Mr. McDaniel: I haven't had any orders from libraries during the past year.

President Davidson: Shall we make a difference for libraries? What is your feeling?

Dr. MacDaniels: Mr. Chairman, if we have had a differential before I think that might be continued. I will propose a motion that libraries be allowed to purchase the proceedings for $2.00.

President Davidson: Do you make that in the form of an amendment?

Dr. MacDaniels: Yes.

Mr. Weber: I accept that amendment.

A Member: It meets the second's approval.

President Davidson: The motion is then that a charge for the forth-coming report shall be $3.00 to non-members, except that the charge shall be $2.00 to libraries and similar organizations, if that is satisfactory.

(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)

Mr. McDaniel: I have a report to read, as follows:

Report of the Auditing Committee

The Auditing Committee has examined the records of our treasurer, D. C. Snyder, for the fiscal year just closed and has found them correct as reported and commends him for his excellent service to our Association. [Signed] R. P. Allaman, Royal Oakes, Auditing Committee.

President Davidson: You have heard the report. What will you do with it?

A Member: I move that the report be accepted.

A Member: Second.

(A vote on the motion was taken, and it was carried unanimously.)

Dr. Crane: Mr. President, members of the Association: Most of the thunder that the Resolutions Committee had has been taken care of either tonight or at various meetings that we have had. These resolutions have been rather spontaneous at these meetings. However, the Resolutions Committee, for a matter of record, does make the following report:

Report of the Resolutions Committee

The Northern Nut Growers Association in its annual meeting assembled at Norris, Tennessee, September 13th to 15th, 1948, adopts the following resolutions:

That, our sincere thanks be extended to Mr. George F. Gant, General Manager of Tennessee Valley Authority, the members of his staff, especially to Mr. Willis G. Baker, Director of the Division of Forest Relations, Mr. Spencer Chase, Mr. Thomas G. Zarger, and others, for the courtesies extended and for making-the necessary arrangements for holding the meetings and caring for the needs of those in attendance.

That we extend thanks and appreciation to Mrs. Willis G. Baker and the other ladies of her committee who provided and served the refreshments on Sunday evening and assisted in arrangements for the banquet.

That we extend thanks to Mr. Spencer Chase and the other members of the committee for the very interesting and instructive program.

May we extend our thanks to those who presented papers and otherwise took part in the program.

We greatly appreciate the very fine work being done by our Secretary, J. C. McDaniel. Resolutions Committee, Stoke, Silvis, Sterling Smith, and Crane.

President Davidson: You have heard this report, and I think it is well that we have had it in the form so that it could be a part of our record. What will you do with it?

Dr. MacDaniels: Move the acceptance of the report.

Mr. McDaniel: Second.

(Vote taken on motion, carried unanimously.)

President Davidson: I have here a telegram that I should like to read to you, and this is the way it is worded: "Your generously worded telegram is greatly appreciated. I am grateful beyond all words. My greetings to everyone present tonight. C. A. Reed." We are glad to have the word from Mr. Reed.

Our business meeting is now adjourned.

(Whereupon, the program and business sessions of the Thirty-ninth Annual Meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association were closed.)



(On September 15, the members were conducted on a tour of the nursery, arboretum, and experimental nut plantings of the Tennessee Valley Authority near Norris.)



Odds and Ends

DR. W. C. DEMING, West Hartford, Connecticut

I would like to suggest, especially to the younger members of the association, three horticultural projects that I believe promise to be of importance, and on which nobody that I know of is doing any work. Only one of these projects has to do with a nut.

1. Utterly neglected and wasted, the fruit of the horsechestnut or buckeye, "said, to have been formerly used as food or medicine for horses," still might become an abundant food for animals, and perhaps for man, if a way could be found to deprive it of its disagreeable bitter taste and reputed, probably exaggerated, poisonous quality.[31]

There is one late flowering horsechestnut, Aesculus parviflora, a dwarf species from the Southeast, and commonly seen in Connecticut as an ornamental on lawns, which bears a nut entirely free from bitterness, and is sometimes known as the edible horsechestnut. The possibilities in crossing this with the bitter horsechestnut tree species are evident and fascinating. [Several hybrid horsechestnuts are cultivated, but none of these apparently involves any A. parviflora parentage.—Ed.]

2. In temperate zones there are, so far as I have learned, no perennial legumes the seeds of which are used as food. All our immensely valuable edible leguminous seed crops are annually planted. The only exception I think of is the honeylocust, the pods of which, under favorable conditions, are sometimes used as fodder for horses and cattle. But there are thousands of leguminous plants and trees, many of them hardy. I mention the herbaceous Baptisia australis, several hardy perennial peas, such as Lathyrus sylvestria, L. maritimus etc., Caragrana the pea tree, and species of Robinia, Cercis; Cymocladus and Wistaria. A collection of these, with as many more as one might wish, would be a fascinating group in which to spend hours with brush and forceps.

3. All over America thousands of "tired business men," and school boys who ought to be tending to their baseball, have to spend weekends and holidays pushing lawn-mowers. If an acceptable ground cover could be found that would have to be mowed only half as often, or one quarter as often, or maybe only once a year, or even (glory be) not at all, what a saving of time it would be for good healthy sport and non-depressing exercise.

There are many promising plants. Pachysandra and Vinca, don't quite fill the bill but have their good points, such as growing in the shade. There is a little round-leafed plant common in Florida and, apparently, found in the north. There are many plants that could be grown experimentally in patches a yard square. Why have we so tamely limited ourselves to grasses and clover? What a chance for a man to immortalize himself by discovering variants for grasses and clover for lawns and thus become a benefactor to millions of lawn-mower slaves!

[Footnote 31: (See letter from the American Medical Association on next page.—Ed.)]

COUNCIL ON PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY

of the

AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Office of the Secretary, 535 N. Dearborn Street, Chicago 10, Illinois

January 5, 1949

Doctor W. C. Deming 31 South Highland Street West Hartford, Connecticut

Dear Doctor Deming:

This is in reply to your inquiry of December 28, 1948, regarding the toxicity of horse chestnuts.

All six of the species of Aesculus which are native to the United States have been reported as poisonous, but specific references in the literature are infrequent. The species Aesculus hippocastanum has been studied and has been found to contain saponin, tannin, and the glycoside, esculin. Esculin is used in patent remedies in the form of ointments and pastes to protect the skin from sunburn. The saponin seems to be the toxic component.

Fruit of the horse chestnut is rich in starch and oil and is a valuable food for livestock. The bitter taste of the nut is removed by alcohol extraction which removes the saponin, thus rendering the nut harmless. Certain domestic animals, however, seem to be able to eat the untreated nut without suffering ill effects. [Italics are by Dr. Deming.—Ed.]

Most of the saponins are markedly irritant to the mucous membranes. They have an acrid taste and provoke a flow of saliva, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. If injected directly into the circulation they produce hemolysis, diuresis and direct actions on the central nervous system which may be rapidly fatal. Absorption after oral administration is so poor that saponins produce only local effects. The toxicity of various saponins is ten to a thousand times higher by vein than by mouth and is generally proportional to the hemolytic action. Some saponins have a different toxicity for different species.

In experiments with rats Hindemith found that the saponin from Aesculus hippocastanum is not toxic in daily oral doses of 87.5 mg. per kg. Nonhemolytic doses injected intravenously in cats have no effect on respiration or blood pressure; hemolytic doses produce a sudden drop in pressure owing to liberation of potassium from the erythrocytes. The saponin increases the activity of the isolated frog heart, then stops it in systole. In frog nerve muscle preparations of this saponin reversibly interrupt stimulus transmission; recovery occurs upon washing.

For a general review of the literature you are referred to Bull. Sc. Pharmacol. 47:290 (November-December) 1940, which is available at the New York Academy of Medicine Library, 2 East 103rd Street, New York City.

Sincerely yours,

[Signed] BERNARD E. CONLEY, R. Ph. Administrative Assistant.

BEC:nr



The Birth of a New Walnut Cracker

B. H. THOMPSON

The home of the Thompson walnut cracker is the home of the maker, on the farm, five and a half miles northwest of Harrisonburg, in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. I live in the upland area, 1,500 to 1,700 feet up in the hills.

A man once said he killed two birds with one stone. I went him one better in one instance. I went to the back end of the farm and picked up all the walnuts and placed them on a pile, not too far from the house. Then the squirrels came to help themselves. I got all the squirrels I wanted to eat and those that got away retreated so fast they dropped their walnut. Then I cracked what walnuts were left for cakes and candy, which we all enjoy so much.

It was while cracking these nuts with a hammer that the thought came to me: Why should there not be a faster and better way to crack nuts? Later I happened to see a walnut cracker made by a blacksmith which did a very good job of cracking, but was entirely too slow for me.

Being mechanically inclined, I have always entertained a desire to invent something worth while. I set out to perfect a cracker that would be fool-proof, easy to work, fast, simple, and strong enough to last a lifetime. This I accomplished in the Model 6. Before reaching this point, I had designed and tested five different models, made five different ways, to see which would be best. They all worked, some good, some I did not like so well. It was discouraging at times but something seemed to tell me I had the right principle.

This No. 6 walnut cracker is a success, now in its 11th season and going stronger all the time. You will find it in 37 states, from Florida to Washington State, from New Hampshire to California, from Minnesota to Texas.

Most of the crackers are sent by mail, and some of the customers mention the fact that they are members of the N.N.G.A. Others do not have trees on their premises, but collect walnuts by the roadside. One I know of has 2,000 walnut trees on his 1,200 acre farm.



Marketing of Black Walnuts in Arkansas

T. A. WINKLEMAN, Rogers, Arkansas

The Benton County Produce Company has been in the walnut business for 38 years. For the first few years we dealt only in hulled nuts, shipping carloads of them to Omaha, Chicago, several points in Nebraska, and the West Coast. About twenty years ago, as I recall, there was a large cracking plant at Kansas City and we shipped several carloads there.

Eventually we began to receive small orders for kernels. We filled them and the number of orders increased. This led us finally to the decision that we should get out of the hulled nut business and sell only kernels, and with few exceptions, that's what we have been doing for the past 25 years. During this time the production of kernels throughout the walnut region has gone up tremendously. As you know, many plants using mechanical cracking machines have become established. We have stuck to hand-operated crackers; but even so, we were able one year to turn out 13,000 pounds of kernels. At present we ship kernels to practically every state in the Union.

Millions of pounds of walnuts are available from Arkansas, Missouri and Tennessee. Here the walnut tree seems to make its best growth. It has been our experience that the better nuts come from upland trees. Those produced in the bottomlands along the larger streams lack the rich flavor typical of those coming from higher elevations. This means we get our best nuts from the Ozarks in northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. So far, few walnut trees are grown commercially. Practically all of the nuts come from wild trees. But recently there seems to be a trend toward planting grafted walnut trees and grafting native seedlings to improved varieties. The nurseries in this area now have walnut seedlings for sale and some landowners are setting out considerable acreages. It seems like a good investment. The trees grow fast, bear nuts at an early age, and eventually yield additional income in the form of logs. We believe walnut offers better prospects for commercial production than pecan, owing mainly to the value of the walnut wood for cabinet uses.

Not much has been done here with improved varieties. There are some Thomas trees in the region and they yield very well. You get about 20 pounds of kernels from 100 pounds of hulled Thomas nuts as against an average of 12 pounds from our wild native nuts. We anticipate that within three or four years the Thomas will attain commercial importance here. In my opinion, however, Thomas kernels do not have the flavor that the wild nuts have; the percentage of oil seems to be less. I have also been told that wood from the Thomas trees has little value in the furniture trade. Why this should be true, or whether it is true, I don't know.

Shells are a problem with us as they are with most concerns in the walnut cracking business. We sent some samples to Iowa State College for testing and got a pretty favorable report. If available in sufficient quantity, the shells apparently can be used for gas production, oils and for other purposes.

Walnut in this region has few enemies; but one, the walnut Datana caterpillar, does considerable damage. We need federal or state aid in controlling this dangerous pest.



Further Notes on Nut Tree Guards for Pasture Plantings

OLIVER D. DILLER, project Supervisor, Hillculture Research, Soil Conservation Service, Wooster, Ohio

In an article entitled, "Nut Trees for Ohio Pastures," which appeared in the 37th annual report of the Northern Nut Growers Association[32], the writer called attention to the advantages of nut trees planted in fence rows and in the interior of permanent pastures and the need for a more satisfactory cattle guard to protect the trees during their period of establishment.



The writer has for several years studied various types of cattle guards and in 1946 suggested the possible use of an electric guard along permanent fence lines. This set-up worked fairly well during the first growing season, but it was found that a considerable amount of maintenance is necessary and therefore electric guards may not be practicable over a period of years.

During the summer of 1947 a prominent wire fence manufacturing company was contacted concerning the availability of a welded wire fabric which might be used as a substantial yet economical tree guard. The company made available for test purposes two 150-foot rolls 72 inches high. One roll was galvanized, 11 gauge wire, with 2 x 4 inch staves, while the other was ungalvanized 10 gauge, with 4 x 4 inch spacing between the staves. These rolls were cut into lengths of 13.7 feet, resulting in a circular guard 4.36 feet in diameter (shown in picture). The guards were installed along a permanent fence on the pasture research farm of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station at Wooster during the summer of 1947. Observations made during July, 1948, indicate that these guards have not been damaged in any way by the dairy cattle on this farm during the current season, and that the trees are being adequately protected. No guards have as yet been installed in the interior of the pasture, but it would seem that only one standard fence post would be required to support such a guard.

The wire company was not able to give the exact cost of this material to the farmer, but suggested a quotation of $3.90 per hundred square feet for the galvanized wire, 2 x 4 inch spacing, 11 gauge, as compared to $3.00 per hundred square feet for the ungalvanized wire, 4 x 4 inch spacing, 10 gauge.

Assuming that the ungalvanized wire would serve the purpose for a period of ten years, the cost would be approximately $2.50 per guard if it were attached to a line fence; If placed in the interior of a field, the cost of a standard fence post would have to be added. While this cost may appear to be rather high, it is believed that it will compare favorably with another type guard which will provide equal service. The chief advantages of this guard seem to be its apparent sturdiness and ease of installation.

[Footnote 32: Diller, O. D. "Nut Trees for Ohio Pastures," Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc., 37th Annual Report. 1946, pp. 62-64.]



A Pecan Orchard in Gloucester County, Virginia

MRS. SELINA L. HOPKINS, River's Edge Flower Farm, Nuttall, Virginia

Mr. Reed has asked me to tell you of our experience with pecans in Gloucester County, very near Chesapeake Bay, on North River, a tidewater estuary of Mobjack Bay. Our house is about 20 feet from the shore, so we call it "River's Edge," which describes it very well. The pecan trees are on the lawn, in the barnyard, and in an adjoining field.

The orchard was planted by my late husband about 1915. The trees came from at least two nurseries as there are two distinct sets of varieties. There are eight varieties from the North and eight from the South. Of the northern sorts there are Busseron, Butterick, Indiana, Kentucky, Major, Niblack, Posey, and Warrick. These came from the nursery of R. L. McCoy, Lake, Spencer County, Indiana.

The southern varieties are Delmas, Frotscher, Georgia (Georgia Giant), Hale, Schley, Stuart, Teche, and Van Deman. Hale trees have been the slowest to come into bearing, and there are several which appear to be Hale which are not yet in fruit.

Nut Crops Scanty

The trees near the house, both on the lawn and in the barnyard are set irregularly but those in the orchard are in rows, 65 feet each way. They are beautiful in appearance, being from 40 to 55 feet tall, and are very healthy.

However, they do not bear well. We had a pretty good crop in 1943, about 500 pounds, which we sold for 30 and 35 cents per pound. Since then we have had very few nuts, as the flowers have evidently been killed each year by frost.

Most of the nuts we have had have come from trees near the river, where the air is tempered by salt air coming in at high tide. At this writing, early August, there seems to be more nuts than at any time since 1943. There was no frost that I could detect after the trees flowered, but there are few nuts on the trees farthest from the river.

The fruit trees back in the county, on what we call "the highlands," have no fruit this year. Apparently our northern varieties of pecan do not stand the cold any better than the southern sorts. In the last few years, there have been more nuts of the southern varieties. I suppose the flowers of the northern varieties came out at a time when they were more easily frozen.

We have several trees that are evidently seedlings, as they grew up from the ground after the tops died, They usually bear well, producing sweet nuts, well-flavored but small.

We have six Persian walnuts that have had only about ten nuts in all these years. One tree has a black walnut coming up from the root on which it was grafted. It is of the same size as the Persian top. Two years ago, this tree had about 30 nuts on the Persian side and 50 on the black. It is not easily accessible and I have not been to it this year.

Behavior of Pecans

The Posey trees are in an east-west row about one-third the distance from the north end of the orchard. Most of the Major and Busseron trees are farther south, some as much as 200 yards. A few trees of both varieties are directly south, within 100 yards, while others are the same distance away off and some farther southwest. It is stated in a recent bulletin of the Virginia Agricultural Extension Service that Posey is needed to pollinate Busseron and Major.

Since reading the bulletin, I have been thinking of our crops in the past. I remember that trees of these two varieties farthest from the Posey, do not bear as well. Until now, I have attributed this to the fact that the soil was less fertile and the trees are smaller and less vigorous. Also the trees are farther from the frost-tempering river. I am not sure yet that this is not the reason.

We are not alone in our experience of an uncertain crop, as other pecan growers in the county tell the same tale. There are a number of large old trees in this general section of Virginia, as well as a good many seedlings. In addition, there are native, bitter, large-growing water hickory (Carya aquatica), which is not uncommon in lowlands. (These hybridize freely with true pecans, producing beautiful trees but astringent nuts. Ed.)

One of the largest orchards was set out a few years before ours, by the late Dr. Wm. C. Stubbs, on a farm that had been in his family for many generations. It is on York River, about 15 miles from our place. It was he who encouraged my husband to set out our orchard. Dr. Stubbs was for many years Director of the Louisiana Experiment Station near New Orleans. He spent his summers at his old home. His trees were probably the best started and cared for during his life, as he knew how to do it. I drove to see the farm recently, and talked with the present owner, who bought it in 1942. The next year, when I also had my good crop, he nearly paid for the place with proceeds from the nuts.

However, like ourselves, he has had practically no nuts since, and is so much discouraged that he plans to take out some of the trees. The varieties there are mostly Moneymaker, Schley and Success. The same varieties are also in a small orchard of another neighbor, who reports that Success does best. The trees owned at one time by Dr. Stubbs seem not to be cultivated at all, but are grazed and mowed, and the orchard is now rather a tangle of briers and weeds.

We Grow Bulbs with Pecans

As this is primarily a daffodil farm, and the trees have the best land, it is also used for bulb growing. The daffodils are a much surer crop with us than pecans. We sell both flowers and bulbs. The season for daffodils is in March and April which is well ahead of the pecans. The pecans do not leaf out early enough to shade the daffodils, and I can't see that they injure them in any way except in very dry years. Bulbs near the trees do just as well as those in the open field and sometimes bloom earlier.

All cultivation and fertilization that the trees get is what is accorded the bulbs. As soon as the season is ended for bulbs, we begin cultivating. We go over the bulbs about three times before the tops die back to the ground, in late May. In late July, we mow the weeds, which are high by that time. We frequently mow again later in the fall. We take up the bulbs every two or three years in June, cure them in trays in airy buildings, grade them, sell some, and replant what we need to keep up our supply. When a plot is dug, we plant it with soybeans, turn them under in late summer and replant with a winter cover crop, rye or clover usually. That crop is turned under the following late April when the rye is usually waist high. We replant again with beans which are turned under in July.

If we think the soil needs more humus, we repeat the process another year. During this rotation we apply 0-14-7 at least twice, usually with the first two plantings. The land is limed only at long intervals, as daffodils like a soil rather on the acid side. Of course, during this cultivation and planting, we plow rather close to the trees, within about four feet, and sometimes cut the roots. You may well think that this accounts for their not bearing well, but in this neighborhood there is the same story with trees that are not plowed around. I have wondered at times if they are not too near salt water, and maybe the roots go down to water, yet the trees nearest the river bear best. We have a Teche tree only about 20 feet from high tide line, and it is our surest bearer, having never missed a crop.

Our only varieties that scab to any extent are the one Georgia and the two trees of Delmas, but the man on Dr. Stubbs' place says that both varieties scab although I forgot to ask which variety was worst. (Delmas is one of worst scabbing varieties in the South.—Ed.)



Indiana Nut Shows Have Educational Value

W. B. WARD, Extension Horticulturist, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.

A few days ago I had a letter from Professor George L. Slate, of the Geneva station, requesting that I send you some information concerning our recent nut shows and a couple of pictures to be used in the current report.

I am enclosing two pictures—one showing a display of hicans, shellbark, shagbark, bitternut, mockernut hickories and in the background a few of the miscellaneous sorts, while the other picture shows mostly the black walnuts. (Latter picture printed on next page.—Ed.)

If you will note in the pictures, we have used a saw and cut the nuts in two for display purposes. This has been one means of classifying the seedlings to find out whether or not they were worthy of further propagation, although this alone was not the final classification. It was rather surprising to the number of visitors we have had at our shows to see the difference in the interior of the nut and believe me it has done a lot toward the education of the people when it comes to locating some of the better seedlings.



The purpose of the nut program in the state of Indiana was for the betterment of native nuts and we were in hopes that we could find some very promising seedlings that would be worthy of further work. With the cooperation of the Indiana Horticultural Society and the Student Horticultural Show here at the University, we have had this nut show for the past six or eight years. Sometimes it has been in competition, other times it has been mostly for display. The show served the purpose which we had in mind for thus we have located some very nice walnuts, hickory nuts and a few good seedling pecans. After the show had been visited by some six to eight thousand annually for the past several years, we have further made displays at the annual meeting of the Indiana Horticultural Society in Indianapolis, at the A.P.S. meeting at St. Louis last winter and at the Indiana State Fair in 1948, with a display going to some of the other institutions—particularly to Oklahoma and Texas—for display at their state shows. A new collection was gathered by the students and the writer this year which, in part, will be displayed at the Indiana Horticultural Society meeting on January 19, 20 and 21 and another collection is being shown at Oklahoma A. & M. at this time. The nuts will be returned and placed in cold storage to be exhibited at the State Fair next fall and we have sufficient quantities on hand for individual displays as well as for collections.

Each plate contains from 35 to 40 nuts of seedlings or named varieties and at our recent show we had 66 plates of hickory nuts and allied species. We had 41 plates of walnuts including some very fine Persian walnuts, 16 samples of filbert seedlings, 20 plates of miscellaneous and all told 141 different plates at our show which was held on November 5, 6 and 7, 1948.

Some of our best contributors have been such as Ferd Bolten, Linton, Indiana, who sent five good Persian walnuts and one excellent black walnut. Edward Smith, of Rochester, Indiana, and Henry Buit, of Lafayette, also have found some wonderful walnut seedlings. Donald Sly, Rockport, Indiana, has produced the best seedling filberts, about eight in number, and contributed a wonderful display of the McCallister hican. Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, Proprietor of the Indiana Nut Nursery, has contributed largely to the collection of seedling and named varieties of hardy northern pecan while W. A. Owen, Poseyville, and Clem Seib, Owensville, have been consistent winners in the large shellbark hickories. O. W. Thompson, Owensville, and William Seng, of Jasper, contributed some large size thin-shelled shagbark hickories to our show. James Stall, of Brownstown, is a consistent winner in butternuts.

Each year more interest is being shown in the planting of native nuts and some of our Persian walnuts are rather outstanding. Nolan Fateley, Franklin, Indiana, has a very fine seedling Persian walnut of large size which we are hoping to propagate. (A large Carpathian tree.—Ed.)



The Importance of Stock and Scion Relationship in Hickory and Walnut

CARL WESCHCKE, St. Paul, Minnesota

Twenty-five years of practical study and living with the hickories ought to suffice to make a success in growing these trees for their delicious product. However, it is only in the twenty-eighth year of such work that I have made an important discovery about the particular hickory with which I have had the most success; I refer to the variety known as the Weschcke shagbark hickory.

I began to graft such varieties as Beaver and Fairbanks (bitternut—shagbark hybrid) hickory on Wisconsin native bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) in 1920, and some grafts are doing very well at this time, 1948, but they are practically barren of fruit. Since then I have accumulated more varieties to test from many different sources, to continue the work down to the present day. During that time I noticed, but did not appreciate, the significance of the relationship of growth between scion and root system. True, I have been very cognizant of the so-called compatibility between stock and scion in the hickory family, and have written about this matter for publication several times, but I was then more concerned with the stock and scion living together in a harmonious state of existence and health without realizing that there was something else necessary to this relationship in order to promote heavy bearing.

Experiments in Grafting Black Walnuts

Parallel to these early experiments, I was grafting in the same family as the hickories, known as the walnut, or Juglandaceae family, using wild native butternut (Juglans cinerea) as a stock for grafting to such varieties as the Thomas, Ohio, Stabler and Ten Eyck black walnut (J. nigra). Some of these trees, so grafted, exist today, being more than 25 years old, and they have never borne more than a hatful of walnuts to a tree, even when they became large trees. Most of them are entirely barren year after year. I often remarked to persons who were interested in this phase of my work, that the black walnut was non-productive on the butternut root system, but it was very evident that there was not completecompatibility because the walnut scion greatly outgrew the butternut stock causing a marked difference in their trunk diameters just below and above the union. This great difference, the butternut being so much smaller, was no doubt the cause of a shortage of food supply elaborated through the bark circumference which limited the top to a mere growth of leaves, not leaving sufficient additional supply for the growth of fruit.

My observation among the hickories, with which I did far more experimental work than with the walnuts, was beclouded by the fact that many successful, apparently compatible varieties, grew and throve on the native bitternut stock without bearing fruit, except for just a few nuts occasionally; and yet there was no apparent difference between the scion diameter and the trunk diameter, nothing like the overgrowth of the black walnut when grafted on butternut. So it took many years and a different growth phenomenon to open my eyes as to what was the trouble in getting hickories to bear on foreign root systems.

The final solution of the problem was determined by my observation this year of grafted hickories of several sizes and ages were Weschcke shagbark (C. ovata)[33] scions and other hickory scions, such as Siers, Bridgewater, Deveaux, Beaver, and Fairbanks have been grafted on the same tree to act as pollinators for the Weschcke, which is devoid of pollen.[33] This year particularly, the difference in rate of growth between two varieties grafted on the same stock was very apparent; in every case all other varieties greatly exceeded the growth of the Weschcke hickory, but in many cases, only the Weschcke hickory had any nuts growing on the graft, and if there were any nuts on another graft, there were but a few. In practically all cases, the diameters of the scions of varieties of hickory other than the Weschcke were at least twice the diameters of the Weschcke grafts, and the growth of all varieties so grafted was healthy and vigorous and thoroughly compatible with the native bitternut hickory root system.

Several years ago I had to trim some of these other varieties back in order to allow the Weschcke graft to get more growth because it was so backward in development that it looked as though it might be crowded out of existence. It never occurred to me in those years that it was the difference in rate of growth between the two varieties which was really responsible for the difference in the diameter of the scion growth, and not some accident of propagation. Now it is very apparent, from the many examples that I have about me, that the Weschcke hickory is about one-half as fast a grower as such varieties as Bridgewater, Deveaux, Laney, Siers, and many others. This, then, accounts for the heavy bearing of the Weschcke when it starts to bear on the bitternut roots, and it also explains the lack of bearing in such varieties as Beaver, Fairbanks, Laney, Siers, Pleas, Deveaux, Rockville, Green Bay, Hope pecan, Stanley shellbark, Platman, Kirtland, Glover, Barnes, and many others which are hardy and get along well with the native bitternut root system, some of them having lived more than fifteen years grafted in such combination. The Bridgewater is the only variety which bears a fair crop of nuts as compared to the prolific Weschcke, and is the pollinator for the Weschcke when used in orchard planting.

[Footnote 33: See author's added remarks following.—Ed.]

Are Pecan Stocks Desirable for Hickory Scions?

It would appear, therefore, that it is necessary for stocks to be at least as vigorous as the variety to which they are grafted, and to insure this it would seem to me that the northern pecan seeds, such as grow around Des Moines, Iowa, would be the proper seedling stock for almost any variety of hickory, as they outgrow bitternuts and shagbarks by quite a margin. I have only one Weschcke grafted on a pecan of this sort, and it makes much greater growth each year than does this variety grafted on the native bitternut stocks. However, it has not started to bear yet and the reason is that it is still very young, and is over-topped by plum brush and apple trees.

Since it requires about ten years here for a native bitternut to acquire the proper size of one-half inch to three-quarter inch diameter, which is about the size necessary for grafting, you have some idea of how slowly this native species grows. The forest trees, of which there seem to be thousands on my property, very seldom exceed a diameter of six inches, yet they appear to be very old trees. Occasionally we find one that reaches the diameter of a foot or more, and generally it is one that is located where it has plenty of space to grow, as in open pasture. The tree is rather easy to graft to many varieties of hickories. No doubt if it were grown in large numbers, in the proper soil, the time for producing seedling stock ready for nursery propagation could be cut down. But it appears more likely that some northern pecan seed can be found which will produce a hardy understock to furnish a seedling of sufficient vigor and size for propagating purposes in five years or less.

Records of Bearing

Our first successful grafting of Weschcke hickory on bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) was in 1927, but these grafts did not bear for about ten years. We know now that this was because there was a lack of pollen of the shagbark species to pollinate its blossoms. Now these trees are bearing profusely.

The second batch of grafts from the original Weschcke hickory, which grew near Fayette, Iowa, was made in 1934. One mature nut from grafts made that spring was gathered from the ground in the same year, about October 1, 1934, but it had been partly consumed by a squirrel. From that year to the present, these grafted trees produced each year and never failed to mature some edible nuts up to and including this year, when there is a very large crop (6-1/2 bushels). This, then, is the 15th consecutive crop of nuts of which I have a record. During two years we had such early fall frosts that the nuts were a little shriveled and not fully mature, but still edible. In other years there were some light crops, but there never has been a crop failure in all this time. The variation in bearing is also due in part to several late frosts which in the spring in some years killed back all the foliage and newly expanding buds. Yet new dormant buds opened, some of which had flowers, and so carried on the unbroken bearing record.

Last winter (1947-48) produced the most severe damage to exotic species of fruit and nut trees as well as ornamentals, including evergreens, ever recorded in this area; yet the grafted Weschcke hickory trees were so loaded down with nuts that I had to support the load by tying up branches to keep them off the ground. This tough winter caused almost every variety of apple tree to be barren, such as Wealthy, Northwestern Greening, Whitney Crab, Haralson and Malinda. Only two varieties, Lowland Raspberry and Hibernal, bore fair crops. Last winter killed outright (to the ground) most of my Thomas black walnuts, some of which were more than 25 years old, and damaged severely such other varieties as Ohio, Vandersloot, and Ten Eyck. The winter was responsible also for the killing of several seedling Chinese chestnuts which had survived ten years of our winters and yet others of these Chinese chestnuts are growing again from sprouts near the ground surface. The mulberries suffered greatly also, but in general the hickories of many varieties came through this winter, with very little damage, and most of them are bearing a few nuts. Even the wild hazels suffered differing amounts of damage and have only partial crops of nuts because of the effects of the winter.

In conclusion, keep in mind that these experiments and tests have been conducted in severe climatic conditions in the 45th parallel at River Falls, Wisconsin, 35 miles east of St. Paul, Minnesota, and that out of more than fifty varieties of hickories and pecans and their hybrids tested, only these two, Bridgewater and Weschcke hickory, (both thin-shelled easy-cracking varieties), have succeeded to a point which can be classed as commercial; the writer can now recommend these two varieties for propagation by nursery firms capable of undertaking the propagation of hickory nut trees, the sale of which to the public is a foregone conclusion.

By request of the secretary, Mr. Weschcke sent the following additional information on the Weschcke hickory:

About ten years ago I noticed that there was no pollen coming from this tree and yet from the very beginning, even when there was no other pollen available except the wild hickory pollen from the Carya cordiformis, the Weschcke hickory produced nuts. Thinking that it was due to parthenogenesis I bagged clusters of pistillate blossoms, and although setting nuts they all dropped off which is typical of non-pollenization. I then bagged groups of pistillate blossoms which I pollinized with different available pollens of the Carya ovata and these set nuts which started to grow, upon which I removed the bags. From this experiment I found that the Bridgewater did a very good job of pollenization and it became the tree that I considered as a compatible mate. Other trees that pollinate well are Kirkland, Deveaux and Glover; Beaver is not a good pollenizer and I have not experimented with Fairbanks to know whether it is satisfactory. The catkins grow vigorously on the Weschcke up to the time that the pollen sacs seem ready to open, then the catkin drops off. No pollen has ever matured that I know of. When dried from this state, they yield no pollen.

I told Dr. J. W. McKay about this nearly seven years ago, and he asked for fresh samples of the catkins at different periods which I mailed to him in receptacles that he furnished. He wrote me a very nice treatise on this subject for inclusion in my book which I expected to be published at that time. The book was never published, however, since Orange Judd turned it down during the war for lack of paper as the excuse. I did not try any further to get it published, and since that time many new things should be added to the hazel hybrid chapter. Dr. McKay said that he is familiar with this action on the part of nut trees. I have felt that it was phenomenal since I have had no other such experience among all the nut trees with which I have experimented. However, this loss of pollen saves vitality apparently for the production of several times the pistillate bloom that I have seen on any other hickory with which I have worked and this apparently accounts for the prolificacy of the Weschcke when grafted on the native Wisconsin hickory. (Male-sterility occurs with chestnut and apple.—Ed.)

At first I considered the Weschcke somewhat of a hybrid nut; later I changed my mind about it and considered it a pure shagbark. I have reversed my opinion again and consider the possibility of its being slightly hybrid with bitternut blood. The parent tree at Fayette, Iowa stood close to big bitternuts. The shell, being the thinnest of all hickories (known to me) leads me to suspect the hybridity with the bitternut. It is quite smooth and the ridges are less prominent than in almost any other hickory except such known hybrids as the Beaver. Its shape is oval to long and it is flat so that whenever you throw a handful down to a smooth surface they all assume the same position, and because of this they would no doubt lend themselves to commercial cracking as they would feed through the mechanism of a cracking machine exactly in the same order.

I have not always had such a high opinion of this nut. Dr. Deming has letters from me which have a disparaging note, and although Dr. Deming considered it a valuable nut, he has letters from me in which I indicated that I was sorry that it was not productive and that it had such a small nut. Both these conditions changed with time and within twenty years this nut sometimes becomes one of the largest hickories of the cultivated varieties and its proficacy then probably depended on correct pollination which I was not aware of in the beginning.

I hope you will pardon me for dwelling so on this hickory, but after working with hickories for nearly thirty years it certainly seems remarkable to me that we have such a productive variety that is hardy this far north and west, that is perfectly at home on the native hickory roots, and that matures its nuts from September 15 to October 1, is self-hulling, that has escaped the attack of all sorts of weevils that infest our native nuts. (I have never found one wormy Weschcke hickory nut although sometimes you find empty nuts.) This variety also escapes the spring frosts so that there have been fourteen consecutive years of bearing without interruption. The foliage is vigorous, has no diseases so far; the young branches are sometimes cut off by oak tree pruners or girdlers. This happens to many kinds of trees, including all the oaks, butternut, black walnut, all the hickories and even the chestnuts. When you take into consideration the fact, that no other hickory has such a fine record it makes me very enthusiastic over this variety in spite of the fact that it bears my name. Were you to classify this hickory from casual observation, you would think it is a pure shagbark, and it is only the extreme thinness of shell and the outside appearance pf the nut shell which indicates some slight hybridity.



Progress with Nuts at Wolfeboro, New Hampshire

MATTHEW LAHTI

Inasmuch as I do not expect to be able to attend the thirty-ninth annual meeting, I thought I would report to you on the progress of my nut trees since my letter of a year ago.

Last winter was a severe one in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire (43 deg. 36' north latitude.) We had more than the usual amount of snow, and although the temperature did not get down much lower than 25 deg. below zero at my place, it remained cold for many days at a time without relief. This, and the fact that last fall was one of the driest seasons on record, plus the fact that this spring it rained almost continuously for more than a month, resulted in considerable damage to my nut trees.

My Broadview Persian walnut graft suffered severe damage, with branches up to two inches in diameter being killed. Whether this was from frost or lack of moisture in the fall I do not know, but two Crath Persian walnuts, one of which is situated within fifty feet of the Broadview, suffered no apparent winter injury at all. Neither Broadview nor Crath bore any nuts this year, whereas last year the Broadview produced eighteen nuts.

My Gellatly heartnut also suffered severe winter injury similar to the Broadview Persian walnut, and after it leafed out it looked as if a fire had gone through it because of the dead wood. However, it is bearing thirteen nuts this year.

Strange to say, the black walnut trees did not suffer any winter injury (the Thomas, set out in the spring of 1939, having been injured in each previous winter), except that the Tasterite is barren of nuts this year against a pretty good crop last year. However, the Thomas is bearing a fair crop, but the nuts are smaller than usual.

While my hickory trees appeared to suffer no winter injury, out of possibly two dozen that I have planted since 1939 I expect to have only three left. The number had dwindled to nine last year, and six of those I am afraid will be dead by the end of next year. These six had done well for six or seven years. The cause appears to be poor circulation through the graft union. This is unfortunate as I believe hickory trees will live and bear fruit in our climate.

I had the usual experience with filberts and hazelnuts, namely that the catkins were, for the most part, Winter killed. There, are no nuts on Rush, Barcelona, Medium Long, or Red Lambert, and the Winkler bushes [self-fertile—Ed.] which bore heavily last year (although the nuts did not fully ripen), are bearing only a few nuts this year.

Native butternut trees last year bore a heavy crop of nuts. This year, the crop is very light.

As an experiment, I planted three Chinese chestnuts this spring: Abundance, Nanking, and a "straight line" seedling. Although I haven't much hope that they will survive many winters, I thought I would try them out.

Several people have inquired about nut growing in New Hampshire, and I have sent them a resume of my experiences.



Breeding Chestnuts in the New York City Area

ALFRED SZEGO, Jackson Heights, New York City

[Part of a letter to the Secretary, October 27, 1948.]

I am one of those members who have not been able to attend annual meetings. In the two or three years that I have been a member, I have derived great enjoyment from reading the annual reports and receiving information through your news bulletin.

Therefore, when I received your improved bulletin, "The Nutshell," I felt that I and others like me should write and tell you how wonderful it is.

There is much that I just want to "get off my chest." My past criticism was that the organization was a bit lethargic. But nut trees are slow in showing results, despite the nurserymen's attractive visions of quick, big harvests of nuts and even timber!!! This slow patience of the black walnut has determined the tempo of much of the membership.

Chestnut Breeding Efforts

My main work is to attempt to breed two types of chestnuts: (1) One that is very productive with a low head and will bear nuts like the old American chestnut. (2) Another that will make a good timber stick. It is my theory that present chestnut breeders are crossing inferior material, using any specimens that happen to be in flower at the right time as long as they represent the species to be crossed.

Suppose they intend to cross C. crenata x C. dentata. An average Japanese chestnut is usually pollinated with flowers from a poor struggling sprout on the edge of the woods that has only one thing to recommend it. That is an early bearing characteristic which is inherent, but which, according to experiments and observations I have tediously carried out, is not totally due to ringing by the blight.

The experiment takes place and a few hybrid nuts are produced. They are termed (C. crenata x C. dentata). It is expected that the characteristics of the offspring will be somewhere between those of the two parents in blight resistance and nut size and quality. But what of the grandparents, the many ancestors of the American chestnut sprout that have not even the slight resistance of the sprout? Can they not express their characteristics and hand them, down to their grandchildren? And some individuals of C. crenata are not reputed to be so highly blight resistant.

Of course the scientists engaged in this work are men of the highest calibre and no doubt are aware of this, but it is extremely difficult to obtain, propagate, and care for named varieties of the finest individuals of each chestnut species.

Apple, cherry, and other fruit breeders would not dream of crossing common scrub cull fruit trees and expect any degree of success.

My first task when I began, three years ago, on my coppice growth 35 to 40 year old hardwood forest, was to clear a little land and to begin planting different world species of Castanea.

You would be astonished to find that it was impossible for me to obtain seed or trees, at the time, of C. crenata, C. seguinii, C. pumila, C. henryi and C. alnifolia. I obtained some 24 seeds of C. mollisima from Dr. A. H. Graves, for which I was grateful. At the time he didn't have a good crop, I think. Institutions and government agencies would not or did not like to release their newly developed hybrids for fear that I was a nurseryman or perhaps would sell them for "blight resistant" chestnuts, although they were not yet proven.

Experiment at Pine Plains

By diligent search I managed to get a few trees and hybrids of C. crenata and a variety (seedling of) called "Colossal." These thrived and survived about 30 deg. below zero under deep snow at Pine Plains, New York. I also set out 2 bushes (C. pumila) obtained from Harlan P. Kelsey, East Boxford, Massachusetts. Dr. Graves' seed gave fair germination, and I now have seven nice young mollisimas from 8" to 30" high. Of two three year old trees I obtained from a local nursery, one died (my fault) from not reducing the top, and the other died back to the ground from winterkill, but came back again as sprouts. I easily obtained seed of C. sativa, but the severe winter mowed the seedlings down and there are only two survivors. One is smaller this year than last but the other is about 14" high and making slow, straight growth. The chinkapins are perfectly hardy and this year one of them made 3 feet of growth.

I estimate that I have some 3,000 to 4,000 American chestnut sprouts that range anything from 1 to 18 feet in height. But more promising—I have a cluster of fine young seedlings that I have been caring for. All the woods were cleared away from them to give them plenty of light. They are watered by the old hand bucket method in dry spells. I report on them occasionally to Mr. G. F. Gravatt and Mr. Russell B. Clapper of the U.S.D.A. They are a faint ray of hope.

Four of them are about from 18 to 20 feet tall. One is about 9 feet high. One blighted and died two years ago and was removed. Another blighted at the base and I cut the canker out, but I fear it's going. One branch is dead and was removed. The others developed strong blight resistance. Small cankers formed on the lower branches but did not make headway. I cut some of these out and the trees healed nicely. As the trees become older, their resistance diminishes and the proof lies ahead. One tree that I labeled No. 1 has about two dozen, well healed Endothia scars already. The trees have not bloomed for me yet but I may have some results soon. I intend to cross this clonal group with the following:

1. With C. seguinii for greater blight resistance and productivity.

2. With C. mollisima (var. Abundance) for blight resistance, fine nuts of medium size, and a good timber stick with good vigor.

3. With large Japanese like Austin, and their hybrids like "Colossal," for a medium size nut of fair quality and highly prolific for the general market for a cooking or roasting chestnut.

Though many people dislike the Japanese chestnuts, they are at least productive and hardy (at my place). Their chief attribute is their possibility as food for stock and wildlife. Some of the same people who dislike them (among nurserymen) recommend planting oaks which certainly do not compare with C. crenata. When a very "sweet" acorn is found it is proclaimed to be "as good as Japanese chestnut."

The Chinese chestnut has its faults here. It is not very thrifty in growth here and as a rule doesn't bear until late. It is not very productive and the nuts spoil easily. I have since planted much seed from the south and it often doesn't even get here in a viable condition.

Assistance from Beltsville

My work has lately been facilitated by Mr. Gravatt and Mr. Clapper. I visited them at Beltsville and Mr. Clapper personally toured the orchard with me at Glenn Dale, showing me the kind of helpful courtesy that one never forgets and that is a tribute to these men.

Some promising material was given to me which will greatly facilitate my work. Mr. Gravatt suggested the use of "Ammate" as an experiment to poison trees that interfere with any American chestnut growth I wish to save. The experiment is intended to eliminate the resulting sprouts that accompany girdling. Incidentally, part of the experiment is to attempt to give light and cultivation and fertilizer to 100 native chestnut sprouts in a four acre area.

I have some information on American chestnut sprouts that may be of interest to the membership. In an endeavor to locate the best American material, I have been combing the woods and thickets on Long Island, in New Jersey, Connecticut, and parts of Dutchess County, New York (the latter not extensively). Many thousands of sprouts were examined to discover the following:

Their present status.

1. Sprouts occur almost always in woodlands.

2. They reach their greatest height and are most luxuriant at the edge of woodlands or in clearings therein.

3. They rarely exceed 15 feet in height and reach a diameter of about three inches.

4. One in many hundreds, and only where there is light in abundance, will bear flowers.

5. One in many thousands bears female or pistillate flowers which sometimes produce "blind" or empty nuts. [Unpollinated—ED.]

6. Rarely, indeed very rarely, are two flowering trees close enough to produce viable seed.

7. There are a few seedlings that are single stem upright trees (no old stump in evidence) that reach up to 20 and rarely 25 or 30 feet in height with a diameter of 6" or so.

(Mr. R. B. Clapper thinks it is probably due to the absence of an old, infected stump that this greater height is reached.)

8. Ringing by the blight does not necessarily force the flowers and nuts. The woodlands abound with chestnut sprouts in all stages of girdling without pollen or fruit.

When I have my trees in bearing, I will be glad to furnish pollen and nuts from them to anyone that pursues the important work of trying to improve what I consider the most promising nut tree we yet know.



Winter Injury to Nut Trees at Ithaca, New York, in the Fall and Winter of 1947-48

L. H. MacDANIELS and DAMON BOYNTON, Ithaca, N. Y.

The winter of 1947-48 caused more damage to nut trees at Ithaca, New York, than any since 1933-34. It was a combination of a series of early freezes followed by sub-zero temperature in mid-winter. Apparently the most injury was done by the fall freezes. These occurred on September 25, 26, and 27. On each successive night the temperature dropped lower than the preceding, and on September 27 was around 20 deg.F. There was considerable variation in temperature related to exposure, air drainage conditions, and other factors.

On West Hill in Ithaca the minimum temperature recorded on September 27 was 23 deg.F. Injury to leaves and nuts was severe. Within a few days the leaves had shrivelled and dried on the trees. It was apparent that this early freeze came before the abscission layers were formed in the leaf bases or growth matured. Ordinarily, a hard freeze late in the season will cause the trees to drop the leaves the next day. The nuts on the trees were frozen solid and mostly turned black within a few days and began to shrivel. Development was stopped, with the result that the nuts on all varieties were very poorly filled. The cavities appeared on first cracking to be full of kernel, but on drying these shrunk so that they were practically valueless. Some of the nuts were planted in a nursery row in the fall and germinated fairly early, showing viable embryos in spite of arrested development.

During the winter the temperature fell to -25 deg.F, a temperature which ordinarily would not damage black walnuts seriously. It is impossible to separate the effect of the low winter temperatures from that of the early freeze in September. In this location the net result of the early freeze and the severe winter was to kill vigorously growing grafts on the walnut trees. Also the cambium in the main crotches of a Stambaugh tree with a trunk about 14 inches in diameter was killed. This tree was destroyed in a windstorm in August, 1948, but it is not clear that the breakage was related to the winter killing in 1947-48. None of the trees now has a good crop, which may be or may not be related to the frost in the fall. It is entirely possible that failure to form blossom buds is caused either by killing of bud primordia or more likely by depletion of carbohydrate reserves due to the loss of leaves in early fall.

One seedling of Carpathian walnut was not damaged seriously except for some slight terminal twig killing. Another tree, however, had most of the smaller branches killed. Hickories and chestnuts were apparently not seriously damaged but some seedlings of the Japanese walnut were killed to the ground.

Walnut and Hickory Plantings

At the orchard of the Department of Pomology of Cornell University there is a large collection of walnut and hickory varieties and other nut trees. It is not known exactly what the temperatures were in this location but an exposed location half a mile distant had a minimum September temperature recorded of 24 deg.F. and minimum winter temperature of -20 deg.F. The planting in question is on two levels and on a hillside. The damage on the hillside and the upper level was relatively less than on the lowlands where apparently the air drainage was poor. Probably the temperature in the lowlands may have reached 20 deg.F. in September and -25 deg.F. in the winter. At any rate, the damage to the trees was much more severe than in the West Hill location where the temperature reached 23 deg.F. in September.

Injury to the black walnut on the higher land and on the hillside was mostly the killing back of the twigs and smaller branches. On some trees, the petioles of last year's leaves were still attached to the dead twigs late the following summer, showing that the freeze occurred before the abscission layers had formed. The dozen or more varieties of black walnut on the higher land showed little difference between them except that the Elmer Myers showed somewhat greater injury. On the low ground, many varieties including Murphy, Edmunds, Benton, Ohio, Todd, and Stambaugh were killed to the ground or back to the main branches of the trunk. Of three Thomas trees, about 20 years old, one was killed outright, one severely injured, and the other injured only in the twigs. Apparently the difference in these three trees was related to the size of the crop on the trees, although no definite data are available on this point. Walnuts showing little or no injury were: Mintle and Tasterite. Neither of these had had a crop in 1947.

Many of the varieties of hickory were injured as was the native bitternut, Carya cordiformis. This injury consisted mostly of the killing back of the lower limbs and twigs with some varieties being killed outright. Killing of the lower limbs as compared with the tops of the trees is probably related to lower temperatures near the ground due to temperature inversion and possibly to the fact that the lower branches were somewhat weaker in their growth. This sort of injury is common with fruit trees.

On the higher ground the Chinese chestnut trees planted some 20 years ago showed considerable injury. About 50% of them were killed and others were damaged in the lower branches. Chestnut trees in this planting had all survived the cold winter of 1933-34, with winter temperatures below -30 deg.F., so that it is probable that the early freeze of September 27 was responsible for their death.

Japanese walnut seedlings again showed great difference in hardiness, the more tender seedlings killing to the ground and others showing little damage.

Northern pecans on higher ground showed severe damage, the killing extending to the trunk and larger limbs. The variety Burlington, which is a hybrid, pecan x shagbark, showed little injury.

In a planting of several hundred seedling black walnut trees in another location the temperature on September 27 was probably around 18-20 deg.F. About 20% of the trees were killed to the ground. These trees were growing under a sod mulch, were not overly vigorous, and for the most part had not come into fruiting.

In the 1947-48 winter about half of the sweet cherries in the Pomology orchard were killed and peaches were severely injured. No injury was apparent on apple trees.

Weather conditions such as occurred in 1947-48, though unusual, are to be expected occasionally in the latitude of Ithaca, and in fact throughout the northern states. Apparently the fall freeze was widespread as it was almost impossible to obtain any black walnuts that were of any value. Some of the specimens received from other sources obviously had been frozen. The possibility of such damage might well be a deterrent on planting black walnuts in any considerable acreage as a commercial venture in the north. The experience of the past year certainly emphasizes the fact that as yet our knowledge of varieties is incomplete and also that the Northern Nut Growers Association has much work to do in either locating or developing varieties of greater hardiness or with growth characteristics which provide early maturity and thus immunity from early frost damage.



What Came Through the Hard Winter in Ontario

GEORGE HEBDEN CORSAN, Islington, Ontario

For winter killing of trees I refer you to the winter of 1947-48. I had a huge elm and a very tall white ash killed. A lot of black walnuts and heartnuts and some Persian (English) walnuts were killed back the length of last year's growth. Some Persian walnuts were killed to the ground while others were not even nipped off of a bud. Very strange to say, my best Persian walnut—-whose shell is very thin, whose meats are very sweet and fat, the tree itself a fast grower, prolific and self-pollenizing—not only did not show a sign of trouble but actually had a crop of most excellent nuts. These trees only will I distribute in future, as well as my two types of "Rumanian Giants." The Rumanian Giants did show a little winter killing of two or three inches of the tips and showed up poorly on the crop size.

I find that all my Russian walnuts [J. regia, probably "Carpathian"—Ed.] run true to seed—no bitter nuts as from north China. They evidently planted the sweet nuts only, thus eliminating the bitter types; they knew and practiced no budding or grafting in [that part of] Russia. Astounding to say, filberts came through last winter in excellent shape, but the terrible, cold, late spring, froze all male blossoms but those of the "Jones Hybrid" types, which I have from seeds I sowed. These latter yielded a good crop of nuts as did Brixnut seedlings.

Not a butternut on a tree nor a beechnut! Some black walnuts were loaded while others were quite empty.

And so I predicted—last September—a mild, open winter with some cold days. [His prediction was good for his locality.—Ed.]

My "Senator Pepper" hybrid (butternut x heartnut cross) had a crop but my "David Fairchild" had some empty and some full. My "Mitchell hybrid" had a good crop and, believe me, this nut is far away ahead of the Mitchell heartnut and up against the world for cracking out clean. It will equal an almond, and as for taste, it is so far ahead of a Brazil nut that the Brazil nut would rank D 3 beside it.

I still believe in seed planting, even for speed of eventual growth. Last October I climbed up a black walnut tree I planted in mid-World War I. From the top of it I looked away down to the tops of electric power poles!



Filberts Grow in Vermont

JOSEPH N. COLLINS, R.F.D. No. 3, Putney, Vermont

Fifteen years ago I set out a few hundred nut trees and bushes. The Chinese chestnuts are not doing very well, as they needed more attention than I could give them. Honeylocusts, in this climate, require more time. At present I can report only on seedling filberts. The seeds for these plants were collected from the four corners of the world. Some of the seedlings perished, lots of them were discarded as unworthy. At present I am setting out two acres of the ones that stood up well under the test.

The filbert (Corylus avellana) is a bush 15 to 20 feet tall and the bushes should be planted 20 to 25 feet apart. It doesn't mind partial shade, requires no spraying and very little pruning. Like the red raspberry, it is easily propagated by suckers. Most of my bushes started producing when they were four years old and now in their fourteenth year, drop about 15 pounds of large fine nuts each September. They stand up well under the rigorous Vermont climate, at an elevation of 1,000 feet. Knowing as much about their growing habits as I do, I believe that a steady winter with plenty of snow on the ground and a late spring that isn't fickle, is well suited for filbert growing in the Northeast. The need for wind protection and good air and water drainage cannot be over-emphasized.

There are a few reasons why I should advise against growing filberts in tree fashion—with a single trunk, as they are mostly grown on the West Coast. The catkins of the filbert develop during the summer, lie dormant through the winter, and shed their pollen very early in the spring. Should the temperature fall as low as -35 deg.F, the catkins winterkill. To overcome this shortcoming, I bend down and peg to the ground, in the late fall, a few slim shoots with dormant catkins, so that the snow, or some other mulching material supplied when there is insufficient snow, will cover and protect the catkins from winterkilling.

By the end of March, after a stretch of fair weather, two tiny red tongues appear at the tips of some of the leaf buds. These are the pollen catching parts of the pistillate flowers. If the winter was kind, the filbert bushes will be a riot of golden catkins, shedding their pollen. If the catkins remain dormant when the pistillate flowers bloom, they have been winterkilled, and the bent down reserves have to be called up. These being protected during the winter, on being bent back to their original position, will come into bloom in a few days, pollenizing the waiting pistillate flowers. Bees eagerly seek this, one of the earliest pollens. The now fertilized flowers, which always stayed inside the buds, go back to sleep for about two months; they are safe from the "North Easter," from late freezes, or from snow. When filberts are grown naturally, that is with many shoots from the ground, it is easy to harvest them by shaking the slender shoots. I hand hoed my bushes for the first three years, and gave them a permanent mulch over the whole area, adding some material each year.

I am inclined to believe that part of my success with filberts is due to mulching. In the middle of summer, I apply a 4" cover of low grade hay, and in the fall I again cover the ground with fallen leaves. Due to the ideal conditions thus created (optimum temperature and moisture) for soil bacteria and earthworms, this material is entirely digested. The mulching material almost disappears by the middle of the next summer, indicating vigorous biological activity. By this time a new layer of mulch is spread, completing the cycle. Late in the fall a load of manure is heaped in the middle of the plantation as an earthworm refuge. This heap is scattered early in the spring. Light applications of wood ashes and super-phosphate are given yearly, late in the fall.

In conclusion, I wish to state that selected varieties of filbert nuts can be grown in the Northeast. Hybrids between the American and European filbert are good growers and producers, although I find that the flavor of the nut isn't as good as that of the pure avellana. I would advise the planting of a dozen bushes by each of a great number of persons further to prove the possibilities of growing this specific nut in the New England area, also to promote the idea of growing both feed and food on trees and bushes.



Report of Necrology Committee

C. E. SCHUSTER

Carl E. Schuster, horticulturist with the U. S. Department of Agriculture stationed on the Oregon State College campus and generally recognized as the nation's foremost authority on filbert production, died February 6, 1948, in Corvallis as a result of a heart attack. At the time of his death, he was 58.

Associated with the Northwest's growing nut industry for more than 30 years, he was recognized for his outstanding contributions to filbert and walnut production. One of his first and most outstanding developments was related to the pollination requirements of filbert trees. After research proved the common commercial filbert variety, the Barcelona, was self-sterile, he recommended to filbert growers that they plant DuChilly, Daviana and White Aveline filbert trees with their Barcelona to insure complete pollination. Full crops resulted.

Organized Summer Tours

For approximately 20 years prior to 1941, he served as secretary-treasurer of the Western Nut Growers Association. In this capacity he assisted in starting the summer tours which have been carried on continuously since. He helped guide the Association through its early years to a position of importance among the commodity groups of the state. In 1941, he was forced to relinquish his office as a result of the enactment of a federal regulation. At this time, he was given an honorary life membership in the Association.

In recent years, he devoted major attention to orchard management with emphasis on fertilization and general nutrition needs of nut trees. In this work he co-operated with Dr. R. E. Stephenson at Oregon State College. Their outstanding development was in the field Of boron deficiency in walnuts.

Walnut production of many orchards, they discovered, could be increased two and three fold by the addition of borax fertilizer. The presence of "snake heads" or sprouts in summer walnut growth and "die-back" or winter kill noticeable in some walnut trees during the winter months are now generally recognized as signs of boron deficiency.

Wrote Many Nut Articles

Other work in walnuts proved that fertilizer applications can and do pay. Prior to this work with resulting fertilizer recommendations, many walnut growers had not made heavy enough applications on certain soil types and felt that fertilizers were not worthwhile in walnut production.

Mr. Schuster was the author of many articles pertaining to nut culture.

In the 10 years he was on the staff of the college horticulture department before entering federal service, he made an outstanding record in teaching and research. With other scientists he worked in developing a successful pollination program for cherries. This work was carried on after it was determined that the three leading cherry varieties, Royal Ann, Bing, and Lambert, were all self-sterile and intersterile.

A native of Ohio, he came to Oregon in 1912 to attend Oregon State College after having completed two years at Ohio Wesleyan. He received a B.S. degree in agriculture in 1914 and two years later, 1916, received his master's degree.

He joined the college staff three years later and remained until 1929, when he took the federal position he held until his death. He was a veteran of World War I, having served as an infantry second lieutenant. He was a member of Alpha Zeta Sigma Xi, and Gamma Sigma Delta honor societies and was a life-long member of the Evangelical church, which has since merged with the United Brethren church.

He is survived by Mrs. Schuster and four children, Charles, Robert and Margaret—all Oregon State College students, and Flora, a high school student. A brother, Dr. Earl J, Schuster, lives at Tillamook.—Reprinted from Better Fruit magazine.



MRS. LAURA SELDEN ELLWANGER

Mrs. Laura Selden Ellwanger, member of one of Rochester's pioneer families, died at her home, 510 East Avenue, Rochester, New York on September 1, 1948, after a short illness.

She was the widow of William D. Ellwanger, whose father, George Ellwanger, was a co-founder of the Ellwanger & Barry Nursery Company.

Her brother, George B. Selden, was inventor of the gasoline automobile, and her father, Henry R. Selden, was a New York State Court of Appeals judge and one-time lieutenant governor of the state.

Mrs. Ellwanger was the last survivor of 12 children in the Selden family. Her maternal grandfather, Dr. Abel Baldwin, settled in Clarkson in 1811, just a year before Rochester was founded. She was born in a house on the land now occupied by the Highland Hospital. One of her sisters, Louise, was the wife of Maj. Gen. Elwell C. Otis, former governor of the Philippine Islands.

Mrs. Ellwanger spent many summers at her home, Brookwood, in Ontario, Wayne County.

She was honorary president of the Rochester Female Charitable Society, one of the city's oldest organizations, and a member of the Rochester Historical Society, The Rochester Garden Club, Genesee Valley Club, and the Rochester Rose Society.

She is survived by a daughter, Mrs. Kenneth H. Field, of Rochester; two granddaughters, Mrs. John F. Weis, Jr., of New York City, and Mrs. Edwin II, Atwood, Jr., Rochester, and four great-grandchildren.

(The above, is from a Rochester newspaper clipping.—Ed.)



M. M. KAUFMAN

(The secretary received the following letter from Mrs. M. M. Kaufman, dated March 17, 1949.)

"I regret to advise you that my husband, M. M. Kaufman (Clarion, Pennsylvania), a member of the Association for many years, died March 3, 1948.

"My husband was a strong, conservationist and always appreciated the work of the Nut Growers. In continuing his interests, I should like to join the Association, and I am enclosing my check for $8.00 to cover dues of $3.00.... and $5.00 as a contribution in my husband's name for furthering the work of the group."



NORMAN B. WARD

Norman B. Ward, a new member, with offices at 866 Hanna Bldg., Cleveland 15, Ohio, was reported deceased in September, 1948. No obituary notice has been received for him.



Attendance

R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg Pennsylvania Mrs. R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg Pennsylvania Stephen Bernath, Poughkeepsie, New York Mrs. Stephen Bernath, Poughkeepsie, New York Charles B. Berst, Erie, Pennsylvania Frank B. Blow, Norris, Tennessee Gertrude R. Blow, Norris, Tennessee Mrs. L. C. Brann, Knoxville, Tennessee John T. Bregger, Clemson, South Carolina Carroll D. Bush, Eagle Creek, Oregon J. Edwin Caruthers, Alpine, Tennessee Wm. S. Clarke, Jr., Dept, of Horticulture, State College, Pennsylvania B. C. Cobb, Norris, Tennessee Miss Mary R. Cochran, Cincinnati, Ohio C. E. Connally, Roanoke, Virginia Mrs. C. E. Connally, Roanoke, Virginia Thomas S. Cox, 103 Hotel Avenue, Knoxville. 18, Tennessee H. L. Crane, 6822 Pineway, Hyattsville, Maryland Frank B. Cross, Oklahoma A & M College, Stillwater, Oklahoma Mrs. Frank B. Cross, Stillwater, Oklahoma W. H. Cummings, Fountain City, Tennessee Mrs. W. H. Cummings, Fountain City, Tennessee Helen E, Davidson, 234 E. Second St., Xenia, Ohio John Davidson, Xenia, Ohio Margaret Davidson, Xenia, Ohio Elora Donnelly, Hoboken, New Jersey John H. Donnelly, Hoboken, New Jersey Brooks D. Drain, Knoxville, Tennessee Martin D. Ehlmann, St. Charles, Missouri Mrs. Martin D. Ehlmann, St. Charles, Missouri R. W. Fisher, West Plains, Missouri A. E. France, Charleston, West Virginia Wilbert M. Frye, Pleasant Dale, West Virginia F. C. Galle, Dept, of Horticulture, Univ. of Tenn., Knoxville, Tennessee H. R. Gibbs, 803 William St., Front Royal, Virginia Mrs. Bessie J. Gibbs, 803 William St., Front Royal, Virginia Jack Godwin, Signal Mountain, Tennessee G. H. Gordon, Union, South Carolina Dr. Edward A. Grad & Family, Cincinnati, Ohio G. F. Gravatt, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland. Dr. Clyde Gray, Horton, Kansas G. A. Gray, Cincinnati, Ohio John L. Gray, Raleigh, North Carolina Henry Gressel, Mohawk, New York Mrs. Henry Gressel, Mohawk, New York Earl C. Haines, Shanks, West Virginia Max Hardy, Sr., Albany, Georgia Mrs. Max Hardy, Sr., Albany, Georgia Max Hardy, Jr., Albany, Georgia Hubert Harris, Auburn, Alabama John F. Hatmaker, Norris, Tennessee Agnes V. Hendricks, Knoxville, Tennessee A. G. Hirschi, 414 N. Robinson St., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma C. F. Hostetter, Lancaster, Pennsylvania Mrs. C. F. Hostetter, Lancaster, Pennsylvania Bruce Howell, Sweetwater, Tennessee C. B. Howell, Jr., Knoxville, Tennessee Lilian Jenkins, Norris, Tennessee Denman A. Jones, Walnut Grove Farms, Parkesburg, Pennsylvania G. S. Jones, Rt. I, Box 140, Phenix City, Alabama Mrs. Tinman W. Jones, Walnut Grove Farm, Parkesburg, Pa. Raymond Kays, Oklahoma A & M College, Stillwater, Oklahoma J. B. Kingrohm, Knoxville, Tennessee G. J. Korn, 140 N. Rose St., Kalamazoo, Michigan Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula, Iowa E. W. Lemke, Detroit 14, Michigan R. C. Lorenz, Fremont, Ohio Mrs. R. C. Lorenz, Fremont, Ohio W. W. Magill, Lexington, Kentucky D. E. Manges, Norris, Tennessee J. C. Moore, Auburn, Alabama R. G. Moore, Dept, of Hort., V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. Dr. C. A. Moss, Williamsburg, Kentucky John T, Mullins, Renfro Valley, Kentucky H. O. Murphy, Chattanooga, Tennessee Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York Mrs. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York Frances C. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York F. J. McCauley, 233 West Erie St., Chicago 10, Illinois Elizabeth L. McCollum, White Hall, Maryland Blaine McCollum, White Hall, Maryland J. C. McDaniel, 403 State Office Bldg., Nashville 3, Tenn. Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mt, Rainier, Maryland James R. Oakes, Bluffs, Illinois Royal Oakes, Bluffs, Illinois Mrs. Vincent L. Odum, San Diego, California Robert E. Ogle, Tenn. Experiment Sta., Knoxville, Tennessee F. L. O'Rourke, East Lansing, Michigan E. L. Overholser, Dept. of Hort., V. P. I., Blacksburg, Virginia Roger W. Pease, Morgantown, West Virginia Gordon Porter, Windsor, Ontario, Canada Sara M. Potts, Knoxville, Tennessee Carl Prell, South Bend, Indiana Edna M. Pritchett, 803 William St., Front Royal, Virginia Ralph H. Quick, Lesage, West Virginia G. B. Rhodes, Route 2, Covington, Tennessee Mrs. G. B. Rhodes, Route 2, Covington, Tennessee Ralph, Richterkessing, R. R. 1, St. Charles, Missouri Mrs. Ralph Richterkessing, R. R. 1, St. Charles, Missouri David Richterkessing, R. R. 1, St. Charles, Missouri John Rick, Reading, Pennsylvania W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson, Tennessee Mrs. W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson, Tennessee Dr. Wm. L. Rohrbacher, 811 East College St., Iowa City, Iowa Mrs. Wm. L. Rohrbacher, 811 East College St., Iowa City, Iowa Ralph Schreiber, Sr., 245 Cherry St., New Albany, Indiana Ralph Schreiber, Jr., 245 Cherry St., New Albany, Indiana T. L. Senn, Clemson, South Carolina W. A. Shadow, Decatur, Tennessee Maurice E. Shamer, M. D. & Son, Baltimore, Maryland Sylvester Shessler, Genoa, Ohio Mrs. E. D. Shipley, Knoxville, Tennessee G. B. Shivery, Knoxville, Tennessee Raymond E. Silvis, Massillon, Ohio Frances Simpson, Norris, Tennessee George L. Slate, Geneva, New York Barbara Sly, Rockport, Indiana Donald R. Sly, Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport, Indiana Louesa M. Sly, Rockport, Indiana Raymond E. Sly, Rockport, Indiana Sterling Smith, 630 W. South St., Vermilion, Ohio H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Virginia Mrs. H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Virginia Bernard M. Taylor, Alpine, Tennessee Clifford R. Von Gundy, Cincinnati, Ohio Ford Wallick, Peru, Indiana Arthur Weaver, 3339 South St., Toledo, Ohio Harry R. Weber, Morgan Road, Rt. 1, Cleves, Ohio Mrs. Martha R. Weber, Morgan Road, Rt. 1, Cleves, Ohio J. F. Wilkinson, Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport, Indiana Mrs. R. Allen Williams, Chicago, Illinois William J. Wilson, Fort Valley, Georgia Mrs. William J. Wilson, Fort Valley, Georgia T. G. Zarger, Norris, Tennessee Mrs. T. G. Zarger, Norris, Tennessee Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania



Membership Listings

Miss Helen Lewis, of the secretary's office, has corrected the following alphabetical list of members by states and countries, up to May 1, 1949, and further additions up to press time will be added below "Wisconsin", if space permits. We are listing also the members' occupations, so far as they have been furnished, and ask that other members who want them listed include this information when they pay their dues for the coming year. Please check on your own listing now, and notify the secretary if any correction in the name or address (including zone number) should be made.



Northern Nut Growers Association

Membership List as of May 1, 1949

*Life Member

**Honorary Member

ALABAMA

Campbell, R. D., Route 1, Stevenson. Farmer, mine operator. Dean, Charles C., Route 3, Box 220, Anniston Orr, Lovic, Route 1, Danville. Farmer, chestnut and peach grower, merchant.

ARKANSAS

Clawitter, A. T., Route 3, Box 210, Little Rock Hale, A. C., Route 2, Box 322, Camden Van Arsdale, D. N., Route 4, Berryville Williams, Jerry F., Viola Winn, J. B., West Fork

CALIFORNIA

Armstrong Nurseries, 408 N. Euclid Avenue, Ontario. General nurserymen, plant breeders. Gaston, Eugene T., Route 2, Box 771, Turlock. Nut nurseryman, Turlock Nursery Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3344 H. Street, Sacramento. Surgeon Kemple, W. H., 216 West Ralston Street, Ontario. Nurseryman, plant, breeder and research horticulturist. Nicholson, Thomas B., 1017 N. Ophir Street, Stockton Parsons, Charles E., Felix Gillett Nursery, P. O. Box 1026, Nevada City. Nurseryman. Pozzi, P. H., 2875 South Dutton Avenue, Santa Rosa Serr, E. F., Agri. Experiment Station, Davis. Associate Pomologist. Walter, E. D., 899 Alameda, Berkeley Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan Street, Taft. Private & Corporation Horticulture. Williams, Edward L., Sheepranch

CANADA

Brown, Alger, Route 1, Harley, Ontario. Farmer. Cahoon, Dr. E. B., 333 O'Connor Drive, Toronto 6, Ontario Casanave, John A., 209 Patterson Rd., Lulu Island, Vancouver, B. C. Cornell, R. S., R. R. No. 1, Byron, Ontario Corsan, George H., Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario. Nurseryman, nut breeder. Crisp, Dr. Allan G., Suite 204, 160 Eloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario Elwood, H., 78 Trans Canada Highway West, Chilliwack, B. C. Nurseryman. English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, B. C. Farmer, fruit and nut grower. Filman, O., Aldershot, Ontario. Fruit and vegetable grower. Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, B. C. Plant breeder. Fruit grower & nurseryman. Giegerich, H. C., Con-Mine, Trail, B. C. Goodwin, Geoffrey L., Route 3, St. Catherines, Ontario. Fruit grower. Harrhy, Ivor H., Route 1, Burgessville, Ontario Housser, Levi, Rt. No. 1, Beamsville, Ontario, Fruit farmer. Maillene, George, R. R. 1, Saanichton, B. C. Manten, Jacob, Route 1, White Rock, B. C. *Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 Macdonald Avenue, Guelph, Ontario Papple, Elton E., Route 3, Cainsville, Ontario Porter, Gordon, R. R. No. 1, Harrow, Ontario. Chemist Snazelle, Robert, Forest Nursery, Dept. of Industry & Resources, 140 Cumberland St., Charlotteville, P. E. I. Trayling, E. J., 609 Richards Street, Vancouver, B. C. Jeweller. Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ontario Wharton, H. W., Route 2, Guelph, Ontario. Farmer. Willis, A. R., Route 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C. Young, A. H., Portage La Prairie, Manitoba Young, A. L., Brooks, Alta.



CONNECTICUT

*Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 S. Highland, West Hartford 7. +(Dean of the Association)+ Giesecke, Paul. R.F.D. 3, Pinewood Road, Stamford. +Physicist.+ Graham, Mrs. Cooper, Darien Graves, Dr. Arthur H., 255 South Main Street, Wallingford +Consulting Pathologist, Conn. Agr. Expt. Station, New Haven, Connecticut. *Huntington, A. M., Stanerigg Farms, Bethel McSweet, Arthur Clapboard Hill Road Guilford. +Industrial Engineer.+ *Newmaker, Adolph, Route 1, Rockville Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater White, George F., Route 2, Andover

DELAWARE

Brugman, Elmer W., 1904 Washington Street, Wilmington. Chemical Engineer. Wilkins, Lewis, Route 1, Newark. Fruit grower.

DENMARK

Granjean, Julie, Hillerod. (See New York.) Knuth, Count F. M., Knuthenborg, Bandholm

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

American Potash Institute, Inc., 1155-16th St., N.W., Washington, D. C. Borchers, Perry E., 1329 Quincy Street, N.W., Washington 11, D. C. Civil Engineer. Ford, Edwin L., 3634 Austin St., N.E., Washington 20. Graff, George U., 242 Peabody Street, N. W., Washington, 11, D. C. Kaan, Dr. Helen W., National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, D. C. Research Associate. **Reed, C. A., 7309 Piney Branch Road, N. W., Washington 12, D. C. Nut Culturist.

ECUADOR SOUTH AMERICA

Colwell, P. A., Institute of Inter-American Affairs, c/o American Embassy, Quito.

FLORIDA

Avant, C. A., 960 N. W. 10th Avenue, Miami. Pecan grower. Estill, Gertrude, 153 Navarre Drive, Miami Springs. General Manager.

GEORGIA

Eidson, G. Clyde, 1700 Westwood Ave., S.W., Atlanta Hammar, Dr. Harold E., U. S. Pecan Field Station, Box 84, Albany. Chemist, U.S.D.A. Hardy, Max, P. O. Box 128, Leeland Farms, Leesburg. Nurseryman, farmer. Hobsen, James, Jasper Hunter, Dr. H. Reid. 561 Lake Shore Drive, N. E., Atlanta. Teacher and farmer. Neal, Homer A., Neal's Nursery, Rt. 1. Carnesville. Farmer, nurseryman. Noland, S. C., P. O. Box 1747, Atlanta 1. Owner of Skyland Farms. Wilson, William J., North Anderson Avenue, Fort Valley. Fruit and nut orchardist.

IDAHO

Baisch, Fred, 627 E. Main Street, Emmett Dryden, Lynn, Peck. Farmer. Kudlac, Joe T., Box 147, Buhl. Orchardist. McGoran, J. E., Box 42, Spirit Lake. Nurseryman. Steele, A. A., John Steel Orchards, Parma. Manager of Orchard. Swayne, Samuel F., Orofino

ILLINOIS

Albrecht, H. W., Delavan Allen, Theodore R., Delavan Anthony, A. B., Route 3, Sterling. Apiarist. Baber, Adlin, Kansas Best, R. B., Eldred. Farmer. Bradley, James W., 1307 N. McKinley Ave., Champaign Bronson, Earle A., 800 Simpson Street, Evanston Churchill, Woodford M., 4323 Oakenwold, Chicago Coe, John E., 2024 Sunnyside Avenue, Chicago 25 Colby, Dr. Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana Dietrich, Ernest, Route 2, Dundas. Farmer. Dintelman, L. F., State Street Road, Belleville Erkman, John O., 103 N. Lincoln Street, Urbana Fordtran, E. H., 8700 Fullerton Avenue, Chicago 47 Frey, Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago 48. Assistant to V. P., C B I & P R. R. Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago 48. Housewife. Gerardi, Louis, Route 1, Caseyville. Nut and fruit nurseryman. Grefe, Ben, R. R. 4, Box 22, Nashville. Farmer. Haeseler, L. M., 1959 W. Madison St., Chicago Heborlein, Edward W., Route 1, Box 72 A, Roscoe Helmle, Herman C., 526 S. Grand Avenue, W., Springfield. Division Engineer, Asphalt Institute. Hockenyos, C. L., 213 E. Jefferson Street, Springfield. Business man. Johnson, Hjalmar, W., 5811 Dorchester Avenue, Chicago 37 Jungk, Adolph, 817 Washington Avenue, Alton Kreider, Ralph, Jr., Hammond Langdoc, Mrs. Wesley W., P. O. Box 136, Erie. (J. F. Jones Nursery) Oakes, Royal, Bluffs (Scott County) Pray, A. Lee, 502 North Main Street, LeRoy. Attorney. Seaton, Earl D., 2313 6th, Peru. Machinist. Sonemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalla. Lawyer and farm operator. Whitford, A. M., Farina. Horticulturist.

INDIANA

Arata, J. W., R. R. 2, Box 28, Osceola. Mechanical Engineer. Bauer, Paul J., 123 South 29th Street, Lafayette Behr, J. E., Laconia Boyer, Clyde C., Nabb Buckner, Dr. Doster, 421 W. Wayne Street, Ft. Wayne 2. Physician and Surgeon. Clark, C. M., c/o C. M. Clark & Sons Nurseries, R. R. 2, Middletown Fruit & nursery stock. Eagles, A. E., Eagles Orchards, Wolcottville. Apple grower. Eisterhold, Dr. John A., 220 Southeast Drive, Evansville 8. Medical Doctor. Fateley, Nolan W., c/o Campbell Oil Co., 2003 Madison Avenue, Indianapolis 2 Garber, H. C., Indiana State Farm, Greencastle Gentry, Herbert M., Route 2, Noblesville Glaser, Peter, Route 18, Box 463, Evansville Hite, Charles Dean, Route 2, Bluffton Hunter, J. Robert, 215 So. Broadway, Peru Prell, Carl F., 1414 E. Colfax Avenue, South Bend 17 Richards, E. E., 2712 South Twyckenham Drive, South Bend. Studebaker Corporation. Russell, A. M., Jr., 2721 Marine Street, South Bend Schreiber, Ralph, 245 Cherry Street, New Albany Skinner, Dr. Charles H., Route 1, Thorntown. Teacher and farmer. Sly, Miss Barbara, Route 3, Rockport Sly, Donald R., Route 3, Rockport. Nurseryman, nut tree propagator. Wallick, Ford, Route 4, Peru Ward, W. B., Horticulture Bldg., Purdue University, Lafayette. Ext. Horticulturist, Vegetables. Wichman, Robert P., R.R. 3, Washington Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport. Nurseryman, farmer.

IOWA

Anderson, Donald, Welton Junction Berhow, Seward, Berhow Nurseries, Huxley Boice, R. H., Route 1, Nashua. Farmer. Clayton, Donovan, Route 1, Coin Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut Street, Atlantic Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point. Nurseryman. Ferris, Wayne, Hampton. President of Earl Ferris Nursery. Harrison, L. E. c/o Harrison Lake Shore Orchards, Nashua. Orchards. Huen, E. F., Eldora Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg. General nurserymen. Iowa Fruit Growers' Assn., State House, Des Moines 19. Cooperative buying organization Kaser, J. D., Winterset. Farmer. Kivell, Ivan E., Route 1, Greene. Farmer. Knowles, W. B., Box 126, Manly Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula. Nut nurseryman, farmer, salesman. Lounsberry, C. C., 209 Howard Avenue, Ames Martazahn, Frank A., Route 8, Davenport McLaran, Harold F., Mt. Pleasant. Lawyer. Rodenberg, Henry, Guttenberg. Farmer. Rohrbacher, Dr. William, 311 East College Street, Iowa City. Practice of Medicine. Schlagenbusch Brothers, Route 2, Fort Madison. Farmers. Snyder, D. C., Center Point. Nurseryman, nuts and general. Tolstead, W. L., Central College, Pella Wade, Miss Ida May, Route 3, LaPorte City. Bookkeeper. Welch, H. S., Mt. Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah White, Herbert, Box 264, Woodbine. Rural Mail Carrier. Williams, Wendell V., Danville

KANSAS

Baker, F. C., Troy Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee Street, Leavenworth Breidenthal, Willard J., Riverview State Bank, 7th & Central, Kansas City. Bank President. Funk, M. D., 612 W. Paramore Street, Topeka. Pharmacist. Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton. Osteopathic Physician. Harris, Ernest, Box 20, Wellsville Leavenworth Nurseries, Carl Holman, Proprietor, Route 3, Leavenworth. Nut nurserymen. Mondero, John, Lansing Thielenhaus, W. F., Route 1, Buffalo Underwood, Jay, Uniontown

KENTUCKY

Alves, Robert H., Nebi Bottling Company, Henderson Magill, W. W., University of Kentucky, Lexington. Field Agent in Horticulture Moss, Dr. C. A., Williamsburg. Physician and Bank President. Mullins, Tom, Renfro Valley. Radio entertainer, commercial walnut cracker. Rouse, Sterling, Route 1, Box 70, Florence Tatum, W. G., Route 4, Lebanon. Commercial orchardist. Whittinghill, Lonnie M., Box 10, Love. Growing nut trees, evergreens, fruit trees.

MARYLAND

Crane, Dr. H. L., Bureau of Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. Principal Horticulturist, U.S.D.A. Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., Dover Road, Easton. Chinese chestnuts & ornamentals. Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. Research Forest Pathologist. Hogdson, William C, Route 1, White Hall Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill. Retired farmer. Kemp, Homer S., Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne. General nursery. Lowerre, James D., Dist. Training School, Laurel McCollum, Blaine, White Hall McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. Government Scientist. Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 4514 32nd Street, Mt. Rainier Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown. Farm Owner. Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 W. North Ave., Baltimore 16