7. Joseph Bingham was only closely following Barrow. The first edition of De la Bigne's Bibliotheca Patrum, tom. i., also has the evidently senseless reading, "ista quidam ego," instead of "nego," about which see Comber's Roman Forgeries, ii. 187. For MSS. of the Epistles of Pope Symmachus, your correspondent may consult the Carmelite Lud. Jacob a S. Carolo's Bibliotheca Pontifica, p. 216.; or, much more successfully, De Montfaucon's Bibliotheca Bibliothecarum Manuscriptorum, Paris, 1739.

R. G.

Should MR. RICHARD BINGHAM not yet have verified the reference to Erasmus, I beg to furnish him with the means of doing so but I am tolerably certain that I recollect having met with another place in which this admirable writer more fully censures those preachers of his Church who, at the commencement of their sermons, called upon the Virgin Mary for assistance, in a manner somewhat similar to that in which heathen poets used to invoke the Muses. The following passage, however, may be quite sufficient for your correspondent's purpose:

"Sed si est fons gratiae, quid opus est illi dicere Ora pro nobis? Non est probabile eam consuetudinem a gravibus viris inductam, sed ab inepto quopiam, qui, quod didicerat apud Poetas propositioni succedere invocationem, pro Musa supposuit Mariam."—Des. Erasmi Roterod. Apologia adversus Rhapsodias calumniosarum querimoniarum Alberti Pii, quondam Carporum Principis, p. 168. Basil. in off. Froben. 1531.

R. G.

* * * * *

ANCIENT TENURE OF LANDS.

(Vol. ix., p. 173.)

About the close of the tenth century (and perhaps much earlier) there began to arise two distinct modes of holding or possessing land: the one a feud, i.e. a stipendiary estate; the other allodium, the phrase applied to that species of property which had become vested by allotment in the conquerors of the country. The stipendiary held of a superior; the allodialist of no one, but enjoyed his land as free and independent property. The interest of the stipendiary did not originally extend beyond his own life, but in course of time it acquired an hereditary character which led to the practice of subinfeudation; for the stipendiary or feudatory, considering himself as substantially the owner, began to imitate the example of his lord by carving out portions of the feud to be held of himself by some other person, on the terms and conditions similar to those of the original grant. Here B. must be looked upon as only vassal to A., his superior or lord; and although feuds did not originally extend beyond the life of the first vassal, yet in process of time they were extended to his heirs, so that when the feudatory died, his male descendants were admitted to the succession, and in default of them, then such of his male collateral kindred as were of the blood of the first feudatory, but no others; therefore, in default of these, it would consequently revert to A., who had a reversionary interest in the feud capable of taking effect as soon as B.'s interest should determine. If the subinfeudatory lord alienated, it would operate as a forfeiture to the person in immediate reversion.

W. T. T.

As a very brief reply to the queries of J. B., permit me to make the following observations.

The Queen is lady paramount of all the lands in England; every estate in land being holden, immediately or mediately, of the crown. This doctrine was settled shortly after the Norman Conquest, and is still an axiom of law.

Until the statute Quia Emptores, 18 Edw. I., a tenant in fee simple might grant lands to be holden by the grantee and his heirs of the grantor and his heirs, subject to feudal services and to escheat; and by such subinfeudation manors were created.

The above-named statute forbade the future subinfeudation of lands, and consequently hindered the further creation of manors. Since the statute a seller of the fee can but transfer his tenure. There are instances in which one manor is holden of another, both having been created before the statute.

In the instance mentioned by J. B. it is presumed that the hamlet escheated to the heirs of A. on failure of the heirs of B. (See the statute De Donis Conditionalibus, 13 Edw. I.)

It is not, and never was, necessary, or even possible, that the lord of a manor should be the owner of all the lands therein; on the contrary, if he were, there would be no manor; for a manor cannot subsist without a court baron, and there can be no such court unless there are freehold tenants (at least two in number) holding of the lord. The land retained by the lord consists of his own demesne and the wastes, which last comprise the highways and commons. If the lord should alienate all the lands, but retain his lordship, the latter becomes a seignory in gross.

Such was and is the tenure of lands in England, so far as concerns the queries of J. B. He will find the subject lucidly explained at great length in the second volume of Blackstone's Commentaries.

I. CTUS.

Lincoln's Inn.

I think that J. B. will find in Blackstone, or any elementary book on the law of real property, all the information which he requires. The case which he puts was, I suppose, the common case {310} of subinfeudation before the statute of Quia Emptores, 18 Edw. I. A., the feoffor, reserved to himself no estate or reversion in the land, but the seignory only, with the rent and services, by virtue of which he might again become entitled to the land by escheat, as for want of heirs of the feoffee, or by forfeiture, as for felony. If the feoffment were in tail, the land would then, as now, revert on failure of issue, unless the entail had been previously barred. The right of alienation was gradually acquired; the above statute of Quia Emptores was the most important enactment in that behalf. With this exception, and the right to devise and to bar entails, the lords of manors have the same interest in the land held by freeholders of the manor that they had in times of subinfeudation. (Blackstone's Comm., vol. ii. ch. 287., may be carefully consulted.)

H. P.

Lincoln's Inn.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Spots on Collodion Pictures, &c.—The principal difficulty I experience in the collodion process is occasioned by the appearance of numberless very minute spots or points over the whole extent of the picture. These occurring on the whites of my pictures (positives) give them a rough, rubbed, appearance and want of density, which I should feel obliged if any of your correspondents can teach me how to overcome.

One of your photographic querists inquires the remedy for his calotype negatives darkening all over before the minor details are brought out. I had for a long time been troubled in the same way, but by diminishing the aperture of my three-inch lens to half an inch, and reducing the strength of my sensitising solution to that given by DR. DIAMOND, and, in addition, by developing with gallic acid alone until the picture became tolerably distinct in all its parts, and then applying the gallo-nitrate, I have quite succeeded in obtaining first-rate negatives. It is well to prepare only a small quantity of aceto-nitrate at once, as the acetic acid is of a sufficiently volatile nature to escape from the solution, which is a not unfrequent cause of the general darkening of the picture. It would be well to substitute a more fixed acid for the acetic if this be practicable, as it is in the collodion process, where tartaric is recommended.

H. C. COWLEY.

Devizes, Wilts.

The Double Iodide Solution.—The great difference in the quantity of iodide of potassium ordered by different persons, to dissolve a given weight of iodide of silver in a given volume of water, has induced me to make some experiments on the subject. I find that using pure nitrate of silver, and perfectly pure iodide of potassium (part of a parcel for which Mr. Arnold, who manufactures iodine on a large scale in this island, got a medal at the Exhibition of 1851), the quantity of iodide of potassium required varies, caeteris paribus, to the extent of 15 per cent., with the quantity of water added to the iodide of silver before adding the iodide of potassium; the minimum required being when the two salts act on each other in as dry a form as possible. Take the precipitate of iodide of silver, got by decomposing 100 grains of nitrate of silver with 97.66 grains of iodide of potassium; drain off the last water completely, so that the precipitate occupies not more than five or six drachms by measure; throw on it 640 grains of iodide of potassium; rapid solution ensues; when perfectly clear, add water up to four ounces: the solution remains unclouded. But if two or three ounces of water had been first poured on the iodide of silver, 680 grains, as I stated in my former paper, would have been required, and perhaps 734. The rationale is, I suppose, that in a concentrated form the salts act on each other with greater energy, and a smaller quantity of the solvent is required than if it is diluted. Many analogous cases occur in chemistry. I hope this little experiment will be useful to others, as a saving of 15 per cent. on the iodide of potassium is gained. As a large body of precipitated iodide of silver can be more completely drained than a smaller quantity, in practice it will be found that small precipitates require a few grains more than I have stated: thus, throw on the precipitate of iodide of silver (got from 150 grains of nitrate), drained dry, 960 grains of iodide of potassium; solution rapidly ensues, which, being made up to six ounces, the whole remains perfectly clear; whereas the iodide of silver thrown down from 50 grains of nitrate, similarly treated with 320 grains of iodide of potassium, and made up to two ounces (the proportional quantities), will probably require 10 or 15 grains more of iodide to effect perfect solution, the reason being that it contained a greater quantity of water pro rata than the first.

The following table, showing the exact quantities of iodide of potassium required to decompose 50, 100, and 150 grains of nitrate of silver, the resulting weight of iodide of silver, and the weight of iodide of potassium to make a clear solution up to 2, 4, and 6 ounces, will often be found useful:

Grs. Grs. Grs. Nitrate of silver 50 100 150 Iodide of potassium 48.83 97.66 146.49 Iodide of silver 68.82 137.64 206.46 Iodide of potassium 320 640 960 Water up to 2 oz. 4 oz. 6 oz.

T. L. MANSELL, A.B., M.D.

Guernsey.

Mounting Photographs (Vol. ix., p. 282.).—J. L. S. will find the "Indian-rubber glue," which is sold in tin cases, the simplest and cleanest substance for mounting positives; it also possesses the advantage of being free from the attacks of insects.

SELEUCUS.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

Books on Bells (Vol. ix., p. 240.).—Add to MR. ELLACOMBE'S curious list of books on bells the following:

"Duo Vota consultiva, unum de Campanis, alterum de Coemeteriis. In quibus de utriusque antiquitate, {311} consecratione, usu et effectibus plene agitur, pluraque scitu dignissima ad propositi casus, aliorumque in praxi, hac de re occurrentium decisionem, non injucunde adducuntur. Auctore D. Augustino Barbosa, Protonotario Apostolico, Eminentissimorum DD. Cardinalium Sacrae Congregationis Indicis Consultore, Abbate de Mentrestido, ac insignis Ecclesiae Vimarensis Thesaurario majore." [4to., no place nor date.]

I have here given the full title of a pamphlet of 112 pages, exclusive of title, which I purchased about twenty years since of Rodd, the honourable and intelligent bookseller of Great Newport Street. It came from the library of Professor J. F. Vandevelde of Louvaine. Some former possessor has written before the title, "Quamvis tantum libellus tamen rarissimus," and it is, perhaps, the only copy in this country. It is not in the Bodleian catalogue, nor was it in Mr. Douce's library.

P. B.

Medal in Honour of Chevalier St. George (Vol. ix., p. 105).—A. S. inquires about a medal supposed to have been struck in honour of Prince James (Chevalier St. George); but his account of it is so vague, that I am unable to answer his question. If he will describe the medal, or state the grounds upon which he supposes such a medal to have existed, I will endeavour to solve his doubts.

H.

Dean Swift's Suspension (Vol. ix., p. 244).—I am surprised that ABHBA should express a belief that the circumstances of Swift's college punishment have not been noticed by any of his biographers, when every syllable of his communication is detailed (with original documentary proofs) in Dr. Barrett's Early Life of Swift, and is in substance repeated in Sir Walter Scott's Life, prefixed to Swift's works.

C.

"Vanitatem observare" (Vol. ix., p. 247).—I am sorry to have given your correspondent F. C. H. a wrong reference, and I am not quite sure about the right one; but I think it is to a Latin translation of the Council of Laodicea, A.D. 366, c. 36.

R. H. G.

Ballina Castle, Mayo (Vol. viii., p. 411.).—I have no idea to what place O. L. R. G. can allude as Ballina Castle; there is no place, ancient or modern, about that town, that has that name; and the only place with the title of castle in the neighborhood, is a gentleman's modern residence of no great pretensions either as to size or beauty. He perhaps alludes to Belleck Abbey, which is a fine building; but, notwithstanding its title, is of still more modern date than the so-called castle. I am not aware of any recent historical or descriptive work on the county generally. Caesar Otway, Maxwell, and the Saxon in Ireland, have confined their descriptions to the "Wild West;" and the crowd of tourists appear to follow in their track, leaving the far finer central and eastern districts untouched. The first-named tourist appears to have projected another work on the county, but never published it.

J. S. WARDEN.

Dorset (Vol. ix., p. 247.).—NARES gives various spellings, as douset, dowset, doulcet, but in all equally derived from dulcet, "sweet;" and Halliwell has "doucet drinkes;" so that the great Manchester philosopher had probably been indulging in a too copious libation of some sweet wine, which he styles "foolish Dorset."

F. R. R.

Dorchester beer had acquired a very great name, and was sent about England. Out of the shire it was called "Dorset Beer," or "Dorset." That town has lost its fame for brewing beer.

G. R. L.

Judicial Rank hereditary (Vol. viii., p. 384.).—Such a list as your correspondent gives is not easily paralleled, it is true, in the judicial annals of England or Ireland; but in Scotland he might have found cases in considerable number to equal or surpass those which he mentions: for instance, in the family of Dundas of Arniston, respecting which I find the following note in the Quarterly Review, vol. lvii. p. 462.:

"The series is so remarkable, that we subjoin the details:—Sir James Dundas, judge of the Court of Session, 1662; Robert Dundas, son of Sir James, judge of the Court of Session from 1689 to 1727; Robert Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord Advocate, M.P. for the county of Edinburgh, judge of the Court of Session 1737, Lord President 1748, died in 1753 (father of Henry, Viscount Melville); Robert Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord Advocate, and member for the county, Lord President from 1760 to 1787; Robert Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord Advocate, Lord Chief Baron from 1801 to 1819; all these judges, except the Chief Baron, had been known in Scotland by the title of Lord Arniston. They were, we need hardly add, all men of talents, but the two Lords President Arniston were of superior eminence in legal and constitutional learning."

The Hope family, and some other Scottish ones, present as numerous a display of legal dignitaries as the above; but the hereditary succession from father to son is perhaps not equalled, certainly not excelled, in any age or country. In fact, let the opponents of hereditary honours say what they will, there is no description of talent except the poetical that has not frequently remained in the same family for several generations unabated.

J. S. WARDEN.

Tolling the Bell on leaving Church (Vol. ix., p. 125.).—In reply to J. H. M.'s Query, I beg to state that the chief reason for tolling the bell while the congregation is leaving church, is to {312} inform the parishioners who have not been able to attend in the morning, divine service will be celebrated in the afternoon. In scattered villages, or where a single clergyman had to perform the duties of more than one church, this was formerly quite requisite. At a neighbouring village of Tytherly, the custom is still observed, though no longer necessary.

W. S.

There is little doubt that priests in olden times were fond of hot dinners, and the bell at the conclusion of the service must have been intended as a warning to their cooks (and many others) to make ready the repast. This is merely a supposition; but I shall cherish the idea in the want of a better explanation. The custom has been, until very lately, observed in our little country church. There are other customs which are still kept up, namely, that of tolling the church bell at eight o'clock on Sunday morning, and again at nine, as well as that of ringing a small bell when the clergyman enters the reading-desk.

E. W. J.

Crawley, Winchester.

I believe that the custom of tolling the bell when the congregation is leaving the church, is to notify that there will be another service in the day. This is certainly the reason in this parish (in Leicestershire); for after the second service the bell is not tolled, nor if, on any account, there is no afternoon service.

S. S. S.

When I was Lecturer of St. Andrew's, Enfield, the bells rang out a short peculiar peal immediately after Sunday Morning Prayer. I always thought it was probably designed to give notice to approaching funeral processions that the church service was over, as in the country burials—usually there always on Sundays—immediately follow the celebration of morning service.

MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

I beg to inform your correspondent J. H. M. that this is often done at Bray, near Maidenhead.

NEWBURIENSIS.

The custom observed at Olney Church after the morning service, I have heard, is to apprize the congregation of a vesper service to follow.

W. P. STORER.

Olney, Bucks.

Archpriest in the Diocese of Exeter (Vol. ix., p. 185.).—Besides the archpriest of Haccombe, there were others in the same diocese; but, to quote the words of Dr. Oliver, in his Monasticon, Dioc. Exon., p. 287.,

"He would claim no peculiar exemption from the jurisdiction of his ordinary, nor of his archdeacon; he was precisely on the same footing as the superiors of the archpresbyteries at Penkivell, Beerferris, and Whitchurch, which were instituted in this diocese in the early part of the fourteenth century. The foundation deed of the last was the model in founding that of Haccombe."

In the same work copies of the foundation deeds of the archipresbytery of Haccombe and Beer are printed.

One would suppose that wherever there was a collegiate body of clergymen established for the purposes of the daily and nightly offices of the church, as chantry priests, that one of them would be considered the superior, or archipresbyter.

Godolphin, in Rep. Can., 56., says that by the canon law, he that is archipresbyter is also called dean. Query, Would he then be other than "Primus inter pares?"

Prince, in his Worthies, calls the Rector of Haccombe "a kind of chorepiscopus;" and in a note refers to Dr. Field Of the Church, lib. v. c. 37.

With regard to the Vicar of Bibury (quoted by MR. SANSOM, "N. & Q.," Vol. ix., p. 185.), he founded his exemption from spiritual jurisdiction, I believe, upon his holding a Peculiar, and not as an archpriest.

H. T. ELLACOMBE.

Clyst St. George.

Dogs in Monumental Brasses (Vol. ix., p. 126.).—I have always understood (but I cannot say on any authority) that the dogs at the feet of monumental effigies of knights were symbolical of fidelity. That signification would certainly be very appropriate in monuments of crusaders, where, I believe, they are generally found. And I would suggest to MR. ALFORD, that the idea might not have been confined to fidelity in keeping the vow of the Cross, but might have been extended to other religious vows: in which case the ladies undoubtedly might sometimes claim the canine appendage to their effigies. The lion might perhaps symbolise courage, in which ladies are not commonly supposed to excel.

M. H. R.

The Last of the Palaeologi (Vol. v., pp. 173. 280. 357.).—The following scrap of information may be useful to L. L. L. and others, if too long a time has not gone by since the subject was under discussion. In The List of the Army raised under the Command of his Excellency Robert Earle of Essex, &c.: London, printed for John Partridge, 1642, of which I have seen a manuscript copy, the name of Theo. Palioligus occurs as Lieutenant in "The Lord Saint John's Regiment."

EDWARD PEACOCK.

Bottesford Moors, Kirton in Lindsey.

Long Names (Vol. viii., pp. 539. 651.).—Allow me to add the following polysyllabic names to those supplied by your correspondents:—Llanvairpwllgwyngyll, a living in the diocese of Bangor, became vacant in March, 1850, by the death of its incumbent, the Rev. Richard Prichard, aet. {313} ninety-three. The labour of writing the name of his benefice does not seem to have shortened his days.

The following are the names of two employes in the finance department at Madrid:—Don Epifanio Mirurzururdundua y Zengotita; Don Juan Nepomuceno de Burionagonatotorecagogeazcoecha.

There was, until 1851, a major in the British army named Teyoninhokarawen (one single name).

G. L. S.

Elizabeth Seymour (Vol. ix., p. 174.).—According to Collins,—

"Sir E. Seymour, first baronet, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Arthur Champeirion, of Dartington, co. Devon, by whom he had, besides other issue, a daughter Elizabeth, who married George Cary, of Cockington, co. Devon. Sir Edward Seymour, third baronet, married Anne, daughter of Sir William Portman, and left, besides sons, a daughter, also named Elizabeth, who married Sir Joseph Tredenham, of Tregony in Cornwall, Knight."

These two ladies, whose similarity of name probably caused the confusion, must have lived at least half a century apart.

A. B.

* * * * *

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Those who share the well-grounded opinion of Mr. Petit, that we cannot fully enter into the character of English architecture unless we give some attention also to French, German, and Italian, will gladly turn to the very profusely and handsomely-illustrated volume which he has just issued, under the modest title of Architectural Studies in France, by the Rev. J. L. Petit, M.A., F.S.A., with Illustrations from Drawings by the Author and P. H. Delamotte. It is of course impossible, within the limits of our brief notice, to enter into any examination of Mr. Petit's views upon the subject of Gothic architecture, the principles of which he believes to have been more completely developed at an early period in England than anywhere else; and we must therefore content ourselves with directing attention to the book itself, which will in no small degree supply to the architectural student desirous of studying French buildings, the opportunity of doing so; and that too under the guidance of one well qualified to direct his steps. Mr. Petit has long been known to the antiquarian world as one of our greatest authorities on the subject of Gothic architecture; and his various papers, illustrated by his own bold yet effective sketches in the Archaeological Journal, may have prepared some of our readers for a volume of great importance; yet we think even they will be surprised at the interest and beauty of the present book. Mr. Petit, who has had on this occasion the assistance of Mr. Delamotte as a draughtsman, expresses his hope that at some future time he may avail himself of that gentleman's skill as a photographer.

There is, perhaps, no man of letters, no man of science, of whom the world possesses so unsatisfactory an account as Jerome Cardan. The author of Palissy the Potter has therefore done good service, and executed a task worthy of himself, by The life of Girolamo Cardano, of Milan, Physician. In two small readable volumes, rich in all the characteristics of his own peculiar mode of treatment, Mr. Morley has given us not only a clear view of the life and character of Cardan, based on a diligent and careful examination of his voluminous writings—for Cardan reckoned that he had published one hundred and thirty-one books, and left in MS. nearly as many—but also a striking picture of the age in which he lived; and the work, which is one of great interest to the general reader, is made still more valuable to the literary antiquary by the accuracy with which Mr. Morley quotes his authorities.

Some interesting manuscripts were sold by Messrs. Puttick and Simpson on Wednesday, the 22nd ultimo, including original letters by Blake, Penn, Monk, Nelson, and other of our most renowned admirals; and of Charles I. and Charles II., Oliver and Richard Cromwell, Desborough; and numerous autographs of Commonwealth celebrities. The chief lot was a letter from Cromwell to Pastor Cotton, in New England, written shortly after the battle of Worcester, in which he alludes to the difficulties he has experienced in treating with some of the Scotch party. Mr. Carlyle had not seen the original, but used the copy among the Arundel MSS. It was knocked down to Mr. Stevens, the American agent, for 36l. A printed broadsheet of the Peace of Breda sold for 3l. 7s. A letter of Richard Cromwell brought 4l. An autograph of Queen Bess brought 2l.; and one of Edward VI. brought 2l. 8s. Autographs of Mary are less common: one in this collection realised 3l. 7s. One of Nelson's letters to Lady Hamilton brought 2l. 2s. Altogether, the prices realised were good.

BOOKS RECEIVED.—Lives of The Queens of England, by Agnes Strickland, Vol. III. This new volume of the cheaper edition of Miss Strickland's popular regal biographies comprises the Lives of Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard, Katherine Parr, and Mary.—The Works of the Rt. Hon. Joseph Addison, with Notes by Bishop Hurd, Vol. II., is the new volume of Bohn's British Classics, and comprises Addison's contributions to the Tatler and Spectator.—In the same publisher's Standard Library, we have the third volume of his edition of Southey's Works and Correspondence of Cowper, which embraces his Letters between the years 1783 and 1788.—Cyclopaedia Bibliographica, Part XVIII., which extends from Shepherd (Rev. E. J.) to Surtees (Rev. Scott F.).—Whitaker's Educational Register, 1854. The work, which has undergone some modifications, is now confined altogether to Educational Statistics, of which it is a most valuable compendium.—Remains of Pagan Saxondom, by J. Y. Ackerman, Parts VIII. and IX. The contents of these numbers are:—Fragments from a Tumulus at Caenby, Lincolnshire; Fibula from Ingarsby, Leicestershire; Glass Drinking-vessels from Cemeteries in Kent; Fibulae from Rugby, Warwickshire. The great peculiarity of this Series is, that the objects are drawn of the size of the originals; thus affording great facilities for comparing them with remains of similar character.

* * * * *

{314}

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

The Volume of the LONDON POLYGLOTT which contains the Prophets. Imperfection in other parts of no consequence.

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Notices to Correspondents.

A. J. N. (Birmingham). Will this Correspondent let us see the papers respecting John Henderson?

J. C. K. The coin is a penny of Henry III., struck in London.

MR. PINKERTON's letter has been forwarded to EIRIONNACH.

F. C. J. We cannot discover that James Murray, the second and last Earl of Annandale, was executed. The Earl joined Montrose after the battle of Kilsyth, and upon that heroic chieftain's defeat retired to England, where he died in 1658. At his death the titles of Annandale, Annand, and Murray of Lochmaben, became extinct, and those of Stormont and Scoon devolved on David, second Lord Balvaird, who married the Earl's widow. See the Earldom of Mansfield in Burke's Peerage.

SANDER'S HISTORY OF SHENSTONE.—Will any reader of "N. & Q." oblige me by lending me a copy of Sander's History of Shenstone? Of course I would pay the carriage and expenses. A letter would find me directed, CID, Post Office, Stourbridge, Worcestershire.

B. H. A. For the derivation of Czar, see our last Volume, pp. 150. 226. 422.

T. H. On the Lord Mayor being a Privy Councillor, see our Fourth Volume passim.

S. C. (Norwich). The line—

"When Greeks joined Greeks then was the tug of war"

—is from Lee's Alexander the Great.

PISCATOR will find ample illustration of "ampers and and the character &" in our last Volume (8th), pp. 173. 223. 254. 327. 376. 524.

A. BADEN, Jun., will find that his Query respecting the pronunciation of Tea in Queen Anne's time, has already been treated of in the curious discussion on Irish Rhymes in our 6th, 7th, and 8th Volumes.

X. Y. Z. Brother-german is a brother by the father's or mother's side, in contradistinction to a uterine brother, or by the mother only.

E. H. McL. Some examples of wage, the singular of wages, are given in Todd's Johnson: consult also Richardson, s. v.

GALLO-NITRATE.—1. We advise you to try the formula given in our former Number (Vol. vii., p. 324.) for positives; 30 grains of nitrate of silver may do, but it is not very active. 2. A glass rod is inappropriate; it works up the albumen into a lather. 3. Towgood's paper will take the albumen very excellently. As we have often said before, when you may obtain certain excellent results from known good formulae, why waste your time upon uncertainties?

T. D. L. If your bath contains the smallest portion of hypo., or any salt of iron, it is useless. Precipitate the silver with salt; collect and reduce it to its metallic state.

"NOTES AND QUERIES" is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

* * * * *

GROSJEAN'S

CELEBRATED TROWSERS,

16s. per Pair.

109. REGENT STREET.

* * * * *

ONE THOUSAND BEDSTEADS TO CHOOSE FROM.—HEAL & SON'S Stock comprises handsomely Japanned and Brass-mounted Iron Bedsteads, Children's Cribs and Cots of new and elegant designs, Mahogany, Birch, and Walnut-tree Bedsteads, of the soundest and best Manufacture, many of them fitted with Furnitures, complete. A large Assortment of Servants' and Portable Bedsteads. They have also every variety of Furniture for the complete furnishing of a Bed Room.

HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED AND PRICED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS AND BEDDING, sent Free by Post.

HEAL & SON, 196. Tottenham Court Road.

* * * * *

ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description of upwards of 100 articles, consisting of PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS, Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and other travelling requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post on receipt of Two Stamps.

MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles of the kind ever produced.

J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.

* * * * *

SURPLICES.

GILBERT J. FRENCH, Bolton, Lancashire, has prepared his usual large Supply of SURPLICES, in Anticipation of EASTER.

PARCELS delivered FREE at Railway Stations.

* * * * *

THE EMPRESS OF CHINA'S TEA.—Recommended by the Faculty for its purity, by the nobility and gentry for its choice quality (which is always the same) and by the trade for its general superiority and moderate price.

MOORE & CO., 14. Little Tower Street. London. Sold retail at 27. COVENTRY ST., HAYMARKET, and by their Agents throughout the kingdom. Price 4s. 4d. per lb., in tins of various sizes. Agents wanted (tea-dealers only) where none are appointed.

* * * * *

{315}

ARCHER'S REGISTERED FOLDING CAMERA.—This new form of Camera combines portability with the power of expansion, and is capable of taking pictures from 3x4 to 10x8, in the open air without a tent.

It is made to contain the lens, baths, bottles, &c., necessary for an excursion, packed up and ready for use in an upright position.

It is applicable to all the known processes in Photography.

Further particulars can be obtained of Mr. Archer, 105. Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, who supplies all other Apparatus necessary in Photography, Collodion, pure Chemicals, &c. Portraits on Glass.

An assortment of Prints on Sale, Works of Art copied, &c. &c.

* * * * *

CLASSICAL MUSICAL LIBRARY—Subscribers are liberally supplied, on loan, with every description of New Vocal and Instrumental Music, and have also at their disposal upwards of 3,000 volumes, including the Standard Operas, Italian, German, French, and English Songs, and all kinds of Instrumental Music. During the Term of Subscription, each Subscriber has the privilege of selecting—for his own property—from 100,000 different pieces, 3 Guineas' worth of Music. Prospectuses forwarded Free on application.

JULLIEN & CO., 214. Regent Street.

* * * * *

BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 30 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and 4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE.

* * * * *

PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each.—D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square (established A.D. 1785), sole manufacturers of the ROYAL PIANOFORTES, at 25 Guineas each. Every instrument warranted. The peculiar advantages of these pianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial, signed by the majority of the leading musicians of the age:—"We, the undersigned members of the musical profession, having fully examined the Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great pleasure in bearing testimony to their merits and capabilities. It appears to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal temperament, while the elegance of their construction renders them a handsome ornament for the library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R. Bishop, J. Blewitt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, E. F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H. F. Hasse, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F. Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza, Alexander Lee, A. Leffler, E. J. Loder, W. H. Montgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry Phillips, F. Praegar, E. F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E. Rockel, Sims Reeves, J. Templeton, F. Weber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright," &c.

D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis.

* * * * *

CHUBB'S LOCKS, with all the recent improvements. Strong fire-proof safes, cash and deed boxes. Complete lists of sizes and prices may be had on application.

CHUBB & SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard, London; 28. Lord Street, Liverpool; 16. Market Street, Manchester; and Horseley Fields, Wolverhampton.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.

THE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS, by the most eminent English and Continental Artists, is OPEN DAILY from Ten till Five. Free Admission.

L s. d. A Portrait by Mr. Talbot's Patent Process 1 1 0 Additional Copies (each) 0 5 0 A Coloured Portrait, highly finished (small size) 3 3 0 A Coloured Portrait, highly finished (larger size) 5 5 0

Miniatures, Oil Paintings, Water-Colour, and Chalk Drawings, Photographed and Coloured in imitation of the Originals. Views of Country Mansions, Churches, &c., taken at a short notice.

Cameras, Lenses, and all the necessary Photographic Apparatus and Chemicals, are supplied, tested, and guaranteed.

Gratuitous Instruction is given to Purchasers of Sets of Apparatus.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. New Bond Street.

* * * * *

TO PHOTOGRAPHERS.—Second-hand Camera for Sale, with Ross's 21/2 inch lens, capable of taking pictures 81/2 by 61/2. Two double Shutters for paper, and one for Collodion, adjusting Front, &c. Price, 7l. 10s. For further particulars apply to MR. DIXEY, King's Road, Brighton.

* * * * *

IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.—J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and appreciation of half-tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.

Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of Photography. Instruction in the Art.

THE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price 1s., per Post, 1s. 2d.

* * * * *

COLLODION PORTRAITS AND VIEWS obtained with the greatest ease and certainty by using BLAND & LONG'S preparation of Soluble Cotton; certainty and uniformity of action over a lengthened period, combined with the most faithful rendering of the half-tones, constitute this a most valuable agent in the hands of the photographer.

Albumenized paper, for printing from glass or paper negatives, giving a minuteness of detail unattained by any other method, 5s. per Quire.

Waxed and Iodized Papers of tried quality.

Instruction in the Processes.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London.

*** Catalogues sent on application.

* * * * *

THE SIGHT preserved by the Use of SPECTACLES adapted to suit every variety of Vision by means of SMEE'S OPTOMETER, which effectually prevents Injury to the Eyes from the Selection of Improper Glasses, and is extensively employed by

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHY.—HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art.—123. and 121. Newgate Street.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHY.-MESSRS. A. MARION & CO. beg to inform the Artists and Amateurs that they are now ready to supply them with papers manufactured expressly for Photographic purposes; since it has been tried it has received the unanimous good opinion of the most successful operators.

Positive and Negative (not prepared), Simple Salted, and Salted Albumenized Positive, Simple Waxed, and Waxed Iodized Negative, Gummed Paper, and Cards for Mounting Proofs.

PAPETERIE MARION, 152. Regent Street.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHS Mounted and Framed in every Style, by E. FOX, 75A. Little Britain, City, Mounter to the Photographic Society, Polytechnic, and Photographic Institutions.

E. F. begs to inform the Profession and Amateurs that from his great experience in Photograph Mounting, Framing, &c., he can guarantee perfect satisfaction both as regards Style and Price.

Mounts and Passepartouts of every description.

Price Lists sent on application.

Gentlemen waited on at their residences.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.

KNIGHT & SONS' Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price of the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and Son's Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various Materials, and pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the Photographic Art. Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.

Instructions given in every branch of the Art.

An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic Specimens.

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London.

* * * * *

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

* * * * *

Directors.

H. E. Bicknell, Esq. T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P. G. H. Drew, Esq. W. Evans, Esq. W. Freeman, Esq. F. Fuller, Esq. J. H. Goodhart, Esq. T. Grissell, Esq. J. Hunt, Esq. J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. E. Lucas, Esq. J. Lys Seager, Esq. J. B. White, Esq. J. Carter Wood, Esq.

Trustees.—W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq. Physician.—William Rich. Basham, M.D. Bankers.—Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Prospectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits:—

Age L s. d. 17 1 14 4 22 1 18 8 27 2 4 5 32 2 10 8 37 2 18 6 42 3 8 2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

* * * * *

{316}

WORKS PRINTED FOR WALTON & MABERLY,

28. UPPER GOWER STREET, and 27. IVY LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW.

* * * * *

COMPLETION OF A VOLUME.

Now ready, VOLUME I., price 1s. 6d., in handsome boards,

LARDNER'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART.—A Miscellany of Instructive and Amusing Tracts on the Physical Sciences, and on their Application to the Uses of Life. Illustrated by Engravings on Wood.

CONTENTS.

PART I., price 5d. 1. The Planets; Are they Inhabited Globes? 2. Weather Prognostics. 3. The Planets. Chap. II. 4. Popular Fallacies in Questions of Physical Science.

PART II., price 5d. 5. Latitudes and Longitudes. 6. The Planets. Chap. III. 7. Lunar Influences. 8. Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars. Chap. I.

PART III., price 6d. 9. Railway Accidents. Chap. I. 10. The Planets. Chap. IV. 11. Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars. Chap. II. 12. Railway Accidents. Chap. II. 13. Light.

*** Continued in Weekly Numbers, Monthly Parts, and Quarterly Volumes.

"This series, besides affording popular but sound instruction on scientific subjects, with which the humblest man in the country ought to be acquainted, also undertakes that teaching of 'common things' which Lord Ashburton and every well-wisher of his kind are anxious to promote."—The Times, Feb. 9, 1854.

"A cheap and interesting publication, alike informing and attractive. The papers combine subjects of importance with great scientific knowledge, considerable inductive powers, and a popular style of treatment."—Spectator.

Also, PART IV., price 5d., containing,

14. Common Things. Air. 15. Locomotion in America. Chap. I. 16. Cometary Influences. Chap. I. 17. Locomotion in America. Chap. II.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

THIRD COURSE OF DR. LARDNER'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

This Day, 1 vol., 37 Plates, and 200 Woodcuts, price 16s. 6d.

DR. LARDNER'S HANDBOOK of ASTRONOMY and METEOROLOGY. Being the Third Course of the "Handbook of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy."

By the same Author.

FIRST COURSE: MECHANICS, HYDROSTATICS, HYDRAULICS, PNEUMATICS, SOUND, OPTICS. 400 Woodcuts. Price 12s. 6d.

SECOND COURSE: HEAT, COMMON ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY. 200 Woodcuts. 8s. 6d.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

NEW WORK ON ARITHMETIC.

12mo., 5s. cloth.

A COURSE OF ARITHMETIC AS TAUGHT IN THE PESTALLOZZIAN SCHOOL, WORKSOP. By J. L. ELLENBERGER.

"A happy combination of theory and practice, containing explanation and demonstration enough to afford wholesome mental discipline, and yet not too difficult to be understood by pupils of average ability. In every case the reason why a particular process is adopted in order to obtain the desired result is clearly set forth."—Athenaeum.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

PROFESSOR BOOLE'S NEW WORK.

Just published, 8vo., 14s.,

THE LAWS OF THOUGHT, on which are founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities. By GEORGE BOOLE, Professor of Mathematics in Queen's College, Cork.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

Just published, fcp. 8vo., 1s. 9d.,

EUCLID EXPLAINED.—The First Book of Euclid Explained to Beginners. By C. P. MASON, B.A., Fellow of University College, and Principal of Denmark Hill Grammar School.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.

Just published, crown 8vo., 1s. sewed, 1s. 6d. cloth,

BUSINESS AS IT IS AND AS IT MIGHT BE. By JOSEPH LYNDALL.

This work obtained the prize of fifty guineas offered by the Young Men's Christian Association for the best Essay on the Evils of the Present System of Business, and the Difficulties they present to the Attainment and Development of Personal Piety, with Suggestions for their Removal.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

Second Edition, 500 Woodcuts, 2l. 2s.,

DR. WM. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. By various Writers. Medium 8vo.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

500 Woodcuts, 3 vols. medium 8vo., 5l. 15s. 6d.,

DR. WM. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY. By various Writers.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

MR. QUAIN'S NEW WORK.

Now ready, crown 8vo., with coloured Plates, 7s. 6d., cloth,

DISEASES OF THE RECTUM. By RICHARD QUAIN, F.R.S., Professor of Clinical Surgery in University College, and Surgeon to University College Hospital.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

COMPLETION OF THE FIRST VOLUME OF DR. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHY.

Just completed, Volume I., price 1l. 16s., cloth, lettered,

A DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN GEOGRAPHY. By Various Writers. Edited by DR. WILLIAM SMITH. Illustrated by numerous Engravings on Wood. To form two volumes. 8vo.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane; and JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

* * * * *

ITALIAN LANGUAGE.

Just published, royal 18mo., price 3s. 6d. cloth,

FIRST ITALIAN COURSE; being a Practical and Easy Method of Learning the Elements of the Italian Language. By W. BROWNRIGG SMITH, M.A., Second Classical Master of the City of London Schools.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

Cheap Issue.—Fourth Edition.

BOOK OF GENESIS IN ENGLISH HEBREW; accompanied by an Interlinear Translation, substantially the same as the authorised English version: Philological Notes and Grammatical Introduction. By W. GREENFIELD, M.R.A.S. 8vo., 4s. 6d., cloth. With the original Text in Hebrew Characters at the end. 8vo., 6s. 6d., cloth.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

NIEBUHR'S NEW LECTURES.

Just published, 2 vols. 8vo., 1l. 1s.

NIEBUHR'S LECTURES on ANCIENT ETHNOGRAPHY and GEOGRAPHY; comprising Greece and her Colonies, Italy, the Islands of the Mediterranean, Spain, Gaul, Britain, Northern Africa, and Phoenicia. By DR. LEONHARD SCHMITZ, Rector of the High School of Edinburgh.

By the same Author,

Niebuhr's Lectures on Ancient History: the Asiatic Nations, the Egyptians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Macedonians. By Dr. L. Schmitz. 3 vols. 8vo., 1l. 11s. 6d.

Niebuhr's Lectures on Roman History. By Leonhard Schmitz, Ph.D. New and Cheaper Edition. 3 vols. 8vo., 24s.

Niebuhr's History of Rome. By Bishop Thirlwall, Archdeacon Hare, Dr. W. Smith, and Dr. Schmitz. Fourth and cheaper edition, 3 vols., 8vo., 36s.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

*** MESSRS. W. & M.'S CATALOGUE will be sent by Post (Free) to any one writing for it.

* * * * *

Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London: and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, April 1. 1854.

* * * * *

Corrections made to printed original.

page 296, "a few parallel passages": 'paralled' in original.

THE END