This eminent scholar supplies sixty-two, with explanatory notes, and subjoins a list of sixty-three. Under the example "Occo, occare, to harrow," he observes:

"Persons who wish to draw subtle inferences say that all the terms of the Romans connected with agriculture may be referred to a Greek source, while the terms expressive of war and hunting are non-Hellenic. The induction fails completely in both parts, as might easily be shown. When Caesar landed in Britain, the natives were agriculturists, densely planted. And Halley proved, that the harvest which Caesar's soldiers reaped had ripened at the average period of a Kentish harvest in his days. Assuredly then the Britons had not the agricultural names to learn from the Romans of an after age."

"I begin," says Newman, "with the country and domestic animals, which will show how very far from the truth Niebuhr was, when he imagined that in words connected with 'the gentler pursuits of life' the Roman language has peculiarly extensive agreement with the Hellenic."

When your correspondent T. H. T. says—

"Professor Newman, in his Regal Rome, has drawn attention to the subject; but his induction does not appear sufficiently extensive to warrant any decisive conclusion respecting the position the Celtic holds as an element of the Latin,"—

he could not have known that the same writer has, in the sixth volume of the Classical Museum, continued the comparison at great length; and as that work falls into the hands of but few, I shall transcribe some passages which may throw light on the subject:

"It has for some years been recognised, at least by several English scholars, that there is a remarkable similarity between the Celtic languages and Latin. In the case of Welsh it was, I believe, at first supposed that the words must have been introduced by the Roman dominion in Britain; but when the likeness was found to exist in the Erse, and that the Erse was even more like to Latin (as regards the consonants) than the Welsh is, this idea of course fell to {358} the ground. The scholar and physiologist, who pressed into notice the strong similarities of the Celtic to the European languages, and claimed a place for Celtic within that group, Dr. Prichard, has naturally fixed his attention with so much strength on the primitive relations of all these tongues, as to be jealous and suspicious of an argument, which alleges that the one has borrowed from the other. Some ten years ago, by his favour, I read a MS. of a vocabulary (the composition of Dr. Stratton, formerly of Aberdeen), which compared the Gaelic with the Latin tongue in alphabetical order without comment or development. From this vocabulary Prichard gives an extract in his chapter on the Italian nations, and finds it entirely to confirm his views that the Roman language has not suffered any larger admixture by a foreign action. What is or was Dr. Stratton's opinion, I never heard. His vocabulary first suggested to me the value of this inquiry, and that is all. Having now been led to a fuller examination of the Welsh and Gaelic dictionaries, I find not only a far greater abundance of material (especially in the Welsh) than I could have imagined; but also, that by grouping words aright, conclusions result such as I had not expected, and adverse to those of Dr. Prichard."

Professor Newman, as T. H. T. has observed, confined himself to a tabular view of Celtic and Latin words; but the grammatical structure and formal development of the two languages have not been overlooked in the philological literature of England. These interesting inquiries have been pursued by Dr. Prichard, in his elaborate treatise on the Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations, and the Rev. W. D. Conybeare, (in his Theological Lectures delivered in Bristol College in 1831-33) has shown that it is by thus analysing the grammatical structure, which forms the very skeleton of languages, rather than by confining our attention to mere vocabularies, that we may best detect their true affinities, and has illustrated this doctrine by a few Welsh examples. In the West of England Archaeological Journal is exhibited (I believe by the same author) the identity of verbal forms in the Welsh and Latin languages.

Nevertheless, Archdeacon Williams maintains that two languages may have a common vocabulary, but different grammars[3]:

"The Latin language, whether from Pelasgic or Achaean influence, adopted at an early period the Hellenic grammar; and, under the skilful hands of the bilingual Ennius, became that polished interpreter of thought, which yields in regularity and majesty to the Greek alone. The Cumri either retained, which is more probable, a still more ancient, or invented a grammar, now peculiar to themselves. This, although it be simple and scientific in the highest degree, is so completely at variance with all the other grammars of the civilised world, that scholars who have to acquire it late in life feel the strongest repugnance to its forms and principles, and are tempted to regard a language more fixed and unchangeable in its principles than any other existing, as more slippery and grasp-escaping than the Proteus of the Grecian mythology."

Since I wrote these extracts, I have been much gratified by the perusal of Archdeacon Williams's Gomer, which I recommend to all interested in this inquiry.

BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.

[Footnote 2: In Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. xiii.]

[Footnote 3: In his Gomer he shows that the Latin and Cymraeg display great similarity in the tenses of the substantive verb.]

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Box Sawdust for Collodion.—The following will be of some use to your photographic readers:

I find that, by treating box sawdust with nitric and sulphuric acid (in the same manner as cotton), and then dissolving it in ether, it gives a far more sensitive collodion than either cotton or paper, and the pictures produced by it are of unequalled brilliancy.

Can you inform me whether portraits can be taken for sale, by the collodion process, without infringing upon the patents?

CHAS. WHITWORTH.

Henrietta St., Birmingham.

Proportions of Chlorides and Silver.—I trust you will allow me space in your valuable work for some remarks in reference to an important photographic query, viz. What are the proportions of chlorides and silver uniformly suited to give the best positive pictures?

I am led to propose this subject for the consideration of practical photographists, and, if possible, that amateurs may arrive at something like a rule to guide them in printing positives that will please.

The necessity of these remarks, to me at least, appear very evident from the wide space which stands between the proportions proposed by various operators. MR. LYTE, "N. & Q.," Vol. ix., p. 158., says 42 grains of chloride and 100 grains of silver to 1 oz. of water. MR. POLLOCK, "N. &Q.," Vol. vii., p. 588., says 20 grains chloride, and 90 grains of silver to the ounce. MR. HOCKIN has 10 grains chloride, silver 60. MR. DELAMOTTE, for albumenized paper, chloride 60 grains, silver 120. MR. THORNTHWAITE begins as low as chloride 1/2 grain, and silver 30 grains; and lastly, amidst a long range of proportions, from 1 grain of chloride to the ounce, and silver 20 grains to the ounce, DR. DIAMOND, a great authority in photography, assures all that the best results can be obtained by using of chloride 5 grains to the ounce, and of silver 40 grains to the ounce. If so, let the photographic world know that the latter proportions are sufficient, and the others needless, wasteful, and expensive without cause. I trust you agree with me in thinking that it would be of use to a large number of beginners to have the proportions best suited for printing positives defined as near as possible, and not be left to guess at proportions varying from 1/2 grain to 60 grains, and from 20 to 120. I have written hurriedly, and hope you will see the object I aim at.

AMATEUR.

{359}

Photographic Copies of Rembrandt.—The extreme rarity and great pecuniary value of many of Rembrandt's finest etchings are doubtless well known to many of our readers, as being such as to put these master-pieces of art beyond the reach of ordinary purchasers. This series of works, calculated beyond all others of their kind to delight the possessor, will however, thanks to photography, soon be obtainable by all admirers of the great master. Two distinguished French photographers, the brothers MM. Bisson, have succeeded in obtaining, by means of this wonderful art, copies of a fidelity attainable by no other process: so that the wondrous lights, shades, half-tones, and chiaro-obscuro, for which Rembrandt is so remarkable, are preserved in all their original beauty. The plates will be accompanied by descriptive letter-press, and by a Biography of Rembrandt from the pen of M. Charles Blanc. As the works are so numerous, the first series will consist of forty plates, to be issued in ten livraisons, each containing four plates, price twenty francs; a very moderate sum, if we remember that among the works thus to be issued, at a cost of five francs each, will be found copies of such gems as the Avocat Tolling and the Piece de Cent Florins.

Coloured Photographs.—I have lately seen, and very much admired, some specimens of photographic coloured portraits. They have all the broad effect of the great masters perfectly in detail, and none of the niggling effect of many coloured photographs, which are in fact specimens of miniature painting rather than photography—the outline alone being given by the photographic art. The specimens I refer to appear to have been soaked in oil, or some transparent varnish, and then coloured in separate tints, probably from the back; the shadows being entirely photographic. It is evident they are quickly and easily executed; but I am desirous of knowing the exact process, and shall be much obliged for information on the subject.

AN AMATEUR.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

Dr. Eleazar Duncon (Vol. ix., pp. 56. 184.).—Dr. Eleazar Duncon, and his brother Mr. John Duncon, are mentioned in Barnabas Oley's Preface to George Herbert's Country Parson, as having "died before the miracle of our happy Restoration." There was another brother, Mr. Edmund Duncon, rector of Fryarn Barnet, in the county of Middlesex; sent by Mr. Farrer to visit George Herbert, during his last illness.

E. H. A.

Christian Names (Vol. vii., pp. 406. 488. 626.).—The earliest instance I have yet met with, of an individual with two Christian names, occurs in the compulsory cession of the Abbey of Vale Royal to King Henry VIII.; the deed conveying which is still extant in the Augmentation Office. It is in Latin, and signed by John Harwood the Abbot, Alexander Sedon the Prior, William Brenck Harrysun, and twelve other monks of the Abbey. Vale Royal Abbey is now the seat of Lord Delamere, into whose family it came by purchase in 1616, from the descendant of Sir Thomas Holcroft, the original grantee from the crown.

T. HUGHES.

Chester.

I send you a much earlier instance of two Christian names than any that has hitherto been given in your pages. Henry Prince of Wales, son of King Henry IV., was baptized by the names Henry Frederick. Vide Camden's Remains, 4to., 1605. I have not a reference to the page.

C. DE D.

Abigail (Vol. iv., pp. 424., &c.; Vol. viii., p. 653.).—Your recent correspondents on this subject do not appear to have met with the passage in which I mentioned, that since putting the question, I had found that a waiting-maid in Beaumont and Fletcher's comedy of The Scornful Lady was named Abigail; and that, as the play appeared to have been a favourite one, the application of the name to the class generally was probably owing to it. In the absence of any proof of its having been previously used in this sense, I still continue to think that this conjecture was well founded. Considering the terms on which Dean Swift was with the Mashams, he was the last person in the world to have used such a term, unless it had been so long in familiar use as to be deprived of all appearance of personal allusion to them.

J. S. WARDEN.

"Begging the question" (Vol. viii., p. 640.).—This phrase is identical with that of "petitio principii," a figure of speech well known both to logicians and mathematicians, i. e. assuming a point as proved, and reasoning upon it as such, which has in fact not been proved.

J. S. WARDEN.

Russian Emperors (Vol. ix., p. 222.).—I am informed by a late resident in Russia that the rumour to which MR. CROSFIELD refers has no foundation. I am farther informed, however, that after a twenty-five years' reign the monarch has even more absolute and despotic authority than before the lapse of that time. I hope this subject may be well ventilated, as considerable misapprehension exists about it.

JOHN SCRIBE.

Garble (Vol. ix., p. 243.).—Your correspondent E. S. T. T. was mistaken when he said that the "corrupt" meaning of the word garble is now the only one ever used. In proof of this I would give one instance, familiar to me, in which it still retains its "good" signification. In "working" cochineal, spices, and other similar merchandise at the warehouse in which they are stored upon their arrival in this country, the operation of {360} sifting and separating the good from the bad is termed garbling: the word being here employed in the very same sense as in the examples quoted by E. S. T. T., illustrative of its original meaning, and which sense he erroneously stated it no longer possessed.

R. V. T.

Mincing Lane.

I cannot agree with your correspondent E. S. T. T., that a corruption of meaning has taken place in this word; and that whereas it originally meant a selection of the good and a discarding of the bad parts of anything, its present meaning, is exactly the reverse of this. Its original signification is correctly stated: the garbling of spices, drugs, &c., meant the selection of the good and the rejection of the bad. But the garbling of a passage cited as a testimony is a precisely analogous process. The person who garbles the passage omits those parts which can be used against his view, and adduces only those parts which support his conclusion. He selects the parts which are good, and rejects those which are bad, for his purpose. When a passage is said to be garbled, it is always implied that the person who quotes it has suppressed a portion which tells against himself; but that portion is, so far as he is concerned, the bad, not the good portion. The secondary and metaphorical is therefore precisely analogous to the primary and literal sense of the word, and not the reverse of it.

L.

Electric Telegraph (Vol. ix., p. 270.).—As every new attempt to improve this invaluable invention, and to extend its use, is of world-wide importance, the following extract from La Presse, a French newspaper of March 23rd, will excite inquiry:

"On ecrit de Berne, le 17 Mars, MM. Brunner et Hipp, directeurs des telegraphes electriques de la Suisse, viennent d'inventer un appareil portatif a l'aide duquel, en l'appliquant a un point quelconque des fils telegraphiques, on peut transmettre une depeche. L'essai de cet appareil a ete fait a deux lieues de Berne, dans un lieu ou il n'existe aucune section de telegraphie."

The writer goes on to say that the experiment had been tested with success on the lines to Zurich, Basle, Geneva, &c.

J. MACRAY.

Oxford.

Butler's "Lives of the Saints" (Vol. viii., p.387.).—The inquiry respecting the various editions of this valuable work not having yet received any answer, the following information may in some degree satisfy the inquirer. The first edition of the Rev. Alban Butler's Lives of the Saints was published in the author's lifetime, at various intervals from 1754 to 1759, when the last of the four volumes appeared, of which the edition was composed. Part II. of vol. iii. is now before me, with the date 1758. No other edition appeared till after the death of the learned and pious author, which took place in 1773.

The second edition was undertaken by the most Rev. Dr. Carpenter, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, and appeared in 12 vols. in 1779. It is stated in the title-page to be "corrected and enlarged from the author's own MS." It did contain all the notes omitted in the previous edition, and other matter prepared by the author. The third edition was published in Scotland, and other editions followed; but I am unable to give any particulars of them. But the splendid stereotype edition, published in London by Murphy, in 1812, in 12 vols., is by far the best ever produced, or ever likely to appear. Since this there have been other editions; one in 2 vols., published in Ireland, and a cheap edition in 12 small vols., printed at Derby; but they deserve little notice.

F. C. H.

Anticipatory Use of the Cross (Vol. viii. passim).—In answer to particular inquiry, I have been furnished by a resident in Macao with an answer, of which the following is the substance:—The cross is commonly used in China, and consists of any flat boards of sufficient size, the upright shaft being usually eight to ten feet high. The transverse bar is fixed by a single nail or rivet, and is therefore often loose, and may be made sometimes to traverse a complete circle. It is not so much an instrument of punishment in itself, as it is an operation-board whereon to confine the criminal, not with nails, but ropes, to undergo—as in the case of a woman taken in adultery—the cutting away of the flesh from the bosom. He adds, that he has witnessed such punishment, and he has no doubt that the cross has been used in this way in China immemorially. Any of your correspondents will much oblige me by correcting or confirming this statement from positive testimony.

T. J. BUCKTON.

Lichfield.

The Marquis of Granby (Vol. ix., p. 127.).—A portrait of this nobleman constitutes the sign of a public-house at Doncaster, and of another at Bawtry, nine miles from that town. His lordship, it is said, occasionally occupied Carr House, near the former place, as a hunting-box in the middle of the last century. As an instance of his lordship's popularity, I may here add, that out of compliment to him, and for his greater convenience in hunting, at a period when there was a considerable extent of uninclosed and undrained country around Doncaster, the corporation directed several banks and passages to be made on their estate at Rossington; and in 1752, that body likewise presented the Marquis with the freedom of the borough.

C. J.

{361}

Irish Letters (Vol. ix., p. 246).—The following inscription on the monument of Lugnathan, nephew of St. Patrick, at Inchaguile, in Lough Corrib, co. Galway, is supposed to be the most ancient in Ireland:

"LIE LUGNAEDON MACC LMENUEH." "The stone of Lugnaodon, son of Limenueh."

The oldest Irish manuscript is the Book of Armagh, which contains a copy of the Gospels, and some very old lives of St. Patrick. (See O'Donovan's Irish Grammar, Dublin, 1845, p. lii.)

THOMPSON COOPER.

Cambridge.

Rev. John Cawley (Vol. ix., p. 247.).—In reply to the inquiry of C. T. R., What is the authority for stating that the Rev. John Cawley, rector of Didcot, was a son of Cawley the regicide? I send you the following extract from Wood's Athenae (Bliss's edition), vol. iv. col. 580.:

"John Cawley, son of Will. Cawley of the city of Chichester, gent., was, by the endeavours of his father, made Fellow of All Souls' College (from that of Magdalen) by the visitors appointed by Parliament, anno 1649; took the degrees in arts, that of Master being completed in 1654; and whether he became a preacher soon after, without any orders conferred on him by a bishop, I cannot tell. Sure I am, that after his Majesty's restoration, he became a great loyalist, disowned the former actions of his father, who had been one of the judges of King Charles I.; when he was tryed for his life by a pretended court of justice, rayled at him (being then living in a skulking condition beyond sea); and took all opportunities to free himself from having any hand or anything to do in the times of usurpation. About which time, having married one of the daughters of Mr. Pollard of Newnham Courtney, he became rector of Dedcot, or Dudcot, in Berkshire; rector of Henley in Oxfordshire; and in the beginning of March, 1666, Archdeacon of Lincoln."

[Greek: Halieus.]

Dublin.

New Zealander and Westminster Bridge (Vol. ix., pp. 74. 159.).—Your correspondents have traced this celebrated passage to a letter from Horace Walpole to Sir H. Mann, and to passages in poems by Mrs. Barbauld and Kirke White. It appears to me that the following extract from the Preface to P. B. Shelley's Peter Bell the Third, has more resemblance to it. It is addressed to Moore:

"Hoping that the immortality which you have given to the Fudges you will receive from them; and in the firm expectation, that when London shall be an habitation of bitterns, when St. Paul's and Westminster Abbey shall stand shapeless and nameless ruins, in the midst of an unpeopled marsh; when the piers of Westminster Bridge shall become the nuclei of islets of reeds and osiers, and cast the jagged shadows of their broken arches on the solitary stream; some transatlantic commentator will be weighing in the scales of some new and now unimagined system of criticism, the respective merits of the Bells, and the Fudges, and their historians."

JOHN THRUPP.

10. York Gate.

Several passages from different writers having been mentioned in your columns as likely to have suggested to our brilliant essayist and historian his celebrated graphic sketch of the New Zealander meditating over the ruins of London, I would beg leave to hint the probability that not one of those many passages were present to his mind or memory at the moment he wrote. The fact is that the picture is so true to nature, and has been so often sketched, and the associations and reflections arising from it so often felt and described, that I cannot for a moment admit the insinuation of a charge of plagiarism, or even unconscious adaptation of another's thoughts in one so abundantly stored with imagery of his own, that the very overflowings of his own wealth would enrich a generation of writers. It has however occurred to me that his classic mind might have remembered the picture of Marius amid the ruins of Carthage, or, more probably, the still more striking passage in the celebrated letter of Sulpicius to Cicero, on the death of his daughter Tullia, in which he describes himself, on his return from Asia, as sailing from AEgina towards Megara, and contemplating the surrounding countries:

"Behind me lay AEgina, before me Megara; on my right I saw Piraeus, and on my left Corinth. These cities, once so flourishing and magnificent, now presented nothing to my view but a sad spectacle of desolation."

And he then proceeds with his melancholy reflections on so many perishing memorials of human glory and grandeur in so small a compass.

G. W. T.

Volney wrote thus:

"Qui sait si sur les rives de la Seine, de la Tamise ... dans le tourbillon de tant de jouissances ... un voyageur, comme moi, ne s'asseoira pas un jour sur de muettes ruines, et ne pleurera pas solitaire sur la cendre des peuples et la memoire de leur grandeur?"—Les Ruines, chap. ii. p. 11.

MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

Misapplication of Terms (Vol. ix., p. 44.).—I cannot pretend to set up my judgment against that of MR. SQUEERS, who has in his favour the proverbial wisdom of the Schools. Riddle, however, who I believe is an authority, gives the word LEGO no such meaning as "to hearken." If Plautus uses the word in that sense, as it is an uncommon one, the passage should have been quoted, or a reference given. The meaning of {362} the word appears to be "to collect, run over, see, read, choose." In justification of my criticism, and in reply to MR. SQUEERS, I shall quote Horne Tooke's remark, in speaking of "[Greek: ta deonta], or things which ought to be done;" Div. Purley, Pt. II. ch. viii. (vol. ii. pp. 499-501., edit. 1849):

"The first of these, LEGEND, which means That which ought to be read, is, from the early misapplication of the term by impostors, now used by us as if it meant, That which ought to be laughed at. And so it is explained in our Dictionaries."

At the hazard of being again deemed hypercritical, while on this subject, the misapplication of terms, I must question the correctness of the phrase "Under the circumstance." A thing must be in or amidst its circum-stances; it cannot be under them. I admit the commonness of the expression, but it is not the less a solecism. Can you inform me when it was introduced? I hope it is not old enough to be considered inveterate. The best authors write "in the circumstances;" and yet so prevalent is the anomaly, that in a very respectable periodical, not long since, the French "dans les circonstances presentes," given as a quotation, is rendered "Under the present circumstances."

J. W. THOMAS.

Dewsbury.

Hoglandia (Vol. viii., p. 151.).—In reply to an inquiry for the full title of a book from which a quotation is given in Pugna Porcorum, the full title is [Greek: Choirochorographia], sive Hoglandiae descriptio, published anonymously in 1709, in retaliation of Edward Holdsworth's Muscipula. "Hoglandia" is Hampshire, and Holdsworth probably was a Hampshire man, for he was educated at Winchester, and we may presume the anonymous author to have been a Cambro-Briton.

H. L.

* * * * *

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* * * * *

Notices to Correspondents.

Owing to our being compelled to go to press this week ready for publication on Thursday, and to the great mass of REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES waiting for insertion, we have been compelled to omit our usual NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.

QUAESTOR, who calls our attention to the catalogue in which certain Hollar and Eyre drawings are inserted, attached to the Gentleman's Magazine, is thanked. We were, however, already aware of it. The subject is too important to be lost sight of.

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MONTROSE'S reply has been anticipated. Thanks.

A QUERIST. We wish our Correspondents would take the trouble of just referring to our volumes before forwarding Queries upon well-known subjects. We have repeatedly answered similar inquiries, and again only in our last Number, by referring, for the history and illustration of "God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb," to our First Volume.

H. MARTIN. Mr. Keble's edition of Hooker is more carefully edited than Hanbury's.

ABHBA. The reference must certainly be to Richard Sterne, Archbishop of York, one of the supposed authors of the Whole Duty of Man: see our Sixth Volume, p. 537.

A. P. HAYES. We suspect the following is the title of the work required:—"Pedestrianism; or, an Account of the Performances of celebrated Pedestrians during the last and present Century: with a full Narrative of Captain Barclay's public and private Matches: and an Essay on Training. By Walter Thom. Aberdeen, 1813. 8vo."

NEISON ON RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. A Correspondent wishes to know where this pamphlet may be seen, and whether it is on sale.

W. S. For the etymology of lampoon, see Todd's Johnson, and Richardson's Dictionary. Bailey derives it from Lampons, a drunken song. It imports Let us drink, from the old French lamper, and was repeated at the end of each couplet at carousals.

W. A. W. (Brighton). The specked appearance is entirely owing to your having the wrong paper for your negatives. When Turner's paper is really good it is invaluable, but the specks so abundant in it are a great drawback.

H. H. (Glasgow). We think a practical lesson from some experienced hand would put you right in all your little failures. It is evident from your perseverance that great success will ultimately attend you. It is very difficult to describe all the minutiae by correspondence.

A SUBSCRIBER (Atherstone). 1. We think your failures appear to arise from defective iodized paper. If the least portion of iodide of potash remains, the browning will take place; or the acetic acid may not be pure: add a little more. 2. If the least portion of hypo. contaminates your silver solutions, they are useless; to reduce it to its metallic state again is the only remedy. 3. The views taken instantaneously are with collodion. It may be applied equally well upon paper as glass; and the advantage of paper negatives is very great over glass.

PHOTOGRAPHY.—We hope next week to lay before our readers the particulars of a new process, combining all the advantages of the waxed-paper, but without its difficulties and uncertainties.

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{363}

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* * * * *

AS SECRETARY OR AMANUENSIS.

A GENTLEMAN who is fully conversant with the French, German, and Italian Languages, is desirous of obtaining some PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT. He can give satisfactory references as to Competency and Respectability of Family and Connexions.

Address, F. G. H., care of MR. NEWMAN, Publisher, 9. Devonshire Street, Bishopsgate Street.

* * * * *

CLASSICAL MUSICAL LIBRARY.—Subscribers are liberally supplied, on loan, with every description of New Vocal and Instrumental Music, and have also at their disposal upwards of 3,000 volumes, including the Standard Operas, Italian, German, French, and English Songs, and all kinds of Instrumental Music. During the Term of Subscription, each Subscriber has the privilege of selecting—for his own property—from 100,000 different pieces, 3 Guineas' worth of Music. Prospectuses forwarded Free on application.

JULLIEN & CO., 214. Regent Street.

* * * * *

Now ready, price 25s., Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by Special Permission to

THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.

PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by the Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music arranged for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, including Chants for the Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a Concise SYSTEM OF CHANTING, by J. B. SALE, Musical Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco cloth, price 25s. To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21. Holywell Street, Millbank, Westminster, on the receipt of a Post-office Order for that amount: and, by order, of the principal Booksellers and Music Warehouses.

"A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our Church and Cathedral Service."—Times.

"A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this country."—Literary Gazette.

"One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well merits the distinguished patronage under which it appears."—Musical World.

"A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting of a very superior character to any which has hitherto appeared."—John Bull.

London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

Also, lately published,

J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the Chapel Royal St. James, price 2s.

C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street.

* * * * *

SURPLICES.

GILBERT J. FRENCH, Bolton, Lancashire, has prepared his usual large Supply of SURPLICES, in Anticipation of EASTER.

PARCELS delivered FREE at Railway Stations.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.

OTTEWILL AND MORGAN'S Manufactory, 24. & 25. Charlotte Terrace, Caledonian Road, Islington.

OTTEWILL'S Registered Double Body Folding Camera, adapted for Landscapes or Portraits, may be had of A. ROSS, Featherstone Buildings, Holborn; the Photographic Institution, Bond Street; and at the Manufactory as above, where every description of Cameras, Slides, and Tripods may be had. The Trade supplied.

* * * * *

ONE THOUSAND BEDSTEADS TO CHOOSE FROM.—HEAL & SON'S Stock comprises a large Assortment of handsomely Japanned and Brass-mounted IRON BEDSTEADS, CHILDREN'S CRIBS and COTS of new and elegant designs: MAHOGANY, BIRCH, and WALNUT-TREE BEDSTEADS, of the soundest and best Manufacture, many of them fitted with Furnitures, complete; and every variety of SERVANTS' and PORTABLE BEDSTEADS. They have also a large Assortment of

BED-ROOM FURNITURE, comprising WARDROBES, both in Japanned Wood and Mahogany, from 4 ft. to 8 ft. long, fitted with every variety of arrangement; DRESSING TABLES and GLASSES, WASHSTANDS, DRAWERS, and every Article for the complete furnishing of a Bed-room.

HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BED-STEADS and priced List of Bedding, containing designs and prices of upwards of One Hundred Bedsteads (representing a Stock of upwards of One Thousand), sent Free by Post.

HEAL & SON, 196. Tottenham Court Road.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.

THE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS, by the most eminent English and Continental Artists, is OPEN DAILY from Ten till Five. Free Admission.

L s. d. A Portrait by Mr. Talbot's Patent Process 1 1 0 Additional Copies (each) 0 5 0 A Coloured Portrait, highly finished (small size) 3 3 0 A Coloured Portrait, highly finished (larger size) 5 5 0

Miniatures, Oil Paintings, Water-Colour, and Chalk Drawings, Photographed and Coloured in imitation of the Originals. Views of Country Mansions, Churches, &c., taken at a short notice.

Cameras, Lenses, and all the necessary Photographic Apparatus and Chemicals, are supplied, tested, and guaranteed.

Gratuitous Instruction is given to Purchasers of Sets of Apparatus.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. New Bond Street.

* * * * *

SMEE'S BINOCULAR PERSPECTIVE PHOTOGRAPHS.—A full account of the mode of taking these extraordinary Likenesses in "Smee on the Eye," just published, price 5s.

HORNE, THORNTHWAITE & WOOD, 123. Newgate Street, London.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHY.—HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art.—123. and 121. Newgate Street.

* * * * *

IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.—J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and appreciation of half-tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.

Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of Photography. Instruction in the Art.

THE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price 1s., per Post, 1s. 2d.

* * * * *

COLLODION PORTRAITS AND VIEWS obtained with the greatest ease and certainty by using BLAND & LONG'S preparation of Soluble Cotton; certainty and uniformity of action over a lengthened period, combined with the most faithful rendering of the half-tones, constitute this a most valuable agent in the hands of the photographer.

Albumenized paper, for printing from glass or paper negatives, giving a minuteness of detail unattained by any other method, 5s. per Quire.

Waxed and Iodized Papers of tried quality. Instruction in the Processes.

BLAND & LONG. Opticians and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London.

*** Catalogues sent on application.

* * * * *

THE SIGHT preserved by the Use of SPECTACLES adapted to suit every variety of Vision by means of SMEE'S OPTOMETER, which effectually prevents Injury to the Eyes from the Selection of Improper Glasses, and is extensively employed by

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.

* * * * *

{364}

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.

H. E. Bicknell, Esq. T. Grissell, Esq. T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P. J. Hunt, Esq. G. H. Drew, Esq. J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. W. Evans, Esq. E. Lucas, Esq. W. Freeman, Esq. J. Lys Seager, Esq. F. Fuller, Esq. J. B. White, Esq. J. H. Goodhart, Esq. J. Carter Wood, Esq.

Trustees.—W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq. Physician.—William Rich. Basham, M.D. Bankers.—Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Prospectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits:—

Age L s. d. Age L s. d. 17 1 14 4 32 2 10 8 22 1 18 8 37 2 18 6 27 2 4 5 42 3 8 2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

* * * * *

PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each.—D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square (established A.D. 1785), sole manufacturers of the ROYAL PIANOFORTES, at 25 Guineas each. Every instrument warranted. The peculiar advantages of these pianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial, signed by the majority of the leading musicians of the age:—"We, the undersigned members of the musical profession, having carefully examined the Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great pleasure in bearing testimony to their merits and capabilities. It appears to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal temperament, while the elegance of their construction renders them a handsome ornament for the library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R. Bishop, J. Blewitt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, E. F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H. F. Hasse, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F. Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza, Alexander Lee, A. Leffler, E. J. Loder, W. H. Montgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry Phillips, F. Praegar, E. F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E. Rockel, Sims Reeves, J. Templeton, F. Weber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright," &c.

D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis.

* * * * *

CHUBB'S LOCKS, with all the recent improvements. Strong fire-proof safes, cash and deed boxes. Complete lists of sizes and prices may be had on application.

CHUBB & SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard, London; 28. Lord Street, Liverpool; 16. Market Street, Manchester; and Horseley Fields, Wolverhampton.

* * * * *

IMPERIAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY.

1. OLD BROAD STREET, LONDON.

Instituted 1820.

* * * * *

SAMUEL HIBBERT, ESQ., Chairman.

WILLIAM R. ROBINSON, ESQ., Deputy-Chairman.

* * * * *

The SCALE OF PREMIUMS adopted by this Office will be found of a very moderate character, but at the same time quite adequate to the risk incurred.

FOUR-FIFTHS, or 80 per cent. of the Profits, are assigned to Policies every fifth year, and may be applied to increase the sum insured, to an immediate payment in cash, or to the reduction and ultimate extinction of future Premiums.

ONE-THIRD of the Premium on Insurances of 500l. and upwards, for the whole term of life, may remain as a debt upon the Policy, to be paid off at convenience; or the Directors will lend sums of 50l. and upwards, on the security of Policies effected with this Company for the whole term of life, when they have acquired an adequate value.

SECURITY.—Those who effect Insurances with this Company are protected by its Subscribed Capital of 750,000l., of which nearly 140,000l. is invested, from the risk incurred by Members of Mutual Societies.

The satisfactory financial condition of the Company, exclusive of the Subscribed and Invested Capital, will be seen by the following Statement:

On the 31st October, 1853, the sums Assured, including Bonus added, amounted to L2,500,000

The Premium Fund to more than 800,000

And the Annual Income from the same source, to 109,000

Insurances, without participation in Profits, may be effected at reduced rates.

SAMUEL INGALL, Actuary.

* * * * *

ALLSOPP'S PALE or BITTER ALE. MESSRS. S. ALLSOPP & SONS beg to inform the TRADE that they are now registering Orders for the March Brewings of their PALE ALE in Casks of 18 Gallons and upwards, at the BREWERY, Burton-on-Trent; and at the under-mentioned Branch Establishments:

LONDON, at 61. King William Street, City. LIVERPOOL, at Cook Street. MANCHESTER, at Ducie Place. DUDLEY, at the Burnt Tree. GLASGOW, at 115. St. Vincent Street. DUBLIN, at 1. Crampton Quay. BIRMINGHAM, at Market Hall. SOUTH WALES, at 13. King Street, Bristol.

MESSRS. ALLSOPP & SONS take the opportunity of announcing to PRIVATE FAMILIES that their ALES, so strongly recommended by the Medical Profession, may be procured in DRAUGHT and BOTTLES GENUINE from all the most RESPECTABLE LICENSED VICTUALLERS, on "ALLSOPP'S PALE ALE" being specially asked for.

When in bottle, the genuineness of the label can be ascertained by its having "ALLSOPP & SONS" written across it.

* * * * *

W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature, History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had considerable experience.

1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.

* * * * *

Patronised by the Royal Family.

TWO THOUSAND POUNDS for any person producing Articles superior to the following:

THE HAIR RESTORED AND GREYNESS PREVENTED.

BEETHAM'S CAPILLARY FLUID is acknowledged to be the most effectual article for Restoring the Hair in Baldness, strengthening when weak and fine, effectually preventing falling or turning grey, and for restoring its natural colour without the use of dye. The rich glossy appearance it imparts is the admiration of every person. Thousands have experienced its astonishing efficacy. Bottles, 2s. 6d.; double, 4s. 6d.; 7s. 6d. equal to 4 small; 11s. to 6 small; 21s. to 13 small. The most perfect beautifier ever invented.

SUPERFLUOUS HAIR REMOVED.

BEETHAM'S VEGETABLE EXTRACT does not cause pain or injury to the skin. Its effect is unerring, and it is now patronised by royalty and hundreds of the first families. Bottles, 5s.

BEETHAM'S PLASTER is the only effectual remover of Corns and Bunions. It also reduces enlarged Great Toe Joints in an astonishing manner. If space allowed, the testimony of upwards of twelve thousand individuals, during the last five years, might be inserted. Packets, 1s.; Boxes, 2s. 6d. Sent Free by BEETHAM, Chemist, Cheltenham, for 14 or 36 Post Stamps.

Sold by PRING, 30. Westmorland Street; JACKSON, 9. Westland Row; BEWLEY & EVANS, Dublin; GOULDING, 108. Patrick Street, Cork; BARRY, 9. Main Street, Kinsale; GRATTAN, Belfast; MURDOCK, BROTHERS, Glasgow; DUNCAN & FLOCKHART, Edinburgh. SANGER, 150. Oxford Street; PROUT, 229. Strand; KEATING, St. Paul's Churchyard; SAVORY & MOORE, Bond Street; HANNAY, 63. Oxford Street; London. All Chemists and Perfumers will procure them.

* * * * *

ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description of upwards of 100 articles, consisting of PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS, Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and other travelling requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post on receipt of Two Stamps.

MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles of the kind ever produced.

J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.

* * * * *

BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and 4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,

65. CHEAPSIDE.

* * * * *

Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, April 15. 1854.

* * * * *

Corrections made to printed original.

page 358, "I find that, by treating box sawdust": 'It find that' in original.

page 361, "unimagined system of criticism": 'sytem' in original.

THE END