A small bulletin is being written and it is hoped that it will be available for distribution in a short time.

Plans for the Future

The activities outlined above will be continued on a larger scale and in a more thorough manner, provided I can get the necessary funds to carry on the work. The search for superior trees and bushes will be continued and nuts from good trees in China and Japan will be introduced in much greater quantities for test purposes. The conversion of poor or ordinary native nut trees into superior trees by grafting will receive special attention.

In this way, ladies and gentlemen, I hope to attain the ideal of all true horticulturists, e. g., "To make our country more beautiful and fruitful and thereby help to serve the aesthetic and physical needs of our people."

* * * * *

DOCTOR MORRIS: Mr. Chairman: Canada is the next country in which great developments in all of the branches of science will occur. It is to develop, of course, in our present cultural period and I hope this movement for the development of nut culture in Canada will keep pace with the other developments.

I want to speak about one point of Mr. Corsan's. Game breeding can go very well with nut raising. Wild geese will graze like sheep, they will keep the grass and weeds down, and after they are ten days old they need no feeding at all until winter comes. They will graze like sheep, live out of doors like sheep, take the place of sheep, and will return to the land immediately valuable fertilization.

The pheasants Mr. Corsan spoke about are tremendous destroyers of insects. I have had pheasants in my garden this year and the other morning I looked out of the window and saw a pheasant in the midst of a nest of fall web worms. The pheasants will destroy insects of every sort. The only difficulty is that where there are rosebugs in abundance they will kill young pheasants.

I hope every one will take a copy of this "Game Breeder" that Mr. Corsan has left on the table. The subscription price is very small and we may profitably add game breeding of certain kinds to our nut breeding with benefit all around.

MR. BIXBY: Mr. President: There are some points brought out upon which I could throw some light. I have some specimens of Juglans mandschurica which were sent by E. H. Wilson from Korea. I also have a young tree growing that is apparently larger leafed and with thicker shoots than even Juglans cordiformis. The nut is rougher than the other.

I had the privilege of talking to Doctor Wilson regarding his travels in Japan, particularly in relation to the Japanese walnuts. He tells me that Juglans sieboldiana is a wild tree he has found all through the Japanese islands, from the southern part of the northern island Yezo to the mountains of Kyushu, the southern island. He says that Juglans cordiformis is a cultivated tree found in only three or four provinces in central Japan where the walnuts are cultivated. He also tells me he has never seen any of the so-called Japanese butternut type with the rough shell.

I devoted some time three or four years ago to finding out what this so-called Japanese butternut really was. I could never find any instance of where Japanese walnuts, either cordiformis or sieboldiana, had been imported from Japan and planted here and trees grown from them, where those trees had borne rough-shelled nuts like butternuts. In every case where I found any trees bearing those so-called Japanese butternuts they were grown from nuts, Japanese walnuts, which had been grown in this country. In a number of instances I was able to find that the nuts which were planted were smooth-shelled nuts, either sieboldiana or cordiformis. When they were planted and the trees grew they bore these rough shelled Japan nuts. In a number of instances I was able to find native butternut trees not far away.

The other question was about the varieties of the American hazel. We have here specimens of the best variety which we have found, the Rush hazel. The gentleman who asked about it may see specimens on the table. I believe that will be commercially valuable.

THE PRESIDENT: I think you have all enjoyed Professor Neilson's address quite as much as I have. I wonder, Professor, if it would be agreeable to you that we, as an association, should communicate with these people who answered your questionnaire, inviting them to membership in this association.

PROFESSOR NEILSON: Mr. President, I think that would be an excellent suggestion, and I would be very glad indeed to prepare a list of those that I know are interested in nut growing, and also give you a list of the names of people who gave me exceptionally good replies.

THE PRESIDENT: That's fine. That's perfectly fine.

PROFESSOR NEILSON: Yesterday when you were talking about a membership campaign it occurred to me that it might be well for me to write personally to several people whom I know are interested in nut growing, asking them to join.

As a matter of fact there is one gentleman in southwestern Ontario who suggested to me that we form a Canadian branch of the Northern Nut Growers' Association.

THE PRESIDENT: Don't do it. Just let us all be one.

PROFESSOR NEILSON: I think that's the better way to do it.

THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much. Is Mr. John Watson here?

MR. OLCOTT: He asked me to state in his behalf that he really didn't have much to say, he noticed your program was pretty well filled up, and he asked to be excused. I hoped Mr. Watson would say something here, but what would be more important would be for him to speak before the nurserymen and induce them to take more interest in our work. Mr. Jones is here and Mr. Watson was here. Of all the nurserymen in this nursery center here that is the only representation.

Nursery catalogues list seedling trees for the most part. One nurseryman wrote me the other day saying he was continually receiving requests for nut trees but he couldn't supply them and knew nothing about them. He asked me for a list of nurseries growing them. Nursery nut trees are not being produced in very great quantities except by Mr. Jones, and they are unlisted in the nursery catalogues, or only listed in an incidental way, very much as though they were tacking on something in the way of citrus fruit, or something of that kind.

A subject that this association might well take up in the enlisting of the nurserymen's interest in this work. Mr. Brown, by the way, of Queens, New York, was here last night. There was a third one here, the head of a very large nursery down there. I talked with him. He was here with Mr. Dunbar. He was interested mildly but not from a practical point of view. I don't know what is the reason for this lack of interest. I thought maybe Mr. Watson could tell us.

THE PRESIDENT: This thought occurs to me in connection with Mr. Olcott's remarks, that it might be desirable for us to send a representative from this association to the annual meeting of the national nurserymen, and let such representative put before the nurserymen the possibilities of making the growing of nut trees in their nurseries a real feature.

MR. SPENCER: Mr. President, several years ago when I first became interested in nut raising I wrote to the University of Illinois which has really one of the great agricultural schools. It is especially famed for its soil fertility studies and for engineering. I asked them what they were doing in the way of spreading information in regard to nut trees, and if they could give me a list of persons from whom I could purchase reliable stock. To my amusement they said they had no list of nurserymen who produced nut trees. I wrote back to them and said that it seemed to me that in a country which is a nut country they ought to know the products of their own state, and I sent them a list of the people from whom they could get trees.

Now I think it would be good policy to send information to the various agriculture schools, giving them what we know of their particular territory based on our experiences, and also send this information to the farm bureaus.

THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Olcott, what do you think about the suggestion to send a delegate to the nurserymen's convention. You are familiar with the nursery trade.

MR. OLCOTT: That's a good suggestion, Mr. President. I don't know—I had thought of Mr. Jones, who is in the nursery business. It might mean competition for him but I didn't think he would be able to supply all the trees that might be needed. Mr. Jones, by the way, is a regular attendant at the nurserymen's association.

THE PRESIDENT: He would be the man of all men to carry the message and I am sure that he would be very glad to.

MR. CORSAN: Mr. Chairman, I have an idea that the best thing we can do is carry on a magazine campaign this winter. Now my wife is a very good magazine writer and can fix up anything in good shape. Send me along all the photographs you can to the Brooklyn Central Y. M. C. A., where I will be located this winter, and on cold, wet days and odd days I don't work, why, we can get up some magazine articles on nut growing.

THE PRESIDENT: It affords me great pleasure to introduce Mr. Bixby.



THE EXPERIMENTAL NUT ORCHARD

WILLARD G. BIXBY, Baldwin, N. Y.

We have heard much about the desirability of the experimental nut orchard and the association has repeatedly urged the planting of such by each one of the agricultural experiment stations in the country. These have been advocated in order that we might learn of the behavior of the fine varieties of nuts that we now have under varying conditions of soil and climate, and in this way accumulate the experience out of which to make positive recommendations as to the species and varieties that might be planted in any given section with reasonably assured prospects of success.

The association has been criticised, sometimes a little harshly I have thought, for the lack of specific planting recommendations, for, as a general rule, that was what those interested have wanted. They did not want to be experimenters; they wanted to plant varieties and get reliable estimates of the returns that might be expected and information as to the returns that similar plantings have shown. Indeed the statement has been made that, unless the association could give this, it could not hold its members and would largely fail in its mission.

That it has not until recently made any very specific recommendations of this character is to my mind an evidence of wisdom. There is a legend told of King Canute whose courtiers flattered him by telling of his power, not differentiating between the immense power he did possess from that which he did not, and who persuaded him to try it on the rising tide. The King learned a lesson by the test that he never forgot. Had the association attempted to make very definite recommendations before it could point to specific instances where things had been done it would almost certainly have failed as signally as did King Canute.

It is not because it did not realize the value that such recommendations would have, but because it did realize that the experience necessary had not been accumulated before it could safely make them. It is only through experience that recommendations worth while can be made, and it is because of the need of accumulating this for the various sections that the association has advocated the planting of experimental orchards.

It is encouraging to note that while these are not being planted as rapidly as we would wish, the work is going on steadily and we are continually learning of new plantings. Some of the older orchards are now giving us their experience. The oldest plantings are those of Mr. John G. Rush, West Willow, Pa., consisting largely of Persian walnuts, and of Mr. E. A. Riehl, Alton, Ill., consisting of chestnuts and black walnuts.

Mr. Rush's orchard has given us an American hazel, the Rush, the best native variety that we have and which seemingly has commercial value. It has also shown us that the nuts on a young grafted hickory tree, a Weiker, are considerably larger and crack easier than the nuts from the parent tree, and that the English walnut will grow and bear when grafted on practically every species of walnut, black walnut, butternut, and Japan walnut, and it seems likely that this orchard will be a source of knowledge for us for many years to come.

A number of others have been started some of which are beginning to give us evidence of value. Probably more problems have been solved, particularly those relating to propagation on Dr. Morris's and Mr. Jones's than any others so far. Dr. Deming is giving us evidence on grafted hickories of a large number of varieties and Mr. Littlepage's and Mr. Wilkinson's orchards are giving us evidence on pecans. There are also a number of others still too young to give us much information. Mr. Riehl's orchard of chestnuts and black walnuts has gotten beyond the experimental stage and is now a commercial success.

I had a desire to establish an experimental orchard when living in Brooklyn, before I owned any land on which to plant trees, and I bought and set out trees on the land of three relatives before it was possible to set any on my own land. The principal thing gained from these early plantings was experience and the principal things learned were things not to do, for none of the trees then planted are alive today. Buying my present place in Baldwin, at the close of 1916 gave me about three acres available land and since then I have been gathering grafted, budded or otherwise asexually propagated trees of all the fine varieties that we have. At present there are on my place some

14 varieties of black walnuts 2 " " butternuts 12 " " Persian walnuts 4 " " Japan walnuts 14 " " chestnuts 20 " " pecans 25 " " hickories 23 " " hazels 4 " " almonds

The only nut tree, native in the northeastern United States of which I have no named variety is the Beech.

In addition there are seedling trees of four additional species of walnuts, seedlings from several hybrid walnut and hickory trees, besides some thousands of seedling nut trees of practically all species for use as stocks.

I have for the past two years been gathering selected native hazels from the various sections of the United States taking care to select bushes that bore nuts that were relatively large, thin shelled and fine flavored.

Inasmuch as the hazel is native all over the country, and just how to get bushes that bear the best nuts is not generally known, I will tell how I do it, hoping that many others will seek out the best hazels in their section and get them into cultivation. I provide myself with a cloth about as large as a large handkerchief, a number of wooden labels, some paper bags, a hand vise, a pair of calipers, a scale and tools for digging plants. A spade or round-nose shovel is about the best tool for digging the plant and frequently a hatchet, axe, mattock, or bar is required in addition in case the hazels have to be dug away from among the roots of large trees or from among stones of considerable size.

When a plant is found where the nuts look promising the branch on which nuts are to be examined is marked temporarily by throwing the cloth over it. A nut is then carefully cracked in the hand vise, taking pains to extract the kernel whole. This is then calipered with the calipers, set at a minimum size desired. If it is undersize the bush is rejected and another sought. In measuring the longest dimension is the one considered. The minimum size depends on the section from which the hazels are being taken, no kernel which is less than 3/8" in its longest dimensions being considered. While sometimes it requires a good deal of hunting to accomplish it, I have never had to take bushes where the kernel was smaller than this and it is seldom that it is necessary to take those where the kernel is as small as this. In many instances it is very much larger. If the size is satisfactory the kernel is then eaten, only those bushes having well flavored kernels being taken. If all tests are satisfactory the cloth is removed and a wooden label put on the bush which is then dug. The nuts are removed from the bush and put in a paper bag labeled the same as the bush; the bush is cut back to about 6" in height and then put in a sack or other convenient means for keeping moist till it can be put into the ground.

The gathering of the above mentioned trees in a small compass and closely observing them have enabled me to make a number of observations which may be of interest.

Fertility of Soil: The importance of this was shown strikingly in the case of a lot of Japan walnuts received in the spring of 1918. They were quite large and seemingly never had been transplanted and were dug with small roots. For lack of a better place they were set in sod ground which had not been cultivated or fertilized for many years. They eked out a miserable existence during the years 1918 and 1919. During the spring of 1920, I put chickens in that patch and an improvement was noted that year but this year practically every tree has grown six feet or more. The manure of the chickens and the thorough cultivation of the soil caused by their scratching have certainly worked wonders. While I do not minimize the effect of clean cultivation, I am inclined to believe that abundant plant food is the really important thing, for a goose watering pan under a tree pushes the tree along at a remarkable rate, and geese never scratch. They do keep the grass closely cropped, supply an abundance of manure, and the watering pan puts the plant food where the trees can get it.

Pruning: The importance of severely cutting back was strikingly shown this spring. A butternut raised from a nut in a lot of "Virginia" butternuts, bought in a nut store and which had outgrown every other tree in that lot and which I believe to be a Japan walnut butternut hybrid was transplanted this spring. Care was taken to get as much of the roots as possible and practically all were obtained; good soil was taken to fill in around the roots. Over the half of the branches were removed but the five highest ones were not shortened. This tree has not grown as well this year as some others not as vigorous and set in poorer soil but where all branches were cut back severely. Were this the first time I had noticed this, I might have considered it an isolated case, but the need of severe pruning was emphasized even in this case where I hardly expected it to show on account of the tremendous natural vigor of the tree which was transplanted, and the ideal conditions under which the transplanting was done.

Varieties: I get frequent requests from persons who want to know the best variety of this nut or that nut with the idea of planting only the best. The thought behind the request is one with which I heartily sympathize, but the method of accomplishing it that the enquirer has in mind will not accomplish it. The failure of most plantings of European hazels has, it has been thought, been due more to lack of proper pollination than to any other one reason. This year several varieties showed abundant pistillate flowers but there was but one European variety where it was not evident that the staminate flowers had suffered greater or less winter injury. This variety, Grosse Kugelnuss, shed an abundance of pollen when pistillate flowers of several of the others were receptive and there are nuts on three or four varieties for the first time. I believe that the success of Messrs. McGlennon and Vollertsen in fruiting the European hazels would have been but a fraction of what it has been had they not set out the large number of varieties that they did. In setting out nut trees at the present time as large a number of varieties as practicable should be planted. Later we will have the accurate observations that will enable us to select a few and feel sure of getting good crops of nuts, but we cannot do this now.

Chestnuts: While the blight is all around me and several of my trees have been killed by it, there are enough left to produce nuts of nearly every variety and I see no reason yet to change my belief that, by watching, cutting out blight and occasionally setting out new trees, chestnuts of nearly every variety can be grown and fruited in the blight area.

Age of Bearing: My experience would seem to show that grafted or budded nut trees are as a class not slow in coming into bearing provided they have had good care. I have had Lancaster heart nut trees set out in the fall bear next spring and have had hand-pollinated English walnuts bear the third year. Apparently a year or two longer will be required before they bear staminate flowers. Walnut trees certainly appear to bear fully as young as apple trees, in fact sooner, as a class, than apple trees which I set out at the same time that I did walnut trees. Pecan trees appear to take about two or three years longer than walnuts and hickories several years longer than pecans. On the other hand top-worked hickory trees bear about as soon as young transplanted Persian walnuts. Hazels with me have taken about as long as Persian walnuts but I think that they are more rapid in most instances. The soil of most of my place is quite heavy, walnuts, pecans and hickories doing finely. I am inclined to believe that a lighter soil would be fully as good if not better for hazels.

Stocks: The varying rapidity of growth of trees of the same variety has been noticeable and has caused more than passing notice for one can not help thinking that such varying rapidity of growth would be likely to cause equal variations in bearing. It would seem as if this must be caused by the variations in the stocks for the scions all come from the same tree. Inspection of seedling trees has shown that some grow much faster than others. If normal growth trees are considered, trees making less than half this are numerous and those making double are rather rare. Apparently we have in seedling stocks enough variations in vigor of growth to account for the variations in growth noticed in grafted trees of the same variety. Mr. Jones tells me that he expects to discard nearly 50% of his seedlings because not vigorous enough to bud or graft. Then there are some trees which seem incapable of taking grafts or buds. It would seem very desirable to select rapid growing stocks that will take buds and grafts readily and use those but this will mean working out means of propagating them by cuttings, layers, or some asexual method and these have not been well worked for nut trees, other than hazels, although some work has been done on it.

The above conclusions are largely from the limited observations I have made on my small place. None are very new for I believe I have heard all of them advanced before, but observing them myself has fixed them in my mind in a way that they could not have been otherwise. Many of them have been corroborated by others. For example, Mr. Jones has shown me walnut trees of the same size set out at the same time, some severely pruned and others not, where the severely pruned ones in two or three years had so far outstripped the others as to make it very noticeable and it seemed as if the difference in vigor would continue. On the other hand it is possible that there may be points where the experience of others differs from mine.

* * * * *

THE PRESIDENT: There is one more address this morning. That is by Doctor Morris, the subject being, "Pioneer Experience and Outlook."

DOCTOR MORRIS: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen:

Lord Byron said that the reason why he did not commit suicide was because he was so curious to know what was going to happen next. For any one to do pioneer work in almost any department of human activity there are two essentials: First, he must be more or less stupid and not read the handwriting on the wall; and in the second place he must be very obstinate and persistent. Given those qualities one may succeed in pioneer work in almost any department of life.

Something over twenty years ago I had the idea of putting upon my country place every kind of American tree that could be grown there. I planned to occupy a little time away from professional work and attend to this. As I began to acquire information the subject grew so rapidly that I found it would be necessary to give up my profession wholly and employ several assistants in order to carry out this idea. Consequently I cut down my ambition to include only coniferous and nut trees. This study in turn grew so rapidly that I found it necessary to cut out everything except nut trees, and then I found that one might devote his entire life to the subject of hickories alone to the exclusion of all other occupation.

In the beginning of the development of my nut trees there were failures continually and it became interesting. Lord Byron found it interesting to live in order to see what was going to happen next. My failures were so interesting that I was very curious to know what was going to happen next. I started in with a very large lot of shagbark hickory trees. I had them grafted for me in the South. I think I expended something like $250 for that lot. I had it grafted upon the common hickory stock of the South. They lived through the winter, the summer, and the next winter, but in the spring, following a few warm days and a freeze, the bark of every one of those common stocks exploded, fairly, and the entire lot was lost, not one tree lived.

A great many trees that I brought from farther south, from California and from the Pacific coast, all died. I learned then that the climate there will allow trees from western Europe to grow because they have the Japanese current furnishing similar conditions of climate; that trees from that part of the country would be mostly failures here in the East; and that trees for the East should come from northeast Asia where climatic conditions are similar.

I learned also that trees from a distance, not accustomed to our soil and climate, would not adapt themselves readily, and it would require long selection and breeding to acclimatize or adapt to our soil trees which were developed under differing conditions. Out of a large lot of things that I got from Chili, hoping that their altitude would correspond to our latitude, nothing grew. Consequently by elimination of things that would not live I gradually arrived at the conclusion that it is best for any locality to develop the species, or a like kind of tree, which belong to that locality. Well, they say, how about the prairies that are treeless? Of course we have there to deal with a question of fire that from time immemorial has swept the prairies covered with grass and has been halted only when it reached the regions of established forests; so that on the prairies I have no doubt we may have great groves of nut trees flourishing. In my locality the trees that are indigenous are the ones which do the best, and that is the line for perseverance.

Then I took up hybridization. I found there were many disappointments. It was difficult to be sure of securing reliable pollen and of getting it to the flowers at the right time and surely, so that we would have good hybrids instead of parthenogens which sometimes develop as the result of the female not making fusion with its mate.

On one occasion I remember I covered a lot of branches with large bags for pollenization, and going out a few days later to add pollen I found a wren's nest with two eggs in one of my bags. Now if a wren could lay two eggs in one of those bags the cross-pollenization was not likely to be a success. In this work, however, I find that we have a tremendous field opened up and one which might yield particularly to the ladies. It is very pretty work, it is nice work. It includes idealism, speculation, the idea of developing new trees, or trees that one has never seen before. After many failures in hybridizing I find now that by following rules it is simplified very much. Almost any one who is persistent enough may learn eventually to hybridize very easily.

The question of labeling trees and of keeping track of different specimens was one that gave me many disappointments. I would lose the labels, lose the records, so I was not able to tell truthfully about trees when visitors came to ask me about them. I know in one lot where I had a lot of hybrid trees, each one marked with a stake and number, the cow of a neighbor got over the fence into the field and the boy who came after that refractory cow found that to pull up those stakes gave him very convenient objects for throwing at the cow, and my labels were all hybridized.

This sort of thing was the kind of disappointments that I had in early experiences in growing nut trees. It is very essential, however, to keep good records and I find now that the best way is to use a galvanized iron rod with a metallic tag stamped with a machine and fastened on in such a way that it will not be injured by any sort of use. These galvanized rods, galvanized spring wire, are very durable if one is careful about placing them on the trees. That experience in keeping the labels was one which was very disappointing at first, but the question has now been finally settled.

The number of animals and birds that like a good thing is perfectly surprising, and in trying to raise my seedling nuts I have had great difficulty and have had to take up a new department of natural history in order to study the habits of rodents and of the birds. The crows have been, perhaps, the worst enemy, after the field mice, of the seedling nuts that were planted out in the field. But the crows may be kept away if we put up bean poles with a simple cotton string stretched between them at a distance of twenty-five or thirty feet. One of my friends who took my advice said that it didn't work, that he had not only put up the string but had fastened a piece of tin onto the string. That is just where he made a failure. The crows sized up the situation immediately. They sat on the fence and looked it over and made up their minds that those things were not meant for them, and then they went in and destroyed his grain. But a simple string between the poles will keep the crows guessing, and that alone will suffice to keep them out of the grain, nuts, or anything else.

These are a few rambling remarks which come to my mind, but still they belong to the experiences that we have in getting things under way in our experimental work. As to the outlook, there is no doubt whatsoever but that any man who is interested in the subject, who loves trees and loves plants, can manage all the problems. We shall eventually have horticulturists and amateur gardeners who will raise all of this great new food supply without difficulty.

We must now look for new food supplies. Wheat, grain, corn, and the other cereals are not going to supply this country indefinitely but the nut trees will. It is absolutely impossible to have over-population. It can't be done. Over-population as a social matter relates wholly to the habits acquired by people in using established kinds of food, but with the development of the nut trees, which furnish the appropriate starch, oils, and essentials of human diet, the danger of over-population becomes absolutely nil. We can not have over-population anyway, because nations of people reach cultural limitation, just as breeds of cattle run out, just as a breed of dogs runs out, just as a breed of any cultivated animal runs out. We are sure to do that. In all of our cultural periods we are sure to rise to a certain point, decline, and go out, and somebody else will follow, so that we never can really have over-population excepting as a matter of choice rather than one of necessity. On the question of food supply we may avert over-population by taking up something new to meet the conditions. That new thing right now is the development of the nut trees which furnish all of the food essentials and will take away any fear whatsoever of any over-crowding of the people of this country.



EVENING SESSION, SEPTEMBER 8th, 1922

The convention was called to order by the President at 8:30 o'clock P. M.

MR. SPENCER: Mr. President: I have an idea I would like to present on behalf of the ladies. Quite a number of years ago I was entertained at dinner on the plantation of Mr. John Todd, St. Mary's Parish, Louisiana. It is on the banks of a stream lined with live oaks at a point where Evangeline and the Arcadians passed on that trip to the next county which is known as Arcadia. The whole country round there is full of reminders of the Arcadians.

Mr. John Todd has several thousand acres in his plantation and four thousand acres are in sugar cane. When it came to the dessert a beautiful two-storied white cake was placed on the table. After eating it I turned to Mrs. Todd and said, "I dislike very much to comment on a lady's cooking but I hope you will excuse me if I ask you what this cake is made of. There is something peculiar about it that I do not recognize." "Well," she said, "while you and the other gentlemen were down inspecting the land that you came to see, I had the boys go out and rattle down some pecans. They cracked them, picked out the meats, and I put them in the oven and dried them. I knew that they would not dry out ordinarily in time for my meal. I then ran them through the meat chopper and chopped them as fine as I could and then I put them through a very fine sieve. The parts that were fine enough to go through I put in the flour of the cake, the rest I put in the filler between the two layers of cake and in the frosting." It was one of the most delicious cakes I ever tasted in my life. With that recipe you can make a white cake in about three minutes, fill your flour and your frosting with pecans and you certainly will have a feast for the gods.

DOCTOR MORRIS: Mr. President, the committee on resolutions has referred matters to the secretary for action.

THE SECRETARY: It was the duty of the committee on resolutions to prepare the resolutions on the deaths of Doctor Van Fleet and Colonel Sober, copies of which are to be sent to their families. The committee not having had time to meet that task has been assigned to the secretary, who will be very glad to carry it out to the best of his ability.

The other and more important task of that committee was to take action on the suggestions made by the president in his paper in regard to increasing the membership of the association. As it has been impossible to take such action in the committee I propose that we now take up consideration of that matter as a committee of the whole.

I would like at least to say that Mr. Jones has offered to the association five hundred nut trees to be given as premiums with new memberships. I think Mr. Jones said that they included Stabler walnut trees, Chinese walnuts, and what others, Mr. Jones?

MR. JONES: Chinese English walnuts, or Chinese Persian walnuts, Mayette & Franquette English walnuts and Stabler black walnut seedlings. I have an idea the Chinese walnuts would be the most attractive.

THE SECRETARY: They would all be seedling trees, of course?

MR. JONES: Yes; they would all be seedling trees. We would put them up and mail them out.

THE SECRETARY: Think of what an extraordinary, generous offer that is on the part of Mr. Jones, to contract to send out five hundred nut trees to as many new members, dig and pack and send them out!

MR. JONES: Well, growing the trees doesn't cost very much. Of course packing the single trees will cost more than the trees but we are glad to do that if it will help out.

THE SECRETARY: I know that to some members this premium offering for new members does not seem an advisable thing; to others it does seem a good thing to do. Perhaps that would be a good question to debate at the present time.

THE PRESIDENT: I think it is a good idea, Doctor, to the end of getting a thousand members this year?

MR. JONES: Set aside a thousand trees if you get a thousand members.

MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, Mr. Jones said the cost of growing the tree isn't so much, but the packing and mailing is something. How would it do to offer the tree at cost of packing and mailing—fifty cents, or so? I suppose the value of that tree would be about a dollar, grown, packed and delivered. Suppose we made it twenty-five, thirty-five or fifty cents, something to cover the cost of packing? Would that not make it——

MR. JONES: (Interrupting.) We don't want anything for packing.

MR. O'CONNOR: Mr. President, If you make a bonus of that kind, which is very generous of Mr. Jones, I think it would be appreciated by some, but others would say, "Well, a thing which you get for nothing isn't worth much." This gentleman behind me here says, "Make it cost a little something, which would make it more attractive." How about putting the membership up a little, so as to cover the cost of mailing.

MR. JONES: I would say that the association was giving these trees because it wants them tried out for new varieties.

MR. SNYDER: The fact that our association offers these trees ought to be enough to establish their value. A new member would appreciate receiving something in this way. The largest horticultural society in our country is the Minnesota Horticultural Society. They have followed the practice for years of giving to each new member a tree of some kind, scions or plants of new fruits, and it has been a great success in building up their society. I doubt not that it will be here.

MR. SPENCER: I'm heart and soul in favor of the movement for better nut trees. I'm tired of having trees planted that produce nothing but litter, and for the small boy to keep breaking all the time instead of going fishing. As I said the other day through the committee on trees of the Bird and Tree Club of Decatur we have placed in that city a hundred and fourteen nut trees. I believe that I can go to the different purchasers and say that this association is anxious to increase the knowledge of the people as to the value of nut orchards and nut trees for food and shade and I can get them to become members. When those subscriptions are sent in send the names to Mr. Jones and have all the trees put in a little package and sent to me. Then I can deliver them and Mr. Jones will only have one package to do up.

I believe by a little effort among our friends a great deal of good can be accomplished. For instance I stated here that I was going to buy a subscription to the American Nut Journal and send it to the Maitland County Farm Bureau. Likewise, I hope I can get the Board of Education or the Public Library, which purchased twenty-eight different trees to put in the library grounds, to subscribe for the Nut Journal and take out membership. It won't be very hard, I should say, to get fifty or sixty new members in Decatur without going out and making myself a regular canvassing agent. I have got a great many friends there and I know that upon my representation they would be very glad to take out a membership and get a tree. Anybody can go and plant a Carolina poplar or a soft maple, or a basswood, or an elm, but his lot won't look different from any other. If all the ladies in town dressed in the same calico and the same cut you would not know whose wife was who. This idea of having all the yards, all the lots, all the places look alike, is wrong. You might as well have your home look distinctive and if you will take that idea, to have your place stand out as a place distinct in horticulture on your street, in your block, or in your city, you can appeal to civic pride. You must appeal to something besides dollars and cents. You must appeal to their public spirit, their civic pride. Then you can get them interested. A great many people are proud of their city and there are a great many people who can very easily say with Paul, "I am a citizen of no mean city."

Keep at it and take advantage of this offer of Mr. Jones. I believe by following those lines you can very easily go out and get five or ten members apiece.

MR. BIXBY: I don't want to throw cold water on any idea that is going to increase the membership but it seems to me that there are some objections to the proposed plan. In the first place the association has gone on record as favoring largely the planting of grafted trees. Now on the proposed plan the minute we get a new member in we have to send him a seedling tree. That does not seem to me the best thing to do. In the second place, I have had a good many years' experience in merchandising and it has always worked out with me that people do not much appreciate what they get for nothing. You can do this if a man is going to buy a certain kind of goods, by offering him an inducement, giving him something for nothing you can make him buy more than he would otherwise; but if a man who has never had a certain kind of goods, generally speaking you can't sell them to him by offering him a prize with them.

In the case suggested by Mr. Spencer, where a member working in a certain location could club with others and get several new members, why that hasn't the same objection. I do think that it would be a fine thing if the members in the different sections each agreed to get five or ten members, go after them and get them. I think that would be fine. And if they are willing to be responsible at the end of the year if they don't get them, and pay two dollars apiece for the ones they don't get, why that would help out the treasury.

MR. SMITH: Mr. Chairman, I am rather in favor of the premium plan. In this great state of New York there exists an organization at Geneva known as the New York State Fruit Testing Co-operative Association. In order to get members they offer premiums, a yearly premium. The year that I joined the association they sent me a new apple which had been tried out and found to be a very desirable fruit. They named it the "Tioga" variety. The next year they sent me as a premium twelve new raspberries that had been tested first by the Geneva Experiment Station, a branch of the agricultural college, and then by this association of fruit growers.

Now I don't know how it would operate with others but it was an inducement to me in the first place to get that new apple to experiment with, and the next year it was an inducement to get the twelve new raspberry bushes which are claimed to be the best raspberries grown.

The objection raised by Mr. Bixby seems to be, however, quite a valid one. The organization has put itself on record as opposed to seedling nut trees and it is a question whether we ought to encourage the distribution of seedlings. But in some way or other I'm in favor of the premium plan to attract new memberships.

THE PRESIDENT: Is it not better to plant seedlings than none at all? It is possible that some of the seedlings might be really worth while. Those that are not really worth while can be top worked.

MR. JONES: Mr. President, my idea about the Chinese walnuts and the Stabler walnuts was that if we want to get new varieties we have to get them from seedlings. My plan was to grow these and send them out as extras to people who had sent in orders for other trees. I thought that in that way we could introduce them to those who would take an interest in them. It would take a good deal of land and a good deal of money and a good deal of attention to care for several hundred or several thousand such trees, but you could send them out in that way one at a time and possibly get new varieties superior to anything we have. That was my idea in disposing of these trees. I thought that if the association felt that that would be an inducement for new members we could send them out in that way as premiums. The only difference in the cost to me would be the packing.

MR. SMITH: Would it be possible for the association to take out from this first year's dues sufficient to compensate Mr. Jones for the difference between the value of a seedling and some of the best nut trees, so we could say to a proposed member, "We are giving you something that years of experience have proved to be the very best thing up to date, and we want you to plant this and care for it"? I think he would be more interested if he knew he were getting a tested tree than if he were getting a seedling. The seedling may be a good thing and it may not.

MR. WEBER: Mr. President, we know that in the spring the dry goods stores distribute shade trees, and people carry them all day with the tops tied up and the roots uncovered. You might as well expect a fish to live out of water as to expect those trees to live. If we send the average person a tree he may make it grow but the chances are he will not, so why let him ruin a good grafted tree with his initial experiments in planting a nut tree. On the other hand you will emphasize the distinction between seedlings and grafted trees, because on his coming into the association you will present him with a seedling and explain to him in advance just the purpose for which it is being given. He will then plant that tree. If it grows he can see its performance along side of a later grafted tree which he will buy if he is interested in furthering his nut tree plantings. If he isn't, why, you get his membership fee and he centers his membership around that seedling which he thinks is the finest thing in the world.

Last summer I was talking nut trees to the wife of a rather prominent Detroit man. They have traveled around the world considerably. We were discussing some nut trees which had been sent out. I knew the size of the trees and I didn't laugh, or I sort of saved my face, when she asked me the question, "How many bushels of nuts could we get next year?" I just closed my jaws a while and looked out of the window. I didn't want to dampen her enthusiasm.

THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Tobin, I would like to have your views on the subject.

MR. TOBIN: This offer of Mr. Jones's is of great importance to this association. I have been interested in trees and forestry and plants of all kinds but until the present time I have not been so much interested in the cultivation of nuts. I wish to say that if there is any way I can help this association along in regard to an experimental station or in any way whatsoever, financially or otherwise, if the suggestion could be made I would be glad to hear it.

THE SECRETARY: Mr. President, this association is not opposed to the planting of seedling trees. One of our founders, the late John Craig, advocated the planting of seedling trees in great numbers, for only thus can we originate new varieties. The association is opposed to the dissemination of seedling trees as grafted trees. It does not advocate the planting of seedling trees for commercial purposes or for ordinary home use. It does not advise the purchase of seedling trees for growing nuts. In sending out these premium trees we should send with them a letter distinctly stating that the association does not advise the planting of seedling trees from a commercial point of view, but it does wish to disseminate these seedling trees which we offer as premiums for new members, for the purpose of testing and the possible discovery of new varieties of nuts. It would then be clearly understood. Certainly such seedling trees shouldn't be sent out to give members the idea that we advocate the planting of seedling trees for any other purpose than of possibly obtaining valuable new varieties.

MR. O'CONNOR: Mr. President, I'm a life member of the Wisconsin Horticultural Society which has offered a thousand dollars for an apple better than the Wealthy. We also offer premiums for new members every year. Sometimes it is a seedling apple tree. Among those premium trees may be a seedling which will win the prize. We do not know what the seedling nut tree will do. We may get something from a seedling which is far better than anything we have today on the table before us. Nature is something wonderful and no one can tell you what she will do. Only this last year has what is called the "O'Connor" come out. But we find this O'Connor nut is not hardy enough for certain sections of the country. This Persian walnut before you is a seedling, too you know, from nature.

So it is through seedlings that we are going to get better fruit. I believe that Mr. Jones's offer is a very good thing. But I suggest that we send these seedlings out with the understanding that they are seedlings and that we don't know what they will produce. If the new member will plant them and take care of them (and we should give a little instruction as to how they should be planted) in a few years, seven or eight if it is a pecan, he should see it coming into fruit.

I would like to say that if you will dynamite the hole with a one-half stick of twenty per cent. dynamite, or, if you are afraid to use the dynamite, dig a large hole so as to give these young roots a chance to spread, a grafted tree will come into bearing in three years. I have seen them do it down there with us in Maryland and I believe they will do the same thing anywhere else.

THE PRESIDENT: I would like to hear from Mr. Vollertsen on the subject.

MR. VOLLERTSEN: I haven't a great deal of confidence in seedlings. As a general thing we find all the nut trees are inclined to go back to their original type. If we take our filberts, even the best varieties, the chances are that they will go back to the European type that they originally came from. I have proven it time and again on the farm down there. I don't think it wise for this association to send out seedlings.

THE SECRETARY: Mr. President, in order to bring this question to a head, I move that Mr. Jones's offer be accepted and put in to practice if a suitable plan can be devised and carried out in the estimation of the executive committee.

Seconded and carried.

MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, I wonder if the suggestion of Mr. O'Connor is clearly appreciated. It was barely suggested in his talk but he did not seem to clinch it at the end. As I understand his idea it was that this plan of furnishing a tree as a premium might well be accompanied by an offer of a prize for results, which would be an added inducement to membership.

THE SECRETARY: I will see that that point is considered by the executive committee.

I wish also to say that Mr. McGlennon, if I understand him aright, has offered to get one hundred members in the ensuing year if the others present will get ten each.

THE PRESIDENT: That's right, Doctor.

THE SECRETARY: I don't know just which comes first, whether Mr. McGlennon is to get one hundred members and then the rest of us to get ten each; or whether we are to get ten each and then Mr. McGlennon is to get the others!

THE PRESIDENT: Well, Mr. Secretary, I have associated with me the champion membership getter. When we can go out and get twenty or twenty-five in a month I think we can go out and get the others. We are all enthusiastic now and happy. We are glad we are here and we are going to do wonders this next year. But I'll wager inside of a week our ardour has materially cooled and it will be getting colder until about a month before the next convention. We are not going to get anywhere that way. We want to get busy immediately after this convention, and if we do there is no reason why we can't have a thousand members by the time of the 1923 convention. I repeat that my office will have a hundred members by the time of the next convention but it is with the understanding that the rest of you co-operate in this movement and that each of you here, and the other members who are not here, be informed and instructed what is expected of them, to get at least ten each.

MR. BIXBY: I don't believe you will ever succeed, Mr. President, in getting each of the other members to get ten members each. If the rest of the members get a hundred between them they would be doing more than we ever did before.

THE PRESIDENT: Yes, Mr. Bixby, but even if the members here get ten each I think if we follow them up closely and keep right after them we can increase this membership to a thousand.

MR. BIXBY: I will agree for one to get ten or else pay the amount in to the treasury.

MR. JONES: We can get ten.

MR. WEBER: Mr. President, I will get ten or kick in to the treasury the money they would have brought.

THE PRESIDENT: That's fine. That's thirty right there. How about you, Mr. Thorpe?

MR. THORPE: I think I can get it.

PROFESSOR NEILSON: I think I can get ten.

THE PRESIDENT: I think there is no doubt about it. Mr. Spencer will get ten won't you, Mr. Spencer?

MR. SPENCER: I will try to.

THE PRESIDENT: Well, you will, won't you, or else you will "kick in" with the money,—$20?

MR. SPENCER: Yes, I think so. Well, if I am going to put in $20 I want to say something more on the subject. If we send out this Chinese tree it would be very easy to put in a slip stating that the association is very anxious to know whether this is suitable for the receiver's particular part of the country. We should tell him that we don't know whether it will grow in Illinois or in Louisiana, and that it's an experiment on the part of the association to learn whether this tree, which is desirable in China, is suitable for his particular locality. We should ask him to please take care of it, watch results and report to the association. Make him sort of a partner in the discovery.

THE PRESIDENT: Pat, you will get ten, won't you?

MR. O'CONNOR: I will promise myself ten.

THE PRESIDENT: And Mr. Tobin, you will get ten, won't you? You said you were anxious to help this association.

MR. TOBIN: Yes.

THE PRESIDENT: Even financially?

MR. TOBIN: Yes, Mr. President.

THE PRESIDENT: Now, you will get us ten members during the year?

MR. TOBIN: Well, I would not promise you.

THE PRESIDENT: But if you don't, if you promise to help us financially, you would "kick in" with the money, wouldn't you?

MR. TOBIN: Yes.

THE PRESIDENT: Yes, sure. Then you get ten members.

MR. TUCKER: Mr. President, I want to ask about the vice presidents from the different states. Are those still in existence?

THE PRESIDENT: Yes. The secretary said yesterday they had been changed every year.

MR. TUCKER: Why can't memberships be also increased through the vice presidents? Put it up to them.

THE PRESIDENT: Joseph A. Smith, of Utah?

MR. SMITH: Mr. President, I will guarantee ten.

THE PRESIDENT: Now, that's an exceptionally fine offer of Mr. Smith, who comes to us from Utah. Just try and fix in your mind the map of the United States and realize where Utah is. Mr. Rawnsley, you will get ten, won't you?

MR. RAWNSLEY: Yes, I will get ten.

MR. TUCKER: I will get ten. Carrie and I together will get ten.

THE PRESIDENT: There are two hundred right there.

MR. TUCKER: My ten went with your hundred. I think we ought to do something through the vice presidents.

THE SECRETARY: The secretary will get up a letter and send it to each one of the vice presidents, stating what was done at this meeting in the way of pledging these new members and asking the vice presidents to do the same, to each guarantee ten members or to turn the money in themselves.

THE PRESIDENT: If we had more money so that some of the officers of this association could get about and confer with our state vice presidents there isn't any doubt but what we could stimulate their interest and get many new members. Of course, ladies and gentlemen, we have got to get new members, that's all there is to it.

MR. O'CONNOR: The more the merrier.

THE PRESIDENT: What is the use? Here we are meeting with a deficit every year. That's all wrong.

MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, I am glad something is going to be done about the state vice presidents. I also have proposed that the state vice presidents be brought into line. Mr. Spencer has made a very good suggestion for them and that is to encourage friendly competition in dressing up yards, one section against another. If the state vice presidents would use that suggestion in getting new members I believe it would be a good thing. I believe also, as I have said many times that the state vice presidents should be the local directors of a state association subsidiary to this one, that Ohio, for instance, should have an association of Ohio nut growers. If they can't meet then let them correspond back and forth. Certainly the nut growers of Ohio should know each other and be brought in to correspondence. They could do that through an association of which our state vice president would be the chairman or the local president. I am a great believer in organization and I feel that the state vice presidents should amount to something. After the state organization is started by this association in that way, then the members of each association could elect their own chairman, if they wish, and report it to our secretary.

THE PRESIDENT: That is along the line of the suggestion offered by Professor Neilson this afternoon.

MR. OLCOTT: Yes. We could have a branch in Canada.

THE SECRETARY: The secretary will be glad to see that Mr. Olcott's suggestion is incorporated in the letters to the state vice presidents.

MR. JONES: We would be glad to make up a mailing list and turn it over to the secretary if he should want to circularize in making this offer or any other offer for memberships.

THE PRESIDENT: If we could get this thing where it ought to be it is possible that we might be able to induce the secretary to give his entire attention to the interests of the Northern Nut Growers Association. He would have to have a lucrative salary of course. That is one of my ambitions. I am frank to state it here right now.

Then the Northern Nut Growers Association would be the thing that it is supposed to be, the thing that it is not at the present time when we're meeting with a deficit every year. I hope and believe, in fact it must be, that this is the last time we are going to meet with a deficit. We are going to have a good surplus next year or what is the use of going on?

MR. SPENCER: The governors of three or four of the states met in Chicago not very long ago to consider the interests of the states that center around Chicago. The people in Illinois don't know that the Forest Reserve covers sixteen thousand acres and that it has English walnuts growing just as nicely as you have them here. That knowledge hasn't been spread. Also there are people who are propagating nut trees in Illinois and southern Indiana. Now if our vice presidents in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio and Missouri, which is the native home of most every kind of hickory, would get together and go to any one of the central cities of those particular states, call a meeting of their customers in that neighborhood, and spread a knowledge of this association I think that we could build up a local interest that would advertise this organization wonderfully.

You have got to advertise and you must show to the common people who are going to be your members, who are going to be interested in nut trees, that they are valuable; that an ordinary acre of nut trees is worth ten times the value of any crop of wheat raised in Illinois, and Illinois is the wheat country. Before the hard wheat was discovered in Minnesota the whole south half of Illinois was given to wheat. But now so far as white wheat is concerned, and spring wheat, it isn't wanted and the result is that you have got to get something else into that country. Now that wheat country of southern Illinois is a natural nut country. Pecans, persimmons, chinkapins, grow wild all over there, and there is no reason why that land, which can be bought for from ten and fifteen dollars an acre up to twenty-five, according to the improvements, if the oil rights are eliminated, can't be made to produce a hundred to five hundred dollars an acre. If that is so, why not do it?

Today, Illinois has over 11,000,000 bearing apple trees, and they raise just as good apples there as any where, but they haven't got the organization, they don't advertise, and we don't know it generally. If we can organize and distribute our information, get these vice presidents from two or three cities to join with the chambers of commerce and have a meeting down at Evansville, among the nut growers, for instance, the growers of Indiana pecans, and see what they grow, and what they are worth, why then you can get the people interested. You must have somebody that is interested in the propagation of a new idea. Don't get somebody who just comes here for a good time without any desire particularly of learning anything. If he doesn't want to learn we don't want him.

THE SECRETARY: I understand that, in view of the very generous offer of the president to get a hundred new members in the ensuing year, and of the pledge of ten other men to get ten more members, or turn in the necessary amount to the treasury, each of us goes forth from the meeting tonight with the understanding that he is morally under obligations to do what the other members have promised to do.

THE PRESIDENT: It would be a nice thing to give a Christmas gift of a membership in this association and a subscription to the American Nut Journal. A great many of us receive Christmas gifts which are appreciated when received, and maybe for a week or ten days, two weeks or a month, and then they're forgotten; but this membership and the American Nut Journal that one would receive every month, would be a constant reminder of the giver. What do you think of that, ladies and gentlemen?

THE SECRETARY: It is a fine idea, Mr. President, and I will see that it is also incorporated in the letters to the state vice president that each vice president give to at least one friend a subscription and membership in the association. I suggest also that those who can write for the magazines and the journals get up little articles for the horticultural papers about nut culture. There can't be too many of those in the periodicals.

THE PRESIDENT: Apropos of that suggestion, I believe Mr. Tucker has something to say in regard to a special edition of the Journal. Maybe Mr. Olcott would be good enough to make one of his—

MR. TUCKER: (Interrupting) To make one of his numbers a convention number.

THE PRESIDENT: Yes; one of the numbers in the near future devoted largely to the proceedings of this convention, that is, if he could see his way clear to do it.

MR. OLCOTT: You mean in the matter of—

THE PRESIDENT: (Interrupting) Of this convention. Sort of make it a northern nut growers issue. It is merely a suggestion, Mr. Olcott.

MR. OLCOTT: Yes.

THE PRESIDENT: So that it is practically all about this convention of the Northern Nut Growers Association.

MR. OLCOTT: Yes. Well, it is rather difficult to do that, Mr. President, to the exclusion of all other matter. Is that what you mean? How are we going to take care of the news? It is not a magazine of stories and fiction; it is a magazine of news, and the news of the period between August 15th and September 15th, for instance, will become stale if it is not used in the September 15th issue and runs over until the October 15th issue. It is the American Nut Journal. I think your idea can be carried out very fully by featuring the convention as the main thing, but not to use every last page for it.

MR. TUCKER: No. My idea wasn't to give the whole magazine up to that. But when you got up that magazine, to have the northern nut growers convention stick right out.

MR. OLCOTT: Sure.

THE PRESIDENT: Wasn't it your idea to have some of the pictures, too?

MR. OLCOTT: I see.

MR. TUCKER: Yes; run some of the pictures, and so forth.

THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Olcott, I am sure, is willing to give that issue just as soon as we can get more members and more money.

MR. OLCOTT: We are carrying the nut journal on its subscription list. There is no advertising to speak of in this pioneer industry. The nut nurserymen do not advertise; they should. People want to know where they can get nuts, butternuts and hickory nuts. The people in the South who grow pecans are doing a commercial business but they don't have to advertise; they can't furnish enough nuts to meet the demand. There is no occasion for them to ask for customers; the customers are flocking to their doors and standing in line. People want to know where to get black walnuts; they write in to me. I don't know where to send them. I don't suppose anybody has enough for his local trade and he doesn't have to advertise; he can sell all he has. There is no advertising to speak of. We are living on subscriptions. Now if you enlarge the Journal, use pictures which run up all the way from six to fifteen dollars apiece, you are soon using up your $1.50 per that is left out of the combination membership.

THE PRESIDENT: Yes.

MR. OLCOTT: After paying the tremendously high printer rates. A special edition can be gotten out at considerable additional cost. We have done it in the past and come out at the small end and it took several months to get even again. We can do it again for the sake of the association; but I am saying this to show why it is not done oftener.

THE PRESIDENT: Yes, I understand it. What do you think, then, of a little co-operation on the part of the association in the way of that extra expense for a special edition?

MR. OLCOTT: That's all right. In Mr. Linton's administration I furnished some very large and rather expensive half-tone engravings on the part of the association and they worked in very nicely. I don't know whether the association paid for them or whether he did. I think we divided the cost of them.

MR. BIXBY: I know he did. I have furnished some cuts myself.

THE PRESIDENT: Yes, I know, Mr. Bixby. You are very liberal.

THE SECRETARY: I suggested also that those who can give talks before their local horticultural societies should do so on the subject of nut culture, and if they wish to go in to it extensively slides could be obtained. I think that I could guarantee to obtain them from the Department of Agriculture for illustrated lectures. I have also another question which I would like to put before the association, and that is if we cannot use in some way our surplus back reports to gain new memberships. We have never been able to work out any method of doing so. We have printed each year an edition of a thousand numbers of the annual report. We send out two hundred and fifty or three hundred; consequently, we have about seven hundred annual reports accumulating on our hands every year. Now, what good are they going to be? Can't we use those in some way to increase our membership? Can't we use those as premiums, distribute them gratis some way or other, or distribute them for a small sum to educational institutions, newspapers and agricultural journals? Can't we do something with that annual surplus of about seven hundred nut reports to increase our membership?

MR. TUCKER: Why is there a thousand of them printed?

THE SECRETARY: Because you can get a thousand for just about the same price that you get five hundred, or a very little more.

MR. O'CONNOR: Mr. President, why couldn't some of those be sent to the different experiment stations; also to some of our libraries? We have a number of experiment stations that don't see anything of this kind and that don't know that such a thing exists as the Northern Nut Growers Association. It is only recently that within the state of Minnesota they knew there was such a thing. I have offered a prize in that state for nut culture work. This winter I am going to speak at the Maryland Horticultural meeting, which will be held in Baltimore, and wherever I can get a chance at any of those meetings I always put in a word for the nut. Over on the eastern shore of Maryland, I went into one of the largest apple orchards and nurseries, I believe, in the United States. There were a few northern pecans growing in the yard, and when I asked one of the young men what kind of pecans they were, he said, "Well, I don't know whether it is Indiana or just what it is; but I know it is a pecan." That was growing very beautifully right under the window, you might say, of their dwelling house. That was over at Berlin, at Mr. Harrison's. He likes to sell to nut tree owners, and yet has he come to his year's meeting? Is he a member of the association? For that reason I don't feel like helping him to sell a tree as long as he is not a member. But every chance I get I will put in a good word for the nut tree firm.

I think by sending out our literature to different magazines, to the different experiment stations and over into Canada we would be greatly benefited. We have got some good friends to the north of us. Why not send them some copies and have them help spread this good thing along?

THE SECRETARY: I would like to have Mr. Bixby state about the distribution of those reports outside of the membership. Is there any gratis distribution now?

MR. BIXBY: No, there isn't. There used to be and I made every one of them who received them gratis buy them of me.

THE SECRETARY: About how many institutions now buy the journal?

MR. BIXBY: I should say about half a dozen. That's the same number that had them free before. In nearly every instance when they would write in and request it I would tell them how the association was doing work the Department of Agriculture ought to do, supporting itself with great difficulty, and we would be glad to have them as a member; that if not a member we would furnish a report for so much. In nearly every case we got them as members or they bought the report. As I said before I don't believe in giving things away; I believe in trying to get the people to see the advantage of buying them.

THE SECRETARY: It would be quite an expense to send out all the back numbers of the reports.

MR. BIXBY: I don't think they would appreciate them either. Although I have not been able to do it the most practicable thing to do seems to me to make an index, say of the first ten and bind them up in a booklet and then I think you could sell them. I hope to do this some time.

MR. TUCKER: What is the expense of mailing?

MR. BIXBY: I think it is about eight cents.

THE SECRETARY: It would be considerable labor, but I think it might be best to circularize different experiment stations, horticultural societies, etc., and ask them if they wouldn't like to have in their libraries a complete file of the reports of the Northern Nut Growers Association which can be obtained for a certain small number of dollars.

THE PRESIDENT: Professor Neilson, what would your attitude be toward a communication you would receive of that nature? Supposing that you were not the enthusiastic member that you are of our association?

PROFESSOR NEILSON: I believe it would be favorable. I believe that is general, and judging from the interest shown in our province I believe that a good many of those horticultural societies and other organizations would be glad to have the reports on file; they would be glad to purchase them at whatever figure was set upon them, if it were a reasonable figure. And I think that I could interest several of our agricultural representatives in having these on file in their office, and possibly in subscribing, or getting the departments of agriculture to subscribe to the northern nut growers journal. There are several county offices along the northern shore of Lake Ontario and in those counties nuts are produced. I think their representatives might be induced to persuade the department to subscribe to your journal.

PROFESSOR TAYLOR: Mr. Chairman: I want to speak on the suggestion made by Mr. Bixby. I may illustrate it in this way: we people in California are, of course, in a little different situation from those represented by the Northern Nut Growers Association. Over there west of the Rockies, or west of the Sierra Nevadas, we have an entirely different situation. By virtue of our peculiar climatic conditions we have already gone through our experimental period and we now have nuts that we are growing on a commercial basis just as they have in the South.

For several years I was connected with the University of California and I used to have to teach students, among other things, the various nuts. That was my particular line, the various nuts, especially those adaptable to California, but also along with that the nuts of the United States and the nuts of North America. I believe that Mr. Bixby will bear me out when I say that it was during my time that all of the back reports of the Northern Nut Growers Association were ordered. That was prior to 1919, was it not?

MR. BIXBY: Yes.

PROFESSOR TAYLOR: It was prior to 1919 that all the back numbers were ordered, and I hope they are still taking them.

MR. BIXBY: They are. They get them every two years.

PROFESSOR TAYLOR: They ought to and if they are not I will see that they do. But I found this difficulty, that there will very shortly be thirteen numbers and if it comes to a question of looking something up, we will find that the average man will not be enthusiastically interested because he won't know how quickly he can get at just exactly what he wants. Mr. Bixby suggested that ten of these volumes be taken together and indexed as a unit. That is one of the finest things that you can possibly ask for. I think the institutions will buy them in a way that they do not now because then they will not have to look through ten volumes to find a little idea they want.

I know it is an expensive proposition to index things of that kind; it takes time and a lot of patience. Not only that but it must be done by some one whose heart is in the work and who recognizes the problems that the man who is going to use that index is going to look up. But I do think that if it could be put in to a combined volume, and some sort of an effort made by the various vice presidents in the different sections to see the institutions in their own sections who would be interested, that something might be accomplished which would be of real worth. I believe this would be increasingly so in the future, because those people will want to look back ten, fifteen, twenty years, and see what the others went through. One of the biggest things that I think I did in our classes was to point out the problems that occurred in California ten, fifteen, twenty-five and thirty years ago, along the line of nut culture solely, and then point out where the nut growers succeeded.

And if I may just branch off here to one of the things I haven't spoken about before this evening, I am absolutely against planting seedling trees unless there is a very strong emphasis laid on the fact that they are not for commercial purposes and not for planting in orchards, but are simply and solely for the possibility of developing new varieties. I think that growers are going to want to go back over old reports in order to save covering the same ground twice. We have found our new people in California starting right in where people started fifty years ago because they didn't know what happened fifty years ago, because our reports out there were not properly indexed.

MR. WEBER: Mr. President, in order to bring the matter to a head, I move that the distribution of the old reports, by sale or otherwise, be left to the discretion of the executive committee.

(Seconded and carried.)

MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, I would like to ask what the condition of the treasury is. I do so for this reason, that we have planned out a good deal to be done during the interim, from now to the next convention, and the secretary's office ought to be busy. We are planning upon making it so to keep up interest.

I think that the secretary shouldn't be handicapped by lack of funds for stationery and things of that kind. I think that with a deficit maybe he has been. Maybe more matter would go out if he had funds and to that end I am putting in my check for $20 for my subscription tonight in advance. If others will do that he will have funds to work with. (Applause)

THE PRESIDENT: In a discussion I had with the treasurer and the secretary before this evening's session we considered that point, Mr. Olcott, and I thought that we would go after the remaining deficit tonight and make it up, start off with a clean sheet. Mr. Bixby said that if we were going to enter into this new membership campaign in a really generous spirit, he felt that the matter of the remaining deficit should be taken care of.

MR. BIXBY: If we can get two hundred new members this year that will take care of it.

THE PRESIDENT: Two hundred are already pledged.

MR. BIXBY: If we get them that will take care of it.

MR. OLCOTT: It will take to the end of the year to get the returns.

MR. WEBER: I will send my check when I get home, because I don't want to go in to my pocketbook now.

THE PRESIDENT: What was the deficit, Mr. Bixby?

MR. BIXBY: The deficit was $176. There was pledged yesterday, $75, and there has been $10 more today. That's $85 of the $176. Then there is $20 of Mr. Olcott's. That would make it $105. Mr. Weber, when he gets home, will make it $125. We will clean it up one way or another.

THE SECRETARY: I think we should proceed now to the report of the nominating committee and the selection of the next place of meeting.

THE PRESIDENT: The hour is growing late and there is just one message I want to give you here. While it may savour some what of advertising our filbert enterprise, it was not with that idea in mind that we proceeded to get the information we have got. Our filberts have been distributed through the L. W. Hall Company, nurserymen of this city, who have exclusive sale of them at this time. They have been distributed during the past three years over a considerable area: Illinois, Idaho, Iowa, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, Delaware, New York, Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, Georgia, District of Columbia, Pennsylvania and Kansas.

Some little time ago I conferred with Mr. Hall in regard to communicating with his customers to whom he had delivered filbert plants, the first in the spring of 1919. He has written them asking them how the plants have done, and particularly with regard to fruit bearing. I have the replies here and the gist of them is this: that the plants have done finely, have been entirely satisfactory in that respect. There has been a complaint that they have not borne; there are some instances of extreme pleasure expressed over the way they have borne. My own idea is, and I believe it is that of Mr. Vollertsen also, that they have not had quite time enough yet, since the spring of 1919.

MR. BIXEY: That is not time enough.

THE PRESIDENT: Furthermore, Mr. Hall, in offering them—against our advice as we endeavored to persuade him to offer them as improved European filberts, assorted varieties—thought that the people would be attracted to those unpronounceable names that we have them under. Maybe they were. He listed some six or eight varieties, I think, and those varieties were of our larger fruited kinds. We frankly confess that those varieties will not bear as abundantly as the smaller fruited varieties—not that they are very small they are quite a good sized nut. I believe if Mr. Hall had made a freer distribution of the so-called smaller fruited varieties that there might have been an even more favorable report in connection with fruiting. Another year or so will give us more definite information.

We have now cleaned up our program pretty well. You are going to find Doctor Kellogg's paper in the report, together with the secretary's. We have the papers here. That completes the program up to the present time with the exception of Senator Penny and Mr. Linton. We supposed Mr. Linton would be here. I had telephoned this morning as Mr. Penny promised to send a paper but he hasn't been able to do so. Those are the only two papers of the program that we haven't got.

There are two more things we have to take care of; one is the election of officers, and the other is the selection of a place for the next convention. I call for the report of the nominating committee.

MR. WEBER: The report of the nominating committee is as follows:

President:—JAMES S. MCGLENNON. Vice President:—J. F. JONES. Secretary:—WILLIAM C. DEMING. Treasurer:—WILLARD G. BIXBY.

(Signed)

ROBERT T. MORRIS, G. H. CORSAN, HARRY R. WEBER,

Nominating Committee.

MR. O'CONNOR: I move the nominations be accepted.

THE PRESIDENT: Just one moment. Up to this evening I understood that the president was to be elected for a year. I do not know much about the condition prior to President Linton. He was elected at Battle Creek at the same time I was elected vice president. There were extenuating circumstances justifying the re-election of President Linton. I feel that similar conditions do not prevail justifying my re-election as president of this association. It is not going to make any difference to me whether I am president or just simply a soldier in the ranks. I want to see this association the success it ought to be and I feel, in view of the wonderful work that has been done in this association and for its best interests at all times by Mr. Jones, that it is due him that the presidency should be passed to him at this time. He is going to the next convention of the National Association of Nurserymen, he and Doctor Morris, Mr. Olcott and Mr. Weber, to get before that convention of nurserymen something more of the history of this association and its ambitions and desires. I know he could appear before that convention in a much more advantageous way for the benefit of this association if he were president of it. I feel that Mr. Jones ought to be elected president of this association here tonight.

MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, the presidents of this association have been elected for two years and I think it has become an established custom.

THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Bixby referred to that tonight. I didn't understand it that way. I supposed I was elected last year at Lancaster for one year.

MR. O'CONNOR: Mr. President, I took that matter up with Mr. Littlepage and he told me it was customary to elect the president for one year at a time and to re-elect him for the second year if he proved all right. So far I think every member of this association has been well satisfied with the service you have given us and we want you to continue on for another year.

THE PRESIDENT: Pat, I thought you were my friend.

MR. SPENCER: I move the secretary cast the ballot of the association in favor of the officers nominated by the committee on nominations.

MR. O'CONNOR: I second the motion.

(Upon the motion being put to a vote of the members, it was declared duly CARRIED, the secretary cast one ballot for the persons nominated, and they were declared duly elected.)

THE PRESIDENT: All right, ladies and gentlemen. Here we are with our coats off and sleeves rolled up for another year; but I want to give you all fair warning that if we don't have that thousand memberships at that next convention, this child is going to drop out. (Laughter.)

The next in the order of business is the selection of a place for the next convention. You heard the telegram this morning from Mr. Littlepage and the telegram from the Washington Chamber of Commerce. Personally, I would like to have you come to Rochester again because we sure enough have enjoyed the sessions with you all here this time. There is no finer city in the world than Rochester, N. Y., and we would like to have you come back here. I want you to come here.

MR. O'CONNOR: Mr. President, I feel it is quite an honor that we are asked to the capital city of the United States to hold our meeting. It shows we were appreciated there some few years ago. I move you we have the next meeting in Washington.

MR. OLCOTT: I second the motion.

(The motion being duly put to a vote of the members, it was carried.)

THE SECRETARY: Now, Mr. President, we should decide upon a date.

THE PRESIDENT: I think that is true. In Lancaster, last year, it was held later than this. I believe the ordinary time has been considerably later than this, about a month.

MR. O'CONNOR: Mr. Chairman, Mr. Littlepage asked me to say, after the convention city had been selected, that it would be best to make it about the last week in September as that would show the pecans and walnuts at about the right time.

MR. BIXBY: I move that the time of the next convention be fixed at September 26th, 27th and 28th, 1923.

MR. O'CONNOR: I second the motion.

(The motion being put to a vote of the members, it was declared CARRIED.)

There being no further business to come before the Convention, it thereupon adjourned.



PROCEEDINGS OF THE TREE PLANTING CEREMONIES AT HIGHLAND PARK, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

September 9th, 1922, 11 A. M.

PRESIDENT MCGLENNON: This occasion represents the custom of the association of planting a nut tree in one of the parks of the community, in which the annual convention is held. We had expected to have some black walnut seedlings grown from nuts presented to ex-President Linton by the superintendent at Mount Vernon, Washington's old home. I am not sure but I have quite a vivid remembrance that the trees from which these nuts were gathered were fruiting in Washington's time. However it would be a very delightful time if we could have such trees to plant in memory of that great character. But I am sorry to say that we have been disappointed in not receiving the trees from Mr. Linton. He expressed them from Saginaw the day before yesterday and we have made diligent effort to locate them in this city this morning but have been unable to get any trace of them. Anticipating such a happening Mrs. Ellwanger, who had on exhibition at the convention some Persian walnuts grown in pots, at our request very kindly consented to let us use one of those trees. If we had had a little more time to consider it undoubtedly Mr. Dunbar would have arranged to have this tree planted on the land that was given to the city by George Ellwanger, Mrs. Ellwanger's father-in-law, and Patrick Barry of the world famed nursery of Ellwanger & Barry. We are going to plant one of these Persian walnut trees here (the planting is now going on) and there is a greater likelihood that this tree will live than the black walnut, as that tree had to be dug and transported. We feel reasonably sure that this tree will live to commemorate our meeting in Rochester this year.

We are also going to plant an Arkansas hickory, that Mr. Dunbar has had dug from the park nursery, a short distance from where the walnut is planted. I think this, too, is an appropriate tree to plant because of the success of the hickory in this community. Mr. Dunbar tells me that practically all of the varieties of hickory of North America are planted on this park slope. We took great pleasure in driving through here the other day and listening to an explanation of their history by Mr. Dunbar.

We are honored today by the presence of the Dean of the New York State School of Forestry, Dean Mann, who has consented to address us. It gives me great pleasure to introduce to you Dean Mann.

DEAN MANN: President McGlennon, ladies and gentlemen:

I assure you it gives me great pleasure to be here because as a forester and tree lover by profession I am also a tree lover by nature. I can conceive of no more worthy, more beautiful nor attractive memorial than a tree dedicated to the Father of our Country, something which will grow in size, in beauty and in productivity as the years roll by. As foresters would remind you, ladies and gentlemen, the Father of our Country served his apprenticeship long before he became a land owner and patriarch on those broad Virginia acres. The Father of our Country started out in life as a forester and surveyor. You may remember that he piloted, or was to be one of the pilots of Braddock's expedition, having gained his knowledge of the woods through his early life as a young surveyor in the forests of Virginia.

There are in New York state approximately fourteen million acres better suited to tree crop production than to field crop production. Here in the northeastern corner of the United States, where our great centers of population are found, we have in the state of Maine seventy per cent suited to tree crop production but unsuited to tillage; we have similar conditions in Massachusetts and Connecticut. Throughout this northeastern section of the country we have a tree soil domain which will grow trees and which can't be plowed with profit. All who are interested in the production of trees for whatever purpose should realize that this nation cannot permanently prosper unless every acre of its land is put to its best permanent use.

I think that you will agree with me that it requires no prophetic eye to see the day not far distant when we will have, stretching from the Island of Manhattan up to where Albany now stands, one vast series of teeming cities with suburb touching suburb. The problem then will be how to feed this multitude. Developments in Russia show that, no matter how idealistic one's theory of government may be, food, in the last analysis, is the thing which makes or breaks a nation.

Those of you who have studied some of the interpreters of early Scripture will remember, perhaps, that the Garden of Eden was in reality an oasis of trees in the great valley of Mesopotamia, and even today "garden" in the oriental term means a group of trees. It has been proven by experience in these different tropical realms that where tree production is biggest and nuts and other products are grown under intensive cultivation, an acre will produce more food than where grazing is practiced. I spent a very pleasant year in California and saw some of the operations of the California nut growers, where they are growing English walnuts on a most extensive scale. I believe I will be making no false statement when I say that those areas in southern California which are growing nuts produce more in fats, proteins and calories for the maintenance of the health and strength of the human race than do the acres which are given up to the growing of animal crops.

So I applaud the idea of planting a tree in the memory of the Father of his Country. I believe I belong to your group, at least through interest, because I have been doing a little experimenting of my own in my back yard at Syracuse where I have an English walnut which I planted in 1915 which is this year producing for the first time. I am going to take those nuts and see what can be done with them in perpetuating that particular variety, because it is hardy, fast growing, and early to mature.

The New York State College of Forestry has a platform as broad as the entire state. We are interested in every kind of land which is not suited to agriculture, fish, game, recreation, conservation of water, and I pledge to you the sympathy and the support of the New York State College of Forestry. We have three experiment stations; one in Oneida county, one in Onandaga county, and another in Cattaraugus, with a fourth in St. Lawrence, if you wish to call it such. We would be delighted to receive from you any slip or any sort of fruit which you wish us to try out at these experiment stations. I believe that the time will come when some combined system of forestry and horticulture can be maintained which will aim at the production of food stuffs from trees, with lumber, perhaps, as a by-product. That works out in the old country and the day is not far off when it can be practiced here.

I congratulate the members of this association on having completed what was, from all accounts, a most successful meeting. I regret that I couldn't have been here earlier and met the other members of your body. I congratulate you; I wish you God speed, and I again tender the support of the College of Forestry.

* * * * *

PRESIDENT MCGLENNON: We certainly have received great encouragement from Dean Mann's remarks, which to me, and I believe to all present, were most interesting and instructive.

I want to hear just a few words from our esteemed friend, Mr. John Dunbar, Assistant Superintendent of Parks.

MR. DUNBAR: I think it is a very happy and fortunate circumstance that Mr. Mann is here this morning representing the College of Forestry of Syracuse. Every word that Mr. Mann has said is absolutely true. The forestry question of this country is indeed a very serious question. Every man, and every woman, should give most serious thought to it, and I hope the words Dean Mann has spoken to us here this morning will go in to all our hearts very deeply.

Of course the Park Department is studying trees from the ornamental and arboricultural point of view. We think, however, that arboriculture, horticulture and forestry, as the Dean said, are very, very closely allied and should surely work together. I think his idea is a very excellent one; that there should be a very close connection or union between forestry, horticulture, nut culture, and all kinds of fruit culture. I hope that day is not far distant.

PRESIDENT MCGLENNON: Ladies and gentlemen, the treasurer of our association is a man who is intensely interested in nut culture. He has done wonderful things for its advancement and especially for the advancement of the interests of the Northern Nut Growers Association.

MR. BIXBY: While Dean Mann was speaking the thought came to me, how could we better co-operate with the Department of Forestry? I think the work of the Nut Growers Association, which is particularly interested in the use of nut trees for orchards, and that of the Department of Forestry, which looks upon them particularly as producers of timber, could be very closely allied. The thought came to me, could not we right here work out some practical suggestion whereby we two could co-operate? I would like to ask Dean Mann what nut trees they are planting for forest purposes.

DEAN MANN: We have done very little. We have, at our experiment station at Chittenango, done some work with the English walnuts. This particularly hardy specimen that I have in my own back yard—I have two, one of them is growing very slowly—are from our experiment station. We have really had so much to do in the way of popular education in New York State in the timber products, that we are merely, as they say in the South, fixing to begin with other things. That is the only species with which we have made an actual start. There is this however: what can foresters, horticulturists and nut enthusiasts do to supply the place of the American chestnut? I really came here as a seeker after truth on this particular phase. You men probably know more about it than I. What can we produce? Is there any hybrid which can be introduced into this country which will take the place of the American chestnut?

MR. BIXBY: In reply to that I would say that I have hundreds of seedlings of the Chinese chestnut on which the blight has been working for years and has not destroyed them. I would be very glad to send them to the College of Forestry and let you try them.

DEAN MANN: They will be planted with extreme care and a barbed wire put around them.

MR. BIXBY: There is another thing, the rough shell Japanese walnut, so-called, which is really a butternut hybrid. I have planted it and it is growing at a tremendous rate, even faster than the Japanese walnut. I expect to get a lot of those nuts this year and I wondered how the College of Forestry would like to try some of them.

DEAN MANN: I would be delighted.

MR. BIXBY: Then there is one other nut the big shell bark hickory which is a native of the Mississippi Valley, which has been planted in Pennsylvania and up in Lockport, New York. It grows finely, it bears early, and I think that it might be worth trying.

DEAN MANN: We have adopted this platform: "Anything which will interest the people of New York State." We must, as a state institution, limit our horizon very largely to the state of New York. We do slip over occasionally, but anything which will interest the people of New York State in trees of any kind, for any purpose, is a step towards forest conservation. Take your city dweller in New York City, get him interested in a shade tree in front of his apartment house, or in a group of shade trees in the adjoining park, and you have converted that man along the line of King Forest. So we will be very glad to take any seeds you have and give them excellent care.



NUTS THE NATURAL AND ADEQUATE SOURCE OF PROTEIN AND FATS

By

JOHN HARVEY KELLOGG, M. D., F. A. C. S.,

Medical Director of the Battle Creek Sanitarium

In the writer's opinion, the most important thing which can be done to promote the nut growing industry is to make clear to men and women everywhere the necessity for returning to natural and biologic living. Since he left his primitive state, in his wanderings up and down the face of the earth to escape destruction by terrific terrestrial convulsions and cataclysmic changes in climate and temperatures, chilled during long glacial periods, parched and blistered by tropic heats, starved and wasted by drouth and famine, man has been driven by ages of hardships and emergencies to adopt every imaginable expedient to survive immediate destruction, and in so doing has acquired so great a number of unnatural tastes, appetites and habits, perversions and abnormalities in customs and modes of life, that it is the marvel of marvels that he still survives.

Man no longer seeks his food among the natural products of field and forest and prepares it at his own hearthstone, but finds it ready to eat, prepared in immense factories, slaughter-houses, mills, and bakeries and displayed in palatial emporiums. No longer led by a natural instinct, as were his remote forebears, in the selection of his foodstuffs, he finds his dietetic guidance in the advertising columns of the morning paper, and eats not what Nature prepared for his sustenance, but what his grocer, his butcher and his baker find most for their pecuniary interest to purvey to him. The average man no longer himself plants and tills and harvests the foods which enter into his bill of fare, that is, "earns his bread by the sweat of his brow," but accepts whatever is passed on to him by a long line of producers and purveyors who do his sweating for him, depriving him of the opportunity of earning both appetite and good digestion by honest toil. So he resorts to condiments and ragouts, palate-tickling and tongue-tickling sauces and nerve-rousing stimulants, as a means of securing the unearned felicity of gustatory enjoyment.