7. The Dative of the Gerundive Construction occurs in some expressions which have the character of formulas; as,—

decemviri legibus scribundis, decemvirs for codifying the laws;

quindecimviri sacris faciundis, quindecimvirs for performing the sacrifices.

THE SUPINE.

340. 1. The Supine in -um is used after Verbs of motion to express purpose; as,—

legati ad Caesarem gratulatum convenerunt, envoys came to Caesar to congratulate him.

a. The Supine in -um may take an Object; as,—

pacem petitum oratores Romam mittunt, they send envoys to Rome to ask for peace.

b. Note the phrase:—

do (colloco) filiam nuptum, I give my daughter in marriage.

2. The Supine in -u is used as an Ablative of Specification with facilis, difficilis, incredibilis, jucundus, optimus, etc.; also with fas est, nefas est, opus est; as,—

haec res est facilis cognitu, this thing is easy to learn;

hoc est optimum factu, this is best to do.

a. Only a few Supines in -u are in common use, chiefly auditu, cognitu, dictu, factu, visu.

b. The Supine in -u never takes an Object.

* * * * *

CHAPTER VI.—Particles.

COOeRDINATE CONJUNCTIONS.

341. Copulative Conjunctions. These join one word, phrase, or clause to another.

1. a) et simply connects.

b) -que joins more closely than et, and is used especially where the two members have an internal connection with each other; as,—

parentes liberique, parents and children;

cum homines aestu febrique jactantur, when people are tossed about with heat and fever.

c) atque (ac) usually emphasizes the second of the two things connected,—and also, and indeed, and in fact. After words of likeness and difference, atque (ac) has the force of as, than. Thus:—

ego idem sentio ac tu, I think the same as you;

haud aliter ac, not otherwise than.

d) neque (nec) means and not, neither, nor.

2. a) -que is an enclitic, and is appended always to the second of two words connected. Where it connects phrases or clauses, it is appended to the first word of the second clause; but when the first word of the second clause is a Preposition, -que is regularly appended to the next following word; as,—

ob eamque rem, and on account of that thing.

b) atque is used before vowels and consonants; ac never before vowels, and seldom before c, g, qu.

c) et non is used for neque when the emphasis of the negative rests upon a special word; as,—

vetus et non ignobilis orator, an old and not ignoble orator.

d) For and nowhere, and never, and none, the Latin regularly said nec usquam, nec umquam, nec ullus, etc.

3. Correlatives. Copulative Conjunctions are frequently used correlatively; as,—

et ... et, both ... and;

neque (nec) ... neque (nec), neither ... nor;

cum ... tum, while ... at the same time;

tum ... tum, not only ... but also.

Less frequently:—

et ... neque; neque ... et.

a. Note that the Latin, with its tendency to emphasize antithetical relations, often uses correlatives, especially et ... et, et ... neque, neque ... et, where the English employs but a single connective.

4. In enumerations—

a) The different members of a series may follow one another without connectives (Asyndeton; see Sec. 346). Thus:—

ex cupiditatibus odia, discidia, discordiae, seditiones, bella nascuntur, from covetous desires spring up hatred, dissension, discord, sedition, wars.

b) The different members may severally be connected by et (Polysyndeton). Thus:—

horae cedunt et dies et menses et anni, hours and days and months and years pass away.

c) The connective may be omitted between the former members, while the last two are connected by -que (rarely et); as,—

Caesar in Carnutes, Andes Turonesque legiones deducit, Caesar leads his legions into the territory of the Carnutes, Andes, and Turones.

342. Disjunctive Conjunctions indicate an alternative.

1. a) aut must be used when the alternatives are mutually exclusive; as,—

cita mors venit aut victoria laeta, (either) swift death or glad victory comes.

b) vel, -ve (enclitic) imply a choice between the alternatives; as,—

qui aether vel caelum nominatur, which is called aether or heaven.

2. Correlatives. Disjunctive Conjunctions are often used correlatively; as,—

aut ... aut, either ... or;

vel ... vel, either ... or;

sive ... sive, if ... or if.

343. Adversative Conjunctions. These denote opposition.

1. a) sed, but, merely denotes opposition.

b) verum, but, is stronger than sed, but is less frequently used.

c) autem, but on the other hand, however, marks a transition. It is always post-positive.

DEFINITION. A post-positive word is one that cannot begin a sentence, but is placed after one or more words.

d) at, but, is used especially in disputation, to introduce an opposing argument.

e) atqui means but yet.

f) tamen, yet, usually stands after the emphatic word, but not always.

g) vero, however, indeed, in truth, is always post-positive.

2. Note the correlative expressions:—

non solum (non modo) ... sed etiam, not only ... but also;

non modo non ... sed ne ... quidem, not only not, but not even; as,—

non modo tibi non irascor, sed ne reprehendo quidem factum tuum, I not only am not angry with you, but I do not even blame your action.

a. But when the sentence has but one verb, and this stands with the second member, non modo may be used for non modo non; as,—

adsentatio non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digne est, flattery is not only not worthy of a friend, but not even of a free man.

344. Illative Conjunctions. These represent the statement which they introduce as following from or as in conformity with what has preceded.

1. a) itaque = and so, accordingly.

b) ergo = therefore, accordingly.

c) igitur (regularly post-positive[58]) = therefore, accordingly.

2. Igitur is never combined with et, atque, -que, or neque.

345. Causal Conjunctions. These denote cause, or give an explanation. They are nam, namque, enim (post-positive), etenim, for.

346. Asyndeton. The conjunction is sometimes omitted between cooerdinate members, particularly in lively or impassioned narration. Thus:—

a) A copulative Conjunction is omitted; as,—

avaritia infinita, insatiabilis est, avarice is boundless (and) insatiable;

Cn. Pompejo, M. Crasso consulibus, in the consulship of Gnaeus Pompey (and) Marcus Crassus.

The conjunction is regularly omitted between the names of consuls when the praenomen (Marcus, Gaius, etc.) is expressed.

b) An Adversative Conjunction may be omitted; as,—

rationes defuerunt, ubertas orationis non defuit, arguments were lacking, (but) abundance of words was not.

ADVERBS.

347. 1. The following particles, sometimes classed as Conjunctions, are more properly Adverbs:—

etiam, also, even.

quoque (always post-positive), also.

quidem (always post-positive) lays stress upon the preceding word. It is sometimes equivalent to the English indeed, in fact, but more frequently cannot be rendered, except by vocal emphasis.

ne ... quidem means not even; the emphatic word or phrase always stands between; as, ne ille quidem, not even he.

tamen and vero, in addition to their use as Conjunctions, are often employed as Adverbs.

2. Negatives. Two negatives are regularly equivalent to an affirmative as in English, as non nulli, some; but when non, nemo, nihil, numquam, etc., are accompanied by neque ... neque, non ... non, non modo, or ne ... quidem, the latter particles simply take up the negation and emphasize it; as,—

habeo hic neminem neque amicum neque cognatum, I have here no one, neither friend nor relative.

non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem, for not even that must be passed by.

a. Haud in Cicero and Caesar occurs almost exclusively as a modifier of Adjectives and Adverbs, and in the phrase haud scio an. Later writers use it freely with verbs.

* * * * *

CHAPTER VII.—Word-order and Sentence-Structure.

A. WORD-ORDER.

348. In the normal arrangement of the Latin sentence the Subject stands at the beginning of the sentence, the Predicate at the end; as,—

Darius classem quingentarum navium comparavit, Darius got ready a fleet of five hundred ships.

349. But for the sake of emphasis the normal arrangement is often abandoned, and the emphatic word is put at the beginning, less frequently at the end of the sentence; as,—

magnus in hoc bello Themistocles fuit, GREAT was Themistocles in this war;

aliud iter habemus nullum, other course we have NONE.

SPECIAL PRINCIPLES.

350. 1. Nouns. A Genitive or other oblique case regularly follows the word upon which it depends. Thus:—

a) Depending upon a Noun:—

tribunus plebis, tribune of the plebs;

filius regis, son of the king;

vir magni animi, a man of noble spirit.

Yet always senatus consultum, plebis scitum.

b) Depending upon an Adjective:—

ignarus rerum, ignorant of affairs;

digni amicitia, worthy of friendship;

plus aequo, more than (what is) fair.

2. Appositives. An Appositive regularly follows its Subject; as,—

Philippus, rex Macedonum, Philip, king of the Macedonians;

adsentatio, vitiorum adjutrix, flattery, promoter of evils.

Yet flumen Rhenus, the River Rhine; and always in good prose urbs Roma, the city Rome.

3. The Vocative usually follows one or more words; as,—

audi, Caesar, hear, Caesar!

4. Adjectives. No general law can be laid down for the position of Adjectives. On the whole they precede the noun oftener than they follow it.

a. Adjectives of quantity (including numerals) regularly precede their noun; as,—

omnes homines, all men;

septingentae naves, seven hundred vessels.

b. Note the force of position in the following:—

media urbs, the middle of the city;

urbs media, the middle city,

extremum bellum, the end of the war;

bellum extremum, the last war.

c. Romanus and Latinus regularly follow; as,—

senatus populusque Romanus, the Roman Senate and People;

ludi Romani, the Roman games;

feriae Latinae, the Latin holidays.

d. When a Noun is modified both by an Adjective and by a Genitive, a favorite order is: Adjective, Genitive, Noun; as,—

summa omnium rerum abundantia, the greatest abundance of all things.

5. Pronouns.

a. The Demonstrative, Relative, and Interrogative Pronouns regularly precede the Noun; as,—

hic homo, this man;

ille homo, that man;

erant duo itinera, quibus itineribus, etc., there were two routes, by which, etc.

qui homo? what sort of man?

b. But ille in the sense of 'that well known,' 'that famous,' usually stands after its Noun; as,—

testula illa, that well-known custom of ostracism;

Medea illa, that famous Medea.

c. Possessive and Indefinite Pronouns usually follow their Noun; as,—

pater meus, my father;

homo quidam, a certain man;

mulier aliqua, some woman.

But for purposes of contrast the Possessive often precedes its Noun; as,—

meus pater, MY father (i.e. as opposed to yours, his, etc.).

d. Where two or more Pronouns occur in the same sentence, the Latin is fond of putting them in close proximity; as,—

nisi forte ego vobis cessare videor, unless perchance I seem to you to be doing nothing.

6. Adverbs and Adverbial phrases regularly precede the word they modify; as,—

valde diligens, extremely diligent;

saepe dixi, I have often said;

te jam diu hortamur, we have long been urging you;

paulo post, a little after.

7. Prepositions regularly precede the words they govern.

a. But limiting words often intervene between the Preposition and its case; as,—

de communi hominum memoria, concerning the common memory of men;

ad beate vivendum, for living happily.

b. When a noun is modified by an Adjective, the Adjective is often placed before the preposition; as,—

magno in dolore, in great grief;

summa cum laude, with the highest credit;

qua de causa, for which cause;

hanc ob rem, on account of this thing.

c. For Anastrophe, by which a Preposition is put after its case, see Sec. 144, 3.

8. Conjunctions. Autem, enim, and igitur regularly stand in the second place in the sentence, but when combined with est or sunt they often stand third; as,—

ita est enim, for so it is.

9. Words or Phrases referring to the preceding sentence or to some part of it, regularly stand first; as,—

id ut audivit, Corcyram demigravit, when he heard that (referring to the contents of the preceding sentence), he moved to Corcyra;

eo cum Caesar venisset, timentes confirmat, when Caesar had come thither (i.e. to the place just mentioned), he encouraged the timid.

10. The Latin has a fondness for putting side by side words which are etymologically related; as,—

ut ad senem senex de senectute, sic hoc libro ad amicum amicissimus de amicitia scripsi, as I, an old man, wrote to an old man, on old age, so in this book, as a fond friend, I have written to a friend, concerning friendship.

11. Special rhetorical devices for indicating emphasis are the following:—

a) Hyperbaton, which consists in the separation of words that regularly stand together; as,—

septimus mihi Originum liber est in manibus, the seventh book of my 'Origines' is under way;

recepto Caesar Orico proficiscitur, having recovered Oricus, Caesar set out.

b) Anaphora, which consists in the repetition of the same word or the same word-order in successive phrases; as,—

sed pleni omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum vetustas, but all books are full of it, the voices of sages are full of it, antiquity is full of examples of it.

c) Chiasmus,[59] which consists in changing the relative order of words in two antithetical phrases; as,—

multos defendi, laesi neminem, many have I defended, I have injured no one;

horribilem illum diem aliis, nobis faustum, that day dreadful to others, for us fortunate.

d) Synchysis, or the interlocked arrangement. This is mostly confined to poetry, yet occurs in rhetorical prose, especially that of the Imperial Period; as,—

simulatam Pompejanarum gratiam partium, pretended interest in the Pompeian party.

12. Metrical Close. At the end of a sentence certain cadences were avoided; others were much employed. Thus:—

a) Cadences avoided.

_ v v _ v or _ ; as, esse videtur (close of hexameter).

v v v or ; as, esse potest (close of pentameter).

b) Cadences frequently employed.

v ; as, auxerant.

v v ; as, comprobavit.

v v v v ; as, esse videatur.

v _ _ v _ ; as, rogatu tuo.

B. SENTENCE-STRUCTURE.

351. 1. Unity of Subject.—In complex sentences the Latin regularly holds to unity of Subject in the different members; as,—

Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, ut aequato periculo spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suos proelium commisit, Caesar having first removed his own horse from sight, then the horses of all, in order, by making the danger equal, to take away hope of flight, encouraged his men and joined battle.

2. A word serving as the common Subject or Object of the main clause and a subordinate one, stands before both; as,—

Haedui cum se defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt, since the Haedui could not defend themselves, they sent envoys to Caesar;

ille etsi flagrabat bellandi cupiditate, tamen paci serviendum putavit, although he was burning with a desire to fight, yet he thought he ought to aim at peace.

a. The same is true also

1) When the Subject of the main clause is Object (Direct or Indirect) of a subordinate clause; as,—

Caesar, cum hoc ei nuntiatum esset, maturat ab urbe proficisci, when this had been reported to Caesar he hastened to set out from the city.

2) When the Subject of a subordinate clause is at the same time the Object (Direct or Indirect) of the main clause; as,—

L. Manlio, cum dictator fuisset, M. Pomponius tribunus plebis diem dixit, M. Pomponius, tribune of the people, instituted proceedings against Lucius Manlius, though he had been dictator.

3. Of subordinate clauses, temporal, conditional, and adversative clauses more commonly precede the main clause; indirect questions and clauses of purpose or result more commonly follow; as,—

postquam haec dixit, profectus est, after he said this, he set out;

si quis ita agat, imprudens sit, if any one should act so, he would be devoid of foresight;

accidit ut una nocte omnes Hermae deicerentur, it happened that in a single night all the Hermae were thrown down.

4. Sometimes in Latin the main verb is placed within the subordinate clause; as,—

si quid est in me ingeni, quod sentio quam sit exiguum, if there is any talent in me, and I know how little it is.

5. The Latin Period. The term Period, when strictly used, designates a compound sentence in which the subordinate clauses are inserted within the main clause; as,—

Caesar etsi intellegebat qua de causa ea dicerentur, tamen, ne aestatem in Treveris consumere cogeretur, Indutiomarum ad se venire jussit, though Caesar perceived why this was said, yet, lest he should be forced to spend the summer among the Treveri, he ordered Indutiomarus to come to him.

In the Periodic structure the thought is suspended until the end of the sentence is reached. Many Roman writers were extremely fond of this sentence-structure, and it was well adapted to the inflectional character of their language; in English we generally avoid it.

6. When there are several subordinate clauses in one Period, the Latin so arranges them as to avoid a succession of verbs. Thus:—

At hostes cum misissent, qui, quae in castris gererentur, cognoscerent, ubi se deceptos intellexerunt, omnibus copiis subsecuti ad flumen contendunt, but the enemy when they had sent men to learn what was going on in camp, after discovering that they had been outwitted, followed with all their forces and hurried to the river.

* * * * *

CHAPTER VIII.-Hints on Latin Style.

352. In this chapter brief consideration is given to a few features of Latin diction which belong rather to style than to formal grammar.

NOUNS.

353. 1. Where a distinct reference to several persons or things is involved, the Latin is frequently much more exact in the use of the Plural than is the English; as,—

domos eunt, they go home (i.e. to their homes);

Germani corpora curant, the Germans care for the body;

animos militum recreat, he renews the courage of the soldiers;

dies noctesque timere, to be in a state of fear day and night.

2. In case of Neuter Pronouns and Adjectives used substantively, the Latin often employs the Plural where the English uses the Singular; as,—

omnia sunt perdita, everything is lost;

quae cum ita sint, since this is so;

haec omnibus pervulgata sunt, this is very well known to all.

3. The Latin is usually more concrete than the English, and especially less bold in the personification of abstract qualities. Thus:—

a puero, a pueris, from boyhood;

Sulla dictatore, in Sulla's dictatorship;

me duce, under my leadership;

Romani cum Carthaginiensibus pacem fecerunt = Rome made peace with Carthage;

liber doctrinae plenus = a learned book;

prudentia Themistoclis Graecia servata est = Themistocles's foresight saved Greece.

4. The Nouns of Agency in -tor and -sor (see Sec. 147, 1) denote a permanent or characteristic activity; as,—

accusatores, (professional) accusers;

oratores, pleaders;

cantores, singers;

Arminius, Germaniae liberator, Arminius, liberator of Germany.

a. To denote single instances of an action, other expressions are commonly employed; as,—

Numa, qui Romulo successit, Numa, successor of Romulus;

qui mea legunt, my readers;

qui me audiunt, my auditors.

5. The Latin avoids the use of prepositional phrases as modifiers of a Noun. In English we say: 'The war against Carthage'; 'a journey through Gaul'; 'cities on the sea'; 'the book in my hands'; 'the fight at Salamis'; etc. The Latin in such cases usually employs another mode of expression. Thus:—

a) A Genitive; as,—

dolor injuriarum, resentment at injuries.

b) An Adjective; as,—

urbes maritimae, cities on the sea;

pugna Salaminia, the fight at Salamis.

c) A Participle; as,—

pugna ad Cannas facta, the battle at Cannae.

d) A Relative clause; as,—

liber qui in meis manibus est, the book in my hands.

NOTE.—Yet within certain limits the Latin does employ Prepositional phrases as Noun modifiers. This is particularly frequent when the governing noun is derived from a verb. The following are typical examples:—

transitus in Britanniam, the passage to Britain;

excessus e vita, departure from life;

odium erga Romanos, hatred of the Romans;

liber de senectute, the book on old age;

amor in patriam, love for one's country.

ADJECTIVES.

354. 1. Special Latin Equivalents for English Adjectives are—

a) A Genitive; as,—

virtutes animi = moral virtues;

dolores corporis = bodily ills.

b) An Abstract Noun; as,—

novitas rei = the strange circumstance;

asperitas viarum = rough roads.

c) Hendiadys (see Sec. 374, 4); as,—

ratio et ordo = systematic order;

ardor et impetus = eager onset.

d) Sometimes an Adverb; as,—

omnes circa populi, all the surrounding tribes;

suos semper hostes, their perpetual foes.

2. Often a Latin Noun is equivalent to an English Noun modified by an Adjective; as,—

doctrina, theoretical knowledge;

prudentia, practical knowledge;

oppidum, walled town;

libellus, little book.

3. Adjectives are not used in immediate agreement with proper names; but an Adjective may limit vir, homo, ille, or some other word used as an Appositive of a proper name; as,—

Socrates, homo sapiens = the wise Socrates;

Scipio, vir fortissimus = the doughty Scipio;

Syracusae, urbs praeclarissima = famous Syracuse.

4. An Adjective may be equivalent to a Possessive or Subjective Genitive; as,—

pastor regius, the shepherd of the king;

tumultus servilis, the uprising of the slaves.

PRONOUNS.

355. 1. In Compound Sentences the Relative Pronoun has a fondness for connecting itself with the subordinate clause rather than the main one; as,—

a quo cum quaereretur, quid maxime expediret, respondit, when it was asked of him what was best, he replied. (Less commonly, qui, cum ab eo quaereretur, respondit.)

2. Uterque, ambo. Uterque means each of two; ambo means both; as,—

uterque frater abiit, each of the two brothers departed (i.e. separately);

ambo fratres abierunt, i.e. the two brothers departed together.

a. The Plural of uterque occurs—

1) With Nouns used only in the Plural (see Sec. 56); as,—

in utrisque castris, in each camp.

2) Where there is a distinct reference to two groups of persons or things; as,—

utrique duces clari fuerunt, the generals on each side (several in number) were famous.

VERBS.

356. 1. In case of Defective and Deponent Verbs, a Passive is supplied:—

a) By the corresponding verbal Nouns in combination with esse, etc.; as,—

in odio sumus, we are hated;

in invidia sum, I am envied;

admirationi est, he is admired;

oblivione obruitur, he is forgotten (lit. is overwhelmed by oblivion);

in usu esse, to be used.

b) By the Passive of Verbs of related meaning. Thus:—

agitari as Passive of persequi;

temptari as Passive of adoriri.

2. The lack of the Perfect Active Participle in Latin is supplied—

a) Sometimes by the Perfect Passive Participle of the Deponent; as,—

adhortatus, having exhorted;

veritus, having feared.

b) By the Ablative Absolute; as,—

hostium agris vastatis Caesar exercitum reduxit, having ravaged the country of the enemy, Caesar led back his army.

c) By subordinate clauses; as,—

eo cum advenisset, castra posuit, having arrived there, he pitched a camp;

hostes qui in urbem irruperant, the enemy having burst into the city.

3. The Latin agrees with English in the stylistic employment of the Second Person Singular in an indefinite sense (= 'one'). Cf. the English 'You can drive a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.' But in Latin this use is mainly confined to certain varieties of the Subjunctive, especially the Potential (Sec. 280), Jussive (Sec. 275), Deliberative (Sec. 277), and the Subjunctive in conditional sentences of the sort included under Sec. 302, 2, and 303. Examples:—

videres, you could see;

utare viribus, use your strength,

quid hoc homine facias, what are you to do with this man?

mens quoque et animus, nisi tamquam lumini oleum instilles, exstinguuntur senectute, the intellect and mind too are extinguished by old age, unless, so to speak, you keep pouring oil into the lamp;

tanto amore possessiones suas amplexi tenebant, ut ab eis membra divelli citius posse diceres, they clung to their possessions with such an affectionate embrace, that you would have said their limbs could sooner be torn from their bodies.

PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE.

357. 1. To denote 'so many years, etc., afterwards or before' the Latin employs not merely the Ablative of Degree of Difference with post and ante (see Sec. 223), but has other forms of expression. Thus:—

post quinque annos, five years afterward;

paucos ante dies, a few days before;

ante quadriennium, four years before;

post diem quartum quam ab urbe discesseramus, four days after we had left the city;

ante tertium annum quam decesserat, three years before he had died.

2. The Latin seldom combines both Subject and Object with the same Infinitive; as,—

Romanos Hannibalem vicisse constat.

Such a sentence would be ambiguous, and might mean either that the Romans had conquered Hannibal, or that Hannibal had conquered the Romans. Perspicuity was gained by the use of the Passive Infinitive; as,—

Romanos ab Hannibale victos esse constat, it is well established that the Romans were defeated by Hannibal.

PECULIARITIES IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF THE DATIVE.

358. 1. The English for does not always correspond to a Dative notion in Latin, but is often the equivalent of pro with the Ablative, viz. in the senses—

a) In defense of; as,—

pro patria mori, to die for one's country.

b) Instead of, in behalf of; as,—

unus pro omnibus dixit, one spoke for all;

haec pro lege dicta sunt, these things were said for the law.

c) In proportion to; as,—

pro multitudine hominum eorum fines erant angusti, for the population, their territory was small.

2. Similarly, English to when it indicates motion is rendered in Latin by ad.

a. Note, however, that the Latin may say either scribere ad aliquem, or scribere alicui, according as the idea of motion is or is not predominant. So in several similar expressions.

3. In the poets, verbs of mingling with, contending with, joining, clinging to, etc., sometimes take the Dative. This construction is a Grecism. Thus:—

se miscet viris, he mingles with the men;

contendis Homero, you contend with Homer;

dextrae dextram jungere, to clasp hand with hand.

PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE GENITIVE.

359. 1. The Possessive Genitive gives emphasis to the possessor, the Dative of Possessor emphasizes the fact of possession; as,—

hortus patris est, the garden is my father's;

mihi hortus est, I possess a garden.

2. The Latin can say either stulti or stultum est dicere, it is foolish to say; but Adjectives of one ending permit only the Genitive; as,—

sapientis est haec secum reputare, it is the part of a wise man to consider this.

* * * * *

PART VI.

PROSODY.

360. Prosody treats of metres and versification.

361. Latin Verse. Latin Poetry was essentially different in character from English. In our own language, poetry is based upon accent, and poetical form consists essentially in a certain succession of accented and unaccented syllables. Latin poetry, on the other hand, was based not upon accent, but upon quantity, so that with the Romans poetical form consisted in a certain succession of long and short syllables, i.e. of long and short intervals of time.

This fundamental difference in the character of English and Latin poetry is a natural result of the difference in character of the two languages. English is a strongly accented language, in which quantity is relatively subordinate. Latin, on the other hand, was a quantitative language, in which accent was relatively subordinate.

QUANTITY OF VOWELS AND SYLLABLES

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

362. The general principles for the quantity of vowels and syllables have been given above in Sec. 5. The following peculiarities are to be noted here:—

1. A vowel is usually short when followed by another vowel (Sec. 5, A, 2), but the following exceptions occur:—

a) In the Genitive termination -ius (except alterius); as, illius, totius. Yet the i may be short in poetry; as, illius, totius.

b) In the Genitive and Dative Singular of the Fifth Declension; as, diei, aciei. But fidei, rei, spei (Sec. 52, 1).

c) In fio, excepting fit and forms where i is followed by er. Thus: fiebam, fiat, fiunt; but fieri, fierem.

d) In a few other words, especially words derived from the Greek; as, dius, Aeneas, Darius, heroes, etc.

2. A diphthong is usually long (Sec. 5, B, 2), but the preposition prae in composition is often shortened before a vowel; as, praeacutus.

3. A syllable containing a short vowel followed by two consonants (Sec. 5, B, 2) is long, even when one of the consonants is in the following word; as, terret populum. Occasionally the syllable is long when both consonants are in the following word; as, pro segete spicas.

4. Compounds of jacio, though written inicit, adicit, etc., have the first syllable long, as though written inj-, adj-.

5. Before j, a and e made a long syllable, e.g. in major, pejor, ejus, ejusdem, Pompejus, rejecit, etc. These were pronounced, mai-jor, pei-jor, ei-jus, Pompei-jus, rei-jecit, etc. So also sometimes before i, e.g. Pompe-i, pronounced Pompei-i; re-icio, pronounced rei-icio.

Quantity of Final Syllables.

A. Final Syllables ending in a Vowel.

363. 1. Final a is mostly short, but is long:—

a) In the Ablative Singular of the First Declension; as, porta.

b) In the Imperative; as, lauda.

c) In indeclinable words (except ita, quia); as, triginta, contra, postea, interea, etc.

2. Final e is usually short, but is long:—

a) In the Ablative Singular of the Fifth Declension; as, die, re; hence hodie, quare. Here belongs also fame (Sec. 59, 2, b).

b) In the Imperative of the Second Conjugation; as, mone, habe, etc.; yet occasionally cave, vale.

c) In Adverbs derived from Adjectives of the Second Declension, along with fere and ferme. Bene, male, temere, saepe have e.

d) In e, de, me, te, se, ne (not, lest), ne (verily).

3. Final i is usually long, but is short in nisi and quasi. Mihi, tibi, sibi, ibi, ubi, have regularly i, but sometimes i; yet always ibidem, ibique, ubique.

4. Final o is regularly long, but is short:—

a) In ego, duo, modo (only), cito.

b) Rarely in the First Person Singular of the Verb, and in Nominatives of the Third Declension; as, amo, leo.

c) In a few compounds beginning with the Preposition pro, especially before f; as profundere, proficisci, profugere.

5. Final u is always long.

B. Final Syllables ending in a Consonant.

364. 1. Final syllables ending in any other consonant than s are short. The following words, however, have a long vowel: sal, sol, Lar, par, ver, fur, dic, duc, en, non, quin, sin, sic, cur. Also the adverbs hic, illic, istic.[60]

2. Final syllables in -as are long; as, terras, amas.

3. Final syllables in -es are regularly long, but are short:—

a) In the Nominative and Vocative Singular of dental stems (Sec. 33) of the Third Declension which have a short penult in the Genitive; as, seges (segetis), obses (obsidis), miles, dives. But a few have -es; viz. pes, aries, abies, paries.

b) In es (thou art), penes.

4. Final -os is usually long, but short in os (ossis), compos, impos.

5. Final -is is usually short, but is long:—

a) In Plurals; as, portis, hortis, nobis, vobis, nubis (Acc.).

b) In the Second Person Singular Perfect Subjunctive Active; as, amaveris, monueris, audiveris, etc. Yet occasional exceptions occur.

c) In the Second Person Singular Present Indicative Active of the Fourth Conjugation; as, audis.

d) In vis, force; is, thou goest; fis; sis; velis; nolis; vis, thou wilt (mavis, quamvis, quivis, etc.).

6. Final -us is usually short, but is long:—

a) In the Genitive Singular and in the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative Plural of the Fourth Declension; as, fructus.

b) In the Nominative and Vocative Singular of those nouns of the Third Declension in which the u belongs to the stem; as, palus (-udis), servitus (-utis), tellus (-uris).

365. Greek Nouns retain in Latin their original quantity; as, Aenea, epitome, Delos, Pallas, Simois, Salamis, Didus, Paridi, aer, aether, crater, heroas. Yet Greek nouns in -omega-rho (-or) regularly shorten the vowel of the final syllable; as, rhetor, Hector.

VERSE-STRUCTURE.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

366. 1. The metrical unit in versification is a short syllable, technically called a mora ( v ). A long syllable ( _ ) is regarded as equivalent to two morae.

2. A Foot is a group of syllables. The following are the most important kinds of fundamental feet:—

FEET OF THREE MORAE. FEET OF FOUR MORAE. v Trochee. v v Dactyl. v Iambus. v v Anapaest.

3. A Verse is a succession of feet.

4. The different kinds of verses are named Trochaic, Iambic, Dactylic, Anapaestic, according to the foot which forms the basis of their structure.

5. Ictus. In every fundamental foot the long syllable naturally receives the greater prominence. This prominence is called ictus.[61] It is denoted thus: / v v ; / v .

6. Thesis and Arsis. The syllable which receives the ictus is called the thesis; the rest of the foot is called the arsis.

7. Elision. Final syllables ending in a vowel, a diphthong, or -m are regularly elided before a word beginning with a vowel or h. In reading, we omit the elided syllable entirely. This may be indicated as follows: corpor^e in uno; mult^um ill^e et; monstr^um horrendum; caus^ae irarum.

a. Omission of elision is called Hiatus. It occurs especially before and after monosyllabic interjections; as, O et praesidium.

8. The ending of a word within a foot is called a Caesura (cutting) Every verse usually has one prominent caesura. The ending of a word and foot together within the verse is called a diaeresis.

9. Verses are distinguished as Catalectic or Acatalectic. A Catalectic verse is one in which the last foot is not complete, but lacks one or more syllables; an Acatalectic verse has its last foot complete.

10. At the end of a verse a slight pause occurred. Hence the final syllable may be either long or short (syllaba anceps), and may terminate in a vowel or m, even though the next verse begins with a vowel.

11. Iambic, Trochaic, and Anapaestic verses are further designated as dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, according to the number of dipodies (pairs of feet) which they contain. Dactylic verses are measured by single feet, and are designated as tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, accordingly.

SPECIAL PECULIARITIES.

367. 1. Synizesis (synaeresis). Two successive vowels in the interior of a word are often united into a long syllable; as,—

aur{ei}s, d{ei}nde, ant{ei}re, d{ee}sse.

2. Diastole. A syllable usually short is sometimes long; as,—

videt, audit.

3. Systole. A syllable usually long is sometimes short; as,—

steterunt.

a. Diastole and Systole are not mere arbitrary processes. They usually represent an earlier pronunciation which had passed out of vogue in the ordinary speech.

4. After a consonant, i and u sometimes become j and v. The preceding syllable then becomes long; as,—

abjete for abiete; genva for genua.

5. Sometimes v becomes u; as,—

silua for silva; dissoluo for dissolvo.

6. Sometimes a verse has an extra syllable. Such a verse is called an Hypermeter. The extra syllable ends in a vowel or -m, and is united with the initial vowel or h of the next verse by Synapheia. Thus:—

... ignar^i hominumque locorum^que erramus.

7. Tmesis (cutting). Compound words are occasionally separated into their elements; as,—

quo me cumque rapit tempestas, for quocumque, etc.

8. Syncope. A short vowel is sometimes dropped between two consonants; as,—

repostus for repositus

THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER.

368. 1. The Dactylic Hexameter, or Heroic Verse, consists theoretically of six dactyls. But in all the feet except the fifth, a spondee ( ) may take the place of the dactyl. The sixth foot may be either a spondee or a trochee, since the final syllable of a verse may be either long or short (syllaba anceps). The following represents the scheme of the verse:—

_/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv ; _/ v (or _).

2. Sometimes we find a spondee in the fifth foot. Such verses are called Spondaic. A dactyl usually stands in the fourth place, and the fifth and sixth feet are generally made up of a quadrisyllable; as,—

armatum^que auro circumspicit Oriona.

cara deum suboles, magnum Jovis incrementum.

3. Caesura.

a) The favorite position of the caesura in the Dactylic Hexameter is after the thesis of the third foot; as,—

arma virumque cano Trojae qui primus ab oris.

b) Less frequently the caesura occurs after the thesis of the fourth foot, usually accompanied by another in the second foot; as,—

inde toro pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alt^o est.

c) Sometimes the caesura occurs between the two short syllables of the third foot; as,—

O passi graviora dabit deus his quoque finem.

This caesura is called Feminine, as opposed to the caesura after a long syllable, which is called Masculine (as under a and b)

d) A pause sometimes occurs at the end of the fourth foot. This is called the Bucolic Diaeresis, as it was borrowed by the Romans from the Bucolic poetry of the Greeks. Thus:—

solstitium pecori defendite; jam venit aestas.

DACTYLIC PENTAMETER.

369. 1. The Dactylic Pentameter consists of two parts, each of which contains two dactyls, followed by a long syllable. Spondees may take the place of the dactyls in the first part, but not in the second. The long syllable at the close of the first half of the verse always ends a word. The scheme is the following:—

/ vv (or ) / vv (or ) / / vv / vv v (or ).

2. The Pentameter is never used alone, but only in connection with the Hexameter. The two arranged alternately form the so-called Elegiac Distich. Thus:—

Vergilium vidi tantum, neo amara Tibullo Tempus amicitiae fata dedere meae.

IAMBIC MEASURES.

370. 1. The most important Iambic verse is the Iambic Trimeter (Sec. 366, 11), called also Senarius. This is an acatalectic verse. It consists of six Iambi. Its pure form is:—

v v v v v v Beatus ille qui procul negotiis.

The Caesura usually occurs in the third foot; less frequently in the fourth.

2. In place of the Iambus, a Tribrach ( v v v ) may stand in any foot but the last. In the odd feet (first, third, and fifth) may stand a Spondee, Dactyl, or Anapaest, though the last two are less frequent. Sometimes a Proceleusmatic ( v v v v ) occurs.

3. In the Latin comic writers, Plautus and Terence, great freedom is permitted, and the various equivalents of the Iambus, viz. the Dactyl, Anapaest, Spondee, Tribrach, Proceleusmatic, are freely admitted in any foot except the last.

* * * * *

SUPPLEMENTS TO THE GRAMMAR.

I. JULIAN CALENDAR.

371. 1. The names of the Roman months are: Januarius, Februarius, Martius, Aprilis, Majus, Junius, Julius (Quintilis[62] prior to 46 B.C.), Augustus (Sextilis[62] before the Empire), September, October, November, December. These words are properly Adjectives in agreement with mensis understood.

2. Dates were reckoned from three points in the month:—

a) The Calends, the first of the month.

b) The Nones, usually the fifth of the month, but the seventh in March, May, July, and October.

c) The Ides, usually the thirteenth of the month, but the fifteenth in March, May, July, and October.

3. From these points dates were reckoned backward; consequently all days after the Ides of any month were reckoned as so many days before the Calends of the month next following.

4. The day before the Calends, Nones, or Ides of any month is designated as pridie Kalendas, Nonas, Idus. The second day before was designated as die tertio ante Kalendas, Nonas, etc. Similarly the third day before was designated as die quarto, and so on. These designations are arithmetically inaccurate, but the Romans reckoned both ends of the series. The Roman numeral indicating the date is therefore always larger by one than the actual number of days before Nones, Ides, or Calends.

5. In indicating dates, the name of the month is added in the form of an Adjective agreeing with Kalendas, Nonas, Idus. Various forms of expression occur, of which that given under d) is most common:—

===================================================================== Days March,May,July January, August April,June, of the October. December September, February month. November - - - 1 KALENDIS KALENDIS KALENDIS KALENDIS 2 VI Nonas IV Nonas IV Nonas IV Nonas 3 V " III " III " III " 4 IV " Pridie Nonas Pridie Nonas Pridie Nonas 5 III " NONIS NONIS NONIS 6 Pridie Nonas VIII Idus VIII Idus VIII Idus 7 NONIS VII " VII " VII " 8 VIII Idus VI " VI " VI " 9 VII " V " V " V " 10 VI " IV " IV " IV " 11 V " III " III " III " 12 IV " Pr. Idus Pr. Idus Pr. Idus 13 III " IDIBUS IDIBUS IDIBUS 14 Pr. Idus XIX Kalend. XVIII Kalend. XVI Kalend. 15 IDIBUS XVIII " XVII " XV " 16 XVII Kalend. XVII " XVI " XIV " 17 XVI " XVI " XV " XIII " 18 XV " XV " XIV " XII " 19 XIV " XIV " XIII " XI " 20 XIII " XIII " XII " X " 21 XII " XII " XI " IX " 22 XI " XI " X " VIII " 23 X " X " IX " VII " 24 IX " IX " VIII " VI " 25 VIII " VIII " VII " V (bis VI)" 26 VII " VII " VI " IV (V) " 27 VI " VI " V " III (IV) " 28 V " V " IV " Pr.Kal.(III K.) 29 IV " IV " III " (Prid. Kal.) 30 III " III " Pr. Kalend. (Enclosed forms are 31 Pr. Kalend. Pr. Kalend. for leap-year.) ===================================================================== * * * * *

II. PROPER NAMES.

373. 1. The name of a Roman citizen regularly consisted of three parts: the praenomen (or given name), the nomen (name of the gens or clan), and the cognomen (family name). Such a typical name is exemplied by Marcus Tullius Cicero, in which Marcus is the praenomen, Tullius the nomen, and Cicero the cognomen. Sometimes a second cognomen (in later Latin called an agnomen) is added—expecially in honor of military achievements; as,—

Gaius Cornelius Scipio Africanus.

2. ABBREVIATIONS OF PROPER NAMES.

A. = Aulus. Mam. = Mamercus. App. = Appius. N. = Numerius. C. = Gaius. P. = Publius. Cn. = Gnaeus. Q. = Quintus. D. = Decimus. Sex. = Sextus. K. = Kaeso. Ser. = Servius. L. = Lucius. Sp. = Spurius. M. = Marcus. T. = Titus. M'. = Manius. Ti. = Tiberius.

* * * * *

III. FIGURES OF SYNTAX AND RHETORIC.

A. Figures of Syntax.

374. 1. Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words; as,—

quid multa, why (should I say) much?

2. Brachylogy is a brief or condensed form of expression; as,—

ut ager sine cultura fructuosus esse non potest, sic sine doctrina animus, as a field cannot be productive without cultivation, so the mind (cannot be productive) without learning.

Special varieties of Brachylogy are—

a) Zeugma, in which one verb is made to stand for two; as,—

minis aut blandimentis corrupta = (terrifed) by threats or corrupted by flattery.

b) Compendiary Comparison, by which a modifier of an object is mentioned instead of the object itself; as,—

dissimilis erat Chares eorum et factis et moribus, lit. Chares was different from their conduct and character i.e. Chares's conduct and character were different, etc.

3. Pleonasm is an unnecessary fullness of expression; as,—

prius praedicam, lit. I will first say in advance.

4. Hendiadys , (one through two) is the use of two nouns joined by a conjunction, in the sense of a noun modified by a Genitive or an Adjective; as,—

febris et aestus, the heat of fever;

celeritate cursuque, by swift running.

5. Prolepsis, or Anticipation, is the introduction of an epithet in advance of the action which makes it appropriate; as,—

submersas obrue puppes, lit. overwhelm their submerged ships, i.e. overwhelm and sink their ships.

a. The name Prolepsis is also applied to the introduction of a noun or pronoun as object of the main clause where we should expect it to stand as subject of a subordinate clause. Thus:—

nosti Marcellum quam tardus sit, you know how slow Marcellus is (lit. you know Marcellus, how slow he is).

Both varieties of Prolepsis are chiefly confined to poetry.

6. Anacoluthon is a lack of grammatical consistency in the construction of the sentence; as,—

tum Anci filii ... impensius eis indignitas crescere, then the sons of Ancus ... their indignation increased all the more.

7. Hysteron Proteron consists in the inversion of the natural order of two words or phrases; as,—

moriamur et in media arma ruamus = let us rush into the midst of arms and die.

B. Figures of Rhetoric.

375. 1. Litotes (literally softening) is the expression of an idea by the denial of its opposite; as,—

haud parum laboris, no little toil (i.e. much toil);

non ignoro, I am not ignorant (i.e. I am well aware).

2. Oxymoron is the combination of contradictory conceptions; as,—

sapiens insania, wise folly.

3. Alliteration is the employment of a succession of words presenting frequent repetition of the same letter (mostly initial); as,—

sensim sine sensu aetas senescit.

4. Onomatopoeia is the suiting of sound to sense; as,—

quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum, 'And shake with horny hoofs the solid ground.'

* * * * *

INDEX OF THE SOURCES OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES CITED IN THE SYNTAX.[63]

Sec. 162. nonne videtis, Sest. 47. num exspectas, Phil. ii, 86. videsne, Vatin. 30. sensistine, Cat. 1, 8. a rebus, de Sen. 15. visne locum, Leg. ii, 1. estisne, Liv. i, 38, 2. jam ea, Ter. Phor. 525. estne frater, Ter. Ad. 569.

Sec. 166. decorum est, Hor. Od. iii, 2, 13. opportune accidit Att. i, 17, 2.

Sec. 168. Numa, Eut. i, 3. philosophia, Tusc. Disp. ii, 16.

Sec. 169. assentatio, Lael. 89. Corinthi, Tac. H. ii, 1.

Sec. 171. audi tu, Livy, i, 24. nate, mea, Aen. i, 664.

Sec. 174. rumor est, Ter. And. 185.

Sec. 175. galeam, Aen. ii, 392. cinctus, Ov. Am. iii, 9, 61 nodo sinus, Aen. i, 320.

Sec. 176. idem gloriari, de Sen. 32. eadem peccat, N.D. i, 31. multa egeo, Gell. xiii, 24. multum valet, Hor. Epp. i, 6, 52. nihil peccat, Stat. 161. minitantem vana, Sil. i, 306 acerba tuens, Lucr. v, 33. dulce loquentem, Hor. Od. i, 22, 24. multum sunt, B.G. iv, 1, 8. servitutem, Pl. Pers. 34 a. vitam, Ter. Ad. 859. stadium Off. iii, 10, 42. Olympia, de Sen. 14. piscis, Sen. N.Q. iii, 18, 2. orationes, Brut. 82.

Sec. 177. homines, Rosc. Am. 101.

Sec. 178. otium, Hor. Od. ii, 16, 1. me duas, Att. ii, 7, 1. te litteras, Pis. 73. hoc te, Ter. Hec. 766. me id, Pl. Tr. 96. non te, Fam. ii, 16, 3. omnes artes, Liv. 25, 37. rogatus, de Dom. 16. multa, N.D. ii, 166.

Sec. 179. milites, B.C. i, 54.

Sec. 180. tremit, Lucr. iii, 489. nuda, Aen. i, 320. manus, Aen. ii, 57.

Sec. 181. hic locus, B.G. i, 49.

Sec. 182. Thalam, Sall. Jug. 75, 1. Thurios in, Nep. Alc. 4. cum Acen, Nep. Dat. 5. Italiam venit, Aen. i, 2.

Sec. 187. amicis, Sall. C. 16, 4. Orgetorix, B.G. i, 2. munitioni, B.G. i, 10.

Sec. 188. mihi ante, Verr. v, 123. illi, Tac. Ag. 9. intercludere, Pl. M.G. 223. oppidum, B.C. iii, 80 tu mihi, Verr. 3, 213. quid mihi, Hor. Epp. i, 3, 15. erit ille, Ecl. i, 7. quae ista, Par. 41. honorem, Verr. iv, 25. Caesar, Div. ii, 79. scintillam, Aen. i, 174.

Sec. 189. disputatio, Tusc. Disp. ii, 2. honesta, Off. iii, 38.

Sec. 191. castris, B.G. vii, 16. legiones, B.C. ii, 22. receptui, B.G. vii, 47. fortunae, Fam. vi, 5, 1. quibus, Flac. 19. hos tibi, Nep. Paus. 2. me gerendo, Liv. i, 23. noxiae, Leg. iii, 11.

Sec. 192. it clamor, Aen. v, 451.

Sec. 193. dum Latio, Aen. i, 6.

Sec. 203. magni, Nep. Cat. 1, 2. tantae molis, Aen. i, 33.

Sec. 204. viri, Tusc. Disp. ii, 43. memoria, Or. 54.

Sec. 206. Epicuri, F. v, 3. praeteritorum, Div. i, 63. nomina, Pl. Poen. 1062. reminiscere, B.G. i, 13. reminiscens, Nep. Alc. 6. mihi patriae, Sull. 19.

Sec. 207. te veteris, ad Her. iv, 24, 33. me admones, ad Att. v, 1, 3.

Sec. 208. pecuniae, Flacc. 43.

Sec. 209. miseremini, Verr. 1, 72.

Sec. 212. desine, Hor. Od. ii, 9, 17. operum, Hor. Od. iii, 17, 16.

Sec. 214. p. 142, curis, Marc. 34. Caesar, B.G. 5, 51. caret, Hor. Sat. i, 3, 66. urbem, Nep. Thras. 1. abstinere, Plin. Epp. i, 12, 9. hostes, B.G. i, 1, 4. praedones, Verr. iv, 144. dissentio, Planc. 9. secernantur, Cat. i, 32.

Sec. 215. ab Ulixe, Liv. i, 49, 9.

Sec. 216. a fortuna, B.G. v, 34, 2. a multitudine, B.G. iii, 2, 1.

Sec. 217. melle dulcior, de Sen. 31. patria, Cat. i, 27. amplius, B.G. vii, 15, 1. opinione, B.G. ii, 3, 1.

Sec. 218. munere, Aen. vi, 885. carne, Sall. Jug. 89. castris, B.G. ii, 26, 4. opus est properato, Mil. 49. nititur, Aen. vi, 760 nervis, N.D. ii, 59 mortali, Lucr. v, 65. quid hoc, Sest. 29. quid mea, Fam. xiv, 4, 3. fossas, B.G. iii, 18. vinum, Juv. vii, 121. militibus, B.G. i, 8, 1.

Sec. 219. victoria, B.G. i, 14, 4. natura loci, B.G. iii, 9, 3.

Sec. 221. nulla est, Brut. 164. exstinguitur, Tac. A. ii, 72. longo, Aen. v, 320.

Sec. 222A. cum febri, de. Or. iii, 6. improbitas, de Or. ii, 237. aer calore, N.D. ii, 27. assuetus, de Or. iii, 58.

Sec. 224. puella, Pl. Merc. 13. vir singulari, Pl. Vid. 41. sunt specie, B.G. vi, 28, 1. scopulis, Aen. i, 166.

Sec. 226. Helvetii, B.G. i, 2, 2. me dignor, Aen. i, 335.

Sec. 227. Cn. Pompeio, B.G. iv, 1. omnes virtutes, Fin. ii, 117. perditis, Fam. vi, 1, 4. nullo adversante, Tac. A. i, 2. passis palmis, B.C. iii, 98. audito eum, Liv. xxviii, 7.

Sec. 228. stant litore, Aen. vi, 901.

Sec. 229. a Gergovia, B.G. vii, 59, 1.

Sec. 231. stella, N.D. ii, 52. biennio, Tac. Agr. 14.

Sec. 234. prima et, Tac. A. i, 37. omnium rerum, Fam. vi, 21, 1.

Sec. 235. eadem alacritas, B.G. iv, 24, 4. res operae, B.G. v, 11, 5. stultitia, F. iii, 39. domus, uxor, Ter. And. 891. pars, Sall. Jug. 14, 15.

Sec. 240. senectus, de Sen. 55. exercitus, Livy, xxxix, 1.

Sec. 242. virtus, Lael. 100.

Sec. 244. me oravit, Phil. ii, 45. me oraverunt, Div. Caec. 2. suum genium, Tac. Dial. 9. Hannibalem, Sest. 142. suus quemque, Rosc. Am. 67.

Sec. 245. Belgae, B.G. ii, 1, 1. Galli, B.G. vi, 8, 1.

Sec. 246. Themistocles, Nep. Them. 9. illud intellego, Sall. Jug. 85, 5. hic est, Pl. Tr. 697.

Sec. 247. Maximum, de Sen. 10. non is sum, B.G. v, 30, 2. non suspicabatur, Verr. i, 36. vincula, Cat. iv, 7.

Sec. 248. quod idem, Ac. ii, 52. bonus vir, Lael. 65.

Sec. 249. ipso terrore, B.G. iv, 33, 1. valvae se, Div. i, 74. Persae, Nep. Alc. 5. ea molestissime, Q. Fr. i, 1, 2.

Sec. 250. carcer quae, Verr. v, 143. Belgae, B.G. ii, 1, 1. nostra qui, Cat. i, 7. servili, B.G. i, 40. erant, B.G. i, 6. quam quisque, Tusc. Disp. i, 41. non longe, B.G. i, 10, 1. Themistocles, Nep. Them. 4. 3. numquam digne, de Sen. 2.

Sec. 252. cognatio, Arch. 2. mors est, Tusc. Disp. i, 27. justitia, F. i, 50. si quisquam, Lael. 9. potestne, Tusc. Disp. iv, 54. si ullo, Att. xii, 23, 1. taetrior, Verr. iv, 123. quod cuique, Off. i, 21. quinto quoque, Verr. ii, 139. nemo Romanus, Liv. viii, 30, 3.

Sec. 253. alter exercitum, Planc. 86. alteri se, B.G. i, 26, 1. causidicus, de Or. i, 202.

Sec. 254. Tarquinii, Liv. i, 34, 7. non omnis, Div. ii, 90. Corioli, Liv. ii, 33, 8. duo milia, Curt. iii, 2, 5.

Sec. 255. temeritas, F. iii, 72. si tu, Fam. xiv, 5, 1.

Sec. 256. velatus, Ov. Met. v, 110. tunica, Aen. viii, 457.

Sec. 259. virtus, Lael. 100. dum vitant, Hor. Sat. i, 2, 24. Caesar, B.G. vii, 90, 2. jam pridem, Att. ii, 5, 1.

Sec. 260. Duilium, de Sen. 44. hostes, B.G. v. 9, 6. domicilium, Arch. 7.

Sec. 262. Regulus, Off. iii, 100.

Sec. 263. Caesar, B.G. iv, 17, 1.

Sec. 265. nihil habebam, Att. ix, 10, 1.

Sec. 268. videor, N.D. ii, 72. Gallos, B.G. vii, 4, 4. honestum, F. ii, 49. si solos, Tusc. Disp. i, 9. rex tantum, Nep. Con. 4. Verres, Verr. Act. Pr. 12. ardebat, Brut. 302.

Sec. 269. Caesar, B.G. iii, 24, 1.

Sec. 270. hoc jam, Cat. i, 5. dico me, Sull. 27.

Sec. 275. quare, Cat. 1, 32. isto bono, de Sen. 33.

Sec. 276. ne repugnetis, Cluent. 6 tu vero, Tusc. Disp. i, 112. impii ne, Leg. ii, 41. cave ignoscas, Lig. 14.

Sec. 277. quid faciam, Pl. Curc. 589. ego redeam, Ter. Eun. 49. huic cedamus! Phil. xiii, 16. quid facerem, Ter. Eun. 831. hunc ego, Arch. 18.

Sec. 278. ne sint, de Sen. 34. fuerit, Verr. i, 37.

Sec. 279. di istaec, Ter. H.T. 1038. falsus utinam, Liv. xxi, 10, 10.

Sec. 280. dicat aliquis, Ter. And. 640. fortunam, Pub. Syr. 193. velim mihi, Fam. xiii, 75, 1. nolim putes, Fam. ix, 15, 4. dies deficat, N.D. iii, 81.

Sec. 281. egredere, Cat. i, 20. rem vobis, Verr. iv, 1. si bene, de Sen. 3. consules, Leg. iii, 8. hominem, Twelve Tables. amicitia, Liv. 38, 38, 1. quin equos, Liv. i, 57, 7.

Sec. 282. adjuta, Ter. Eun. 150. portas, B.G. ii, 33 haec, And. 472. ut ne, Off. i, 103. ut non, Cat. i, 23. ut earum, B.G. iv, 17, 10. Helvetii, B.G. i, 7, 3. haec habui, de Sen. 85. non habebant, B.G. iv, 38, 2. idoneus, Verr. iii, 41. dignus, Leg. iii, 5.

Sec. 283. multa, Tusc. Disp. i, 80. sunt qui, Inv. ii, 144. nemo, Fam. i, 4, 2. sapientia, Fin. i, 43. quae, Lael. 23. non is sum, B.G. v, 30, 2. non longius, B.G. ii, 21, 3. o fortunate, Arch. 24. ut qui, Phil. xi, 30. egomet, de Or. i, 82. nemo est, Verr. iv, 115. nemo fuit, B.C. iii, 53, 3. quem audierim, Nep. Ar. 1, 2.

Sec. 284. quis tam, Tusc. Disp. iii, 71. Siciliam, Verr. Act. Pr. 12. mons, B.G. i, 6, 1. non is, Cat. i, 22. nemo est, de Sen. 24. habetis, Cat. iv, 24. nihil, Ter. H.T. 675. nemo est, B.G. vi, 39, 3.

Sec. 286. Themistocles, Nep. Them. 8, 3. neque, de Sen. 84. quoniam, Nep. Milt. 7, 5. noctu, Tusc. Disp. iv, 44. Bellovaci, B.G. vii, 75. id feci, Caec. 101. Crasso, Fam. xiii, 16, 3. hoc ita, Leg. iii, 31. Haeduos, B.G. i, 16, 6. id omitto, Sall. Jug. 110, 7.

Sec. 287. Epaminondas, Nep. Ep. 9, 4. id ut, Nep. Them. 8, 3. Caesar, B.G. iii, 9, 2. ubi de, B.G. i, 7, 3. ut quisque, Verr. v, 143. hostes, B.G. iv, 26, 2. id ubi, Liv. i, 32, 13. postquam occupatae, Liv. xxiv, 35, 4. postquam Romam, Sall. Jug. 28, 2. postquam structi, Liv. i, 23, 6. posteaquam, Leg. ii, 64.

Sec. 288. an tum, Pis. 26. credo tum, Verr. iv, 46. eo tempore, Lig. 20. illo die, Mil. 38. Lysander, Div. i, 96. Pythagoras, N.D. iii, 88. jam Galli, B.G. vii, 26, 3. Treveri, B.G. vi, 7, 1. cum ad, Verr. v, 27. cum equitatus, B.G. v, 19, 2. saepe cum, Nep. Cim. 4, 2. cum procucurrissent, B.C. ii, 41, 6.

Sec. 289. tum tua, Hor. Epp. i, 18, 84. cum videbis, Pl. Bacch. 145. stabilitas, Lael. 82.

Sec. 290. cum tacent, Cat. i, 21. cum te, Att. xiv, 17 A, 4.

Sec. 291. prius, Pl. Merc. 456. nihil contra, Flacc. 51. non prius, Sall. C. 51.

Sec. 291. priusquam, Liv. i, 24, 3. tempestas, Sen. Ep. 103, 2. priusquam telum, B.C. ii, 34, 6. animum, Pl. Amph. 240. sol antequam, Phil. xiv, 27.

Sec. 293. Alexander, Quint. Curt. iv, 6, 17. dum haec, B.G. iii, 17, 1. dum anima, Att. ix, 10, 3. Lacedaemoniorum, Tusc. Disp. i, 101. Cato, Nep. Cat. 2, 4. donec, Liv. xxiii, 31, 9. ferrum, Nep. Ep. 9, 3. trepidationis, Liv. xxi, 28, 11. exspectavit, B.G. iv, 23, 4. dum litterae, Fam. xi, 23, 2.

Sec. 295. postulo, Ter. And. 550. orat, Ter. Ad. 882. milites, B.G. ii, 21, 2. Helvetiis, B.G. i, 2, 1. huic, Rosc. Am. 54. consuli, Liv. xxxv, 20, 4. ne lustrum, Liv. xxiv, 43, 4. prohibuit, Liv. xxv, 35, 6. nec quin, Liv. xxvi, 40, 4. constitueram, Att. xvi, 10, 1. decrevit, Cat. i, 4. convenit, Liv. x, 27, 2. fac ut, Pl. Rud. 1218. cura ut, Cat. iii, 12. laborabat, B.G. vii, 31, 1. sequitur, N.D. ii, 81. eos moneo, Cat. ii, 20. huic imperat, B.G. iv, 21, 8.

Sec. 296. opto, Verr. Act. Pr. 50. vereor ne, Att. vii, 12, 2.

Sec. 297. ex quo, F. ii, 24. ita fit, Tusc. Disp. ii, 16. est mos, Brut. 84.

Sec. 298. quis, Par. 48.

Sec. 299. illud, Off. iii, 111. hoc uno, de Or. i, 32. bene mihi, Tusc. Disp. i, 97. quod, B.G. i, 44, 6. quod me, Nep. Ep. 5, 6.

Sec. 300. oculis, B.G. i, 12, 1. bis bina, N.D. ii, 49. effugere, N.D. iii, 14. saepe autem, N.D. iii, 14. Epaminondas, F. ii, 97. ex Socrate, Tusc. Disp. v, 34. nescio, Pl. Amph. 1056. conantur, B.G. i, 8, 4. pergit, Liv. i, 7, 6, quaeritur, N.D. i, 61. haud scio, Tusc. Disp. ii, 41.

Sec. 302. naturam, Off. i, 100. memoria, de Sen. 21. si quis, B.G. i, 48, 6. si dicendo, Tac. Dial. 19.

Sec. 303. mentiar, Lael. 10. haec si, Cat. i, 19.

Sec. 304. sapientia, F. i, 42. consilium, de Sen. 19. Laelius, Arch. 16. num igitur, de Sen. 19. nisi felicitas, Tac. Agr. 31. eum patris, Phil. ii, 99. si Sestius, Sest. 81. si unum, Liv. ii, 38, 5.

Sec. 305. non potestis, F. ii, 71. cras, Pl. Merc. 770. haec reputent, Tusc. Disp. i, 51. roges, F. iv, 69.

Sec. 306. ferreus, Fam. xv, 21, 3. dolorem, Phil. 12, 21. si feceris, Fam. v, 19, 2. hoc si, Fam. vii, 1, 6. hunc mihi, Cat. i, 18. nihil, Cat. ii, 10. nisi, Mil. 19.

Sec. 307. sed quid, Div. Caec. 14. serviam, Pl. Men. 1101.

Sec. 308. sit fur, Verr. v, 4. haec sint, Ac. ii, 105. ne sit, Tusc. Disp. ii, 14.

Sec. 309. homines, Phil. ii, 39. non est, Rep. i, 10. quamquam, Off. i, 56. Caesar, B.G. iv, 31, 1. Atticus, Nep. Att. 6, 2. licet, Rosc. Am. 31. quamquam quid, Cat. i, 22. quamquam, Liv. xxxvi, 34, 6. quamvis, multi, Tac. Dial. 2. quamvis infesto, Liv. ii, 40, 7.

Sec. 310. multi, Off. iii, 82. omnia postposui, Fam. xvi, 21, 6. nil obstat, Hor. Sat. i, 1, 40. oderint, Acc. 204. manent, de Sen. 22. nubant, Pl. Aul. 491.

Sec. 312. quidquid, Aen. ii, 49. quidquid oritur, Div. ii, 60.

Sec. 314. Regulus, Off. iii, 100. tum Romulus, Liv. i, 9, 2. nuntiatum, B.G. i, 38, 1. dixit, Nep. Them. 7, 5.

Sec. 315. Ariovistus, B.G. i, 44, 7.

Sec. 316. milites, B.G. iii, 5, 3.

Sec. 318. Caesar, B.G. i, 14, 6.

Sec. 322. concursu, Tac. Dial. 39.

Sec. 323. demonstrabantur, de Sen. 78. Paetus, Att. ii, 1, 12.

Sec. 324. nemo, Par. 52. cum diversas, Tac. Dial. 1, 4. mos est, Orat. 151. quod ego, Pl. Capt. 961.

Sec. 327. dulce, Hor. Od. iii, 2, 13. virorum, Tusc. Disp. ii, 43. aliud est, Tusc. Disp. iv, 27. impune, Sall. Jug. 31, 26. licuit, Tusc. Disp. i, 33.

Sec. 328. Demosthenes, F. v, 5. beatus, N.D. i, 48. Cato, Sall. Cat. 54, 5.

Sec. 330. apertum est, F. v, 34.

Sec. 331. Epicurei, Lael. 13. Thales, N.D. i, 25. Democritus, N.D. i, 20. nullo se, Lig. 3. nec mihi, de Sen. 85. eas res, B.G. i, 18. te tua, Brut. 331. cupio, Cat. i, 4. Timoleon, Nep. Tim. 3, 4. gaudeo, Pl. Bacch. 456. non moleste, de Sen. 7.

Sec. 332. Sestius, Sest. 95. traditum, Tusc. Disp. v, 114.

Sec. 333. audax, Hor. Od. i, 3, 25.

Sec. 334. huncine, Hor. Sat. i, 9, 72.

Sec. 335. interim, B.G. i, 16, 1.

Sec. 336. assurgentem, Liv. iv, 19.

Sec. 337. gloria, Tusc. Disp. iii, 3. Conon, Nep. Con. 4, 5. omne, Phil. v, 31. mente, Tusc. Disp. v, 100. Solon, de Sen. 26. sol, N.D. ii, 102. mendaci, Div. ii, 146. perfidiam, B.G. vii, 5, 5. eis Catonem, de Sen. 3. Homerus, de Sen. 54. urbem, Liv. xxii, 20. equitatum, B.G. i, 15, 1. obliviscendum, Tac. Hist. ii, 1. numquam, Verr. i, 38. suo cuique, N.D. iii, 1. Caesar, B.G. i, 13, 1.

Sec. 338. scribendo, Fam. xv, 6, 2. mens, Off. i, 105. Themistocles, Nep. Them. 2, 3. multa, F. i, 5.

Sec. 339. ad pacem, Liv. xxi, 13. hostes, B.G. iii, 6, 2. legati, B.G. iv, 13, 5. quae ille, Sall. Fr. i, 77, 11.

Sec. 340. legati, B.G. i, 30, 1. do (colloco), Pl. Tr. 735. hoc est, Att. vii, 22, 2.

Sec. 341. cum homines, Cat. i, 31. discidia, F. i, 44. horae, de Sen. 69. Caesar, B.G. ii, 35, 3.

Sec. 342. cita, Hor. Sat. i, 1, 8. qui aether, N.D. ii, 41.

Sec. 343. adsentatio, Lael. 89.

Sec. 346. Cn. Pompeio, B.G. iv, 1, 1.

Sec. 348. Darius, Nep. Milt. 4, 1.

Sec. 349. magnus, Nep. Them. 6, 1.

Sec. 350. erant duo, B.G. i, 6, 1. nisi forte, de Sen. 18. id ut, Nep. Them. 8, 3. eo cum, B.G. vii, 7, 4. ut ad, Lael. 5. septimus, de Sen. 38. recepto, B.C. iii, 12, 1. sed pleni, Arch. 14. horribilem, Tusc. Disp. i, 118. simulatam, Tac. A. i, 10.

Sec. 351. Caesar, B.G. i, 25, 1. Haedui, B.G. i, 11, 2. Caesar cum, B.G. i, 7, 1. accidit, Nep. Alc. 3, 2. si quid, Arch. 1. Caesar, B.G. v, 4, 1.

Sec. 356. hostium, B.G. iii, 29, 3. mens quoque, de Sen. 36. tanto, Sull. 59.

Sec. 358. pro multitudine, B.G. i, 2, 5.

Sec. 374. ut ager, Tusc. Disp. ii, 13. minis, Tusc. Disp. v, 87. dissimilis, Nep. Chab. 3, 4. febris, Cat. i, 31. submersas, Aen. i, 69. nosti, Fam. viii, 10, 3. tum Anci, Liv. i, 40, 2. moriamur, Aen. ii, 353.

Sec. 375. quadrupedante, Aen. viii, 506.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN INDEX TO THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Ac., Cicero, Academica. Acc., Accius. ad Her., ad Herennium. Aen., Virgil, Aeneid. Arch., Cicero, pro Archia. Att., Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticus. B.C., Caesar, de Bello Civili. B.G., Caesar, de Bello Gallico. Brut., Cicero, Brutus. Caec., Cicero, pro Caecina. Cat., Cicero, in Catilinam. Cluent., Cicero, pro Cluentio. Curt., Quintus Curtius de Dom., Cicero, de Domo Sua. de Or., Cicero, de Oratore. de Sen., Cicero, de Senectute. D., Cicero, de Divinatione. Div. Caec., Cicero, Divinatio in Caecilium. Ecl., Virgil, Eclogues. Eut., Eutropius. F., Cicero, de Finibus. Fam., Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares. Flac., Cicero, pro Flacco. Gell, Aulus Gellius. Hor., Horace. —— Epp., Epistles. —— Od., Odes. —— Sat., Satires. Inv., Cicero, de Inventione. Juv., Juvenal. Lael., Cicero, Laelius, de Amicitia. Leg., Cicero, de Legibus. Lig., Cicero, pro Ligario. Liv., Livy. Lucr., Lucretius. Marc., Cicero, pro Marcello. Mil., Cicero, pro Milone. N.D., Cicero, de Natura Deorum. Nep., Nepos. —— Alc., Alcibiades. —— Ar., Aristides. —— Att., Atticus. —— Cat., Cato. —— Chab. Chabrias. —— Cim., Cimon. —— Con., Conon. —— Dat., Datames. —— Ep., Epaminondas. —— Milt., Miltiades. —— Paus., Pausanias. —— Them., Themistocles. —— Thras., Thrasybulus. —— Tim., Timoleon. Off., Cicero, de Officiis. Or., Cicero, Orator. Ov., Ovid. —— Am., Amores, —— Met., Metamorphoses. Par., Cicero, Paradoxa. Phil., Cicero, Philippics. Pis., Cicero, in Pisonem. Planc., Cicero, pro Plancio. Pl., Plautus. —— Amph., Amphitruo. —— Aul., Aulularia. —— Bacch., Bacchides. —— Capt., Captivi. —— Curc., Curculio. —— Men., Menaechmi. —— Merc., Mercator. —— M.G., Miles Gloriosus. —— Pers., Persa. —— Poen., Poenulus. —— Rud., Rudens. —— Tr., Trinummus. —— Vid., Vidularia. Plin. Epp., Pliny the Younger, Letters. Pub. Syr., Publilius Syrus. Q.F., Cicero, ad Quintum Fratrem. Rosc. Am., Cicero, pro Roscio Amerino. Sall., Sallust. —— C., Catiline. —— Fr., Fragments. —— Jug., Jugurtha. Sen., Seneca. —— Ep., Epistles. —— N.Q., Naturales Quaestiones. Sest., Cicero, pro Sestio. Sex. Rosc., Cicero, pro Sexto Roscio. Sil., Silius Italicus. Stat., Caecilius Statius. Sull., Cicero, pro Sulla. Tac., Tacitus. —— A., Annals. —— Agr., Agricola. —— Dial., Dialogus de Oratoribus. —— Ger., Germania. —— H., Histories. Ter., Terence. —— Ad., Adelphoi. —— And., Andria. —— Eun., Eunuchus. —— Hec., Hecyra. —— H.T., Hautontimoroumenos. —— Phor., Phormio. Tusc. Disp., Cicero, Tusculan Disputations. Twelve Tables, Laws of the Twelve Tables. Vatin., Cicero, in Vatinium. Verr., Cicero, in Verrem. Verr. Act. Pr., Cicero, Actio Prima in C. Verrem.

* * * * *

INDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS

NOTE.—Compounds are not given unless they present some special irregularity. The references are to sections.

A.

abdo, 122, I, 4. abicio, 122, III. abnuo, 122, II. aboleo, 121, I. abstergeo, 121, III absum, 125. accendo, 122, I, 4. accidit, 138, III. accio, 121, I, N. accipio, 122, III. acquiro, 122, I, 6. acuo, 122, II. addo, 122, I, 2. adhaeresco, 122, IV, 2. adipiscor, 122, V. adolesco, 122, IV, 1. adsum, 125. advenio, 123, IV. affero, 129. afficio, 122, III. affligo, 122, I, 1, a. agnosco, 122, IV, 1. ago, 122, I, 3. algeo, 121, III. alo, 122, I, 5. amicio, 123, III. amo, 120, I. amplector, 122, V. ango, 122, I, 7. aperio, 123, II. appeto, 122, I, 6. arceo, 121, II, a. arcesso, 122, I, 6. ardeo, 121, III. aresco, 122, IV, 2. arguo, 122, II. ascendo, 122, I, 4. aspicio, 122, III. assentior, 123, VII. assuefacio, 122, III. assuefio, 122, III. audio, 123, I. aufero, 129. augeo, 121, III. aveo, 121, II, a, N. 2.

C.

cado, 122, I, 2. caedo, 122, I, 2. calefacio, 122, III. calefio, 122, III. caleo, 121, II, a. calesco, 122, IV, 2. cano, 122, I, 2. capesso, 122, I, 6. capio, 122, III. careo, 121, II, a. carpo, 121, I, 1, a. caveo, 121, V. cedo, 122, I, 1, b. censeo, 121, II, b. cerno, 122, I, 6. cieo, 121, I. cingo, 122, I, 1, a. circumsisto, 122, I, 2. claudo, 122, I, 1, b. claudo, 122, I, 7. coemo, 122, I, 3. coepi, 133. coerceo, 121, II, a. cognosco, 122, IV, 1. cogo, 122, I, 3. colligo, 122, I, 3. colo, 122, I, 5. comminiscor, 122, V. comperio, 123, V. compleo, 121, I. concutio, 122, III. condo, 122, I, 2. confero, 129. confiteor, 121, VII. congruo, 122, II. consenesco, 122, IV, 2. consero, 122, I, 5. consero, 122, I, 6 (plant). consido, 122, I, 4. consisto, 122, I, 2. conspicio, 122, III. constat, 138, III. constituo, 122, II. consuesco, 122, IV, 1. consulo, 122, I, 5. contineo, 121, II, b. contingit, 138, III. coquo, 122, I, 1, a. crepo, 120, II. cresco, 122, IV, 1. cubo, 120, II. cupio, 122, III. curro, 122, I, 2.

D.

debeo, 121, II, a. decerno, 122, I, 6. decet, 138, II. dedecet, 138, II. dedo, 122, I, 2. defendo, 122, I, 4. deleo, 121, I deligo, 122, I, 3. demo, 122, I, 3. desero, 122, I, 5 desino, 122, I, 6. desum, 125. dico, 122, I, 1, a. differo, 129. diligo, 122, I, 3. dimico, 120, II. dirimo, 122, I, 3. diripio, 122, III. diruo, 122, II. discerno, 122, I, 6. disco, 122, IV, 1. dissero, 122, I, 5. distinguo, 122, I, 1, a., footnote 44. divido, 122, I, 1, b. do, 127. doceo, 121, II, b. doleo, 121, II, a. domo, 120, II. duco, 122, I, 1, a.

E.

edo, 122, I, 2. edo, 122, I, 3. effero, 129. effugio, 122, III. egeo, 121, II, a, N. 1. elicio, 122, III. emineo, 121, II, a, N. 1. emo, 122, I, 3. eo, 132. esurio, 123, VI. evado, 122, I, 1, b., footnote 45. evanesco, 122, IV, 3. excolo, 122, I, 5. excudo, 122, I, 4. exerceo, 121, II, a. experior, 123, VII. expleo, 121, I, N. explico, 120, II. exstinguo, 122, I, 1, a., footnote 44. extimesco, 122, IV, 2.

F.

facio, 122, III. fallo, 122, I, 2. fateor, 121, VII. faveo, 121, V. ferio, 123, VI. fero, 129. ferveo, 121, VI figo, 122, I, 1, b. findo,122, I, 2, N. fingo, 122, I, 1, a. fio, 131. flecto, 122, I, 1, b. fleo, 121, I. floreo, 121, II, a, N. 1. floresco, 122, IV, 2. fluo, 122, II. fodio, 122, III. foveo, 121, V. frango, 122, I, 3. fremo, 122, I, 5. frico, 120, II. frigeo, 121, II, a, N. 2. fruor, 122, V. fugio, 122, III. fulcio, 123, III. fulgeo, 121, III. fulget, 138, I. fundo, 122, I, 3. fungor, 122, V. furo, 122, I, 7.

G.

gemo, 122, I, 5. gero, 122, I, 1, a. gigno, 122, I, 5. gradior, 122, V.

H.

habeo, 121, II, a. haereo, 121, III. haurio, 123, III. horreo, 121, II, a, N. 1.

I.

ignosco, 121, IV, 2. illicio, 122, III. imbuo, 122, II. immineo, 121, II, a, N. 2. impleo, 121, I, N. implico, 120, II. incipio, 122, III. incolo, 122, I, 5. incumbo, 122, I, 5. indulgeo, 121, III. induo, 122, II. infero, 129. ingemisco, 122, IV, 2. insum, 125. intellego, 122, I, 3. interficio, 122, III. intersum, 125. invado, 122, I, 1, b., footnote 45. invenio, 123, IV. irascor, 122, V.

J.

jaceo, 121, II, a. jacio, 122, III. jubeo, 121, III. jungo, 122, I, 1, a. juvo, 120, III.

L.

labor, 122, V. lacesso, 122, I, 6. laedo, 122, I, 1, b. lambo, 122, I, 7. largior, 123, VII. lateo, 121, II, a, N. 1. lavo, 120, III. lego, 122, I, 3. libet, 138, II. liceor, 121, VII. licet, 138, II. loquor, 122, V. luceo, 121, III. ludo, 122, I, 1, b. lugeo, 121, III. luo, 122, II.

M.

maereo, 121, II, a, N. 2. malo, 130. maneo, 121, III. maturesco, 122, IV, 3. medeor, 121, VII. memini, 133. mereo, 121, II, a. mereor, 121, VII. mergo, 122, I, 1, b. metior, 123, VII. metuo, 122, II. mico, 120, II. minuo, 122, II. misceo, 121, II, b. miseret, 138, II. misereor, 121, VII. mitto, 122, I, 1, b. molo, 122, I, 5. moneo, 121, II, a. mordeo, 121, IV. morior, 122, V. moveo, 121, V.

N.

nanciscor, 122, V. nascor, 122, V. necto, 122, I, 1, b. neglego, 122, I, 3. ningit, 138, . niteo, 121, II, a, N. 1. nitor, 122, V. noceo, 121, II, a. nolo, 130. nosco, 122, IV, 1. nubo, 122, I, 1, a.

O.

obduresco, 122, IV, 3. oblino, 122, I, 6. obliviscor, 122, V. obmutesco, 122, IV, 3. obruo, 122, II. obsolesco, 122, IV, 1. obsum, 125. obtineo, 121, II, b. odi, 133. offero, 129. oleo, 121, II, a, N. 1. operio, 123, II. oportet, 138, II. opperior, 123, VII. ordior, 123, VII. orior, 123, VII.

P.

paenitet, 138, II. palleo, 121, II, a, N. 1. pando, 122, I, 4. parco, 122, I, 2. pareo, 121, II, a. pario, 122, III. pasco, 122, IV, 1. pascor, 122, IV, 1. patefacio, 122, III. patefio, 122, III. pateo, 121, II, a, N. 1. patior, 122, V. paveo, 121, V. pellicio, 122, III. pello, 122, I, 2. pendeo, 121, IV. pendo, 122, I, 2. perago, 122, I, 3. percello, 122, I, 2, N. percrebresco, 122, IV, 3. perdo, 122, I, 2. perficio, 122, III. perfringo, 122, I, 3. perfruor, 122, V. perlego, 122, I, 3. permulceo, 121, III. perpetior, 122, V. pervado, 122, I, 1, b., footnote 45. peto, 122, I, 6. piget, 138, II. pingo, 122, I, 1, a. placeo, 121, II, a. plaudo, 122, I, 1, b. pluit, 138, I. polleo, 121, II, a, N. 2. polliceor, 121, VII. polluo, 122, II. pono, 122, I, 6. posco, 122, IV, 1. possido, 122, I, 4. possum, 126. poto, 120, I. praebeo, 121, II, a. praestat, 138, III. praesum, 125. prandeo, 121, VI. prehendo, 122, I, 4. premo, 122, I, 1, b. prodo, 122, I, 2. promo, 122, I, 3. prosum, 125. prosterno, 122, I, 6. pudet, 138, II. pungo, 122, I, 2.

Q.

quaero, 122, I, 6. quatio, 122, III. queror, 122, V. quiesco, 122, IV, 1.

R.

rado, 122, I, 1, b. rapio, 122, III. reddo, 122, I, 2. redimo, 122, I, 3. refercio, 123, III. refero, 129. refert, 138, II. rego, 122, I, 1, a. relinquo, 122, I, 3. reminiscor, 122, V. reor, 121, VII. reperio, 123, V. repo, 122, I, 1, a. resisto, 122, I, 2. respuo, 122, II. restinguo, 122, I, 1, a., footnote 44. retineo, 121, II, b. rideo, 121, III. rodo, 122, I, 1, b. rubeo, 121, II, a, N. 1. rumpo, 122, I, 3. ruo, 122, II.

S.

saepio, 123, III. salio, 123, II. sancio, 123, III. sapio, 122, III. sarcio, 123, III. scindo, 122, I, 2, N. scisco, 122, IV, 2. scribo, 122, I, 1, a. sculpo, 122, I, 1, a. seco, 120, II. sedeo, 121, V. sentio, 123, III. sepelio, 123, I. sequor, 122, V. sero, 122, I, 6. serpo, 122, I, 1, a. sileo, 121, II, a, N. sino, 122, I, 6. solvo, 122, I, 4. sono, 120, II. spargo, 122, I, 1, b. sperno, 122, I, 6. splendeo, 121, II, a, N. 1. spondeo, 121, IV. statuo, 122, II. sterno, 122, I, 6. -stinguo, 122, I, 1, a. sto, 120, IV. strepo, 122, I, 5. strideo, 121, VI. stringo, 122, I, 1, a. struo, 122, II. studeo, 121, II, a, N. 1. suadeo, 121, III. subigo, 122, I, 3. subsum, 125. sum, 100. sumo, 122, I, 3. suo, 122, II. supersum, 125. sustineo, 121, II, b.

T.

taceo, 121, II, a. taedet, 138, II. tango, 122, I, 2. tego, 122, I, 1, a. temno, 122, I, 1, a. tendo, 122, I, 2. teneo, 121, II, b. tero, 122, I, 6. terreo, 121, II, a. texo, 122, I, 5. timeo, 121, II, a, N. 1. tingo, 122, I, 1, a. tollo, 122, I, 2, N. tonat, 138, I. tondeo, 121, IV. tono, 120, II. torpeo, 121, II, a, N. 1. torqueo, 121, III. torreo, 121, II, b. trado, 122, I, 2. traho, 122, I, 1, a. tremo, 122, I, 5. tribuo, 122, II. trudo, 122, I, 1, b. tueor, 121, VII. tundo, 122, I, 2.

U.

ulciscor, 122, V. unguo, 122, I, 1, a. urgeo, 121, III. uro, 122, I, 1, a. utor, 122, V.

V.

vado, 122, I, 1, b. valeo, 121, II, a. veho, 122, I, 1, a. vello, 122, I, 4. venio, 123, IV. vereor, 121, VII. vergo, 122, I, 7. verro, 122, I, 4. verto, 122, I, 4. vescor, 122, V. veto, 120, II. video, 121, V. vigeo, 121, II, a, N. 1. vincio, 123, III. vinco, 122, I, 3. vireo, 121, II, a, N. 1. viso, 122, I, 4. vivo, 122, I, 1, a. volo, 130. volvo, 122, I, 4. vomo, 122, I, 5. voveo, 121, V.

* * * * *

GENERAL INDEX.

* * * * *

The references are to sections and paragraphs.

* * * * *

ABBREVIATIONS.—Abl., ablative; acc., accusative; adj., adjective; adv., adverb, adverbial, or adverbially; cf., compare; comp., comparison or comparative; conj., conjunction or conjugation; const., constr., construction; dat., dative; decl., declension; gen., genitive; ind., indicative; indir. disc., indirect discourse; loc., locative; N., note; nom., nominative; plu., plural; prep., preposition; pron., pronoun or pronunciation; sing., singular; subj., subject; subjv., subjunctive; voc., vocative; w., with.

A.

a, vowel, 2, 1; —— pronunciation, 3, 1; —— development of a, before a single consonant, 7, 1, a; —— before two consonants, 7, 1, b; —— a as ending of nom. sing. of 1st decl., 20; —— in voc. sing. of Greek nouns in -es of 1st decl., 22; —— in nom. sing. of Greek nouns in -e of 1st decl., 22, 3; —— termination of nom. and acc. plu. of neuters, 23; 35; 48; —— termination of nom. sing. of nouns of 3d decl., 28; —— gender of nouns in -a of 3d decl., 43, 3; —— ending of acc. sing. of Greek nouns of 3d decl., 47, 1; —— regular quantity of final a, 363, 1; —— exceptions to quantity of final a, 363, 1, a-c. a, pronunciation, 3, 1; —— arising by contraction, 7, 2; —— as ending of stem in 1st decl., 18; —— a-stems inflected, 20; —— in voc. sing. of Greek nouns of 1st decl., 22; —— in voc. sing. of Greek nouns in -as of 3d decl., 47, 4; —— distinguishing vowel of 1st conjugation, 98; —— ending of imperative act. of 1st conj., 101; —— final a long by exception, 363, 1, a-c. a, ab, abs, use, 142, 1; —— with town names, 229, 2. a to denote agency, 216. —— to denote separation, 214. —— place from which, 229. —— with town names, 229, 2. —— with abl. of gerund, 338, 4, b. a-stems, 20; 98; 101. Abbreviations of proper names, 373. Ablative case, 17; 213 f. —— in -abus, 21, 2, e. —— in -d in prons., 84, 3; 85, 3. —— formation of sing. of adjs. of 3d decl., 67, a; 70, 1-5. —— of i-stems, 37; 38. —— genuine abl. uses, 214 f. —— absolute, 227. —— of agent, 216. —— of accompaniment, 222. —— of accordance, 220, 3. —— of association, 222A. —— of attendant circumstance, 221; 227, 2, e). —— of cause, 219. —— of comparison, 217. —— of degree of difference, 223. —— of fine or penalty, 208, 2, b. —— of manner, 220. —— of material, 224, 3. —— of means, 218. —— of penalty, 208, 2, b. —— of place where, 228. —— of place whence, 229. —— of price, 225. —— of quality, 224. —— of separation, 214; —— —— with compounds of dis- and se-, 214, 3. —— of source, 215. —— of specification, 226. —— of time at which, 230. —— of time during which, 231, 1. —— of time within which, 231. —— of way by which, 213, 9. —— with contineri, consistere, constare, 218, 4. —— with special phrases, 218, 7. —— with jungere, miscere, mutare, etc., 222A. —— with facio, fio, 218, 6 —— with prepositions, 142; 213 f. —— with verbs of filling, 218, 8. —— with verbs and adjs. of freeing, 214, I, a, and N. 1. —— with adjs. of plenty, 218, 8. —— with utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, 218, 1. —— with opus and usus, 218, 2 —— with nitor, innixus, and fretus, 218, 3. abs, 142, 1. absens, 125. Absolute, ablative, 227. —— time, of participles, 336, 4. —— use of verbs, 174, a. Abstract nouns, 12, 2, b); —— plural of, 55, 4, c). -abus, 21, 2, e). ac, 341, 2, b); —— = as, than, 341, 1, c). Acatalectic verses, 366, 9. accedit ut, 297, 2. Accent, 6; —— in gen. of nouns in -ius and -ium, 25, 1 and 2. accidit ut, 297, 2. accidit quod, 299, 1, b. Accompaniment, abl. of, 222. Accordance, abl. of, 220, 3. Accusative case, 17; —— in -an and -en of Greek nouns, 22; —— in -om in 2d decl., 24; —— in -on and -on in Greek nouns, 27; —— in -a in sing. of Greek nouns, 47, 1; —— in -as in plu., 47, 3; —— in -im and -is in i-stems, 37; 38; —— acc. sing. neut. as adv., 77, 3; 176, 3; 172 f. —— of duration of time, 181. —— of result produced, 173, B; 176. —— of extent of space, 181. —— of limit of motion, 182 f. —— of neut. prons. or adjs., 176, 2. —— of person or thing affected, 173, A; 175. —— in exclamations, 183. —— as subj. of inf., 184. —— with admoneo, commoneo, etc., 207. —— with adv. force, 176, 3. —— with compounds, 175, 2. —— with impersonal verbs, 175, 2, c. —— with intransitive verbs, 175, 2, a. —— with passive used as middle, 175, 2, d). —— with verbs of remembering and forgetting (memini, obliviscor, reminiscor), 206, 1; 2. —— with verbs expressing emotion, 175, 2, b. —— with verbs of tasting and smelling, 176, 5. —— with verbs of making, choosing, calling, regarding, etc., 177. —— with verbs of asking, requesting, demanding, teaching, concealing, 178, 1-5. —— with adjs. (propior, proximus), 141, 3. —— with adverbs (propius, proxime), 141, 3; —— —— clam, pridie, 144, 2. —— Genavam ad oppidum, 182, 2, a. —— cognate acc., 176, 4. —— Greek acc., 180. —— synecdochical acc., 180. —— two accs., direct obj. and pred. acc., 177; —— —— person affected and result produced, 178; —— —— with compounds of trans, 179; —— —— with other compounds, 179, 2. —— with prepositions, 141; 179 f. —— retained in pass., 178, 2. Accusing, verbs of, constr., 208 f. accuso, constr., 178, 1, d). acer, decl., 68; —— compared, 71, 3. Acquitting, verbs of, constr., 208 f. ac si with subjv., 307, 1. ad, 'toward,' 'in vicinity of,' 182, 3; —— with acc. alternating with dat., 358, 2. —— compounds of ad governing dat., 187, III; 188, 2, d. —— with gerund denoting purpose, 338, 3. -ades, patronymic ending, 148, 6, a. adg- = agg-, 9, 2. Adjectives, 62 f; 354; —— derivation of, 150 f. —— of 1st and 2d decl., 63 ff. —— in -ius, gen. sing., 63, a. —— of 3d decl., 67, ff; —— —— in abl., 70, 5. —— comparison of adjs., 71 f.; —— —— in -er, 71, 3; —— —— in -ilis, 71, 4; —— —— comparative lacking, 73, 3; —— —— defective comparison, 73; —— —— not admitting comparison, 75; —— —— comparison by magis and maxime, 74. —— numerals, 78 f. —— syntax, 233 ff.; —— —— attributive and predicate adjs., 233, 2. —— agreement, 234, f. —— used substantively, 236 f. —— denoting part of an object, 241, 1. —— with force of adverbs, 239. —— force of comp. and superl., 240, 1. —— not followed by infinitive, 333. —— not used with proper names, 354, 3. —— equivalent to a poss. gen., 354, 4. —— special Latin equivalents of Eng. adjs., 354, 1. —— equiv. to rel. clause, 241, 2. —— as pred. acc., 177, 2. —— position of adj., 350, 4. —— pronominal adjs., 92. —— governing gen., 204. —— governing dat., 192. —— governing acc., 141, 3. —— construed with abl., 214, 1, d; 217, 1; 218, 8; 223; 226, 2; 227, 1. —— with supine in -u, 340, 2. adl- = all-, 9, 2. admoneo, constr., 207. Admonishing, const. of verbs of, 207. adr- = arr-, 9, 2. ads- = ass-, 9, 2. ad sensum, constr., 235, B, 2, c; 254, 4. adulescens, spelling, 9, 2. adulter, decl., 23, 2. adultus, force, 114, 2. Adverbs, defined, 140; —— formation and comparison, 76 f.; 140; 157. —— in -iter from adjs. in -us, 77, 4. —— in -tus and -tim, 77, 5. —— in o and -o, 77, 2. —— numeral, 79. —— as preps., 144, 2. —— derivation of, 157. —— with gen., 201, 2; 3; and a. —— special meanings, 347. —— position, 350, 6. Adversative clauses, 309. —— conjunctions, 343. adversus, prep. with acc., 141. ae, how pronounced, 3, 2; —— phonetic changes, 7, 1, d. aedes, plu., 61. aequalis, abl. sing. of, 70, 5, a; —— as subst., 238. aequor, decl., 34. aequum est = aequum sit, 271, 1, b). aes, in plu., 55, 4, b; —— lacks gen. plu., 57, 7. aetas, decl., 40, 1, e); —— id aetatis, 185, 2. -aeus, suffix, 152, 3. aevom, decl., 24. Affected, acc. of person or thing, 175. Agency, dat. of, 189; —— abl., 216. Agent, abl., 216; —— with names of animals, 216, 2. ager, decl., 23. Agreement, nouns, 166; 168; 169, 2; 3; 4. —— adjs., 234; —— —— in gender, 235, B; —— —— in number, 235, A; —— prons., 250; —— verbs, with one subj., 254, 1; —— —— with two or more subjs., 255, 1. -ai, case-ending, gen. sing., 1st decl., poet., 21, 2, b). ain, 135, N. ajo, 135; —— quantity of first syllable, 362, 5. -al, declension of nouns in, 39. alacer, decl., 68, 1; —— comp., 73, 4. aliqua, 91, 2. aliqui, 91; 91, 2. aliquis, 91; 252, 2; —— aliquis dicat, dixerit, 280, 1. -alis, suffix, 151, 2. aliter ac, 341, 1, c. alius, 66; 92, 1; —— used correlatively, 253, 1. alius ac, 'other than,' 341, 1, c). Allia, gender of, 15, 3, N. allicio, conj., 109, 2, b). Alliteration, 375, 3. Alphabet, 1. alter, decl., 66; 92, 1; —— used correlatively, 253, 1. Alternative questions, 162, 4; —— indirect, 300, 4. alteruter, decl., 92, 2. alvus, gender of, 26, 1, b. amandus sum, conj., 115. amaturus sum, conj., 115. amb- (ambi-), 159, 3, N. ambo, 80, 2, a; —— usage, 355, 2. amo, conj., 101. amplius = amplius quam, 217, 3. amussis, -im, 38, 1. an, 162, 4, and a); 300, 4; —— haud scio an, nescio an, 300, 5. Anacoluthon, 374, 6. Anapaest, 366, 2. Anaphora, 350, 11, b). Anastrophe of prep., 141, 2; 142, 3; 144, 3. anceps (syllaba anceps), defined, 366, 10. Androgeos, decl., 27. animal, decl., 39. Animals, as agents, 216, 2. animi, locative, 232, 3. annon, in double questions, 162, 4. Answers, 162, 5. ante, prep. w. acc., 141; —— as adv., 144, 1; —— dat. w. verbs compounded w. ante, 187, III; —— in expressions of time, 357, 1; 371, 5; —— ante diem, 371, 5; 6. Antecedent of rel., 251. —— attraction of, 251, 4. —— incorporated with rel., 251, 4. Antecedent omitted, 251, 1. —— repeated with rel., 251, 3. Antepenult, 6, 2. antepono, with dat., 187, III, 2. antequam, with ind., 291; —— with subjv., 292. Anticipation, denoted by subjv., w. antequam and priusquam, 292; —— by subjv. with dum, donec, quoad, 293, III, 2; 374, 5. -anus, suffix, 151, 2; 152, 1; 3. Aorist tense, see Historical perfect. Apodosis, 301 ff. —— in conditional sent. of 1st type, 302, 4; —— result clauses as apodoses, 322; —— quin- clauses as apodoses, 322; —— ind. questions as apodoses, 322, b; —— potuerim in apodosis, 322, c; —— apodosis in indir. disc., 319-321; —— in expressions of obligation, ability, etc., 304, 3, a; —— with periphrastic conjugations, 304, 3, b. Apposition, 169; —— agreement, 169, 2; —— partitive, 169, 5; —— with voc. in nom., 171, 2; —— genitive w. force of appositive, 202; —— id as appositive of clause, 247, 1, b; —— inf. as appositive, 326; 329; —— subst. clauses as appositives, 282, 1, f; 294; 297, 3. Appositive of locative, 169, 4; —— with acc. of limit of motion, 182, 2, a; —— with town names, in abl. of place whence, 229, 2. —— position of, 350, 2. aptus, w. dat., 192, 2. apud, prep. w. acc., 141. Archias, declension of, 22. -ar, declension of nouns in, 39. arguo, constr., 178, 1, d). -aris, suffix, 151, 2. -arium, suffix, 148, 3. -arius, suffix, 151, 2. armiger, decl., 23, 2. Arrangement of words, 348-350; —— of clauses, 351. Arsis, defined, 366, 6. artus, dat. and abl. plu. of, 49, 3. arx, decl., 40. -as, acc. plu. in Greek nouns, 47, 3. -as, old gen. sing., 1st decl., case-ending, 21, 2, a). —— ending of Greek nouns, nom. sing. in, 22. —— gender of nouns in -as, 43, 2; 45, 1. —— voc. of Greek nouns in -as, antis, 47, 4. —— -atis, abl. of patrials in, 70, 5, c). Asking, case const, with verbs of, 178, 1, c; —— subst. clauses w., 295, 1; —— ind. questions, 300, 1. Aspirates, 2, 3, c. Assimilation of consonants, 8, 4 f.; 9, 2. Association, abl. of, 222A. Asyndeton, 341, 4, a); 346. at, 343, 1, d). -atim, suffix, 157, 2. Atlas, decl., 47, 4. atomus, gender of, 26, 1, c). atque, 341, 2, b); —— = as, 341, 1, c). atqui, 343, 1, e). Attendant circumstance, abl. of, 221: 227, 2, e). Attraction of demonstratives, 246, 5; —— of relatives, 250, 5; —— subjunctive by attraction, 324; —— of adjectives, 327, 2, a; 328, 2. Attributive adjs., 233, 2. -atus, its force as suffix, 151, 4. audacter, formation and comparison, 76, 2. audeo, conj., 114, 1. audio, conj., 107; —— with pres. partic., 337, 3. aulai, archaic gen., 21, 2, b. ausus, force as participle, 336, 5. aut, 342, 1, a). autem, 343, 1, c); 350, 8. Auxiliary omitted in infin., 116, 5: —— —— in finite forms, 166, 3. auxilium, auxilia, 61. -ax, suffix, 150, 2.

B.

balneum, balneae, 60, 2. barbitos, decl., 27. Believing, verbs of, with dat., 187, II. belli, locative, 232, 2. bellum, decl., 23. bene, comparison, 77, 1. Benefiting, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II. benevolus, comparison, 71, 5, a). -ber, declension of month names in, 68, 1. -bilis, suffix, 150, 4. bonus, decl., 63; comparison, 72. bos, decl., 41. Brachylogy, 374, 2. Bucolic diaeresis, 368, 3, d -bulum, suffix, 147, 4. -bundus, suffix, 150, 1. buris, decl., 38, 1

C.

C., for G. as abbreviation of Gaius, 373. caedes, decl., 40. Caesura, 366, 8: —— in dactylic hexameter 368, 3. calcar, decl., 39. Calendar, 371; 372. Calends, 371, 2, a). campester, decl., 68, 1 canis, decl., 38, 2. capio, conj., 110 carbasus, gender of, 26, 1 b). carcer, carceres, 61. Cardinals, defined. 78, 1; —— list of, 79; —— decl., 80; —— with and without et, 81, 1; 3; —— expressed by subtraction, 81, 2; —— replaced by attributives in poetry, 81, 4, d. care, comparison, 76, 2. caro, decl., 42. carrus, carrum, 60, 1. Cases, 17; —— alike in form, 19; 170 ff. Case-endings, 17, 3. castrum, castra, 61. Catalectic verses, 366, 9. causa, with gen., 198, 1; —— nulla causa est cur, with subjv., 295, 7. Causal clauses, 285; 286; —— clause of characteristic with accessory notion of cause, 283, 3. —— conjunctions, 345. Cause, abl. of, 219; 227, 2, d) cave, cave ne in prohibitions, 276, b. -ce, 6, 3 f.; 87, footnote 23. cedo, cette, 137, 3. cedo, with dat. 187, II. celeber, decl., 68, 1. celer, decl., 68, 2. celo, constr., 178, 1, e). cenatus, force, 114, 2. cetera, adverbial acc., 185, 2. ceteri, use, 253, 4. Characterstic, clauses of, 283; —— denoting cause or opposition ('although'), 283, 3; —— gen. of, 208, 1; —— abl., 224. Charge, gen. of, 208, 1; 2. Chiasmus, 350, 11, c). Choosing, const. w. verbs of, 177, 1-3. circa, circiter, circum, preps. w. acc., 141. circum, compounds of, w. dat., 187, III. circumdo, const., 187, 1, a. Circumstance, abl. of attendant, 221. cis, prep. w. acc., 141. citerior, comparison, 73, 1. cito, 77, 2, a. citra, prep. w. acc., 141. civitas decl., 40, 1, e. clam, with acc., 144, 2. Clauses, cooerd. and subord., 164, 165. Clauses of characteristic, 283; —— purpose, 282; —— result, 284; —— causal, 285; —— temporal with postquam, ut, ubi, simul ac, etc., 287; —— with cum, 288; —— substantive clauses, 294 f.; —— condition, 301 f.; —— conditional comparison, 307; —— concessive, 308; —— adversative, 309; —— wish or proviso, 310; —— relative, 311 f.; 283 f. clavis, decl., 38, 1. Clinging, construction of verbs of, 258, 3. clipeus, clipeum, 60, 1. Close of sentences, cadences used, 350, 12. coepi, conj., 133; —— coeptus est, 133, 1. Cognate acc., 176, 4. cognomen, 373. cogo, w. acc., 178, 1, d); —— w. infin., 331, VI. Collective nouns, 12, 2, a); —— w. plu. verb, 254, 4. colus, gender of, 26, 1, b). com-, compounds of, w. dat., 187, III. comedo, conj., 128, 2. cometes, decl., 22. comitia, as time expression, 230, 1. Commanding, dat. w. verbs of, 187, II; —— subst. clause w. verbs of, 295, 1; —— commands expressed by jussive subjv., 275; —— —— by imperative, 281. Common gender, 15, B, N. 1. —— nouns, 12, 1. —— syllables, 5, B, 3. commonefacio, w. gen, and acc., 207. commoneo, w. gen. and acc., 207. communis, w. gen., 204, 2; —— with dat., 204, 2, a. commuto, w. abl., 222A. Comparatives, decl., 69; —— w. abl., 217; —— w. quam, 217, 2; —— occasional meaning, 240. —— two required in Latin, 240, 4. Comparison of adjs., 71 f.; —— of adverbs, 76; 77. —— participles as adjs., 71, 2. —— adjs. in -dicus, -ficus, -volus, 71, 5. —— defective, 73. —— abl. of, 217. Comparison, conditional, 307. Compendiary comparison, 374, 2, b); —— w. result clauses, 284, 4; —— w. clauses of characteristic, 283, 2, a. Completed action, tenses expressing, 262-4; 267, 3. Compounds, 158 f.; —— spelling of, 9, 2. Compound sentences, 164. —— verbs governing acc., 175, 2, a; —— governing dat., 187, III; 188, 2, d. Conative uses of pres., 259, 2; —— of imperf., 260, 3; —— of pres. partic., 336, 2, a. Concessive clauses, 308; —— 'although' as accessory idea to clause of characteristic, 283, 3. —— subjunctive, 278. Conclusion, see Apodosis. Concrete nouns, 12, 2, a). Condemning, verbs of, constr., 208, f. Conditional clauses of comparison, 307. —— sentences, 1st type (nothing implied), 302; —— —— in indir. disc., 319; —— —— 2d type ('should'-'would'), 303; —— —— in indir. disc., 320; —— —— 3d type (contrary to fact), 304; —— —— in indir. disc., 321; —— —— abl. abs. equivalent to, 227, 2, b); —— —— introduced by relative pronouns, 312; —— —— general conditions, 302, 2; 3; —— —— indicative in contrary-to-fact apodoses, 304, 3; —— —— protasis omitted or implied, 305, 1; —— —— protasis contained in imperative, or jussive subjv., 305, 2; —— —— employment of nisi, si non, sin, si minus, 306; —— —— conditional relative sentences, 312, 2. confido, w. abl., 219, 1, a. Conjugation, 11; 93 f.; —— the four conjugations, 98; —— periphrastic, 115; —— peculiarities of conj., 116. Conjunctions, 145, 1; 341 f. conor, with inf., 295, 5, a. Consecutive clauses, see Result clauses. consistere, with abl., 218, 4. Consonant stems, nouns, 29 f.; —— adjs., 70, 1. —— partially adapted to i-stems, 40. Consonants, 2, 2 f.; —— pronunciation, 3, 3. —— double, 2, 9. —— combinations of, in division into syllables, 4, 2 f. Consonant changes, 8; —— omission of finals 8, 3; —— assimilation of, 8, 4 f. —— stems, 29; —— —— following analogy of i-stems, 40. conspicio, conj., 109, 2, b). constare, w. abl., 218, 4. Construction acc. to sense, 254, 4; 235, B, 2, c). consuetudo est, with subjv. substantive clause, 297, 3. consuevi = pres., 262, A. consularis, abl. sing. of, 70, 5, a. Contending, verbs of, with dat., 358, 3. contentus, w. abl., 219, 1. contineri, with abl., 218, 4. contingit ut, 297, 2. Continued action, tenses for, 257, 1, b. contra, prep. w. acc., 141; —— as adv., 144, 1. Contraction, 7, 2. —— length of vowel as result of, 5, A, 1, b). Contrary-to-fact conditions, 304. Convicting, verbs of, constr., 208 f. Cooerdinate clauses, 165. —— conjunctions, 341 f. copia, copiae, 61. Copulative conjunctions, 341. cor, lacks gen. plu., 57, 7. cornu, decl., 48. Correlative conjunctions, 341, 3; 342, 2. —— adverbs, 140. cottidie, spelling, 9, 2. Countries, gender of, 26, 1, a. Crime, gen. of, 208, 1; 2. -crum, suffix, 147, 4. -culum, suffix, 147, 4. -culus (a, um), suffix, 148, 1. cum, appended, 142, 4. cum (conj.), 'when,' 288-290; —— 'whenever,' 288, 3. —— adversative, 309, 3. —— causal, 286, 2. —— explicative, 290. —— to denote a recurring action, 288, 3; 289, a. —— inversum, 288, 2. com ... tum, 290, 2. cum primum, 287, 1. cum, spelling of, 9, 1. cum (prep.), with abl. of manner, 220; —— with abl. of accompaniment, 222; —— appended to prons., 142, 4. -cundus, suffix, 150, 1. cupio, conj, 109, 2, a); —— with subst. clause developed from optative, 296; —— w. inf., 331, IV, and a. cur, nulla causa est cur, w. subjv., 295, 7. curo, with gerundive const as obj., 337, 8, b, 2. Customary action, 259, 1; 260, 2.

D.

D, changed to s, 8, 2; —— d final omitted, 8, 3; —— assimilated, 8, 4. Dactyl, 366, 2. Dactylic hexameter, 368. —— pentameter, 369. dapis, defective, 57, 6. Daring, verbs of, with obj. inf., 328, 1. Dates 371, 2-5; —— as indeclinable nouns, 371, 6; —— in leap year, 371, 7. Dative 17; —— irregular, 1st decl., 21, 2, c); —— 3d decl., 47, 5; —— 4th decl., 49, 2; 3; —— 5th decl., 52, 1 and 3; 186 ff. —— in the gerundive const., 339, 7. —— of agency, 189. —— of direction and limit of motion, 193. —— of indir. obj., 187. —— of advantage or disadvantage, so called, 188, 1. —— of local standpoint, 188, 2, a). —— of person judging, 188, 2, c). —— of possession, 190; 359, 1. —— of purpose or tendency, 191; 339, 7. —— of reference, 188. —— of separation, 188, 2, d). —— of the gerund, 338, 2. —— with adjs., 192; —— with proprius, communis, 204, 2; —— with similis, 204, 3. —— with compound verbs, 187, III. —— with intrans. verbs, 187, II. —— with nomen est, 190, 1. —— with impersonal pass. verbs, 187, II, b. —— with trans. verbs, 187, I. —— with verbs of mingling, 358, 3. —— ethical dat., 188, 2, b). de, prep. w. abl., 142; —— with abl. instead of gen. of whole, 201, 1, a; —— with verbs of reminding, 207, a; —— compounds of de governing dat., 188, 2, d; —— de vi, with verbs of accusing and convicting, 208, 3; —— with gerund and gerundive, 338, 4, b. dea, deabus, 21, 2, e). debebam, debui in apodosis, 304, 3, a). debeo, governing obj. inf., 328, 1. debui, with pres inf., 270, 2. decemvir, gen. plu. of, 25, 6, b). decerne, w. subst. clause developed from volitive, 295, 4. decet, w. acc., 175, 2, c). Declarative sentences, defined, 161, 1; —— in indir. disc., 314. Declension, 11; —— heteroclites, 59. —— stems and gen. terminations, 18. —— 1st decl., 20-22; —— 2d decl., 23-27; —— 3d decl., 28-47; —— 4th decl., 48-50; —— 5th decl., 51-53; —— of Greek nouns, 22; 27; 47; —— of adjs., 62-69; —— of prons., 84-90. Decreeing, verbs of, w. subjv., 295, 4. dedecet, 175, 2, c). Defective verbs, 133 f.; —— nouns, 54 f.; 52, 4; 57; —— comparison, 73. Definite perfect, see Present perfect. Degree of difference, abl. of, 223. Degrees of comparison, 71 ff. delectat, w. inf. as subj., 327, 1. delector, w. abl. of cause, 219. Deliberative subjv., 277; —— in indir. questions, 300, 2; —— in indir. disc., 315, 3. Demanding, verbs of, w. two accs., 178, 1; —— w. subst. clause, 295, 1. Demonstrative pronouns, 87; 246; —— of 1st, 2d, and 3d persons, 87; —— position of demonstratives, 350, 5, a. Denominative verbs, 156. Dental mutes, 2, 4; —— stems, 33. Dependent clauses, 282 ff. Deponent verbs, 112; —— forms with passive meanings, 112, b); —— semi-deponents, 114. Depriving, verbs of, w. abl, 214, 1, b. Derivatives, 147 f. -des, patronymics in, 148, 6. Description, imperf. as tense of, 260, 1, a. Desideratives, 155, 3. Desire, adjs. of, w. gen., 204, 1; —— verbs of, w. subst. clauses, 296, 1. deterior, 73, 1. deus, decl., 25, 4. devertor, 114, 3. dexter, decl, 65, 1. di-, 159, 3, N. Diaeresis, 366, 8; —— bucolic d., 368, 3, d). Diastole, 367, 2. dic, 116, 3. dicitur, dictum est, w. inf., 332, note. dico, accent of compounds of, in imperative, 116, 3. -dicus, comparison of adjs. in, 71, 5. Dido, decl, 47, 8. dies, decl., 51; —— gender, 53. Difference, abl of degree of, 223. difficile est = Eng. potential, 271, 1, b). difficilis, comp., 71, 4. dignor, with abl., 226, 2. dignus, 226, 2; —— in rel. clauses of purpose, 282, 3. Dimeter, verses, 366, 11. Diminutives, 148, 1. Diphthongs, 2, 1; 3, 2; —— diphthong stems, 41; —— diphthongs shortened, 362, 2. diphthongus, gender of, 26, 1. c). Dipodies, 366, 11. Direct reflexives, 244, 1. —— object, 172. —— quotation, 313. —— discourse, 313. —— questions, 162. dis-, in compounds, 159, 3, N. Disjunctive conjunctions, 342. dissimilis, comp., 71, 4. Distributives, 63, 2; 78, 1; 79; 81, 4. diu, compared, 77, 1. dives, decl., 70, 1; —— compared, 71, 6. dixti, 116, 4, c. do, conj., 127. doceo, with acc., 178, 1, b); —— with inf., 331, VI. domi, locative, 232, 2. domo, 229, 1, b). domos, 182, 1, b. domum, 182, 1, b); —— 'house,' in acc., 182, N. domus, decl., 49, 4; —— gender, 50. donec, with ind., 293; —— with subjv., 293, III, 2. dono, constr., 187, 1, a. dos, gender, 44, 3. Double consonants, 2, 9. —— questions, 162, 4; —— —— indirect, 300, 4. Doubting, verbs of, w. quin, 298. Dubitative subjunctive, see Deliberative. dubito, dubium est, non dubito, non dubium est, with quin, 298; —— non dubito w. inf., 298, a. duc, 116, 3. duco, accent of compounds of, in imper., 116, 3. duim, duint, 127, 2. -dum, 6, 3. dum, temporal with ind., 293; —— with subjv., 293, III, 2; —— in wishes and provisos, 310. dummodo, 310. duo, decl, 80, 2. Duration of time, 181, 2. Duty, expressed by gerundive, 189, 337, 8; —— verbs of duty in conclusion of cond. sentences contrary-to-fact, 304, 3, a; —— subst. clauses dependent on verbs of, 295, 6; —— inf. w. verbs of duty, 327, 1; 328, 1; 330; —— 'it is the duty of,' 198, 3; —— 'I perform a duty, 218, 1. duumvir, gen. plu. of, 25, 6, b). dux, decl, 32.