NOTE.— -ensimus and -iens are often written in the numerals instead of -esimus and -ies.

Declension of the Cardinals.

80. 1. The declension of unus has already been given under Sec. 66.

2. Duo is declined as follows:—

Nom. duo duae duo Gen. duorum duarum duorum Dat. duobus duabus duobus Acc. duos, duo duas duo Abl. duobus duabus duobus

a. So ambo, both, except that its final o is long.

3. Tres is declined,—

Nom. tres tria Gen. trium trium Dat. tribus tribus Acc. tres (tris) tria Abl. tribus tribus

4. The hundreds (except centum) are declined like the Plural of bonus.

5. Mille is regularly an adjective in the Singular, and indeclinable. In the Plural it is a substantive (followed by the Genitive of the objects enumerated; Sec. 201, 1), and is declined,—

Nom. milia Acc. milia Gen. milium Voc. milia Dat. milibus Abl. milibus

Thus mille homines, a thousand men; but duo milia hominum, two thousand men, literally two thousands of men.

a. Occasionally the Singular admits the Genitive construction; as, mille hominum.

6. Other Cardinals are indeclinable. Ordinals and Distributives are declined like Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions.

Peculiarities in the Use of Numerals.

81. 1. The compounds from 21 to 99 may be expressed either with the larger or the smaller numeral first. In the latter case, et is used. Thus:—

triginta sex or sex et triginta, thirty-six.

2. The numerals under 90, ending in 8 and 9, are often expressed by subtraction; as,—

duodeviginti, eighteen (but also octodecim);

undequadraginta, thirty-nine (but also triginta novem or novem et triginta).

3. Compounds over 100 regularly have the largest number first; the others follow without et; as,—

centum viginti septem, one hundred and twenty-seven.

anno octingentesimo octogesimo secundo, in the year 882.

Yet et may be inserted where the smaller number is either a digit or one of the tens; as,—

centum et septem, one hundred and seven;

centum et quadraginta, one hundred and forty.

4. The Distributives are used—

a) To denote so much each, so many apiece; as,—

bina talenta eis dedit, he gave them two talents each.

b) When those nouns that are ordinarily Plural in form, but Singular in meaning, are employed in a Plural sense; as,—

binae litterae, two epistles.

But in such cases, uni (not singuli) is regularly employed for one, and trini (not terni) for three; as,—

unae litterae, one epistle; trinae litterae, three epistles.

c) In multiplication; as,—

bis bina sunt quattuor, twice two are four.

d) Often in poetry, instead of the cardinals; as,—

bina hastilia, two spears.

* * * * *

C. PRONOUNS.

82. A Pronoun is a word that indicates something without naming it.

83. There are the following classes of pronouns:—

I. Personal. V. Intensive. II. Reflexive. VI. Relative. III. Possessive. VII. Interrogative. IV. Demonstrative. VIII. Indefinite.

I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

84. These correspond to the English I, you, he, she, it, etc., and are declined as follows:—

First Person. Second Person. Third Person.

SINGULAR. Nom. ego, I tu, thou is, he; ea, she; id, it Gen. mei tui (For declension see Sec. 87.) Dat. mihi[22] tibi[22] Acc. me te Voc. —— tu Abl. me te

PLURAL. Nom. nos, we vos, you Gen. nostrum, nostri vestrum, vestri Dat. nobis vobis Acc. nos vos Voc. —— vos Abl. nobis vobis

1. A Dative Singular mi occurs in poetry.

2. Emphatic forms in -met are occasionally found; as, egomet, I myself; tibimet, to you yourself; tu has tute and tutemet (written also tutimet).

3. In early Latin, med and ted occur as Accusative and Ablative forms.

* * * * *

II. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

85. These refer to the subject of the sentence or clause in which they stand; like myself, yourself, in 'I see myself,' etc. They are declined as follows:—

First Person. Second Person. Third Person. Supplied by oblique Supplied by oblique cases of ego. cases of tu. Gen. mei, of myself tui, of thyself sui Dat. mihi, to myself tibi, to thyself sibi[22] Acc. me, myself te, thyself se or sese Voc. —— —— —— Abl. me, with myself, te, with thyself, se or sese etc. etc.

1. The Reflexive of the Third Person serves for all genders and for both numbers. Thus sui may mean, of himself, herself, itself, or of themselves; and so with the other forms.

2. All of the Reflexive Pronouns have at times a reciprocal force; as,—

inter se pugnant, they fight with each other.

3. In early Latin, sed occurs as Accusative and Ablative.

* * * * *

III. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

86. These are strictly adjectives of the First and Second Declensions, and are inflected as such. They are—

First Person. Second Person. meus, -a, -um, my; tuus, -a, -um, thy; noster, nostra, nostrum, vester, vestra, vestrum, our; your;

Third Person. suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their.

1. Suus is exclusively Reflexive; as,—

pater liberos suos amat, the father loves his children.

Otherwise, his, her, its are regularly expressed by the Genitive Singular of is, viz. ejus; and their by the Genitive Plural, eorum, earum.

2. The Vocative Singular Masculine of meus is mi.

3. The enclitic -pte may be joined to the Ablative Singular of the Possessive Pronouns for the purpose of emphasis. This is particularly common in case of suo, sua; as, suopte, suapte.

* * * * *

IV. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

87. These point out an object as here or there, or as previously mentioned. They are—

hic, this (where I am); iste, that (where you are); ille, that (something distinct from the speaker); is, that (weaker than ille); idem, the same.

Hic, iste, and ille are accordingly the Demonstratives of the First, Second, and Third Persons respectively.

Hic, this. SINGULAR PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. hic haec hoc hi hae haec Gen. hujus[23] hujus hujus horum harum horum Dat. huic huic huic his his his Acc. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec Abl. hoc hac hoc his his his

Iste, that, that of yours. SINGULAR. PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. iste ista istud[24] isti istae ista[24] Gen. istius istius istius istorum istarum istorum Dat. isti isti isti istis istis istis Acc. istum istam istud istos istas ista[24] Abl. isto ista isto istis istis istis

Ille (archaic olle), that, that one, he, is declined like iste.[25]

Is, he, this, that. SINGULAR PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. is ea id ei, ii, eae ea (i) Gen. ejus ejus ejus eorum earum eorum Dat. ei ei ei eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis Acc. eum eam id eos eas ea Abl. eo ea eo eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis

Idem, the same. SINGULAR. PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. idem eadem idem eidem, eaedem eadem iidem Gen. ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem eorundem earundem eorundem Dat. eidem eidem eidem eisdem eisdem eisdem Acc. eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem Abl. eodem eadem eodem eisdem eisdem eisdem

The Nom. Plu. Masc. also has idem, and the Dat. Abl. Plu. isdem or iisdem

* * * * *

V. THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN.

88. The Intensive Pronoun in Latin is ipse. It corresponds to the English myself, etc., in 'I myself, he himself.'

SINGULAR PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa Gen. ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum Dat. ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis Acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa Abl. ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis

* * * * *

VI. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.

89. The Relative Pronoun is qui, who. It is declined:—

SINGULAR PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. qui quae quod qui quae quae Gen. cujus cujus cujus quorum quarum quorum Dat. cui cui cui quibus[26] quibus quibus Acc. quem quam quod quos quas quae Abl. quo[27] qua[27] quo quibus[26] quibus quibus

* * * * *

VII. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

90. The Interrogative Pronouns are quis, who? (substantive) and qui, what? what kind of? (adjective).

1. Quis, who?

SINGULAR. PLURAL. MASC. AND FEM. NEUTER Nom. quis quid The rare Plural Gen. cujus cujus follows the declension Dat. cui cui of the Relative Pronoun. Acc. quem quid Abl. quo quo

2. Qui, what? what kind of? is declined precisely like the Relative Pronoun; viz. qui, quae, quod, etc.

a. An old Ablative qui occurs, in the sense of how? why?

b. Qui is sometimes used for quis in Indirect Questions.

c. Quis, when limiting words denoting persons, is sometimes an adjective. But in such cases quis homo = what man? whereas qui homo = what sort of man?

d. Quis and qui may be strengthened by adding -nam. Thus:—

Substantive: quisnam, who, pray? quidnam, what, pray? Adjective: quinam, quaenam, quodnam, of what kind, pray?

* * * * *

VIII. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

91. These have the general force of some one, any one.

SUBSTANTIVES. ADJECTIVES. M. AND F. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. quis, quid, qui, quae, qua, quod, any one, anything. any. aliquis, aliquid, aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, some one, any. something. quisquam, quidquam, quisquam, quidquam, any one, anything. any (rare) quispiam, quidpiam, quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, any one, anything. any. quisque, quidque, quisque, quaeque, quodque, each. each. quivis, quaevis, quidvis, quivis, quaevis, quodvis, quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, any one (anything) any you wish you wish quidam, quaedam, quiddam, quidam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain person, or a certain thing.

1. In the Indefinite Pronouns, only the pronominal part is declined. Thus: Genitive Singular alicujus, cujuslibet, etc.

2. Note that aliqui has aliqua in the Nominative Singular Feminine, also in the Nominative and Accusative Plural Neuter. Qui has both qua and quae in these same cases.

3. Quidam forms Accusative Singular quendam, quandam; Genitive Plural quorundam, quarundam; the m being assimilated to n before d.

4. Aliquis may be used adjectively, and (occasionally) aliqui substantively.

5. In combination with ne, si, nisi, num, either quis or qui may stand as a Substantive. Thus: si quis or si qui.

6. Ecquis, any one, though strictly an Indefinite, generally has interrogative force. It has both substantive and adjective forms,—substantive, ecquis, ecquid; adjective, ecqui, ecquae and ecqua, ecquod.

7. Quisquam is not used in the Plural.

8. There are two Indefinite Relatives,—quicumque and quisquis, whoever. Quicumque declines only the first part; quisquis declines both but has only quisquis, quidquid, quoquo, in common use.

* * * * *

PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

92. The following adjectives, also, frequently have pronominal force:—

1. alius, another; alter, the other; uter, which of two? (interr.); neuter, neither; whichever of two (rel.); unus, one; nullus, no one (in oblique cases)

2. The compounds,—

uterque, utraque, utrumque, each of two; utercumque, utracumque, utrumcumque, whoever of two; uterlibet, utralibet, utrumlibet, either one you please; utervis, utravis, utrumvis, either one you please; alteruter, alterutra, alterutrum, the one or the other.

In these, uter alone is declined. The rest of the word remains unchanged, except in case of alteruter, which may decline both parts; as,—

Nom. alteruter altera utra alterum utrum Gen. alterius utrius, etc.

* * * * *

CHAPTER II.—Conjugation.

93. A Verb is a word which asserts something; as, est, he is; amat, he loves. The Inflection of Verbs is called Conjugation.

94. Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person:—

1. Two Voices,—Active and Passive.

2. Three Moods,—Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative.

3. Six Tenses,—

Present, Perfect, Imperfect, Pluperfect, Future, Future Perfect.

But the Subjunctive lacks the Future and Future Perfect; while the Imperative employs only the Present and Future.

4. Two Numbers,—Singular and Plural.

5. Three Persons,—First, Second, and Third.

95. These make up the so-called Finite Verb. Besides this, we have the following Noun and Adjective Forms:—

1. Noun Forms,—Infinitive, Gerund, and Supine.

2. Adjective Forms,—Participles (including the Gerundive).

96. The Personal Endings of the Verb are,—

Active. Passive. Sing. 1. -o; -m; -i (Perf. Ind.); -r. 2. -s; -sti (Perf Ind.); -ris, -re; -to or wanting (Impv.); -re, -tor (Impv.). 3. -t; -to (Impv.); -tur; -tor (Impv.). Plu. 1. -mus; -mur. 2. -tis; -stis (Perf. Ind.); -mini. -te, -tote (Impv.); 3. -nt; -erunt (Perf Ind.); -ntur; -ntor (Impv.). -nto (Impv.);

VERB STEMS.

97. Conjugation consists in appending certain endings to the Stem. We distinguish three different stems in a fully inflected verb,—

I. Present Stem, from which are formed— 1. Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative, 2. Present and Imperfect Subjunctive, 3. The Imperative, 4. The Present Infinitive, - (Active and Passive.) 5. The Present Active Participle, the Gerund, and Gerundive. II. Perfect Stem, from which are formed— 1. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative, 2. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, 3. Perfect Infinitive, - (Active.) III. Participial Stem, from which are formed— 1. Perfect Participle, 2. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative, 3. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, 4. Perfect Infinitive, - (Passive.)

Apparently from the same stem, though really of different origin, are the Supine, the Future Active Participle, the Future Infinitive Active and Passive.

THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.

98. There are in Latin four regular Conjugations, distinguished from each other by the vowel of the termination of the Present Infinitive Active, as follows:—

INFINITIVE DISTINGUISHING CONJUGATION. TERMINATION. VOWEL. I. -are a II. -ere e III. -ere e IV. -ire i

99. PRINCIPAL PARTS. The Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and the Perfect Participle[28] constitute the Principal Parts of a Latin verb,—so called because they contain the different stems, from which the full conjugation of the verb may be derived.

* * * * *

CONJUGATION OF SUM.

100. The irregular verb sum is so important for the conjugation of all other verbs that its inflection is given at the outset.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. FUT. PARTIC.[29] sum esse fui futurus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. sum, I am, sumus, we are, es, thou art, estis, you are, est, he is; sunt, they are.

IMPERFECT. eram, I was, eramus, we were, eras, thou wast, eratis, you were, erat, he was; erant, they were.

FUTURE. ero, I shall be, erimus, we shall be, eris, thou wilt be, eritis, you will be, erit, he will be; erunt, they will be.

PERFECT. fui, I have been, I was, fuimus, we have been, we were, fuisti, thou hast been, thou fuistis, you have been, you wast, were, fuit, he has been, he was; fuerunt, fuere, they have been, they were.

PLUPERFECT. fueram, I had been, fueramus, we had been, fueras, thou hadst been, fueratis, you had been, fuerat, he had been; fuerant, they had been.

FUTURE PERFECT. fuero, I shall have been, fuerimus, we shall have been, fueris, thou wilt have been, fueritis, you will have been, fuerit, he will have been; fuerint, they will have been.

SUBJUNCTIVE.[30]

PRESENT. SINGULAR. PLURAL. sim, may I be, simus, let us be, sis, mayst thou be, sitis, be ye, may you be, sit, let him be, may he be; sint, let them be.

IMPERFECT. essem,[31] I should be, essemus, we should be, esses,[31] thou wouldst be, essetis, you would be, esset,[31] he would be; essent,[31] they would be.

PERFECT. fuerim, I may have been, fuerimus, we may have been, fueris, thou mayst have been, fueritis, you may have been, fuerit, he may have been; fuerint, they may have been.

PLUPERFECT. fuissem, I should have been, fuissemus, we should have been. fuisses, thou wouldst have been, fuissetis, you would have been, fuisset, he would have been; fuissent, they would have been.

IMPERATIVE. Pres. es, be thou; este, be ye, Fut. esto, thou shalt be, estote, ye shall be, esto, he shall be; sunto, they shall be.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. esse, to be. Perf. fuisse, to have been. Fut. futurus esse,[32] to be Fut. futurus,[33] about to be. about to be.

* * * * *

FIRST (OR A-) CONJUGATION.

101. Active Voice.—Amo, I love.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC. amo amare amavi amatus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. amo, I love, amamus, we love, amas, you love, amatis, you love, amat, he loves; amant, they love.

IMPERFECT. amabam, I was loving,[34] amabamus, we were loving, amabas, you were loving, amabatis, you were loving, amabat, he was loving; amabant, they were loving

FUTURE. amabo, I shall love, amabimus, we shall love, amabis, you will love, amabitis, you will love, amabit, he will love; amabunt, they will love.

PERFECT. amavi, I have loved, I loved, amavimus, we have loved, we loved, amavisti, you have loved, you amavistis, you have loved, you loved loved, amavit, he has loved, he loved; amaverunt, -ere, they have loved, they loved.

PLUPERFECT. amaveram, I had loved, amaveramus, we had loved, amaveras, you had loved, amaveratis, you had loved, amaverat, he had loved; amaverant, they had loved.

FUTURE PERFECT. amavero, I shall have loved, amaverimus, we shall have loved, amaveris, you will have loved, amaveritis, you will have loved, amaverit, he will have loved; amaverint, they will have loved.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT. amem, may I love, amemus, let us love, ames, may you love, ametis, may you love, amet, let him love; ament, let them love.

IMPERFECT. amarem, I should love, amaremus, we should love, amares, you would love, amaretis, you would love, amaret, he would love; amarent, they would love.

PERFECT. amaverim, I may have loved, amaverimus, we may have loved, amaveris, you may have loved, amaveritis, you may have loved, amaverit, he may have loved; amaverint, they may have loved.

PLUPERFECT. amavissem, I should have loved, amavissemus, we should have loved, amavisses, you would have loved, amavissetis, you would have loved, amavisset, he would have loved; amavissent, they would have loved.

IMPERATIVE. Pres. ama, love thou; amate, love ye. Fut. amato, thou shalt love, amatote, ye shall love, amato, he shall love; amanto, they shall love.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. amare, to love. Pres. amans,[35] loving. Perf. amavisse, to have loved. (Gen. amantis.) Fut. amaturus esse, to be Fut. amaturus, about to love. about to love

GERUND. SUPINE. Gen. amandi, of loving, Dat. amando, for loving, Acc. amandum, loving, Acc. amatum, to love, Abl. amando, by loving. Abl. amatu, to love, be loved.

102. Passive Voice.—Amor, I am loved.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. amor amari amatus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE. I am loved. SINGULAR. PLURAL. amor amamur amaris amamini amatur amantur

IMPERFECT I was loved. amabar amabamur amabaris, or -re amabamini amabatur amabantur

FUTURE. I shall be loved. amabor amabimur amaberis, or -re amabimini amabitur amabuntur

PERFECT I have been loved, or I was loved. amatus (-a, -um) sum[36] amati (-ae, -a) sumus amatus es amati estis amatus est amati sunt

PLUPERFECT. I had been loved. amatus eram[36] amati eramus amatus eras amati eratis amatus erat amati erant

FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have been loved. amatus ero[36] amati erimus amatus eris amati eritis amatus erit amati erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT. May I be loved, let him be loved. amer amemur ameris, or -re amemini ametur amentur

IMPERFECT.

I should be loved, he would be loved. amarer amaremur amareris, or -re amaremini amaretur amarentur

PERFECT.

I may have been loved. amatus sim[37] amati simus amatus sis amati sitis amatus sit amati sint

PLUPERFECT.

I should have been loved, he would have been loved. amatus essem[37] amati essemus amatus esses amati essetis amatus esset amati essent

IMPERATIVE. Pres. amare,[38] be thou amamini, be ye loved. loved; Fut. amator, thou shalt be loved, amator, he shall be amantor, they shall be loved. loved;

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. amari, to be loved. Perf. amatus esse, to have been Perfect. amatus, loved, loved. having been loved. Fut. amatum iri, to be about Gerundive. amandus, to be to be loved. loved, deserving to be loved.

* * * * *

SECOND (OR E-) CONJUGATION.

103. Active voice.—Moneo, I advise.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC. moneo monere monui monitus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE. I advise.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. moneo monemus mones monetis monet monent

IMPERFECT. I was advising, or I advised. monebam monebamus monebas monebatis monebat monebant

FUTURE. I shall advise. monebo monebimus monebis monebitis monebit monebunt

PERFECT. I have advised, or I advised. monui monuimus monuisti monuistis monuit monuerunt, or -ere

PLUPERFECT. I had advised. monueram monueramus monueras monueratis monuerat monuerant

FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have advised. monuero monuerimus monueris monueritis monuerit monuerint

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.

May I advise, let him advise. moneam moneamus moneas moneatis moneat moneant

IMPERFECT. I should advise, he would advise. monerem moneremus moneres moneretis moneret monerent

PERFECT. I may have advised. monuerim monuerimus monueris monueritis monuerit monuerint

PLUPERFECT. I should have advised, he would have advised. monuissem monuissemus monuisses monuissetis monuisset monuissent

IMPERATIVE. Pres. mone, advise thou; monete, advise ye. Fut. moneto, thou shall monetote, ye shall advise, advise, moneto, he shall advise; monento, they shall advise.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. monere, to advise. Pres. monens, advising. Perf. monuisse, to have (Gen. monentis.) advised. Fut. moniturus esse, to be Fut. moniturus, about to about to advise. advise.

GERUND. SUPINE. Gen. monendi, of advising, Dat. monendo, for advising, Acc. monendum, advising, Acc. monitum, to advise, Abl. monendo, by advising. Abl. monitu, to advise, be advised.

104. Passive voice.—Moneor, I am advised.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. moneor moneri monitus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE. I am advised.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. moneor monemur moneris monemini monetur monentur

IMPERFECT. I was advised. monebar monebamur monebaris, or -re monebamini monebatur monebantur

FUTURE. I shall be advised. monebor monebimur moneberis, or -re monebimini monebitur monebuntur

PERFECT. I have been advised, I was advised. monitus sum moniti sumus monitus es moniti estis monitus est moniti sunt

PLUPERFECT. I had been advised. monitus eram moniti eramus monitus eras moniti eratis monitus erat moniti erant

FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have been advised. monitus ero moniti erimus monitus eris moniti eritis monitus erit moniti erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT. May I be advised, let him be advised. monear moneamur monearis, or -re moneamini moneatur moneantur

IMPERFECT. I should be advised, he would be advised. monerer moneremur monereris, or -re moneremini moneretur monerentur

PERFECT. I may have been advised. monitus sim moniti simus monitus sis moniti sitis monitus sit moniti sint

PLUPERFECT. I should have been advised, he would have been advised. monitus essem moniti essemus monitus esses moniti essetis monitus esset moniti essent

IMPERATIVE. Pres. monere, be thou advised; monemini, be ye advised. Fut. monetor, thou shalt be advised, monetor, he shall be monentor, they shall be advised. advised.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. moneri, to be advised. Perfect. monitus, advised, having been advised. Perf. monitus esse, to have been advised Fut. monitum iri, to be about Gerundive. monendus, to be to be advised. advised, deserving to be advised.

* * * * *

THIRD (OR CONSONANT-) CONJUGATION.

105. Active Voice.—Rego, I rule.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC. rego regere rexi rectus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE. I rule

SINGULAR. PLURAL. rego regimus regis regitis regit regunt

IMPERFECT. I was ruling, or I ruled. regebam regebamus regebas regebatis regebat regebant

FUTURE. I shall rule. regam regemus reges regetis reget regent

PERFECT. I have ruled, or I ruled rexi reximus rexisti rexistis rexit rexerunt, or -ere

PLUPERFECT. I had ruled. rexeram rexeramus rexeras rexeratis rexerat rexerant

FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have ruled. rexero rexerimus rexeris rexeritis rexerit rexerint

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT. May I rule, let him rule. regam regamus regas regatis regat regant

IMPERFECT. I should rule, he would rule. regerem regeremus regeres regeretis regeret regerent

PERFECT. I may have ruled. rexerim rexerimus rexeris rexeritis rexerit rexerint

PLUPERFECT. I should have ruled, he would have ruled. rexissem rexissemus rexisses rexissetis rexisset rexissent

IMPERATIVE. rege, rule thou; regite, rule ye. regito, thou shall rule, regitote, ye shall rule, regito, he shall rule; regunto, they shall rule.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. regere, to rule. Pres. regens, ruling. rexisse, to have ruled. (Gen. regentis.) recturus esse, to be about to Fut. recturus, about to rule rule.

GERUND. SUPINE. regendi, of ruling, regendo, for ruling, regendum, ruling, Acc. rectum, to rule, regendo, by ruling. Abl. rectu, to rule, be ruled.

106. Passive Voice.—Regor, I am ruled.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. regor regi rectus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE. I am ruled.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. regor regimur regeris regimini regitur reguntur

IMPERFECT. I was ruled. regebar regebamur regebaris, or -re regebamini regebatur regebantur

FUTURE. I shall be ruled. regar regemur regeris, or -re regemini regetur regentur

PERFECT. I have been ruled, or I was ruled. rectus sum recti sumus rectus es recti estis rectus est recti sunt

PLUPERFECT. I had been ruled. rectus eram recti eramus rectus eras recti eratis rectus erat recti erant

FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have been ruled rectus ero recti erimus rectus eris recti eritis rectus erit recti erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT. May I be ruled, let him be ruled. regar regamur regaris, or -re regamini regatur regantur

IMPERFECT. I should be ruled, he would be ruled. regerer regeremur regereris, or -re regeremini regeretur regerentur

PERFECT. I may have been ruled. rectus sim recti simus rectus sis recti sitis rectus sit recti sint

PLUPERFECT. I should have been ruled, he would have been ruled. rectus essem recti essemus rectus esses recti essetis rectus esset recti essent

IMPERATIVE. Pres. regere, be thou ruled; regimini, be ye ruled. Fut. regitor, thou shalt be ruled, regitor, he shall be reguntor, they shall be ruled. ruled;

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. regi, to be ruled. Perfect. rectus, ruled, having been ruled. Perf. rectus esse, to have been Gerundive. regendus, to be ruled. ruled, deserving to be ruled. Fut. rectum iri, to be about to be ruled.

* * * * *

FOURTH (OR I-) CONJUGATION.

107. Active voice.—Audio, I hear.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC. audio audire audivi auditus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE. I hear.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. audio audimus audis auditis audit audiunt

IMPERFECT. I was hearing, or I heard. audiebam audiebamus audiebas audiebatis audiebat audiebant

FUTURE. I shall hear. audiam audiemus audies audietis audiet audient

PERFECT. I have heard, or I heard. audivi audivimus audivisti audivistis audivit audiverunt, or -ere

PLUPERFECT. I had heard. audiveram audiveramus audiveras audiveratis audiverat audiverant

FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have heard. audivero audiverimus audiveris audiveritis audiverit audiverint

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT. May I hear, let him hear. audiam audiamus audias audiatis audiat audiant

IMPERFECT. I should hear, he would hear. audirem audiremus audires audiretis audiret audirent

PERFECT. I may have heard. audiverim audiverimus audiveris audiveritis audiverit audiverint

PLUPERFECT. I should have heard, he would have heard. audivissem audivissemus audivisses audivissetis audivisset audivissent

IMPERATIVE. Pres. audi, hear thou; audite, hear ye. Fut. audito, thou shalt hear, auditote, ye shall hear, audito, he shall hear; audiunto, they shall hear.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. audire, to hear. Pres. audiens, hearing. Perf. audivisse, to have (Gen. audientis.) heard. Fut. auditurus esse, to be Fut. auditurus, about to about to hear. hear.

GERUND. SUPINE Gen. audiendi, of hearing, Dat. audiendo, for hearing, Acc. audiendum, hearing, Acc. auditum, to hear, Abl. audiendo, by hearing. Abl. auditu, to hear, be heard.

108. Passive Voice.—Audior, I am heard.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. audior audiri auditus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE. I am heard.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. audior audimur audiris audimini auditur audiuntur

IMPERFECT. I was heard. audiebar audiebamur audiebaris, or -re audiebamini audiebatur audiebantur

FUTURE. I shall be heard. audiar audiemur audieris, or -re audiemini audietur audientur

PERFECT. I have been heard, or I was heard. auditus sum auditi sumus auditus es auditi estis auditus est auditi sunt

PLUPERFECT. I had been heard. auditus eram auditi eramus auditus eras auditi eratis auditus erat auditi erant

FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have been heard. auditus ero auditi erimus auditus eris auditi eritis auditus erit auditi erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.

May I be heard, let him be heard. audiar audiamur audiaris, or -re audiamini audiatur audiantur

IMPERFECT. I should be heard, he would be heard. audirer audiremur audireris, or -re audiremini audiretur audirentur

PERFECT. I may have been heard. auditus sim auditi simus auditus sis auditi sitis auditus sit auditi sint

PLUPERFECT.

I should have been heard, he would have been heard. auditus essem auditi essemus auditus esses auditi essetis auditus esset auditi essent

IMPERATIVE. Pres. audire, be thou heard; audimini, be ye heard. Fut. auditor, thou shalt be heard, auditor, he shall be audiuntor, they shall be heard. heard;

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. audiri, to be heard. Perfect. auditus, heard, having been heard Perf. auditus esse, to have Gerundive. audiendus, to be been heard. heard, deserving to be heard Fut. auditum iri, to be about to be heard.

* * * * *

VERBS IN -IO OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.

109. 1. Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation take the endings of the Fourth Conjugation wherever the latter endings have two successive vowels. This occurs only in the Present System.

2. Here belong—

a) capio, to take; cupio, to desire; facio, to make; fodio, to dig; fugio, to flee; jacio, to throw; pario, to bear; quatio, to shake; rapio, to seize; sapio, to taste.

b) Compounds of lacio and specio (both ante-classical); as, allicio, entice; conspicio, behold.

c) The deponents gradior, to go; morior, to die, patior, to suffer.

110. Active voice.—Capio, I take.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC. capio, capere, cepi, captus.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. capio, capis, capit; capimus, capitis, capiunt.

IMPERFECT. capiebam, -iebas, -iebat; capiebamus, -iebatis, -iebant.

FUTURE. capiam, -ies, -iet; capiemus, -ietis, -ient.

PERFECT. cepi, -isti, -it; cepimus, -istis, -erunt or -ere.

PLUPERFECT. ceperam, -eras, -erat; ceperamus, -eratis, -erant.

FUTURE PERFECT. cepero, -eris, -erit; ceperimus, -eritis, -erint.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT. capiam, -ias, -iat; capiamus, -iatis, -iant.

IMPERFECT. caperem, -eres, -eret; caperemus, -eretis, -erent.

PERFECT. ceperim, -eris, -erit; ceperimus, -eritis, -erint.

PLUPERFECT. cepissem, -isses, -isset; cepissemus, -issetis, -issent.

IMPERATIVE. Pres. cape; capite. Fut. capito, capitote, capito; capiunto.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. capere Pres. capiens. Perf. cepisse. Fut. capturus esse. Fut. capturus.

GERUND. SUPINE. Gen. capiendi, Dat. capiendo, Acc. capiendum, Acc. captum, Abl. capiendo. Abl. captu.

111. Passive Voice.—Capior, I am taken.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. capior, capi, captus sum.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. capior, caperis, capitur; capimur, capimini, capiuntur.

IMPERFECT. capiebar, -iebaris, -iebatur; capiebamur, -iebamini, -iebantur.

FUTURE. capiar, -ieris, -ietur; capiemur, -iemini, -ientur.

PERFECT. captus sum, es, est; capti sumus, estis, sunt.

PLUPERFECT. captus eram, eras, erat; capti eramus, eratis, erant.

FUTURE PERFECT. captus ero, eris, erit; capti erimus, eritis, erunt.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT. capiar, -iaris, -iatur; capiamur, -iamini, -iantur.

IMPERFECT. caperer, -ereris, -eretur; caperemur, -eremini, -erentur.

PERFECT. captus sim, sis, sit; capti simus, sitis, sint.

PLUPERFECT. captus essem, esses, esset; capti essemus, essetis, essent.

IMPERATIVE. Pres. capere; capimini. Fut. capitor, capitor; capiuntor.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. capi. Perf. captus esse. Perfect. captus. Fut. captum iri. Gerundive. capiendus.

* * * * *

DEPONENT VERBS.

112. Deponent Verbs have in the main Passive forms with Active or Neuter meaning. But—

a. They have the following Active forms: Future Infinitive, Present and Future Participles, Gerund, and Supine.

b. They have the following Passive meanings: always in the Gerundive, and sometimes in the Perfect Passive Participle; as—

sequendus, to be followed; adeptus, attained.

113. Paradigms of Deponent Verbs are—

I. Conj. miror, mirari, miratus sum, admire. II. Conj. vereor, vereri, veritus sum, fear. III. Conj. sequor, sequi, secutus sum, follow. IV. Conj. largior, largiri, largitus sum, give. III. (in -ior) patior, pati, passus sum, suffer.

INDICATIVE MOOD. I. II. III. IV. III (in -ior) Pres. miror vereor sequor largior patior miraris vereris sequeris largiris pateris miratur veretur sequitur largitur patitur miramur veremur sequimur largimur patimur miramini veremini sequimini largimini patimini mirantur verentur sequuntur largiuntur patiuntur Impf. mirabar verebar sequebar largiebar patiebar Fut. mirabor verebor sequar largiar patiar Perf. miratus sum veritus sum secutus sum largitus sum passus sum Plup. miratus veritus secutus largitus passus eram eram eram eram eram F.P. miratus ero veritus ero secutus ero largitus ero passus ero

SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. mirer verear sequar largiar patiar Impf. mirarer vererer sequerer largirer paterer Perf. miratus sim veritus sim secutus sim largitus sim passus sim Plup. miratus veritus sectutus largitus passus essem essem essem essem essem

IMPERATIVE. Pres. mirare, verere, sequere, largire, patere, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. Fut. mirator, veretor, sequitor, largitor, patitor, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

INFINITIVE. Pres. mirari vereri sequi largiri pati Perf. miratus veritus secutus largitus passus esse esse esse esse esse Fut. miraturus veriturus secuturus largiturus passurus esse esse esse esse esse

PARTICIPLES. Pres. mirans verens sequens largiens patiens Fut. miraturus veriturus secuturus largiturus passurus Perf. miratus veritus secutus largitus passus Ger. mirandus verendus sequendus largiendus patiendus

GERUND. mirandi verendi sequendi largiendi patiendi mirando, verendo, sequendo, largiendo, patiendo, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

SUPINE. miratum, veritum, secutum, largitum, passum, -tu -tu -tu -tu -su

* * * * *

SEMI-DEPONENTS.

114. 1. Semi-Deponents are verbs which have the Present System in the Active Voice, but the Perfect System in the Passive without change of meaning. Here belong—

audeo, audere, ausus sum, to dare. gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, to rejoice. soleo, solere, solitus sum, to be wont. fido, fidere, fisus sum, to trust.

2. The following verbs have a Perfect Passive Participle with Active meaning:—

adolesco, grow up; adultus, having grown up, cenare, dine; cenatus, having dined. placere, please; placitus, having pleased, agreeable. prandere, lunch; pransus, having lunched. potare, drink; potus, having drunk. jurare, swear; juratus, having sworn.

a. Juratus is used in a passive sense also.

3. Revertor and devertor both regularly form their Perfect in the Active Voice; viz.—

revertor, reverti (Inf.), reverti (Perf.), to return. devertor, deverti (Inf.), deverti (Perf.), to turn aside.

* * * * *

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.

115. There are two Periphrastic Conjugations,—the Active and the Passive. The Active is formed by combining the Future Active Participle with the auxiliary sum, the Passive by combining the Gerundive with the same auxiliary.

Active Periphrastic Conjugation.

INDICATIVE MOOD. Pres. amaturus (-a, -um) sum, I am about to love. Inf. amaturus eram, I was about to love. Fut. amaturus ero, I shall be about to love. Perf. amaturus fui, I have been (was) about to love. Plup. amaturus fueram, I had been about to love. Fut. P. amaturus fuero, I shall have been about to love.

SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. amaturus sim, may I be about to love. Imp. amaturus essem, I should be about to love. Perf. amaturus fuerim, I may have been about to love. Plup. amaturus fuissem, I should have been about to love.

INFINITIVE. Pres. amaturus esse, to be about to love. Perf. amaturus fuisse, to have been about to love.

Passive Periphrastic Conjugation.

INDICATIVE. Pres. amandus (-a, -um) sum, I am to be loved, must be loved. Imp. amandus eram, I was to be loved. Fut. amandus ero, I shall deserve to be loved. Perf. amandus fui, I was to be loved. Plup. amandus fueram, I had deserved to be loved. Fut. P. amandus fuero, I shall have deserved to be loved.

SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. amandus sim, may I deserve to be loved. Imp. amandus essem, I should deserve to be loved. Perf. amandus fuerim, I may have deserved to be loved. Plup. amendus fuissem, I should have deserved to be loved.

INFINITIVE. Pres. amandus esse, to deserve to be loved. Perf. amantus fuisse, to have deserved to be loved.

* * * * *

PECULIARITIES OF CONJUGATION.

116. 1. Perfects in -avi, -evi, and -ivi, with the forms derived from them, often drop the ve or vi before endings beginning with r or s. So also novi (from nosco) and the compounds of movi (from moveo). Thus:—

amavisti amasti delevisti delesti amavisse amasse delevisse delesse amaverunt amarunt deleverunt delerunt amaverim amarim deleverim delerim amaveram amaram deleveram deleram amavero amaro delevero delero novisti nosti noverim norim novisse nosse noveram noram audivisti audisti audivisse audisse

2. In the Gerund and Gerundive of the Third and Fourth Conjugations, the endings -undus, -undi, often occur instead of -endus and -endi, as faciundus, faciundi.

3. Dico, duco, facio, form the Imperatives, dic, duc, fac. But compounds of facio form the Imperative in -fice, as confice. Compounds of dico, duco, accent the ultima; as, edu'c, edi'c.

4. Archaic and Poetic forms:—

a. The ending -ier in the Present Infinitive Passive; as, amarier, monerier, dicier, for amari, moneri, dici.

b. The ending -ibam for -iebam in Imperfects of the Fourth Conjugation, and -ibo for -iam in Futures; as, scibam, scibo, for sciebam, sciam.

c. Instead of the fuller forms, in such words as dixisti, scripsistis, surrexisse, we sometimes find dixti, scripstis, surrexe, etc.

d. The endings -im, -is, etc. (for -am, -as, etc.) occur in a few Subjunctive forms; as, edim (eat), duint, perduint.

5. In the Future Active and Perfect Passive Infinitive, the auxiliary esse is often omitted; as, acturum for acturum esse; ejectus for ejectus esse.

* * * * *

FORMATION OF THE VERB STEMS.

Formation of the Present Stem.

117. Many verbs employ the simple Verb Stem for the Present Stem;[39] as, dicere, amare, monere, audire. Others modify the Verb Stem to form the Present, as follows:—

1. By appending the vowels, a, e, i; as,—

Present Stem Verb Stem juvare, juva- juv-. augere, auge- aug-. vincire, vinci- vinc-.

2. By adding i, as capio, Present Stem capi- (Verb Stem cap-).

3. By the insertion of n (m before labial-mutes) before the final consonant of the Verb Stem; as, fundo (Stem fud-), rumpo (Stem rup-).

4. By appending -n to the Verb Stem; as,—

cern-o pell-o (for pel-no).

5. By appending t to the Verb Stem; as,—

flect-o.

6. By appending sc to the Verb Stem; as,—

cresc-o. scisc-o.

7. By Reduplication, that is, by prefixing the initial consonant of the Verb Stem with i; as,—

gi-gn-o (root gen-), si-st-o (root sta-).

Formation of the Perfect Stem.

118. The Perfect Stem is formed from the Verb Stem—

1. By adding v (in case of Vowel Stems); as,—

amav-i, delev-i, audiv-i.

2. By adding u (in case of some Consonant Stems); as,—

strepu-i, genu-i, alu-i.

3. By adding s (in case of most Consonant Stems); as,—

carp-o, Perfect carps-i. scrib-o, " scrips-i (for scrib-si). rid-eo, " ris-i (for rid-si). sent-io, " sens-i (for sent-si). dic-o, " dix-i (i.e. dic-si).

a. Note that before the ending -si a Dental Mute (t, d) is lost; a Guttural Mute (c, g) unites with s to form x; while the Labial b is changed to p.

4. Without addition. Of this formation there are three types:—

a) The Verb Stem is reduplicated by prefixing the initial consonant with the following vowel or e; as,—

curro, Perfect cu-curri. posco, " po-posci. pello, " pe-puli.

NOTE 1.—Compounds, with the exception of do, sto, sisto, disco, posco, omit the reduplication. Thus: com-puli, but re-poposci.

NOTE 2.—Verbs beginning with sp or st retain both consonants in the reduplication, but drop s from the stem; as, spondeo, spo-pondi; sto, steti.

b) The short vowel of the Verb Stem is lengthened; as, lego, legi; ago, egi. Note that a by this process becomes e.

c) The vowel of the Verb Stem is unchanged; as, verto, verti; minuo, minui.

Formation of the Participial Stem.

119. The Perfect Passive Participle, from which the Participial Stem is derived by dropping -us, is formed:—

1. By adding -tus (sometimes to the Present Stem, sometimes to the Verb Stem); as,—

ama-re, Participle ama-tus. dele-re, " dele-tus, audi-re, " audi-tus, leg-ere, " lec-tus, scrib-ere, " scrip-tus, senti-re, " sen-sus (for sent-tus). caed-ere, " cae-sus (for caed-tus).

a. Note that g, before t, becomes c (see Sec. 8, 5); b becomes p; while dt or tt becomes ss, which is then often simplified to s (Sec. 8, 2).

2. After the analogy of Participles like sensus and caesus, where -sus arises by phonetic change, -sus for -tus is added to other Verb Stems; as,—

lab-i, Participle lap-sus. fig-ere, " fi-xus.

a. The same consonant changes occur in appending this ending -sus to the stem as in the case of the Perfect ending -si (see Sec. 118, 3, a).

3. A few Verbs form the Participle in -itus; as,—

doma-re, dom-itus. mone-re, mon-itus.

4. The Future Active Participle is usually identical in its stem with the Perfect Passive Participle; as, ama-tus, amaturus; moni-tus, moniturus. But—

juva-re, Perf. Partic. jutus, has Fut. Act. Partic. juvaturus.[40] lava-re, " " lautus, " " " lavaturus. par-ere, " " partus, " " " pariturus. ru-ere, " " rutus, " " " ruiturus. seca-re, " " sectus, " " " secaturus. fru-i, " " fructus, " " " fruiturus. mor-i, " " mortuus, " " " moriturus. ori-ri, " " ortus, " " " oriturus.

* * * * *

LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS, WITH PRINCIPAL PARTS.

First (A-) Conjugation.

120. I. PERFECT IN -VI.

amo amare amavi amatus love

All regular verbs of the First Conjugation follow this model.

poto potare potavi potus (Sec. 114, drink 2)

II. PERFECT IN -UI.

crepo crepare crepui crepiturus rattle cubo cubare cubui cubiturus lie down domo domare domui domitus tame frico fricare fricui frictus and rub fricatus mico micare micui —— glitter dimico dimicare dimicavi dimicatum fight (est)[41] ex-plico explicare explicavi explicatus unfold (-ui) (-itus) im-plico implicare implicavi implicatus entwine (-ui) (-itus) seco secare secui sectus cut sono sonare sonui sonaturus sound tono tonare tonui —— thunder veto vetare vetui vetitus forbid

III. PERFECT IN -I WITH LENGTHENING OF THE STEM VOWEL.

juvo juvare juvi jutus help lavo lavare lavi lautus wash

IV. PERFECT REDUPLICATED.

sto stare steti staturus

V. DEPONENTS.

These are all regular, and follow miror, mirari, miratus sum.

Second (E-) Conjugation.

121. I. PERFECT IN -VI.

deleo delere delevi deletus destroy fleo flere flevi fletus weep, lament com-pleo[42] complere complevi completus fill up aboleo abolere abolevi abolitus destroy cieo[43] ciere civi citus set in motion

II. PERFECT IN -UI.

a. Type -eo, -ere, -ui, -itus.

arceo arcere arcui keep off coerceo coercere coercui coercitus hold in check exerceo exercere exercui exercitus practise caleo calere calui caliturus be warm careo carere carui cariturus be without doleo dolere dolui doliturus grieve habeo habere habui habitus have debeo debere debui debitus owe praebeo praebere praebui praebitus offer jaceo jacere jacui jaciturus lie mereo merere merui meritus earn, deserve moneo monere monui monitus advise noceo nocere nocui nocitum (est) injure pareo parere parui pariturus obey placeo placere placui placiturus please taceo tacere tacui taciturus be silent terreo terrere terrui territus frighten valeo valere valui valiturus be strong

NOTE 1.—The following lack the Participial Stem:— egeo egere egui —— want emineo eminere eminui —— stand forth floreo florere florui —— bloom horreo horrere horrui —— bristle lateo latere latui —— lurk niteo nitere nitui —— gleam oleo olere olui —— smell palleo pallere pallui —— be pale pateo patere patui —— lie open rubeo rubere rubui —— be red sileo silere silui —— be silent splendeo splendere splendui —— gleam studeo studere studui —— study stupeo stupere stupui —— be amazed timeo timere timui —— fear torpeo torpere torpui —— be dull vigeo vigere vigui —— flourish vireo virere virui —— be green and others.

NOTE 2.—The following are used only in the Present System:— aveo avere —— —— wish frigeo frigere —— —— be cold immineo imminere —— —— overhang maereo maerere —— —— mourn polleo pollere —— —— be strong and others.

b. Type -eo, -ere, -ui, -tus (-sus).

censeo censere censui census estimate doceo docere docui doctus teach misceo miscere miscui mixtus mix teneo tenere tenui —— hold So contineo and sustineo; but— retineo retinere retinui retentus retain obtineo obtinere obtinui obtentus maintain torreo torrere torrui tostus bake

III. PERFECT IN -SI.

augeo augere auxi auctus increase torqueo torquere torsi tortus twist indulgeo indulgere indulsi —— indulge luceo lucere luxi —— be light lugeo lugere luxi —— mourn jubeo jubere jussi jussus order per-mulceo permulcere permulsi permulsus soothe rideo ridere risi risum (est) laugh suadeo suadere suasi suasum (est) advise abs-tergeo abstergere abstersi abstersus wipe off ardeo ardere arsi arsurus burn haereo haerere haesi haesurus stick maneo manere mansi mansurus stay algeo algere alsi —— be cold fulgeo fulgere fulsi —— gleam urgeo urgere ursi —— press

IV. PERFECT IN -I WITH REDUPLICATION.

mordeo mordere momordi morsus bite spondeo spondere spopondi sponsus promise tondeo tondere totondi tonsus shear pendeo pendere pependi —— hang

V. PERFECT IN -I WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.

caveo cavere cavi cauturus take care faveo favere favi fauturus favor foveo fovere fovi fotus cherish moveo movere movi motus move paveo pavere pavi —— fear sedeo sedere sedi sessurus sit video videre vidi visus see voveo vovere vovi votus vow

VI. PERFECT IN -I WITHOUT EITHER REDUPLICATION OR LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.

ferveo fervere (fervi, —— boil ferbui) prandeo prandere prandi pransus (Sec. 114,lunch 2) strideo stridere stridi —— creak

VII. DEPONENTS.

liceor liceri licitus sum bid polliceor polliceri pollicitus sum promise mereor mereri meritus sum earn misereor misereri miseritus sum pity vereor vereri veritus sum fear fateor fateri fassus sum confess confiteor confiteri confessus sum confess reor reri ratus sum think medeor mederi —— heal tueor tueri —— protect

Third (Consonant) Conjugation.

122. I. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN A CONSONANT.

1. Perfect in -si.

a. Type -o, -ere, -si, -tus.

carpo carpere carpsi carptus pluck sculpo sculpere sculpsi sculptus chisel repo repere repsi —— creep serpo serpere serpsi —— crawl scribo scribere scripsi scriptus write nubo nubere nupsi nupta (woman marry only) rego regere rexi rectus govern tego tegere texi tectus cover af-fligo affligere afflixi afflictus shatter dico dicere dixi dictus say duco ducere duxi ductus lead coquo coquere coxi coctus cook traho trahere traxi tractus draw veho vehere vexi vectus carry cingo cingere cinxi cinctus gird tingo tingere tinxi tinctus dip jungo jungere junxi junctus join fingo fingere finxi fictus would pingo pingere pinxi pictus paint stringo stringere strinxi strictus bind -stinguo[44] -stinguere -stinxi -stinctus blot out unguo unguere unxi unctus anoint vivo vivere vixi victum (est) live gero gerere gessi gestus carry uro urere ussi ustus burn temno temnere con-tempsi con-temptus despise

b. Type -o, -ere, -si, -sus.

figo figere fixi fixus fasten mergo mergere mersi mersus sink spargo spargere sparsi sparsus scatter flecto flectere flexi flexus bend necto nectere nexui nexus twine (nexi) mitto mittere misi missus send rado radere rasi rasus shave rodo rodere rosi rosus gnaw vado vadere -vasi[45] -vasum march, walk (est)[45] ludo ludere lusi lusum (est) play trudo trudere trusi trusus push laedo laedere laesi laesus injure, hurt claudo claudere clausi clausus close plaudo plaudere plausi plausum (est) clap explodo explodere explosi explosus hoot off cedo cedere cessi cessum (est) withdraw divido dividere divisi divisus divide premo premere pressi pressus press

2. Perfect in -i with Reduplication.

ab-do abdere abdidi abditus conceal red-do red-dere reddidi redditus return So addo, condo, dedo, perdo, prodo, trado, etc. con-sisto consistere constiti —— take one's stand resisto resistere restiti —— resist circumsisto circumsistere circumsteti —— surround cado cadere cecidi casurus fall caedo caedere cecidi caesus kill pendo pendere pependi pensus weigh, pay tendo tendere tetendi tentus stretch tundo tundere tutudi tusus, tunsus beat fallo fallere fefelli (falsus, as deceive Adj.) pello pellere pepuli pulsus drive out curro currere cucurri cursum (est) run parco parcere peperci parsurus spare cano canere cecini —— sing tango tangere tetigi tactus touch pungo pungere pupugi punctus prick

NOTE.—In the following verbs the perfects were originally reduplicated, but have lost the reduplicating syllable:— per-cello percellere perculi perculsus strike down findo findere fidi fissus split scindo scindere scidi scissus tear apart tollo tollere sus-tuli sublatus remove

3. Perfect in -i with Lengthening of Stem Vowel.

ago agere egi actus drive, do perago peragere peregi peractus finish subigo subigere subegi subactus subdue cogo cogere coegi coactus force, gather frango frangere fregi fractus break perfringo perfringere perfregi perfractus break down lego legere legi lectus gather, read perlego perlegere perlegi perlectus read through colligo colligere collegi collectus collect deligo deligere delegi delectus choose diligo diligere dilexi dilectus love intellego intellegere intellexi intellectus understand neglego neglegere neglexi neglectus neglect emo emere emi emptus buy coemo coemere coemi coemptus buy up redimo redimere redemi redemptus buy back dirimo dirimere diremi diremptus destroy demo demere dempsi demptus take away sumo sumere sumpsi sumptus take promo promere prompsi (promptus, as take out Adj.) vinco vincere vici victus conquer re-linquo relinquere reliqui relictus leave rumpo rumpere rupi ruptus break edo esse (Sec. edi esus eat 128) fundo fundere fudi fusus four

4. Perfect in -i without either Reduplication or Lengthening of Stem Vowel.

excudo excudere excudi excusus hammer consido considere consedi —— take one's seat possido possidere possedi possessus take possession accendo accendere accendi accensus kindle a-scendo ascendere ascendi ascensum (est) climb de-fendo defendere defendi defensus defend pre-hendo prehendere prehendi prehensus seize ico icere ici ictus strike vello vellere velli vulsus pluck verto vertere verti versus turn pando pandere pandi passus spread solvo solvere solvi solutus loose viso visere visi visus visit volvo volvere volvi volutus roll verro verrere verri versus sweep

5. Perfect in -ui.

in-cumbo incumbere incubui incubiturus lean on gigno gignere genui genitus bring forth molo molere molui molitus grind vomo vomere vomui vomitus vomit fremo fremere fremui —— snort gemo gemere gemui —— sigh meto metere messui messus reap tremo tremere tremui —— tremble strepo strepere strepui —— rattle alo alete alui altus (alitus) nourish colo colere colui cultus cultivate incolo incolere incolui —— inhabit excolo excolere excolui excultus perfect consulo consulere consului consultus consult consero conserere conserui consertus join desero deserere deserui desertus desert dissero disserere disserui —— discourse texo texere texui textus weave

6. Perfect in -vi.

sino sinere sivi situs allow desino desinere desii desitus cease pono ponere posui positus place ob-lino oblinere oblevi oblitus smear sero serere sevi satus sow consero conserere consevi consitus plant cerno cernere —— —— separate discerno discernere discrevi discretus distinguish decerno decernere decrevi decretus decide sperno spernere sprevi spretus scorn sterno sternere stravi stratus spread pro-sterno prosternere prostravi prostratus overthrow peto petere petivi petitus seek (petii) appeto appetere appetivi appetitus long for tero terere trivi tritus rub quaero quaerere quaesivi quaesitus seek acquiro acquirere acquisivi acquisitus acquire arcesso arcessere arcessivi arcessitus summon capesso capessere capessivi capessitus seize lacesso lacessere lacessivi lacessitus provoke

7. Used only in Present System.

ango angere —— —— choke lambo lambere —— —— lick claudo claudere —— —— be lame furo furere —— —— rave vergo vergere —— —— bend and a few others.

II. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -U.

induo induere indui indutus put on imbuo imbuere imbui imbutus moisten luo luere lui —— wash polluo polluere pollui pollutus defile minuo minuere minui minutus lessen statuo statuere statui statutus set up constituo constituere constitui constitutus determine suo suere sui sutus sew tribuo tribuere tribui tributus allot ruo ruere rui ruiturus fall diruo diruere dirui dirutus destroy obruo obruere obrui obrutus overwhelm acuo acuere acui —— sharpen arguo arguere argui —— accuse congruo congruere congrui —— agree metuo metuere metui —— fear ab-nuo abnuere abnui —— decline re-spuo respuere respui —— reject struo struere struxi structus build fluo fluere fluxi (fluxus, as flow Adj.)

III. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -I.

capio cupere cupivi cupitus wish sapio sapere sapivi —— taste rapio rapere rapui raptus snatch diripio diripere diripui direptus plunder conspicio conspicere conspexi conspectus gaze at aspicio aspicere aspexi aspectus behold illicio illicere illexi illectus allure pellicio pellicere pellexi pellectus allure elicio elicere elicui elicitus elicit quatio quatere —— quassus shake concutio concutere concussi concussus shake pario parere peperi partus bring forth capio capere cepi captus take accipio accipere accepi acceptus accept incipio incipere incepi inceptus begin facio facere feci factus make afficio afficere affeci affectus affect Passive, afficior, affici, affectus sum. So other prepositional compounds, perficio, perficior; interficio, interficior; etc. But— assuefacio assuefacere assuefeci assuefactus accustom Passive, assuefio, assuefieri, assuefactus sum. So also patefacio, patefio; calefacio, calefio; and all non-prepositional compounds. jacio jacere jeci jactus hurl abicio abicere abjeci abjectus throw away fodio fodere fodi fossus dig fugio fugere fugi fugiturus flee effugio effugere effugi —— escape

IV. VERBS IN -SCO.

1. Verbs in -sco from Simple Roots.

posco poscere poposci —— demand disco discere didici —— learn pasco pascere pavi pastus feed pascor pasci pastus sum graze cresco crescere crevi cretus grow consuesco consuescere consuevi consuetus accustom one's self quiesco quiescere quievi quieturus be still adolesco adolescere adolevi adultus grow up obsolesco obsolescere obsolevi —— grow old nosco noscere novi —— become acquainted with ignosco ignoscere ignovi ignoturus pardon agnosco agnoscere agnovi agnitus recognize cognosco cognoscere cognovi cognitus get acquainted with

2. Verbs in -sco formed from other Verbs.

These usually have Inchoative or Inceptive meaning (see Sec. 155, 1). When they have the Perfect, it is the same as that of the Verbs from which they are derived.

floresco florescere florui begin to (floreo) bloom scisco sciscere scivi enact (scio) aresco arescere arui become dry (areo) calesco calescere calui become hot (caleo) consenesco consenescere consenui grow old (seneo) extimesco extimescere extimui fear greatly (timeo) ingemisco ingemiscere ingemui sigh (gemo) adhaeresco adhaerescere adhaesi stick (haereo)

3. Verbs in -sco derived from Adjectives, usually with Inchoative meaning.

obduresco obdurescere obdurui grow hard (durus) evanesco evanescere evinui disappear (vanus) percrebresco percrebrescere percrebrui grow fresh (creber) maturesco maturescere maturui grow ripe (maturus) obmutesco obmutescere obmutui grow dumb (mutus)

V. DEPONENTS.

fungor fungi functus sum perform queror queri questus sum complain loquor loqui locutus sum speak sequor sequi secutus sum follow fruor frui fruiturus enjoy perfruor perfrui perfructus sum thoroughly enjoy labor labi lapsus sum glide amplector amplecti amplexus sum embrace nitor niti nisus sum, strive nixus sum gradior gradi gressus sum walk patior pati passus sum suffer perpetior perpeti perpessus sum endure utor uti usus sum use morior mori mortuus sum die adipiscor adipisci adeptus sum acquire comminiscor comminisci commentus sum invent reminiscor reminisci —— remember nanciscor nancisci nanctus acquire (nactus) sum nascor nasci natus sum be born obliviscor oblivisci oblitus sum forget paciscor pacisci pactus sum covenant proficiscor proficisci profectus sum set out ulciscor ulcisci ultus sum avenge irascor irasci (iratus, as be angry Adj.) vescor vesci —— eat

Fourth Conjugation.

123. I. PERFECT ENDS IN -VI.

audio audire audivi auditus hear So all regular Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation. sepelio sepelire sepelivi sepultus bury

II. PERFECT ENDS IN -UI.

aperio aperire aperui apertus open operio operire operui opertus cover salio salire salui —— leap

III. PERFECT ENDS IN -SI.

saepio saepire saepsi saeptus hedge in sancio sancire sanxi sanctus ratify vincio vincire vinxi vinctus bind amicio amicire —— amictus envelop fulcio fulcire fulsi fultus prop up refercio refercire refersi refertus fill sarcio sarcire sarsi sartus patch haurio haurire hausi haustus draw sentio sentire sensi sensus feel

IV. PERFECT IN -I WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.

venio venire veni ventum (est) come advenio advenire adveni adventum (est) arrive invenio invenire inveni inventus find

V. PERFECT WITH LOSS OF REDUPLICATION.

reperio reperire repperi repertus find comperio comperire comperi compertus learn

VI. USED ONLY IN THE PRESENT.

ferio ferire —— —— strike esurio esurire —— —— be hungry

VII. DEPONENTS.

largior largiri largitus sum bestow So many others. experior experiri expertus sum try opperior opperiri oppertus sum await ordior ordiri orsus sum begin orior oriri ortus sum arise Orior usually follows the Third Conjugation in its inflection; as oreris, oritur, orimur; orerer (Imp. Subj.); orere (Imper.). metior metiri mensus sum measure assentior assentiri assensus sum assent

* * * * *

IRREGULAR VERBS.

124. A number of Verbs are called Irregular. The most important are sum, do, edo, fero, volo, nolo, malo, eo, fio. The peculiarity of these Verbs is that they append the personal endings in many forms directly to the stem, instead of employing a connecting vowel, as fer-s (2d Sing. of fer-o), instead of fer-i-s. They are but the relics of what was once in Latin a large class of Verbs.

125. The Inflection of sum has already been given. Its various compounds are inflected in the same way. They are—

absum abesse afui am absent Pres. Partic. absens (absentis), absent. adsum adesse adfui am present desum deesse defui am lacking insum inesse infui am in intersum interesse interfui am among praesum praeesse praefui am in charge of Pres. Partic. praesens (praesentis), present obsum obesse obfui hinder prosum prodesse profui am of advantage subsum subesse subfui am underneath supersum superesse superfui am left

NOTE.—Prosum is compounded of prod (earlier form of pro) and sum; the d disappears before consonants, as prosumus; but prodestis.

126. Possum. In its Present System possum is a compound of pot- (for pote, able) and sum; potui is from an obsolete potere.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. possum, posse, potui, to be able.

INDICATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pres. possum, potes, potest; possumus, potestis, possunt. Imp. poteram; poteramus. Fut. potero; poterimus. Perf. potui; potuimus. Plup. potueram; potueramus. Fut. P. potuero; potuerimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pres. possim, possis, possit; possimus, possitis, possint. Imp. possem; possemus. Perf. potuerim; potuerimus. Plup. potuissem; potuissemus.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. posse. Pres. potens (as an adjective). Perf. potuisse.

127. Do, I give.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. do, dare, dedi, datus.

Active Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pres. do, das, dat; damus, datis, dant. Imp. dabam, etc.; dabamus. Fut. dabo, etc.; dabimus. Perf. dedi; dedimus. Plup. dederam; dederamus. Fut. P. dedero; dederimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. dem; demus. Imp. darem; daremus. Perf. dederim; dederimus. Plup. dedissem; dedissemus.

IMPERATIVE. Pres. da; date. Fut. dato; datote. dato. danto.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. dare. dans. Perf. dedisse. Fut. daturus esse. daturus.

GERUND. SUPINE. dandi, etc. datum, datu.

1. The passive is inflected regularly with the short vowel. Thus: dari, datur, daretur, etc.

2. The archaic and poetic Present Subjunctive forms duim, duint, perduit, perduint, etc., are not from the root da-, but from du-, a collateral root of similar meaning.

128. Edo, I eat.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. edo, esse, edi, esus.

Active Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD. Pres. edo, edimus, es, estis, est; edunt.

SUBJUNCTIVE. Imp. essem, essemus, esses, essetis, esset; essent.

IMPERATIVE. Pres. es; este. Fut. esto; estote. esto; edunto.

INFINITIVE. Pres. esse.

Passive Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD. Pres. 3d Sing. estur.

SUBJUNCTIVE. Imp. 3d Sing. essetur.

1. Observe the long vowel of the forms in es-, which alone distinguishes them from the corresponding forms of esse, to be.

2. Note comedo, comesse, comedi, comesus or comestus, consume.

3. The Present Subjunctive has edim, -is, -it, etc., less often edam, -as, etc.

129. Fero, I bear.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. fero, ferre, tuli, latus.

Active Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD. PLURAL. SINGULAR. Pres. fero, fers, fert; ferimus, fertis, ferunt.[46] Imp. ferebam; ferebamus. Fut. feram; feremus. Perf. tuli; tulimus. Plup. tuleram; tuleramus. Fut. P. tulero; tulerimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. feram; feramus. Imp. ferrem; ferremus. Perf. tulerim; tulerimus. Plup. tulissem; tulissemus.

IMPERATIVE Pres. fer; ferte. Fut. ferto; fertote. ferto; ferunto.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. ferre. Pres. ferens. Perf. tulisse. Fut. laturus esse. Fut. laturus.

GERUND. SUPINE. Gen. ferendi. Dat. ferendo. Acc. ferendum. Acc. latum. Abl. ferendo. Abl. latu.

Passive Voice. feror, ferri, latus sum, to be borne.

INDICATIVE MOOD. PLURAL. SINGULAR. Pres. feror, ferris, fertur; ferimur, ferimini, feruntur. Imp. ferebar; ferebamur. Fut. ferar; feremur. Perf. latus sum; lati sumus. Plup. latus eram; lati eramus. Fut. P. latus ero; lati erimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. ferar; feramur. Imp. ferrer; ferremur. Perf. latus sim; lati simus. Plup. latus essem; lati essemus.

IMPERATIVE. Pres. ferre; ferimimi. Fut. fertor; —— fertor; feruntor.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. ferri. Perf. latus esse. Perf. latus. Fut. latum iri. Fut. ferendus.

So also the Compounds—

affero afferre attuli allatus bring toward aufero auferre abstuli ablatus take away confero conferre contuli collatus compare differo differre distuli dilatus put off effero efferre extuli elatus carry out infero inferre intuli illatus bring against offero offerre obtuli oblatus present refero referre rettuli relatus bring back

NOTE.—The forms sustuli and sublatus belong to tollo.

130. volo, nolo, malo.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. volo, velle, volui, to wish. nolo, nolle, nolui, to be unwilling. malo, malle, malui, to prefer.

INDICATIVE MOOD. Pres. volo, nolo, malo, vis, non vis, mavis, vult; non vult; mavult; volumus, nolumus, malumus, vultis, non vultis, mavultis, volunt. nolunt. malunt. Imp. volebam. nolebam. malebam. Fut. volam. nolam. malam. Perf. volui. nolui. malui. Plup. volueram. nolueram. malueram. Fut. P. voluero. noluero. maluero.

SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. velim, -is, -it, nolim. malim. etc. Inf. vellem, -es, -et, nollem. mallem. etc. Perf. voluerim. noluerim. maluerim. Pluf. voluissem. noluissem. maluissem.

IMPERATIVE.

Pres. noli; nolite. Fut. nolito; nolitote. nolito; nolunto.

INFINITIVE. Pres. velle. nolle. malle. Perf. voluisse. noluisse. maluisse

PARTICIPLE. Pres. volens nolens. ——

131. Fio.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. fio, fieri, factus sum, to become, be made.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SINGULAR, PLURAL. Pres. fio, fis, fit; fimus, fitis, fiunt. Inf. fiebam; fiebamus. Fut. fiam; fiemus. Perf. factus sum; facti sumus. Pluf. factus eram; facti eramus. Fut. P. factus ero; facti erimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. fiam; fiamus. Imp. fierem; fieremus. Perf. factus sim; facti simus. Plup. factus essem; facti essemus.

IMPERATIVE. Pres. fi; fite. PARTICIPLE. INFINITIVE. Pres. fieri. Perf. factus esse. Perf. factus. Fut. factum iri. Ger. faciendus.

NOTE.—A few isolated forms of compounds of fio occur; as, defit lacks; infit, begins.

132. Eo.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. eo, ire, ivi, itum (est), to go.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pres. eo, is, it; imus, itis, eunt. Imp. ibam; ibamus. Fut. ibo; ibimus. Perf. ivi (ii); ivimus (iimus). Plup. iveram (ieram); iveramus (ieramus) Fut. P. ivero (iero); iverimus (ierimus).

SUBJUNCTIVE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pres. eam; eamus. Inf. irem; iremus. Perf. iverim (ierim); iverimus (ierimus). Pluf. ivissem (iissem, issem); ivissemus (iissemus, issemus).

IMPERATIVE. Pres. i; ite. Fut. ito; itote, ito; eunto.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. ire. Pres. iens. Perf. ivisse (isse). (Gen. euntis.) Fut. iturus esse. Fut. iturus. Gerundive, eundum.

GERUND. SUPINE. eundi, etc. itum, itu.

1. Transitive compounds of eo admit the full Passive inflection; as adeor, adiris, aditur, etc.

* * * * *

DEFECTIVE VERBS.

Defective Verbs lack certain forms. The following are the most important:—

133. USED MAINLY IN THE PERFECT SYSTEM.

Coepi, Memini, Odi, I have I remember. I hate. begun.

INDICATIVE MOOD. Perf. coepi. memini. odi. Plup. coeperam. memineram. oderam. Fut. P. coepero. meminero. odero.

SUBJUNCTIVE. Perf. coeperim. meminerim. oderim. Pluf. coepissem. meminissem. odissem.

IMPERATIVE. Sing. memento; Plur. mementote.

INFINITIVE. Perf. coepisse. meminisse. odisse. Fut. coepturus esse. osurus esse.

PARTICIPLE. Perf. coeptus, begun. osus. Fut. coepturus. osurus.

1. When coepi governs a Passive Infinitive it usually takes the form coeptus est; as, amari coeptus est, he began to be loved.

2. Note that memini and odi, though Perfect in form, are Present in sense. Similarly the Pluperfect and Future Perfect have the force of the Imperfect and Future; as, memineram, I remembered; odero, I shall hate.

134. Inquam, I say (inserted between words of a direct quotation)

INDICATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pres. inquam, —— inquis, —— inquit; inquiunt. Fut. —— —— inquies, —— inquiet. —— Perf. 3d Sing. inquit.

135. Ajo, I say.

INDICATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. PLURAL Pres. ajo, —— ais, —— ait; ajunt. Imp. ajebam, ajebamus, ajebas, ajebatis, ajebat; ajebant. Perf 3d Sing. ait.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

Pres 3d Sing. ajat.

NOTE.—For aisne, do you mean? ain is common.

136. Fari, to speak.

This is inflected regularly in the perfect tenses. In the Present System it has—

INDICATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pres. —— —— —— —— fatur. —— Fut. fabor, —— —— —— fabitur. —— Impv. fare. Inf. fari. Pres. fantis, fanti, etc. Partic. Gerund, fandi; D. and Abl., fando. G., Gerundive, fandus.

NOTE.—Forms of fari are rare. More frequent are its compounds; as,— affatur, he addresses; praefamur, we say in advance.

137. OTHER DEFECTIVE FORMS.

1. Queo, quire, quivi, to be able, and nequeo, nequire, nequivi, to be unable, are inflected like eo, but occur chiefly in the Present Tense, and there only in special forms.

2. Quaeso, I entreat; quaesumus, we entreat.

3. Cedo (2d sing. Impv.), cette (2d plu.); give me, tell me.

4. Salve, salvete, hail. Also Infinitive, salvere.

5. Have (ave), havete, hail. Also Infinitive, havere.

* * * * *

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

138. Impersonal Verbs correspond to the English, it snows, it seems, etc. They have no personal subject, but may take an Infinitive, a Clause, or a Neuter Pronoun; as, me pudet hoc fecisse, lit. it shames me to have done this; hoc decet, this is fitting. Here belong—

I. Verbs denoting operations of the weather; as,—

fulget fulsit it lightens tonat tonuit it thunders grandinat —— it hails ningit ninxit it snows pluit pluit it rains

II. Special Verbs.

paenitet paenitere paenituit it repents piget pigere piguit it grieves pudet pudere puduit it causes shame taedet taedere taeduit it disgusts miseret miserere miseruit it causes pity libet libere libuit it pleases licet licere licuit it is lawful oportet oportere oportuit it is fitting decet decere decuit it is becoming dedecet dedecere dedecuit it is unbecoming refert referre retulit it concerns

III. Verbs Impersonal only in Special Senses.

constat constare constitit it is evident praestat praestare praestitit it is better juvat juvare juvit it delights apparet apparere apparuit it appears placet placere placuit it pleases (placitum est) accedit accedere accessit it is added accidit accidere accidit it happens contingit contingere contigit it happens evenit evenire evenit it turns out interest interesse interfuit it concerns

IV. The Passive of Intransitive Verbs; as,—

itur lit. it is gone i.e. some one goes curritur lit. it is run i.e. some one runs ventum est lit. it has been come i.e. some one has come veniendum est lit. it must be come i.e. somebody must come pugnari potest lit. it can be fought i.e. somebody can fight

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PART III.

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PARTICLES.

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139. Particles are the four Parts of Speech that do not admit of inflection; viz. Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections.

ADVERBS.

140. Adverbs denote manner, place, time, or degree Most adverbs are in origin case-forms which have become stereotyped by usage. The common adverbial terminations have already been given above (Sec. 76). The following TABLE OF CORRELATIVES is important:—

RELATIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE. INDEFINITE. INTERROGATIVE. ubi, where; where? hic, here. alicubi, usquam, ibi, illic, istic, uspiam, somewhere. there. quo, whither; huc, hither. aliquo, to some whither? eo, istuc, illuc, place. thither. unde, whence; hinc, hence. alicunde, from whence? inde, istinc, illinc, somewhere. thence. qua, where; where? hac, by this way. aliqua, by some way. ea, istac, illac, by that way. cum, when. nunc, now. aliquando, umquam, quando, when? tum, tunc, then. sometime, ever. quotiens, as often totiens, so often. aliquotiens, some as; how often? number of times. quam, as much as; tam, so much. aliquantum, how much? somewhat.

PREPOSITIONS.

141. Prepositions show relations of words. The following Prepositions govern the Accusative:—

ad, to. contra, against. post, after. adversus, erga, toward. praeter, past. against. extra, outside. prope, near. adversum, toward, infra, below. propter, on account against. inter, between. of. ante, before. intra, within. secundum, after. apud, with, juxta, near. subter, beneath. near. ob, on account super, over. circa, around. of. supra, above. circiter, about. penes, in the hands trans, across. circum, around. of. ultra, beyond. cis, this side per, through. versus, toward. of. pone, behind. citra, this side of.

1. Usque is often prefixed to ad, in the sense of even; as,—

usque ad urbem, even to the city.

2. Versus always follows its case; as,—

Romam versus, toward Rome.

It may be combined with a preceding Preposition; as,—

ad urbem versus, toward the city.

3. Like prope, the Comparatives propior, propius, and the Superlatives proximus, proxime, sometimes govern the Accusative; as,—

Ubii proxime Rhenum incolunt, the Ubii dwell next to the Rhine; propius castra hostium, nearer the camp of the enemy.

142. The following Prepositions govern the Ablative:—

a, ab, abs, from, cum, with. pro, in front of, by. de, from, for. absque, without. concerning. sine, without. coram, in the e, ex, from out tenus, up to. presence of. of. prae, before.

1. A, ab, abs. Before vowels or h, ab must be used; before consonants we find sometimes a, sometimes ab (the latter usually not before the labials b, p, f, v, m; nor before c, g, q, or t); abs occurs only before te, and a is admissible even there.

2. E, ex. Before vowels or h, ex must be used; before consonants we find sometimes e, sometimes ex.

3. Tenus regularly follows its case, as, pectoribus tenus, up to the breast. It sometimes governs the Genitive, as, labrorum tenus, as far as the lips.

4. Cum is appended to the Pronouns of the First and Second Persons, and to the Reflexive Pronoun; usually also to the Relative and Interrogative. Thus:—

mecum nobiscum quocum or cum quo tecum vobiscum quacum or cum qua secum quibuscum or cum quibus On quicum, see Sec. 89, Footnote 27.

143. Two Prepositions, in, in, into, and sub, under, govern both the Accusative and the Ablative. With the Accusative they denote motion; with the Ablative, rest; as,—

in urbem, into the city; in urbe, in the city.

1. Subter and super are also occasionally construed with the Ablative.

144. RELATION OF ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS.

1. Prepositions were originally Adverbs, and many of them still retain their adverbial meaning; as, post, afterwards; ante, previously; contra, on the other hand, etc.

2. Conversely several words, usually adverbs, are occasionally employed as prepositions; as,—

clam, pridie, with the Accusative. procul, simul, palam, with the Ablative.

3. Anastrophe. A Preposition sometimes follows its case. This is called Anastrophe; as,—

ei, quos inter erat, those among whom he was.

Anastrophe occurs chiefly with dissyllabic prepositions.

CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.

145. 1. Conjunctions are used to connect ideas. For Cooerdinate Conjunctions, see Sec. 341 ff. Subordinate Conjunctions are treated in connection with Subordinate Clauses.

2. Interjections express emotion. Thus:—

1. Surprise; as, en, ecce, o. 2. Joy; as, io, euoe. 3. Sorrow and Pain; as, heu, eheu, vae, pro. 4. Calling; as, heus, eho.

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PART IV.

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WORD-FORMATION.

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I. DERIVATIVES.

146. Derivatives are formed by appending certain terminations called Suffixes to stems of verbs, nouns, or adjectives.

A. NOUNS.

1. Nouns derived from Verbs.

147. 1. The suffix -tor (-sor), Fem. -trix, denotes the agent; as,—

victor, victrix, victor; defensor, defender.

NOTE.—The suffix -tor is occasionally appended to noun stems; as,—

gladiator, gladiator (from gladius).

2. The suffix -or (originally -os) denotes an activity or a condition; as,—

amor, love; timor, fear; dolor, pain.

3. The suffixes -tio (-sio), Gen. -onis, and -tus (-sus), Gen. -us, denote an action as in process; as,—

venatio, hunting; obsessio, blockade; gemitus, sighing; cursus, running.

NOTE.—Rarer endings with the same force are:—

a) -tura, -sura; as,—

sepultura, burial; mensura, measuring.

b) -ium; as,—

gaudium, rejoicing.

c) -ido; as,—

cupido, desire.

4. The suffixes -men, -mentum, -crum, -trum, -bulum, -culum, denote the means or place of an action; as,—

lumen (luc-s-men), light; vocabulum, word; ornamentum, ornament; documentum, proof; sepulcrum, grave; aratrum, plough; vehiculum, carriage.

2. Nouns derived from Nouns.

148. 1. Diminutives end in—

-ulus, (-ula, -ulum) -olus, (-ola, -olum), after a vowel -culus, (-cula, -culum) -ellus, (-ella, -ellum) -illus, (-illa, -illum)

as,—

nidulus, little nest (nidus); virgula, wand (virga); oppidulum, little town (oppidum); filiolus, little son (filius); opusculum, little work (opus); tabella, tablet (tabula); lapillus, pebble (lapis).

NOTE 1.—It will be observed that in gender the Diminutives follow the gender of the words from which they are derived.

NOTE 2.—The endings -ellus, -illus contain the primitive form of the diminutive suffix, viz., -lo-. Thus:—

agellus, field, for ager-lus; lapillus, pebble, for lapid-lus.

2. The suffix -ium appended to nouns denoting persons designates either a collection of such persons or their function; as,—

collegium, a corporation, body of colleagues (collega); sacerdotium, priestly function (sacerdos).

3. The suffixes -arium, -etum, -ile designate a place where objects are kept or are found in abundance; as,—

columbarium, dove-cote (columba); olivetum, olive-orchard (oliva); ovile, sheep-fold (ovis).

4. The suffix -atus denotes official position or honor; as,—

consulatus, consulship (consul).

5. The suffix -ina appended to nouns denoting persons designates a vocation or the place where it is carried on; as,—

doctrina, teaching (doctor, teacher); medicina, the art of healing (medicus, physician); sutrina, cobbler's shop (sutor, cobbler).

6. Patronymics are Greek proper names denoting son of ..., daughter of .... They have the following suffixes:—

a) Masculines: -ides, -ades, -ides; as, Priamides, son of Priam; Aeneades, son of Aeneas; Pelides, son of Peleus.

b) Feminines: -eis, -is, -ias; as, Nereis, daughter of Nereus; Atlantis, daughter of Atlas; Thaumantias, daughter of Thaumas.

3. Nouns derived from Adjectives.

149. The suffixes -tas (-itas), -tudo (-itudo), -ia, -itia are used for the formation of abstract nouns denoting qualities; as,—

bonitas, goodness; celeritas, swiftness; magnitudo, greatness; audacia, boldness; amicitia, friendship.

* * * * *

B. ADJECTIVES.

1. Adjectives derived from Verbs.

150. 1. The suffixes -bundus and -cundus give nearly the force of a present participle; as,—

tremebundus, trembling; jucundus (juvo), pleasing.

2. The suffixes -ax and -ulus denote an inclination or tendency, mostly a faulty one; as,—

loquax, loquacious; credulus, credulous.

3. The suffix -idus denotes a state; as,—

calidus, hot; timidus, timid; cupidus, eager.

4. The suffixes -ilis and -bilis denote capacity or ability, usually in a passive sense; as,—

fragilis, fragile (i.e. capable of being broken); docilis, docile.

2. Adjectives derived from Nouns.

a) From Common Nouns.

151. 1. The suffixes -eus and -inus are appended to names of substances or materials; as,—

aureus, of gold; ferreus, of iron; faginus, of beech.

2. The suffixes -ius, -icus, -ilis, -alis, -aris, -arius, -nus, -anus, -inus, -ivus, -ensis signify belonging to, connected with; as,—

oratorius, oratorical; legionarius, legionary; bellicus, pertaining to war; paternus, paternal; civilis, civil; urbanus, of the city; regalis, regal; marinus, marine; consularis, consular; aestivus, pertaining to summer; circensis, belonging to the circus.

3. The suffixes -osus and -lentus denote fullness; as,—

periculosus, full of danger, gloriosus, glorious; dangerous; opulentus, wealthy.

4. The suffix -tus has the force of provided with; as,—

barbatus, bearded; stellatus, set with stars.

b) From Proper Names.

152. 1. Names of persons take the suffixes: -anus, -ianus, -inus; as,—

Catonianus, belonging to Plautinus, belonging to Cato; Plautus.

2. Names of nations take the suffixes -icus, -ius; as,—

Germanicus, German; Thracius, Thracian.

3. Names of places take the suffixes -anus, -inus, -ensis, -aeus, -ius; as,—

Romanus, Roman; Atheniensis, Athenian; Amerinus, of Ameria; Smyrnaeus, of Smyrna; Corinthius, Corinthian.

NOTE.— -anus and -ensis, appended to names of countries, designate something stationed in the country or connected with it, but not indigenous; as,—

bellum Africanum, a war (of Romans with Romans) in Africa. bellum Hispaniense, a war carried on in Spain. legiones Gallicanae, (Roman) legions stationed in Gaul.

3. Adjectives derived from Adjectives.

153. Diminutives in -lus sometimes occur; as,—

parvolus, little; misellus (passer), poor little (sparrow); pauperculus, needy.

4. Adjectives derived from Adverbs.

154. These end in -ernus, -ternus, -tinus, -tinus; as,—

hodiernus, of to-day (hodie); hesternus, of yesterday (heri); intestinus, internal (intus); diutinus, long-lasting (diu).

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C. VERBS.

1. Verbs derived from Verbs.

155. 1. INCEPTIVES OR INCHOATIVES. These end in -sco, and are formed from Present Stems. They denote the beginning of an action; as,—

labasco, begin to totter (from labo); horresco, grow rough (from horreo); tremesco, begin to tremble (from tremo); obdormisco, fall asleep (from dormio).

2. FREQUENTATIVES OR INTENSIVES. These denote a repeated or energetic action. They are formed from the Participial Stem, and end in -to or -so. Those derived from verbs of the First Conjugation end in -ito (not -ato, as we should expect). Examples of Frequentatives are—

jacto, toss about, brandish (from jacio, hurl); curso, run hither and thither (from curro, run); volito, flit about (from volo, fly).

a. Some double Frequentatives occur; as,—

cantito, sing over and over (canto); cursito, keep running about (curso); ventito, keep coming.

b. agito, set in motion, is formed from the Present Stem.

3. DESIDERATIVES. These denote a desire to do something. They are formed from the Participial Stem, and end in -urio; as,—

esurio, desire to eat, am hungry (edo); parturio, want to bring forth, am in (pario). labor

2. Verbs derived from Nouns and Adjectives (Denominatives).

156. Denominatives of the First Conjugation are mostly transitive; those of the Second exclusively intransitive. Those of the Third and Fourth Conjugations are partly transitive, partly intransitive. Examples are—

a) From Nouns:—

fraudo, defraud (fraus); vestio, clothe (vestis); floreo, bloom (flos).

b) From Adjectives:—

libero, free (liber); saevio, be fierce (saevus).

* * * * *

D. ADVERBS.

157. 1. Adverbs derived from verbs are formed from the Participial Stem by means of the suffix -im; as,—

certatim, emulously (certo); cursim, in haste (curro); statim, immediately (sto).

2. Adverbs derived from nouns and adjectives are formed:—

a) With the suffixes -tim (-sim), -atim; as,—

gradatim, step by step;

paulatim, gradually;

viritim, man by man.

b) With the suffix -tus; as,—

antiquitus, of old;

radicitus, from the roots.

c) With the suffix -ter; as,—

breviter, briefly.

* * * * *

II. COMPOUNDS.

158. 1. Compounds are formed by the union of simple words. The second member usually contains the essential meaning of the compound; the first member expresses some modification of this.

2. Vowel changes often occur in the process of composition. Thus:—

a. In the second member of compounds. (See Sec. 7, 1.)

b. The final vowel of the stem of the first member of the compound often appears as i where we should expect o or a; sometimes it is dropped altogether, and in case of consonant stems i is often inserted; as,—

signifer, standard-bearer;

tubicen, trumpeter;

magnanimus, high-minded;

matricida, matricide.

159. EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS.

1. Nouns:—

a) Preposition + Noun; as,—

de-decus, disgrace;

pro-avus, great-grandfather.

b) Noun + Verb Stem; as,—

agri-cola, farmer;

fratri-cida, fratricide.

2. Adjectives:—

a) Preposition + Adjective (or Noun); as,—

per-magnus, very great;

sub-obscurus, rather obscure;

a-mens, frantic.

b) Adjective + Noun; as,—

magn-animus, great-hearted;

celeri-pes, swift-footed.

c) Noun + Verb Stem; as,—

parti-ceps, sharing;

morti-fer, death-dealing.

3. Verbs:—

The second member is always a verb. The first may be—

a) A Noun; as,—

aedi-fico, build.

b) An Adjective; as,—

ampli-fico, enlarge.

c) An Adverb; as,—

male-dico, rail at.

d) Another Verb; as,—

cale-facio, make warm.

e) A Preposition; as,—

ab-jungo, detach;

re-fero, bring back;

dis-cerno, distinguish;

ex-specto, await.

NOTE.—Here belong the so-called INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS:

ambi- (amb-), around;

dis- (dir-, di-), apart, asunder;

por-, forward;

red- (re-), back;

sed- (se-), apart from;

ve-, without.

4. Adverbs:—

These are of various types; as,—

antea, before;

ilico (in loco), on the spot;

imprimis, especially;

obviam, in the way.

* * * * *

PART V.

* * * * *

SYNTAX.

* * * * *

160. Syntax treats of the use of words in sentences

CHAPTER I.—Sentences.

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES.

161. Sentences may be classified as follows:—

1. DECLARATIVE, which state something; as,—

puer scribit, the boy is writing.

2. INTERROGATIVE, Which ask a question; as,—

quid puer scribit, what is the boy writing?

3. EXCLAMATORY, which are in the form of an exclamation; as,—

quot libros scribit, how many books he writes!

4. IMPERATIVE, which express a command or an admonition; as,—

scribe, write!

FORM OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.

162. Questions may be either Word-Questions or Sentence-Questions.

1. Word-Questions. These are introduced by the various interrogative pronouns and adverbs, such as—quis, qui, qualis, quantus, quot, quotiens, quo, qua, etc. Thus:—

quis venit, who comes? quam diu manebit, how long will he stay?

2. Sentence-Questions. These are introduced—

a) By nonne implying the answer 'yes'; as,—

nonne videtis, do you not see?

b) By num implying the answer 'no'; as,—

num exspectas, do you expect? (i.e. you don't expect, do you?)

c) by the enclitic -ne, appended to the emphatic word (which usually stands first), and simply asking for information; as,—

videsne, do you see?

A question introduced by -ne may receive a special implication from the context; as,—

sensistine, did you not perceive?

d) Sometimes by no special word, particularly in expressions of surprise or indignation; as,—

tu in judicum conspectum venire audes, do you dare to come into the presence of the judges?

3. Rhetorical Questions. These are questions merely in form, being employed to express an emphatic assertion; as, quis dubitat, who doubts? (= no one doubts).

4. Double Questions. Double Questions are introduced by the following particles:—

utrum ... an;

-ne ... an;

—— ... an.

If the second member is negative, annon (less often necne) is used. Examples:—

utrum honestum est an turpe, } honestumne est an turpe, } is it honorable or base? honestum est an turpe, } suntne di annon, are there gods or not?

a. An was not originally confined to double questions, but introduced single questions, having the force of -ne, nonne, or num. Traces of this use survive in classical Latin; as,—

A rebus gerendis abstrahit senectus. Quibus? An eis quae juventute geruntur et viribus? Old age (it is alleged) withdraws men from active pursuits. From what pursuits? Is it not merely from those which are carried on by the strength of youth?

5. Answers.

a. The answer YES is expressed by ita, etiam, vero, sane, or by repetition of the verb; as,—

'visne locum mutemus?' 'sane'. 'Shall we change the place?' 'Certainly.'

'estisne vos legati?' 'sumus.' 'Are you envoys?' 'Yes.'