Kyrat, then, the strong and fleet, Drew together his four white feet, Paused a moment on the verge, Measured with his eye the space, And into the air's embrace Leaped as leaps the ocean surge.

As the ocean surge o'er sand Bears a swimmer safe to land, Kyrat safe his rider bore; Rattling down the deep abyss, Fragments of the precipice Rolled like pebbles on a shore.

Roushan's tassled cap of red Trembled not upon his head, Careless sat he and upright; Neither hand nor bridle shook, Nor his head he turned to look, As he galloped out of sight.

Flash of harness in the air, Seen a moment, like the glare Of a sword drawn from its sheath; Thus the phantom horseman passed, And the shadow that he cast Leaped the cataract underneath.

Reyhan the Arab held his breath While this vision of life and death Passed above him. "Allahu!" Cried he. "In all Koordistan Lives there not so brave a man As this Robber Kurroglou!"

* * * * *

Directions for Reading.—Let pupils point out where changes in tone of voice occur in reading this lesson.

What lines in the last two stanzas are to be joined in reading?

Keep the lungs sufficiently full of air to avoid stopping to breathe at such places as would injure the sense.

* * * * *

Language Lesson.—Let pupils select a subject, and then make out an analysis to use in treating it.

* * * * *



LESSON LXXVI

mu se'um, a place where curiosities are exhibited.

ban'daged, bound with strips of cloth.

dy'nas ties, governments; families of kings.

ex plored', searched; examined.

pop'u lat ed, peopled; filled with people.

gen era' tions, succession of families or peoples.

e rect'ed, raised; built.

cal'cu lat ed, estimated.

flour'ished, prospered; thrived.

* * * * *



EGYPT AND ITS RUINS.

PART I.

Egypt embraces that part of Africa occupied by the valley of the River Nile. For many centuries, it was a thickly populated country, and at one time possessed great influence and wealth, and had reached an advanced state of civilization.

The history of Egypt extends through a period of about six thousand years. During this time great cities were built which flourished for hundreds of years.

Owing to wars and changes of government many of these cities were destroyed, and nothing of them now remains but massive and extensive ruins.

Pyramids were built, obelisks erected, canals projected, and many other vast enterprises were carried out.

Remains of these are to be seen to-day, some in ruins, some fairly preserved, and, altogether, they give present generations an idea of the wealth and power of the different dynasties under which they were built.



Not far from Cairo, which is now the principal city of Egypt, are the famous pyramids. These are of such immense proportions, that from a distance their tops seem to reach the clouds.

They are constructed of blocks of stone. Some of these blocks are of great size, and how the builders ever put them into their places, is a question we can not answer.

It is supposed that the construction of one of these pyramids required more than twenty years' labor from thousands of men.

The largest pyramid is four hundred and sixty-one feet high, seven hundred and forty-six feet long at the base, and covers more than twelve acres of ground. In all, sixty-seven of these pyramids have been discovered and explored.

They are the tombs in which the ancient kings and their families were buried. In the interior of these pyramids, many chambers were constructed to contain their stone coffins.

It has been calculated that one of the principal pyramids could contain three thousand seven hundred rooms of large size.

The bodies of those who were buried in the pyramids were preserved from decay by a secret process, known only to the priests.



After the bodies were prepared, they were wrapped in bands of fine linen, and on the inside of these was spread a peculiar kind of gum. There were sometimes a thousand yards of these bands on a single body.

After they were thus prepared, a soft substance was placed around the bandaged body. This covering, when it hardened, kept the body in a complete state of preservation.



These coverings are now called mummy-cases, and the bodies they inclose, mummies.

These bodies were finally placed, in huge stone coffins, many of which were covered with curious carvings.

Some of these mummies have been found, that are said to be over three thousand years old. However, when the wrappings are removed from them, many of the bodies have been so well preserved, as to exhibit the appearance of the features as in life.

Large numbers of these mummies have been carried to other countries and placed on exhibition in museums.

Among the mummies brought to this country, are some of the best specimens which have yet been discovered.

* * * * *

Directions for Reading.—Let pupils mark the inflection and point out emphatic words in the first two paragraphs of the lesson.

Show positions of the rhetorical pauses in the first paragraph on page 363.[20]

* * * * *

Language Lesson.—Let pupils review, as a written exercise, the spelling of the following words.

receding principal rubbish punctual precipice council orphan microscope justice civilized threshold muscles precious merchandise especially traveler physician recognize anecdote marvelous sufficient apologize character benefited vicious poisonous tremendous intelligent

Let pupils select a subject and make out an analysis for its treatment.

Each point in the analysis will require a separate paragraph for its treatment.

Be careful to use capital letters and marks of punctuation correctly.

[20] Paragraph beginning, "Remains of these are to be seen to-day...."

* * * * *



LESSON LXXVII.

de vic'es, curious marks or shapes.

in scrip'tion, any thing cut or written on a solid substance.

trans lat'ing, expressing in another language.

mem'o ra ble, worthy of being remembered.

spec'i mens, small portions of things.

in ge nu'i ty, skill in inventing.

tour'ists, travelers; sight-seers.

ded'i cat ed, set apart for a special purpose.

cer'e mo nies, forms; special customs.

site, the place where any thing is fixed.

mon'o lith, a column consisting of a single stone.

o rig'i nal ly, in the first place.

* * * * *



EGYPT AND ITS RUINS.

PART II.

The ancient Egyptians erected many obelisks in various parts of their country. These were monuments made from single pieces of hard stone, and in some cases reached a height of more than a hundred feet.

They were placed before gateways leading to the principal temples and palaces, and were covered with curious carvings in the stone, which represented the language of the people at that time.

It thus appears that their written language was not composed of letters and words alone, like our own; but that they used pictures of animals, including birds, human figures, and other devices of a singular nature, to express their thoughts and ideas.

Until the year 1799, it was impossible for the scholars of modern nations to read this strange language. In that year, however, a stone tablet was discovered by a French engineer, containing an inscription written in three languages.

One of these was in the characters of the ancient Egyptian and another in those of the Greek. Upon translating the Greek writing, it was discovered to be a copy of the inscription in the Egyptian language.

By comparing the words of these inscriptions with many others, the formation of this peculiar language was ascertained. It was then learned that the inscriptions on these obelisks were the records of memorable events, and the heroic deeds of their kings and heroes.

Many of these obelisks have been taken from their positions in Egypt and transported with great labor to other countries. Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman emperors began to carry them to the city of Rome. Altogether, nearly fifty of these remarkable monuments were taken away and set up in that city. They were then, as now, regarded as curious examples of the ingenuity of the ancients who first made them.



In later years, specimens were taken to Paris and London, and more recently one was brought to America, and set up in the Central Park, New York City.

This one belongs to the largest class, being nearly seventy feet high and about eight feet square at the base.

The accompanying cut shows the position of this obelisk as it appeared when standing near the city of Alexandria, Egypt.

The difficulty of transporting one of these huge stone columns is so great, that for a long time it was thought impossible to remove it from Egypt to this country.

In their large cities, the Egyptians built massive temples which were dedicated to religious ceremonies. Some of them, although now in ruins, are considered to be among the most remarkable productions of the ancients.

Tourists who nowadays sail up the River Nile and visit the site of the city of Thebes, the ancient capital of Egypt, are struck with amazement at the vast ruins surrounding them.

On the eastern side of the Nile lies what is left of the temple of Karnak.

Imagine a long line of courts, gateways, and halls; here and there an obelisk rising above the ruins, and shutting off the view of the forest of columns!

This mass of ruins, some lying in huge heaps of stone, others perfect and pointed as when they were first built, is approached on every side by avenues and gateways of colossal grandeur.

The temple originally covered an area of two hundred and seventy acres, inclosed within a wall of brick. Parts of this wall are still visible, while the rest lies crumbled and broken.

It is difficult to realize the grand appearance of the thirty rows of stone columns standing within the wall. Some of them that are still perfect, are capped with enormous monolith capitals, and it is said that one hundred men could stand on one of them without crowding.

The hall itself is four hundred and twenty-two feet long by one hundred and sixty-five feet broad. The stones of the ceiling are supported by one hundred and thirty-four columns, which are still standing, and of which the largest measures ten feet in diameter, and more than seventy-two feet in height. They are covered with carvings and paintings whose colors are still bright, even after a lapse of forty centuries.

Gazing on what he sees around, the traveler becomes lost in an effort to form some idea of the grandeur and vastness of the original.

* * * * *

Directions for Reading.—Let pupils read one or more of the paragraphs in a whisper, so as to improve articulation.

Mark rhetorical pauses in the last paragraph of the lesson.

Name emphatic words in the same paragraph, and state whether the rhetorical pauses occur before or after these words.

* * * * *

Language Lesson.—Let pupils write statements, each containing one of the following words, used in such a manner as to show its proper meaning: haul, hall; site, sight; piece, peace; our, hour; sum, some.

Rules for the Analysis of a Subject.—Select such points as are necessary to make the treatment of the subject complete.

Add such points as will increase the interest felt in the subject.

Arrange the points in a natural and easy order.

Note.—In treating an historical subject, it is necessary to arrange the points in the order in which they occurred. In description, it is best to adopt some plan of treatment, and arrange the points according to the plan decided upon.

* * * * *



DEFINITIONS

OF NEW WORDS USED IN THIS BOOK, THAT DO NOT APPEAR AT THE HEADS OF THE LESSONS.

A

a board', on board of. ac cept', take; receive. ac'ci dents, effects; unusual results. ac cord'ing ly, agreeably to a plan. ac count', statement of facts; bill. ad mit'tance, permission to enter; entrance. ad vice', opinion worthy to be followed; counsel. af ford', give; produce. a'gen cy, office of an agent; action. aid, help; assistance. al to geth'er, with united action; completely. a mid', in the midst of; surrounded by. anxi' e ty (ang zi'e ty), concern respecting some future event. ap plause', praise. ap ply', suit; agree. arch'es, places made of stone, brick, etc. art, skill. a shamed', affected by a feeling of shame. as sist'ing, helping; aiding. as sure', tell truly; make sure or certain. at tempt', try; make an effort. at ten'tion, care; notice. av'e nues, broad streets; openings. a wait'ed, waited for. a ware', informed. awk'ward, clumsy; ungraceful. ay, yes.

B

bade, said. ban'dit, robber. ban'ner, flag. base, lower part. bid'ding, command; order. bil'lows, large waves. bon'ny, handsome; beautiful. bor'row, to receive from another with the intention of returning. bore, carried. bor'ders, edges; outer parts. braced, took a firm stand. braid'ed, woven or twined together brick, a body made of clay and water and hardened by fire. bri'er, a prickly plant or shrub. brig, a vessel with two masts, square-rigged. brill'iant, splendid; shining. brim'ming, full; nearly overflowing. bris'tling, standing erect. bul'let, small ball of lead. bur'den, that which is carried. but'ter fly, a winged insect of many colors.

C

cack'ling, sharp and broken in sounds. ca nals', water-courses made by man. ca'per ing, playing; dancing. capped, covered over at the top. cap tiv'ity, state of being a prisoner. car'go, burden; load. cas'ters, rollers or small wheels. ceil'ing, the upper surface of a room. cen'ter, the middle point of any thing. cen'ti pedes, a kind of insect having a great number of feet. cent'u ry, one hundred years. chan'nel, the regular course of a river. cheat'ed, taken unfair advantage of; robbed. chose, wished; desired. cin'ders, small pieces of coal or wood partly burned. cir'cu lar, round; shaped like a circle. cli'mate, state or condition of the air as regards heat, cold, and moisture. clink, sharp ringing sound. clum'sy, awkward; ungraceful. clus'ter, number of things of the same kind growing together. cock'roach es, insects with long, flattish bodies. cof'fins, cases in which dead bodies are placed. coin, piece of stamped metal used for money. col'umn, a dark cloud of regular shape; a shaft of stone. com mand'ed, had charge of; ordered. com plaint', expression of anger. com plete', entire; perfect. con clude', make up one's mind. con'duct, manner of action. con fined', kept within limits. con nect'ed, joined. con'quered, subdued; overcome. con'quest, act of taking by force. con sid'er a bly, in a manner worthy of notice. con sid'er ing, thinking; regarding. con'stant ly, all the time. con'tact, touching; meeting. con tained', held. con'ti nent, a great extent of land unbroken by water. con tin'u ally, all the time. con verse', talk. cour' age, boldness. cow'ard, one who lacks courage. crack'ling, sharp noises. creek, a small river or brook; a bay. crew (kru), the sailors who man a ship. croak'ing, making a hoarse noise. crook'ed, not straight. crop, what grows in a season. cured, made well. cu ri os'i ty, eager desire to find out something. cur'rent, motion of a river. cus'tom, way of acting; habit. cut'ter, small boat used by ships of war.

D

dames, women. debt, that which is owed. de'cent, fit; suitable. de clare', say with firmness. deed, act; that which is done. de fence', protection. dense, thick; close. de scrip'tion, an account. de sert'ed, left; given up. de struc'tion, ruin. de ter'mine, decided; resolved. di'et, what is eaten or drunk. di rect'ly, instantly; immediately. dis ap point'ed, grieved; filled with regret. dis as'ters, unfortunate events. dis ease', illness; sickness. dis hon'est, not honest; faithless. dis miss' ing, putting or sending away. dis o beyed', went contrary to orders. dis pose', sell; part with. dis re gard', lose sight of. dis'trict, part of a country; region. di vide', separate into equal shares or parts. dome, very high and broad roof. drag, pull; draw. drays, kinds of carts. dread'ful, full of terror. drift, borne along by the current of a river. driz'zling, falling in very small drops. drowned, deprived of life by water. duck'ing, plunging into water.

E

earth'quake, a shaking or trembling of the earth. ech'oes, is heard. ef fects', results. ef'fort (furt), struggle; attempt. em brace', clasp; grasp. em'pire, the country of an emperor. en'e my, one who hates another. en gaged', occupied; taken. en'gines, machines used for applying force. en raged', made very angry. en tire', whole. ere, before. er'rand, short journeys on business. ex am'ple, a pattern; a copy. ex'cel lent (ek), very good. ex cep'tion, that which is left out or omitted. ex cite'ment, intense feeling. ex cla ma'tion, a cry; that which is cried out. ex'er cise, bodily exertion. ex hi bi'tion, show; display. ex pla na'tion, that which makes clear. ex ten'sive ly, widely; largely. ex'tra, more than usual.

F

fac'to ries, places where things are made. fare well', good-by. fa'vors, kind acts. fear'less ly, without fear. feast, a joyous meal. feat, a difficult act. fee'ble, weak; sickly. fer'ry, a place to cross a river. fig'ured, ornamented with marks. file, a row of soldiers ranged behind one another. flanks, the fleshy parts of the sides of animals. flee, to run away. flood, great flow of water. flour, ground wheat. flu'id, water, or any liquid. foot'men, male servants. for ma'tions, things of certain shape or form. for'tress, a fort; a castle. fort'une, chance; luck. frol'ic some, merry; playful. fu'el, material for fire.

G

gal'lop, a rapid movement, as of horses. gar'ret, the upper room of a house. gems, precious stones. gen'eral ly, usually; commonly. gleam'ing, shining brightly. glee, joy; happiness. glim'mer, a faint light. glis'ten ing, sparkling; shining. globe, the earth; a round body. glo'ri ous, grand; splendid. glos'sy, smooth; shining. gor'ges, narrow passages. gos'sip, foolish talk. gov'ern ment, the power that controls a people. grand, large; imposing. grum'bled, complained; found fault with. guard, that which protects. guests, visitors. gur'gling, flowing in a noisy current.

H

hatch, the cover for an opening in a vessel's deck. heath, a meadow; cheerless tract of country. hedg'es, thickets of bushes. hemmed, shut in; surrounded. hence forth', hereafter. he'ro, a brave man. high'way, a public road. hint, something intended to give notice. hitched, tied; fastened. hith'er, in this direction. hogs'head, a large cask. hoot'ing, crying; shouting. hor'ri ble, dreadful; terrible. howl'ing, crying like a dog or wolf. hub'bub, a great noise; uproar. husk, the outside covering of certain fruits. hust'le, shake; push roughly.

I

i de'a, thought. ill'-nat ured, cross; bad-tempered. im ag'ine, think; consider. im me'di ate ly, without delay. im pos'si ble, not possible. in de pend'ence, the state of being free. in for ma'tion, news; knowledge. in formed', told; gave notice of. in hab'i tants, persons living in a place. in'jured, hurt; harmed. in'stant ly, at once; without loss of time. in tent', eager; anxious. in vi ta'tions, requests for one's company. is'sue, come forth; flow out.

J

jag'ged, having sharp points. jew'els (ju'els), precious stones. jin'gling, giving forth fine, sharp sounds.

K

kern'el, the eatable part of a nut; a little grain or corn.

L

la'bor, work; toil. lapse, passing away. las'sie, a young girl; a lass. lat'ter, last-named; nearer. launched, put into the water laws, rules of action. leath'er, the skins of animals prepared for use. ledge, shelf of rocks. lee'ward, that part toward which the wind blows. leop'ard, a large animal of the cat kind. lest, for fear that. lev'el, smooth and flat; of equal height. lin'ing, inside covering. lint, linen scraped into a soft substance. liq'uid, any fluid, like water. lisp'ing ly, with a lisp. liv'er y, a peculiar dress. load'stone, a kind of magnetic ore. loft'y, very high. low'ered, let down. lub'ber, a heavy, clumsy fellow. luck'y, fortunate; meeting with good success. lum'ber, timber sawed or split for use; boards.

M

main'ly, mostly; chiefly. mam'moth, of great size. man'aged, controlled; brought to do one's wishes. mane, the long hair on a horse's neck. man'tel, a narrow shelf over a fire-place, with its support. mar'gin, edge; border. mark'et, a place where things are sold. mark'ings, marks; stamped places. mean'time, during the interval; meanwhile. mel'low ing, ripening; growing soft. melt'ed, changed to a liquid form by the action of heat. mem'o ry, the power of recalling past events. mer'chants, those who buy goods to sell again. mil'i ta ry, belonging to soldiers, to arms, or to war. mis'er y, great unhappiness; extreme pain. mod'ern, of recent date; belonging to the present time. mon'ster, something of unusual size, shape, or quality. mon'u ments, those things which stand to remind us of the past. mound, a small hill, natural or artificial. mo'tion, movement; change of position. must'y, spoiled by age; of a sour smell.

N

neigh'bor, a person who lives near one. nerved, strengthened; supplied with force. night'-mare, an unpleasant sensation during sleep. nim'bly, actively; in a nimble manner.

O

o be'di ence, willingness to submit to commands. o bliged', forced; compelled. oc'cu pied, taken possession of; employed. of'fi cer, one who holds an office. off'ing, a part of the sea at a distance from the shore. om'ni bus es, large, four-wheeled carriages. on'ion (un'yun), a root much used for food. out'posts, advanced stations, as of an army. o ver come', affected; overpowered by force.

P

pace, rate of movement. pal'ace, a splendid dwelling, as of a king. par take', share; take part in. patch, small piece of any thing, as of ground. paus'es, short stops; rests. pave'ments, coverings for streets, of stone or solid materials. peb'bles, small, roundish stones, worn by the action of water. per cus'sion, requiring to be struck; the act of striking. per'fume, scent or odor of sweet-smelling substances. pe'ri od, portion of time; an interval. per'ished, died; were destroyed. per mis'sion, the act of allowing; consent. pic'nick ing, having an outdoor party. pier, a landing-place for vessels. pierce, force a way into or through an object. pil'lars, columns; huge masses. pin'cers, jaws; pinchers. pit'e ous, fitted to excite pity; sorrowful. pit'falls, pits slightly covered for concealment. plan ta'tions, farms of great extent. plots, small pieces of ground, as garden plots. plucked, pulled out or off. plunged, dove; fell. po'et, a maker of verses. pol'ished, made bright and smooth by rubbing. po lite', obliging; pleasant in manner. por'tion, a part; that which is divided off. prat'tling, childish; talking like a child. preach'ing, speaking in public upon a religious subject. pres'ent ly, soon; in a short time. prey, any thing taken by force from an enemy. pri'vate, not publicly known; peculiar to one's self. pro ces'sion, regular movement, as of soldiers. prod'ucts, fruits; that which is brought forth. proved, turned out; showed the truth of. pro vid'ed, furnished; supplied with necessary articles. puff'ing, swelling with air; blowing in short, sudden whiffs. pure, clear; free from other matter.

Q

quilt'ed, stitched together with some soft substance between. quo ta'tions, portions of writings.

R

range, reach, as of a gun. ranks, regular rows or lines, as of soldiers. ray, light; a line of light or heat proceeding from a certain point. read'i ly, without trouble or difficulty; easily. reap, gather by cutting, as a harvest. re call'ing, thinking of; bringing back to mind. re con sid'er, think of again; change one's mind. rec'ords, stories; descriptions of events. re gard'ed, considered; looked at earnestly. re late', tell. re lig'ious, relating to religion. re main'der, the rest; what is left. re mind', call attention to for a second time. re moved', moved away; took off. rent'ed, gave possession of for pay. re paired', mended. re placed', put in place of another. rep re sent', picture; tell about in an effective manner. re quire', need; demand. re sist', stand against; oppose with force. re spect', regard. re tire', withdraw; turn back. re volv'er, a fire-arm with several chambers or barrels. rid, free. ridg'es, a long range of hills; steep places. ri'fle, a gun having the inside of the barrel grooved. rind, the outside coat, as of fruit. risk, danger; peril. riv'u let, a small river or brook. rob'ber, one who commits a robbery. ro man'tic, strange and interesting, as a romantic story. rouse, awake; excite. ru'in, that change of any thing which destroys it. rust'y, covered with rust on account of long disuse.

S

sake, purpose; reason. sap, the juice of plants. sat'in, a glossy cloth made of silk. scene, picture; view. schol'ars, men of learning; those who attend school. scorch'ing, burning slightly; affecting by heat. scoured, made clean and bright. scram'bled, moved with difficulty. scum, that which rises to the surface; worthless matter. se'ri ous, severe; sad in appearance. serv'ice, duty, as of a soldier. se vere', violent; hard. shab'by, worn to rags; poor in appearance. shag'gy, rough. shal'lows, places where the water is not deep. shat'tered, broken; broken at once into many pieces. sheath, a covering for a sword. shep'herd, one who has the care of sheep. shield, a broad piece of armor carried on the arm. shock, a sudden striking against. shriek, a sharp, shrill cry on account of surprise or pain. siege, a closing in on all sides of a fortified place. sighs, stifled groans; long breaths. skein, a number of threads of silk or yarn. skel'e ton, bony frame-work of the body. skull, the bony case which encloses the brain. sleet, frozen mist. slopes, declines by degrees. slum'ber, sleep. sly'ness, cunning; artfulness. smites, strikes, as with a weapon. snort'ing, forcing the air through the nose with a loud noise. soaked, moistened throughout. soar, fly high. sought (sawt), tried; went in search of. spared, saved from death or punishment. splut'ter ing, boiling noisily; speaking hastily. spout, run out with force. sprained, injured by straining. spurred, urged; encouraged. stale, not new; not fresh. stee'ples, high towers ending in a point. stern, hind part of a boat. stock, supply on hand. stout, large; broad. strain'ing, exerting to the utmost. strict, severe; exact. stub'by, short and thick. sub'stan ces, bodies; matters. suc ceed'ed, obtained the object desired. suf'fered, felt pain. sul'try, very hot; burning. sup port', prop; pillar. sus pect'ed, thought; considered quite probable. sus pi'cious, indicating fear; inclined to suspect.

T

tab'let, a flat piece of stone. tac'tics, disciplined movements. tem'per, way of acting. tem'ple, a place for worship. ten'drils, tender branches of plants. ter'ri fied, filled with fear. ter'ri to ry, a large tract of land. ter'ror, fear; dread. thieves persons who steal. thirst, strong desire for drink. thith'er, to that place. thorns, woody points on some trees and shrubs. thor'ough, complete; perfect. thread'bare, worn out. thrives, prospers; flourishes. till'er, the bar used to turn the rudder of a boat. ti'tle, a name. tor'rid, violently hot. trace, mark; appearance. tract, a region. treb'les, the higher parts in music. trick'led, flowed in drops. trop'ic al, belonging to the tropics. tuft, a cluster or bunch. tun'nels, passages; openings. twinge, a sudden, sharp pain. twink'ling, a quick movement. twit'ter ing, a trembling noise.

U

uncom'forta ble, causing uneasiness; not pleasant. un der neath', below; beneath. un der take', attempt. un ea'si ness, want of ease. un grate'ful, not thankful. u nit'ed, joined; combined. un man'ly, not worthy of a man. un ru'ly, not submissive. un scarred', not marked. urg'ing, encouraging. ut'most, to the furthest point.

V

val'u a ble, of great value. vel'vet, a soft material woven from silk. ver'min, little animals or insects. vic'tims, persons destroyed in pursuit of an object. vic'tor, one who conquers. vi'o lence, force; power. virt'u ous, inclined to do right.

W

wa'ges, what is paid for services. wa'ter break (breakwater), that which breaks the force of water. weap'on, any thing to be used against an enemy. whence, from which or what place. whiff, a quick puff of air. whith'er, to what place. wig, a covering for the head, made of hair. wine, a liquor made from grapes. wits, powers of the mind. wrig'gled, moved or twisted. wrung, distressed; twisted about.

Y

yawns, opens wide. youth'ful, young; belonging to early life.

THE END