 (Review 15, 16, 197, 101, 83).

211. No puedo mas. I can do (or stand) no more.

Page 128 (Review 40, 18, 98, 112, 61, 9, 57, 53).

212. Lo perdi de vista. I lost sight of it.

Page 129 (Review 168, 85).

213. Iban por todas partes. They went in every direction.



NOTES (p143)

(The first figures refer to pages of text, and second figures to the reference figures in text).

1-1: Capitania general: headquarters of the Captain general, who has supreme military authority in his district.

1-2: Granada: a province (and its principal city), the former bordering on the Mediterranean. It is full of Moorish remains, including the Alhambra.

1-3: echado que hubo: a very common construction = asi que hubo echado.

1-4: edecan: a corruption of the French aide-de-camp.

1-5: Sr. D.: Senor Don.

1-6: =toitico= = todito, diminutive of todo. This diminutive ending often adds emphasis.

2-1: =a que= = para que.

2-2: se persigue: they have pursued. The perfect tense value is often represented by the present (and the pluperfect by the imperfect) after despues or hace (ago).

2-3: =se volvio a reir= = volvio a reirse, laughed again. Volver a, followed by an infinitive, is to be rendered as a formula of repetition, as, again, once more, etc.

2-4: no hay quien lo haga: there is no one who can do it.

2-5: conoce nadie: does anybody know? Observe that nadie is not necessarily negative. Cf. use of jamas, etc.

3-1: me matan: a vivid use of the present for the future.

3-2: vestido de macareno: dressed in a loud or striking fashion. The macareno is a native of one of the districts of Seville.

3-3: caerme de espaldas: to fall on my back.

3-4: =habia de conocer= = conoceria. Haber de followed by the infinitive denotes (a) obligation: as: ha de ser, it must be; habra de hacerlo, he will have to do it; (b) futurity (present tense of haber de + infinitive), as: he de hablar, I will speak: (c) conditioned action (imperfect of haber de + infinitive), as: quien habia de creer? who would believe?

3-5: que haya madre: and (to think) that there should be a mother!

3-6: Jesus: the Spaniard, the most Catholic of men, is in the habit of interlarding his speech with copious expletives derived from his religion, such as Jesus, Ave Maria purisima, etc., which may often be rendered by the mildest of English substitutes.

3-6: iQue... muera!: may I die! let me die! As the subjunctive used with imperative value, depends on some desiderative verb understood, the que which would follow that verb is usually retained in Spanish (as in French), though not when V. or VV. is used.

3-7: para decirte la buenaventura: to tell your fortune.

4-1: a todo trapo: under full sail (lit. rag), i.e. unrestrainedly.

4-2: si son de alegria: why! they are tears of joy. Si is often used to introduce an emphatic assertion. It may be translated by an expletive or omitted entirely. Cf. p. 45, line 31 and note.

4-3: tomado a este hombre: (a = from). The preposition a is regularly used with the value of the English from, after verbs like steal, deprive, buy, etc.

4-4: burro en pelo: a bare-backed donkey (pelo = hair).

4-5: la mano: observe the usual idiomatic mode of expressing possession of parts of the body, wearing apparel, etc., by the use of the definite article instead of the possessive adjective his, her, etc., the dative pronoun also being often added to indicate the possessor, as: Yo me corte el dedo, I cut my finger.

4-6: se la: for the possessive value of se cf. the preceding note. Observe also the regular use of se instead of le or les when followed by la, le, lo or their plurals.

4-7: con todas las veras: with all the sincerity or earnestness. Cf. de veras, truly.

4-8: tarde que (usually o) temprano: sooner or later.

4-9: ya me... ya me: whether... or. For me cf. note p. 4, 3.

5-1: doy el cante: I denounce him.

5-2: dices que cuando: do you ask when? Que redundant is required after decir introducing an indirect question. Cf. digo que no, que si; I say no, yes.

5-3: el mes que entra: next month.

5-4: salir por la tapa de los sesos: cf. levantarse la tapa de los sesos, to blow out one's brains.

5-6: te ahorco: cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1.

5-7: para esa fecha: by that time (date).

5-8: despues de muerto: after (he is) dead.

5-9: de haber echado tan corto el plazo: for having set so near (lit. short) a time.

5-10: tomo el tole: departed hurriedly.

5-11: vamos: (imperative) and vaya (subjunctive) are often used, regardless of their original meaning, as mere interjections. Translate: come now, well, etc. Cf. French allons.

5-12: a lo que me conto: in view of what... told me.

5-13: se va al infierno: translate disappears. (Infierno = infernal regions.)

6-1: ello es: the fact is.

6-2: llevarian: would live. Cf. lleva diez anos de casado, he has been married ten years.

6-3: de servicio: on service, on duty.

6-4: hijos: children.

6-5: voy de vuelta: I am returning.

6-6: como he de perder: how am I to suffer the loss? Cf. note habia de conocer, p. 3, 4.

6-7: no seas: don't be. Observe that the imperative is never used negatively, being then replaced by the subjunctive.

7-1: Alicante: a port on the eastern coast of Spain.

7-2: Sevilla: a city of southern Spain (Andalusia) on the Guadalquivir River. Also (as here) the province in which this city is situated.

7-3: Preparen: (sc. ustedes). This is an order addressed to the bandit's comrades.

7-4: Tengo seis hijos: observe that tener (to have) does not take the preposition a before its personal direct object, which likewise omits a when preceded by a numeral, unless certain specific persons are referred to.

7-5: lo que me digo: me is an ethical dative (indicating the person interested). Omit in translating.

7-6: ustedes: the polite form ustedes is in this single instance substituted in the peasant's speech for vosotros, by attraction after the ceremonious word Caballeros. Observe that the bandits end by addressing the peasant as usted likewise.

7-7: mis hijos...iHijos mios!: observe the variant forms mis and mios. For explanation see any grammar (possessive adjectives).

7-8: el rey Neron: (i.e. el emperador). The Roman emperor Nero (reigned A.D. 54-68) persecuted the Christians, burning them as torches before his palace and making them fight with wild beasts in the arena.

8-1: iPues no quiere su dinero!: well! if he doesn't actually want his money too!

8-2: No se como: I don't know why.

8-3: le habeis robado: for dative le cf. note tomado a este hombre, p. 4, 3.

8-4: se los: cf. note se la, p. 4, 6.

8-5: iA la paz de Dios!: (a familiar formula of leavetaking) God be with you, good-by, etc.

8-6: No habria andado: he could not have gone. The conditional mood is often employed to express conjecture as to a (usually) past event, just as the future indicative is used to express conjecture about a (usually) present event.

8-7: volver pies atras: retrace his steps.

9-1: estupefacto: words having originally an initial s followed by a consonant prefix an e on becoming Spanish, as: estupor, stupor; escuela, school.

9-2: se echo... a la cara: brought up to a level with his face. Cf. also note la mano, p. 4, 5.

9-3: cayo redondo: fell suddenly (collapsed).

9-4: maldito seas: a rather exceptional use of the subjunctive for the imperative, though common with the verb ser. Cf. last line, page 124.

9-5: unos canallas: canalla is feminine in its usual collective meaning: rabble. Applied to an individual, however, it agrees in gender.

9-6: Si conforme soy yo: if, just as it was (lit. is) I.

9-7: se: (ethical dative). Cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.

9-8: migueletes: militiamen, serving as police for the suppression of brigandage.

9-9: dandome la espalda: turning his back on me. Cf. note la mano, P. 4, 5.

9-10: a todo escape: with the utmost velocity.

9-11: se ha quedado con: has kept (lit. has remained with).

10-1: a otro: observe that the indefinite article is never used before otro, -a.

10-2: a fe mia: upon my word. Cf. note a fe que, p. 12, 6.

10-3: nadie: cf. note conoce nadie, p. 2, 5.

10-4: con sus cinco sentidos: with his five senses, i.e. with all his heart.

11-1: El llamado Manuel: the one named Manuel.

11-2: Cuesta del Perro: Dog's Hill.

11-3: Van once: that makes eleven.

11-4: Sierra de Loja: a mountain named from Loja, a town halfway between the cities of Granada and Malaga.

11-5: la lista nominal: the roll-call.

12-1: arranco a correr: started to run.

12-2: del arma: cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.

12-3: iQue Conde del Montijo ni que nino muerto!: the expression nino muerto is often thus used in contemptuous rejection of an idea. Translate the count del Montijo! fiddlesticks!

12-4: lo que hay que hacer: what must be done.

12-5: lo mismo me da: it's all one to me. Cf. no se me da nada, I don't care at all.

12-6: A fe que: upon my word; surely. Cf. note a fe mia, p. 10, 2.

13-1: iNecio de mi!: fool that I was!

13-2: tan solo: only (tan redundant and emphatic).

13-3: inescrutables: cf. note estupefacto, p. 9, 1.

14-1: ?Como que no?: que is redundant. It is dependent on some form of the verb decir understood: How can you say that you will not?

14-2: iQue no sabe!: a kindred usage to that in the last note. Que is frequently used in this elliptical and emphatic manner at the beginning of a sentence.

14-3: ihabra hipocrita igual!: can there be, etc. Cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

14-4: regalemos el oido: flatter; say pleasant things.

14-5: ivamos!: cf. note vamos, p. 5, 11.

14-6: musico mayor: military bandmaster.

14-7: Palacio: the royal palace.

14-8: Espartero: (1792-1879) Spanish general and statesman, at one time regent.

14-9: ivaya!: used like vamos above, p. 14, 5.

14-10: especialidad: (in familiar parlance) a notability.

14-11: no he vuelto: cf. note se volvio a reir, p. 2, 3.

15-1: otro Rossini: cf. note a otro, p. 10, 1. Rossini: (1792-1868) Italian composer who once enjoyed an immense vogue. His music, light, brilliant, but lacking in sincerity and deeper artistic qualities, is now much neglected.

15-2: lo que es esta tarde: as far as this afternoon is concerned.

15-3: ha de tocar: must play. Cf. note habia de conocer, p. 3, 4.

15-4: es mi dia: it is my saint's day (which among Catholics is celebrated as a birthday).

15-5: papa abuelo: dear grandpa. Abuelo is often used in addressing an old man.

15-6: iQuita alla!: a phrase used to express emphatic dissent. Translate Not much!

15-7: Se lo suplica a V.: Se = le, redundant pronoun anticipating usted. See note se la, p. 4, 6.

16-1: Mazzepa: (or rather Mazeppa) a Pole, who in punishment for an intrigue, was bound to the back of a horse, which carried him among the Cossacks, where he rose to distinction and high command. Vide Byron's poem Mazeppa.

16-2: Carlos XII: (doce— the ordinal numerals above decimo not being used with names of sovereigns) Charles XII, king of Sweden (lived 1682-1718). He fought, at first with brilliant success, against the Czar, Peter the Great, but was ultimately defeated.

16-3: Carlos e Isabel: Fernando VII (see notes Fernando, pp. 34, 5 and 51, 17) left the Spanish throne to his daughter, Isabel II, but Don Carlos. her uncle, laid claim to it by virtue of the Salic law excluding women from the throne. A long and disastrous civil warfare ensued between his party, the Carlistas, and the party of the queen-regent, Maria Cristina, the Cristinos.

16-4: Estoy por decir: I am on the point of saying.

16-5: buenos humos tenia: was much too proud.

16-6: ni (al lucero, etc.): even. The negative is intruded from the underlying negative psychologic notion: Ramon would not have suffered an affront—not even from, etc. Cf. note ni, p. 99, 3. lucero del alba: the planet Venus, bearing (as morning star) the name Lucifer. For el alba cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.

16-7: morrion: a kind of tall helmet-cap, worn by the Cristinos.

16-8: boina: a round woolen cap, worn by the Carlists.

16-9: el Principado: the territory of Asturias, in the north of Spain. The term is also applicable to Cataluna in the northeast of Spain.

17-1: regularmente: (i.e. segun reglas; naturalmente) presumably.

17-2: no te expongas: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.

17-3: se la ha fumado: for se cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.

17-4: El que no asista, etc.: a very loosely constructed sentence. Translate: If either of us does not appear, etc.

18-1: alaveses: natives of Alava, a Basque province in the north of Spain.

18-2: boina blanca de carlista: see note boina, p. 16, 8.

18-3: pistoletazo: pistol-shot. Observe the use of the ending azo, denoting a blow, cut, or shot with a weapon.

18-4: era de suponer: it was to be supposed; it was presumable.

18-5: habra perecido: cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

18-6: da razon: give an account.

19-1: habian despertado: (intransitive).

20-1: a una voz: with one voice.

20-2: por ultimo: finally. Cf. por fin.

21-1: Animas: ringing of bells, generally at sunset, inviting to prayer for the souls of the dead.

21-2: el nombre de siempre: the same name as always. Cf. lo de siempre, the same as ever.

21-3: Como sabras: cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

21-4: cristino: see note Carlos e Isabel, p. 16, 3.

22-1: al salir el sol: at sunrise (el sol is the subject of salir).

22-2: veintiun: (for veinte y un.) Observe that uno in compounds is not pluralized and drops o before a noun. Other compounds are similarly formed, e.g. dieciseis, veintiseis.

23-1: tanto me conocia: knew me so well.

23-2: un corneta: the nouns corneta, trompeta, etc., used in the feminine, denote the instrument, and in the masculine, the player.

24-1: sabre musica: ordinarily the definite article is used before a noun employed in a general sense. Here a partitive sense is hinted: I shall know (some) music.

25-1: mi vida se reducia a soplar: I passed all my time in playing (soplar, to blow).

25-2: notabilidades: noted men; celebrities.

25-3: al ave: el replaces la before feminine nouns beginning with accented a or ha. Un is occasionally used for una in the same cases (not academic).

25-4: me encontre con que, etc.: con governs the whole following clause as its object. Psychologically an intervening noun is indicated: I met with (the discovery) that I could not, etc.

25-5: haga son: (make sound) play. Alarcon has accented son to distinguish it from the verb son.

26-1: Pedro Pablo Rubens: Peter Paul Rubens, the great Flemish painter (1577-1640). He enjoyed much royal patronage, and consequently much of his work is now in the galleries of Spain and France.

26-2: Castilla la Nueva: the southern portion of the province of Castile, in central Spain, the northern portion being called Castilla la Vieja.

26-3: de feisima capilla: una is understood before feisima.

26-4: al momento: instantly.

26-5: delante: in front (of himself).

26-6: Descendimiento: descent (from the cross).

26-7: que figuraba estar colgado: which was represented as being hung.

27-1: Velazquez, etc.: this list includes the greatest names in the history of Spanish painting. They were all contemporaries, though Murillo (1618-1682) was considerably younger than the others.

27-2: tal maravilla: such a marvel. Observe the frequent omission of the indefinite article before tal. Cf. note a otro, p. 10, 1, and also un tal Garcia, p. 33, 4.

27-3: propio: personal.

27-4: Vos: you (singular). It is used nominatively and after prepositions, taking a verb in the second person plural. It is more formal than tu and less so than usted.

28-1: de veras: cf. note con todas las veras, p. 4, 7.

28-2: esta de cuerpo presente: is lying in state.

28-3: el alma: cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.

28-4: que puede: que is redundant.

28-5: se habra serenado: cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

29-1: en son de burla: by way of a jest. Cf. note haga son, p. 25, 5.

29-2: compraros: to buy of you. Cf. note tomado a este hombre, p. 4, 3.

29-3: inmortal: observe the variation from the English form, as in Spanish c and n are the only consonants doubled. The Spanish equivalents of English words with initial imm are written inm.

29-4: habeis de saber: cf. note habia de conocer, p. 3, 4.

29-5: por ir unido: because of its being associated.

29-6: ivamos!: cf. note vamos, p. 5, 11.

30-1: un alma: cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.

30-2: el grande artista: the apocopated form gran, usual before initial consonants, is not favored before vowels.

30-3: siglo: world (lit. cycle, century). Cf. English use of secular.

30-4: por lo que: a preposition that logically divides lo que is regularly prefixed.

30-5: Llevaos: observe the dropping of final d when os is suffixed.

31-1: olvidado: oblivious. A number of past participles are employed with the value of present participial adjectives. Cf. divertido, amusing.

31-2: llevarian: must have brought. Cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

31-3: a lo largo del templo: (the length of the church) down one of the longitudinal aisles.

31-4: vamonos: observe the dropping of the final s of the first person plural when nos is suffixed.

31-5: iCalla!; What! A number of imperative verb-forms are used with the value of mere interjections. Cf. note vamos, p. 5, 11.

32-1: Palacio: cf. note Palacio, p. 14, 7.

32-2: teniendole a la mesa: inviting him to dinner.

32-3: se encontro con que: cf. note me encontre con que, p. 25, 4.

33-1: gallego: Galician. The province of Galicia lies in the northwest corner of Spain.

33-2: alla por el ano: back in the year.

33-3: sapos y culebras y agua llovediza: i.e. popular remedies not recognized in the legitimate materia medica.

33-4: un tal Garcia: a certain Garcia.

33-5: acaso, y sin acaso: quite certainly.

33-6: varon ilustre: a Greek athlete, Milo of Crotona (in southern Italy), frequent victor in the Olympic games. By lifting and carrying a bull-calf daily, he was able, so the legend runs, ultimately to carry the full-grown bull. He came to his death by trying to pull asunder a split tree, which, reacting, held him fast until devoured by the wolves.

33-7: campar por su respeto: (to be absolute master of one's own actions) to have everything one's own way; to have full sway.

33-8: se llamara: cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

33-9: las Animas: cf. note Animas, p. 21, 1.

33=10 =?Que hacemos?=: cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1.

33-11: Por judio: for (i.e. as being) a Jew (often used as a term of reprobation).

34-1: llevo echados: llevar and tener are sometimes used as auxiliaries with a past participle governing (and agreeing with) a direct object. Cf. the Latin consilium captum habeo.

34-2: era mia: observe that the article is usually omitted when the verb ser is followed by the possessive adjective (contrary to the French usage).

34-3: habia de esperar: cf. note habia de conocer, p. 3, 4.

34-4: iToma! Como que vendia: Why! (cf. note icalla! p. 31, 5) didn't he sell (como que, inasmuch as).

34-5: Fernando VII: a weak and tyrannical monarch who began to reign in 1808, but yielded his crown to Napoleon I. Restored to power in 1814, he reigned till 1833. Cf. also note p. 51, 7.

34-6: que algazara traen: what a noise they are making.

34-7: entramos: cf. note me matan, p. 3, I.

34-8: cuartos... ochavos: the cuarto (1/4) was a small copper coin (obsolete) worth four maravedis. Cuarto is also, however, a (fourth) part of a lacerated body—cf. the English draw and quarter. Hacer cuartos may be translated by this phrase and hacer ochavos by make mincemeat.

34-9: ochavo: (1/8) half a cuarto.

34-10: corrian la francachela: were carousing.

35-1: contaria: cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

35-2: dijerase: in either member of a conditional sentence (i.e. condition or conclusion) the simple tense may be substituted for the compound one. Thus dijerase = se hubiera (or habria) dicho.

35-3: alguna vez: sometimes. Vez is often used in the singular with plural value. Cf. rara vez, rarely.

35-4: Quien... quien: are used as correlatives: this one... that one. Cual... cual are used in the same way. They then bear the accent— which otherwise is used only when quien and cual are interrogative or exclamatory.

35-5: 2 de Mayo: the 2d of May, 1808, is one of the great days in the annals of Spain. Out of loyalty to the royal family, an insurrection of the populace of Madrid took place, which was put down by the French only after the most desperate and heroic resistance by the ill-armed Spaniards.

35-6: cual: supply habia contado, as after quien.

35-7: batalla de las Piramides: won by General Napoleon Bonaparte, in 1798, in the neighborhood of the Pyramids of Ghizeh, in Egypt. The French pretended to be defending Egypt against the Turks.

35-8: Luis XVI: (diez y seis— cf. note Carlos XII, p. 16, 2) Louis was guillotined in 1793 by the republican government (la Convention) which had usurped his power.

35-9: ninguno: cf. note conoce nadie, p. 2, 5.

35-10: del Cesar: of the emperor. Cf. the manner in which the name of Caesar has become a fixed title in Czar and Kaiser.

35-11: a Espana: a geographical name (not preceded by the article) is preceded by the preposition a when it is the direct object of a verb.

35-12: quijotescas: quixotic, extravagantly romantic.

36-1: Sanson: cf. note Sanson, p. 41, 1.

36-2: Milon de Crotona: cf. note varon ilustre, p. 33, 6.

36-3: Rey Catolico: Ferdinand V of Spain, husband of Isabella I, the patroness of Columbus. He occupied the throne after her death.

36-4: Quirinal: the Italian royal palace, formerly the summer residence of the popes.

36-5: Alejandro Borja: Rodrigo Borgia, a Spaniard, became pope in 1492. Died 1503.

36-6: como bueno: like a hero.

36-7: Cosenza... Pavia: the first three cities are in southern Italy; Pavia is a town of northern Italy (near Milan), the scene of a battle in which Francis I of France was defeated by the Spanish in 1525. He remained a prisoner in Spain till 1526.

36-8: Murat: the apothecary is not quite able to repress his hatred of Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law and commander at Madrid, particularly detested because of his barbarous massacre of the Madrilenos after the dos deMayo (cf. note 2 de Mayo, p. 35, 5).

36-9: Francisco I: (primero) cf. note on Pavia above. Cf. also remark on doce in note Carlos XII, p. 16, 2.

36-10: en esto: hereupon; at this moment.

37-1: vendran: cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

37-2: vecinos: (lit. neighbors) citizens; townspeople.

37-3: =que no=: = y no (used adversatively).

37-4: Fernando: cf. note Fernando VII, p. 34, 5.

37-5: Galicia: cf. note gallego, p. 33, 1.

37-6: a que: cf. note a que, p. 2, 1.

37-7: mancebo: clerk, especially a drug clerk.

37-8: recado de escribir: writing materials.

37-9: Deuda: debit.

38-1: Vos: cf. note Vos, p. 27, 4.

38-2: habreis matado: cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

38-3: Pireneos: Pyrenees Mountains, dividing Spain from France.

38-4: a la derecha: in this phrase, and in a la izquierda (to the left), the feminine is always used. Cf. the French usage.

38-5: Volvamos a empezar: cf. note se volvio a reir, p. 2, 3.

38-6: ?Quien calcula eso?: who can calculate that? (a vivid form).

39-1: orden: denoting a succession or arrangement, is masculine; denoting a command, it is feminine.

39-2: suma por separado: add up separately.

39-3: nos hemos bebido: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.

39-4: o sean: (followed by a singular substantive, o sea) or.

40-1: Ya es hora: it is time now.

40-2: iQue entren: cf. note que... muera, p. 3, 6.

40-3: En esto: cf. note en esto, p. 36, 10.

40-4: vecinos: cf. note vecinos, p. 37, 2.

40-5: toque de agonia: passing bell; knell for the dying.

40-6: ni: even. Observe that ni, like many of the Spanish negative pronouns and adverbs, sometimes loses its negative value. Cf. note conoce nadie, p. 2, 5, and the use of ninguno, p. 35, line 23.

41-1: Sanson: Samson, who destroyed the Philistines by pulling down the column of their temple. Vide Book of Judges, xiii-xvi.

41-2: Pavia: cf. note Cosenza... Pavia, p. 36, 7.

41-3: hierros: here used poetically for espadas, swords.

41-4: adheridos: cf. note olvidado, p. 31, 1.

41-5: no se esperaba: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.

41-6: no teneis para que: you have no reason.

41-7: no los toqueis: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.

42-1: la Coruna: the principal port of Galicia (cf. note gallego, p. 33, 1).

42-2: Vierais: cf. note dijerase, p. 35, 2.

43-1: creais a puno cerrado: believe implicitly (lit. with clenched fists).

43-2: =presumo de liberal=: I pride myself on being a liberal (and hence inclined to anti= clericalism as well as republicanism).

43-3: icuidado que: take note that.

43-4: Delfinado: Dauphine, a province in the southeast of France, bordering on Italy.

43-5: que lo que sea no lo se: for I don't exactly know what it is.

44-1: y maldita la falta que me hacia: and little need had I. Maldito is often used colloquially as a negative word.

44-2: ihombre! ime gusta!: well! I like that! The vocative hombre is frequently used to express surprise, expostulation, etc. Here it is evidently addressed to a mere schoolboy.

44-3: tierra adentro: inland.

44-4: Piamonte: Piedmont, a province of northern Italy.

44-5: que aprendan: cf. note iQue... muera, p. 3, 6.

44-6: a ver: let us see. A ver may sometimes be rendered more freely, as here! look here!

44-7: rendidos: worn out.

44-8: veintisiete: cf. note veintiun, p. 22, 2.

44-9: Gerona: a city of Cataluna (province of northeastern Spain). It surrendered to the French in 1808, after heroically sustaining a siege for seven months.

44-10: no creais: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.

44-11: ello es: cf. note ello es, p. 6, 1.

44-12: Perpinan: Perpignan, a Mediterranean port of France a few miles from the Spanish frontier.

44-13: Dijon: a large French city, about two hundred miles southeast of Paris, in the direction of Geneva.

44-14: el por que: the reason (lit. the wherefore).

44-15: pasaba: allowed.

44-16: sin embargo de: (== a pesar de) in spite of.

44-17: divertidos: cf. note olvidado, p. 31, 1.

44-18: en tanto que: while.

45-1: Prefecto: prefect, the head of a French department, corresponding in a way to the governor of a state in the United States.

45-2: boletas de alojamiento: billets (tickets directing soldiers in what house to lodge).

45-3: a la izquierda: cf. note a laderecha, p. 38, 4.

45-4: ventana de reja: grated window.

45-6: diputado a Cortes: deputy, member of the legislative body (Cortes).

45-6: Almeria: city and province on the southern coast of Spain.

45-7: cosa que puede preguntarse: a thing that will bear inquiring into.

45-8: habra contado: cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

45-9: que lo busque: cf. note que... muera, p. 3, 6.

45-10: Le Pape!: (French) the Pope!

45-11: con un palmo de boca abierto: open-mouthed; agape.

45-12: papa abuelo: cf. note papa abuelo, p. 15, 5.

45-13: A ver: cf. note a ver, p. 44, 6.

45-14: Toma: cf. note calla, p. 31, 5.

45-15: iY si esta parado!: but it is stopped. Cf. p. 4, line 12 and note.

46-1: Le Pontife: (French): the pontiff, the Pope.

46-2: Oui, monsieur. Le Pape! Pie sept: (French) yes, sir. The Pope! Pius VII.

46-3: Pio VII: (setimo or septimo) cf. note Carlos XII, p. 16, 2. Pius VII was pope 1800-1823.

46-4: En aquel entonces: at that time.

46-5: recibo de contribucion: tax receipt.

46-6: ser: used as a noun, is by some accented to distinguish it from the verb.

47-1: brillaban que era un contento: shone (so) that it was a delight.

47-2: en cambio: on the other hand.

48-1: =que cuanto veiamos=: (= que tanto cuanto veiamos): than everything we saw.

48-2: el Oriente: the reference is to Bonaparte's Egyptian campaign in 1798. Cf. note batalla de las Piramides, p. 35, 7.

48-3: Silla de San Pedro: papal throne.

48-4: he de deciros: cf. note habia de conocer, p. 3, 4.

48-5: por lo que a mi hace: as far as I am concerned; as for me.

49-1: por el que: el que, la que, etc., are frequently used as pure relatives with the value of el cual, etc.

49-2: a Roma: cf. note a Espana, p. 35, 11. Rome was the capital of the estados pontificios, which included a large part of Italy. In the papal states the Pope exercised temporal as well as spiritual power.

49-3: Quirinal: cf. note p. 36, 4.

49-4: Sant-Angelo: (Italian), a fortified castle on the Tiber at Rome, defending the papal palace, the Vatican.

49-5: bandera tricolor: the tri-colored flag, the red, white, and blue flag adopted in France at the time of the Revolution.

49-6: consummatum est: (Latin), it is finished (the last words of Christ on the cross).

49-7: hachazos: cf. note pistoletazo, p. 18, 3.

49-8: Sala de las Santificaciones: one of the apartments of the Vatican.

49-9: el Rey de Roma: i.e. the Pope.

50-1: roquete y muceta: rochet (surplice with narrow sleeves) and purple mantle (worn over the rochet).

50-2: estados Romanos: cf. note a Roma, p. 49, 2.

50-3: cuatro reales de vellon: four reales make a peseta, approximately of the same value as the papetto (Italian), a papal coin worth a little more than a lira or approximately twenty cents of our coin.

50-4: puerta del Popolo: (Italian: Porta del Popolo) one of the gates of Rome.

50-5: voy alla (or alla voy): I am coming to that.

51-1: Ello fue: cf. note ello es, p. 6, 1.

51-2: a Cataluna: cf. note el Principado, p. 16, 9, and note a Espana, p. 35, 11.

51-3: se me ha olvidado: I have forgotten.

51-4: Bailen: a city of southern Spain (Andalusia), the scene of a signal victory of the Spanish over the French, who capitulated to the number of 20,000 (1808). Zaragoza, a city in northeastern Spain (Aragon), the scene of two sieges (1808-1809), the Spanish holding out with desperate heroism against the French invaders, and only surrendering after 50,000 of themselves had perished.

51-5: paladin: this term was applied to the knights of Charlemagne, and by extension, to any knight errant, or chivalrous and warlike hero.

51-6: cruzado: crusader (from cruz, cross, which was worn as a badge).

51-7: Fernando VII: cf. note Fernando, p. 34, 5. Ferdinand welcomed the intervention of the French in Spain to support him in his absolutism against the advanced party, which clamored for constitutional liberties. The French expedition (1823) was completely successful, the resistance being so slight that the French describe the invasion as a promenade militaire.

51-8:= en contra nuestra=: in opposition to us.

52-1: seguian con sus gorros encasquetados: kept on their caps (lit. continued with, etc.).

52-2: como quien hace: like (one) who makes.

52-3: pulcra y pobremente: neatly though poorly. When two or more adverbs ending in mente are joined by a conjunction, the first one loses this termination.

52-4: calle de Amargura: the Via Dolorosa, or road passed over by Jesus bearing the cross to the place of crucifixion.

53-1: Santo Padre: holy Father, i.e. the Pope, while Padre Santo is one of the Fathers of the church, as Saint Augustine, etc.,—a distinction not always observed,—cf. line 22.

53-2: Lo de menos: a far less important matter.

53-3: Vive le Pape: (French) long live the Pope.

54-1: la orden: cf. note orden, p. 39, 1.

54-2: Chateaubriand (1768-1848): a great French writer. He chose to be a kind of official paladin of Catholicism.

54-3: del hacha: cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.

55-1: echar por tierra: throw to the ground.

55-2: Don Quijote, Sancho Panza: the would-be knight errant and his squire, the chief figures of Cervantes' immortal story of Don Quixote, published in 1605. The passage is from part II, cap. XLII, sub fine.

55-3: Guerra de la Independencia: (1808-1814): the war waged against Napoleon, who invaded Spain in 1808.

55-4: ha de transigir: must compromise. Cf. note habia de conocer, p. 3, 4.

55-5: segun que: nearly always segun is followed by the verb without the intervening que.

55-6: muy de cerca: very intimately.

56-1: abuelo: cf. note papa abuelo, p. 15, 5.

56-2: Linares: mining town near Almeria.

56-3: Gador: mining town near Almeria.

56-4: Usted ira: and you are going—

56-5: Almeria: cf. note p. 45, 6.

56-6: a la galera: beyond the wagon.

56-7: quitarse el sombrero: cf. note se la, p. 4, 6.

56-8: ?Por que he de negarlo?: why should I deny it? Cf. note habia de conocer, p. 3, 4.

56-9: andar largo: to go far.

56-10: eche V. por esa vereda: strike into that path.

57-1: A ver: cf. note a ver, p. 44, 6.

57-2: por mas senas: what is more (a formula used in citing an additional circumstance, detail, or argument).

57-3: Sientese V.: observe that this form may come from sentar as well as from sentir.

57-4: cigarro de papel: cigarette.

57-5: Vaya: cf. note icalla! p. 31, 5.

57-6: Delgadillo: pretty thin.

58-1: echo unas yescas: struck a light (yesca, tinder).

58-2: Flojillo es: it (the cigar) is pretty thin.

58-3: Gergal: town of southern Spain, near Almeria.

58-4: un polaco: many Poles served under Napoleon. It was expected that he would restore Poland to a place among the nations. It had been partitioned between Russia, Austria, and Germany in the latter part of the eighteenth century.

58-5: ano 23: cf. p. 51 and note on Fernando VII, p. 51, 7.

58-6: Estara apuntado: cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

58-7: rezan: (lit. pray) tell, recount (colloquialism).

58-8: se lo cree a puno cerrado: cf. notes lo que me digo, p. 7, 5, and creais, etc., p. 43, 1.

58-9: tres duros y medio: a humorous expression, duro (dollar) equal to 20 reales, being used for score.

58-10: mes de San Juan: i.e. June.

58-11: el polaco aquel: (colloquial) that Pole.

58-12: bribonazo: great rogue. The ending azo is often merely augmentative. Cf. also note pistoletazo, p. 18, 3.

58-13: otro: Napoleon III, emperor of France (1852-1870).

58-14: mamelucos de Oriente: The Mamelukes were a body of militia, operating in Egypt, under Turkish command. The curate apparently regards the Turks as a necessary barrier for preventing the Russians from overflowing Occidental Europe. Some commentators have succeeded in finding this calamity foretold in the Book of Revelation.

58-15: Gador: cf. note Gador, p. 56, 3.

58-16: rusos y moscovitas: These words are synonymous.

58-17: Constitucion: most of the political activity of Spain, during the nineteenth century, was expended on the creation and maintenance of a constitution, in spite of domestic opposition, and even of foreign intervention. Cf. note Fernando VII, p. 51, 7.

58-18: Finana: a town near Almeria. Cf. note p. 45, 6.

58-19: segun supe: cf. note segun que, p. 55, 5; cf. also note supe, p. 63, 2.

58-20: llevara: must have passed (i.e. in Paradise). Cf. note llevarian, p. 6, 2, and note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

59-1: Alcazaba: the cerro de Alcazaba, a peak of the Sierra Nevada range, about halfway between the cities of Granada (note 1, 2) and Almeria.

59-2: candil: an iron kitchen lamp attachable to the wall.

59-3: llevaba: cf. note llevarian, p. 6, 2.

59-4: a la media hora: after half an hour.

59-5: se me ha olvidado: cf. note, p. 51, 3.

59-6: en cuanto a: as regards.

59-7: como miraria: how he must have viewed.

59-8: didon: a term used as an insulting equivalent for Frenchman, derived from dis done (say!) so frequent in colloquial French.

59-9: gabacho: used as a synonym of the preceding. Properly, it is applied to natives of the Pyrenean frontier towns, whose dialect is full of French elements—hence the extension of the term.

60-1: tengo de costumbre: I am accustomed.

60-2: picar un cigarro: crumble the tobacco for making a cigarette.

60-3: caidos: sunken; hecho: transformed into.

60-4: calle de la Amargura: cf. note, p. 52, 4.

60-5: Mi querer morir: The speech of the Pole is ungrammatical, and his verbs are all in the infinitive.

60-6: franchute: a contemptuous term, synonymous with Frenchman.

60-7: cayo redondo: cf. note, p. 9, 3.

60-8: iSuba V. ese mulo!: fetch up that mule.

61-1: ?Donde va V.?: Properly donde is used after verbs of rest, and adonde after verbs of motion.

61-2: judio: cf. note Por judio, p. 33, 11.

61-3: Otro: cf. note a otro, p. 10, 1.

61-4: el que mas: (sc. ama).

61-5: cuidado con lo que me dices: be careful what you say to me.

61-6: rompo la crisma: cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1. crisma: (lit. chrism, holy oil used in the sacrament of baptism) head.

61-7: a la muerte: muerte, being personified, takes the preposition a. Cf. lines 26 and 28 above.

62-1: si reflexionarais en que: if you think of (the fact) that. Verbs of thinking are followed by the preposition en.

62-2: sera un quinto: is probably a conscript. Cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6.

62-3: ique diablo!: why, surely! The expression has the value of a mere interjection.

62-4: Batios: cf. note llevaos, p. 30, 5.

62-5: que sea: cf. note iQue muera! p. 3, 6.

62-6: no seais: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.

62-7: iBasta de letanias!: enough of talk, or moralizing! (lit. litanies).

62-8: ?que hacemos?: cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1.

63-1: estaba malo: I was sick. Note the different value of ser malo, to be bad, wicked.

63-2: supe: I learned (a frequent value of the preterite of saber).

64-1: fue a parar nada menos que a Suecia: drifted into no less remote a place than Sweden.

64-2: Marques de la Romana: a Spanish patriot and general, whom Napoleon sent with 15,000 Spaniards to Denmark. When Spain clashed with Napoleon (1808) he reembarked most of his troops and returned to fight against him.

64-3: tome de ordenanza a Risas: I took Risas along as my orderly.

64-4: miedo cerval: mortal fear (cerval, adj. from ciervo, deer, stag).

64-5: Polonia: Poland.

64-6: tal: is occasionally used for tal cosa, i.e. as a sort of neuter. Cf. note ni es tal tierra, p. 68, 1.

64-7: espirituosas: cf. note estupefacto, p. 9, 1.

64-8: ora... ora: either... or.

64-9: guerra de Espana: cf. note Guerra de la Independencia, p. 55, 3.

64-10: Varsovia: Warsaw, the largest city and former capital of Poland.

64-11: sin perjuicio de que... saliese: without preventing his setting out.

64-12: a las pocas horas de haber echado a andar: a few hours after starting. Cf. note a la media hora, p. 59, 4. Echar a, followed by an infinitive, means to begin, to set about. Hence echar a andar, to begin to march or go, etc.

64-13: de lo mas singular: an idiomatic substitution of the singular for the plural.

65-1: aqui: after de aqui (hence) supply some verb like resulto.

65-2: el que... ella se brindara: que ella se brindara is treated as a substantive clause, which el precedes as it would a mere noun.

65-3: por creer: because he believed.

65-4: la tal efigie: (familiar style) this (same) portrait.

65-5: debio de probar: must have proved. Cf. Idiomatic Commentary, 59.

66-1: Es cuanto se: cf. note que cuanto veiamos, p. 48, 1.

66-2: Vive Dios que: as God lives. Cf. note como que no, p. 14, 1.

67-1: El Libro Talonario: a book of checks, receipts, etc., in which duplicate stubs remain as records of transactions.

67-2: bahia de Cadiz: Cadiz, the ancient Gades, reputed 300 years older than Rome itself, a large seaport of southwestern Spain, on the Atlantic, a little northwest of Gibraltar. It is situated on a narrow promontory forming the outer wall of the bay (bahia) of Cadiz.

67-3: con ser la menor: in spite of being the smallest.

67-4: a titulo de Duque de Arcos: in his right as Duke of Arcos.

67-5: el tio Buscabeatas: tio is familiarly used as a generic term applied to old men. Cf. note on papa abuelo, p. 15, 5.

67-6: Huelva: a seaport a little northwest of Cadiz.

67-7: Sevilla: the most brilliant and characteristic city of southern Spain, situated in Andalucia, toward the mouth of the Guadalquivir.

67-8: por lo que: (for which) wherefore. For relative use of lo que cf. note por el que, p. 49, 1.

67-9: Andalucia la Baja: lower Andalusia, the southwest portion bordering on the Atlantic.

67-10: rotenos: natives of Rota.

67-11: calabaceros... tomateros: retailers of pumpkins and tomatoes.

68-1: ni es tal tierra: nor is this (soil) really soil. For tal neuter cf. note tal, p. 64, 6.

68-2: ni Cristo que lo fundo: render freely far from it.

68-3: Vesubio: Mt. Vesuvius.

68-4: ni: not even.

68-5: ora... ora: now... now. Cf. p. 64, line 16, and note 8, for a variant usage.

68-6: humus: (Latin) soil.

68-7: del vuelo de un plato chico: of the size of a small plate.

68-8: a tal mata: to this or that plant.

69-1: se dan: they strike.

69-2: la barba: their chins. For the article cf. note se la, p. 4, 6.

69-3: y era que: and (the fact) was that.

69-4: llevaba: cf. note llevarian, p. 6, 2.

69-5: tamanas como: as big as. The usual tan of comparisons of equality is implicit in the first syllable of tamanos (from the Latin tam magnas).

69-6: pasabase: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7. 5.

70-1: se las coma: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7. 5.

70-2: iLastima: it's a pity!

70-3: ?Que he de hacer?: what am I to do? Cf. note no habia de conocer, p. 3, 4.

70-4: salir de ellas: sell them.

70-5: cuanto seria: how great must have been. Cf. note no habria andado, p. 8, 6. Cf. also line 25 below.

70-6: Para ahorrarme de razones: to save words, i.e. to be brief.

70-7: Kemble: (John Philip) a great English tragedian (1757-1823).

70-8: isi te encuentro!: vide Merchant of Venice, Act I, sc. 3, line 47 (Globe edition).

70-9: por otra parte: (on the other hand) moreover.

70-10: debio de robarmelas: cf. note debio de probar, p. 65, 5.

70-11: barco de la carga: freight boat.

70-12: barco de la hora: (lit. hour boat) passenger boat.

70-13: fe de livores: (legal phrase) declaration of injuries suffered.

70-14 hacerse a la vela: to set sail.

71-1: ciudad de Hercules: Hercules is claimed as the founder of Cadiz. Cf. note bahia de Cadiz, p. 67, 2.

71-2: ique no!: cf. note ?Como que no? p. 14, 1.

71-3: iTio ladron!: you old thief! Cf. note el tio Buscabeatas, p. 67, 5.

71-4: educacion: often loosely used for cortesia, its supposed fruit.

71-5: so indecentes: so, expletive, is often coupled with certain depreciative epithets like indecente, etc.

71-6: faltarse: fail to respect, i.e. insult each other.

71-7: punetazo: cf. note pistoletazo, p. 18, 3.

71-8: o sea: cf. note o sean, p. 39, 4.

72-1: Resigno... en: resigned to.

72-2: A quien: cf. note compraros, p. 29, 2.

72-3: Al tio Fulano: from old So-and-so. Fulano is used as substitute for a real name when the latter is forgotten or avoided.

72-4: vecino: cf. note vecinos, p. 37, 2.

72-5: abonado: fit, adapted, disposed (often in a bad sense).

72-6: rebolonda: thick-set, stout.

72-7: cachigordeta: small and fat.

72-8: barrigona: big-bellied.

72-9: coloradilla: ruddy.

73-1: subio de punto: increased.

73-2: recien llegado: recien is used instead of recientemente before a past participle.

73-3: se lo: cf. note se la, p. 4, 6.

73-4: materialmente: by bodily force.

73-5: el mismo Regidor: usually mismo intervening between article and noun means same. Occasionally it corresponds to the emphatic pronoun himself, etc.

73-6: ha de ver: must look to it, must beware.

73-7: Egido: apparently the name of his garden.

73-8: tirando de el: pulling at it (so as to empty it).

73-9: libraco: (big, ugly) book. The suffix aco is depreciative.

73-10: tocon o pezuelo: a stub. Cf. note libro talonario, p. 67, 1.

73-11: tal o cual: such and such.

74-1: o sea: cf. note o sean, p. 39, 4.

74-2: en tanto que: while. Cf. note mientras tanto que, p. 82, 9.

74-3: espectadores: cf. note estupefacto, p. 9, 1.

74-4: el mismo Concejal: cf. note el mismo Regidor, p. 73, 5.

74-5: llevarselo: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.

75-1: fuese diciendo: observe that the preterit (and its derived tenses) of ser and ir are identical.

75-2: He debido traerme: I should have brought back.

75-3: comermela: me, ethical dative (like traerme).

76-1: Alpujarra: coast mountains of southern Spain near Almeria, a ramification of the Sierra Nevadas. They formed the last refuge of the Moors.

76-2: hacia Levante: toward the east.

76-3: ni nadie: nor anybody else. Cf. note conoce nadie, p. 2, 5.

76-4: ponga en cuarentena: put into quarantine, i.e. regard with suspicion.

76-5: Aben-Humeya: (the prefixes ben and aben in Moorish names mean son, the son). Lived 1520-1568. He was the king of the Moors of la Alpujarra, and was condemned to death by Philip II.

76-6: (a): alias.

77-1: el tal Juan: this same John. Cf. note la tal effigie, p. 65, 4.

77-2: no entendia de letra: was illiterate.

77-3: a censo enfiteutico: on a long-time (or perpetual) lease.

77-4: caudal de Propios: public property (belonging to the town).

77-5: castillejo: the ending ejo is usually depreciative as well as diminutive.

77-6: por lo que: cf. note por el que, p. 49, 1.

77-7: a sus solas: all alone. For a similar idiomatic plural, cf. de veras, and (on p. 4, line 31) con todas las veras.

77-8: que daba asco: (such or so) that it inspired disgust. Que is often elliptical.

78-1: vas a echar un siglo: it will take you forever.

78-2: componertelas: to take the proper measures; to go about a thing; to manage.

78-3: divertido: cf. note olvidado, p. 31, 1.

78-4: todo lo que es deshacer: destruction in any form.

78-5: hay que deshacer: cf. note lo que hay que hacer, p. 12, 4.

78-6: francmason: in Catholic countries the freemason is regarded as the embodiment of radical and subversive ideas. The church ofticially disapproves of freemasonry.

78-7: que tengo: que, for. Que is often used elliptically for pues que, etc.

78-8: canuto: tube. Apparently soldiers carried their discharge in a metallic tube to protect it from exposure.

78-9: ni tan siquiera: not even. Cf. note tan solo, p. 13, 2.

79-1: tambien me estorba a mi lo negro: I also am embarrassed by whatever is set down in black (and white), i.e. print or writing.

79-2: licencia absoluta: the testimonial given to a soldier on completing his military service.

79-3: Mahoma: Mohammed.

79-4: de medio a medio: completely.

79-5: entraban en quintas: practiced conscription (the drafting of men by lot for military service).

79-6: en torno suyo: round about himself.

79-7: Granada: cf. note Granada, p. 1, 2.

79-8: en cuanto Dios eche sus luces: as soon as God lights his lamp (the sun).

79-9: puerto: mountain pass.