English Dog Zambal of Bolinao a'-so Zambal of Iba a'-so Zambal—Aeta a'-ho Aeta of Santa Fe a'-ho Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Rooster Zambal of Bolinao ma-nuk' Zambal of Iba ma-nook' Zambal—Aeta ma-nook' Aeta of Santa Fe ma-nok' Aeta of Subig ma-nook' Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Hen Zambal of Bolinao o'-pa Zambal of Iba tu'-a Zambal—Aeta tu'-a Aeta of Santa Fe Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English One Zambal of Bolinao sa'-ya Zambal of Iba a'-sa Zambal—Aeta mi'-ha Aeta of Santa Fe mi'-ha Aeta of Subig mi'-ha Aeta, Bataan Province isa Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin

English Two Zambal of Bolinao ru'-a Zambal of Iba lu'-a Zambal—Aeta lu'-a Aeta of Santa Fe lu'-a Aeta of Subig lu'-a Aeta, Bataan Province delawa* Dumagat, Bulacan Province adua

English Three Zambal of Bolinao ta'-ro Zambal of Iba to'-lo Zambal—Aeta tat'-lo Aeta of Santa Fe tat'-lo Aeta of Subig tat'-lo Aeta, Bataan Province tatlo* Dumagat, Bulacan Province telewan

English Four Zambal of Bolinao a'-pat Zambal of Iba a'-pat Zambal—Aeta a'-pat Aeta of Santa Fe a'-pat Aeta of Subig a'-pat Aeta, Bataan Province apat* Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Five Zambal of Bolinao ri'-ma Zambal of Iba li'-ma Zambal—Aeta li'-ma Aeta of Santa Fe li'-ma Aeta of Subig li'-ma Aeta, Bataan Province lima* Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Six Zambal of Bolinao a'-nem Zambal of Iba a'-nem Zambal—Aeta a'-nam Aeta of Santa Fe a'-nem Aeta of Subig a'-nem Aeta, Bataan Province anem* Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Seven Zambal of Bolinao pi'-to Zambal of Iba pi'-to Zambal—Aeta pi'-to Aeta of Santa Fe pi'-to Aeta of Subig pi'-to Aeta, Bataan Province pito* Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Eight Zambal of Bolinao ca'-ro Zambal of Iba ca'-lo Zambal—Aeta ca'-lo Aeta of Santa Fe oa'-lo Aeta of Subig oa'-lo Aeta, Bataan Province oalo* Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Nine Zambal of Bolinao si'-am Zambal of Iba si'-am Zambal—Aeta si'-am Aeta of Santa Fe si'-am Aeta of Subig si-am Aeta, Bataan Province siam* Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Ten Zambal of Bolinao ma-pu'-ro Zambal of Iba ma-po'-lo Zambal—Aeta ma'-po Aeta of Santa Fe ma,-po Aeta of Subig ham'-po Aeta, Bataan Province sampo* Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-a-mapolo

English Eleven Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-sa'-ya Zambal of Iba la'-bin-a'-sa Zambal—Aeta la'-bin-mi'-ha Aeta of Santa Fe la'-bin-mi-ha Aeta of Subig la'-bin-mi'-ha Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-a-mopolo-a-isin

English Twelve Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-ru'-a Zambal of Iba la'-bin-lu'-a Zambal—Aeta la'-bin-lu'-a Aeta of Santa Fe la'-bin-lu'-a Aeta of Subig la-bin-lu'-a Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-o-mopolo-adua

English Thirteen Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-ta'-ro Zambal of Iba la'-bin-to'-lo Zambal—Aeta la'-bin-tat'-lo Aeta of Santa Fe la'-bin-tat'-lo Aeta of Subig la-bin-tat'-lo Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Fourteen Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-a'-pat Zambal of Iba la'-bin-a'-pat Zambal—Aeta lal-bin-a'-pat Aeta of Santa Fe la'-bin-a'-pat Aeta of Subig la-bin-a'-pat Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Twenty Zambal of Bolinao ru'-an-pu'-ro Zambal of Iba lu'-am-po'-lo Zambal—Aeta lu-am'-po Aeta of Santa Fe lu-am'-po Aeta of Subig lu-am'-pa Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province aduamapolo

English Twenty-one Zambal of Bolinao rul-an-pu'-ro-sa'-ya Zambal of Iba lu'-am-po'-lo-a'-sa Zambal—Aeta lu-am-po-mi'-ha Aeta of Santa Fe lu-am'-po-mi'-ha Aeta of Subig lu-am'-po-mi'-ba Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Thirty Zambal of Bolinao ta-ron-pu'-ro Zambal of Iba to'-lom-po'-lo Zambal—Aeta tat-lom-po' Aeta of Santa Fe tat-lom'-po Aeta of Subig tat-lom'-po Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Forty Zambal of Bolinao a'-pat-a-pu'-ro Zambal of Iba a'-pat-a-po'-lo Zambal—Aeta a'-pat-a-po' Aeta of Santa Fe a'-pat-a-po' Aeta of Subig a'-pat-a-po' Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English One hundred Zambal of Bolinao san-ya'-sot Zambal of Iba say-a-tos' Zambal—Aeta mi'-hun-ga'-to Aeta of Santa Fe mi-hun-ga'-to Aeta of Subig ma-ga'-to Aeta, Bataan Province sandaan* Dumagat, Bulacan Province isinadian

English I Zambal of Bolinao si'-ko Zambal of Iba si'-ko Zambal—Aeta hi'-ko Aeta of Santa Fe hi'-co Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province a'-co* Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English You Zambal of Bolinao si'-ka Zambal of Iba kay'-o Zambal—Aeta kay'-o Aeta of Santa Fe hi'-ca Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province icao Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English He Zambal of Bolinao si-tao' Zambal of Iba hi'-a Zambal—Aeta Aeta of Santa Fe Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English We Zambal of Bolinao si-ka'-mi Zambal of Iba hi-ta'-mo Zambal—Aeta hi-ta'-mo Aeta of Santa Fe Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English They Zambal of Bolinao sa'-ra Zambal of Iba hi'-la Zambal—Aeta hi'-la Aeta of Santa Fe Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Our Zambal of Bolinao i'-ko-mi Zambal of Iba i-kun'-ta-mo Zambal—Aeta i-kun-ta'-mo Aeta of Santa Fe Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English My Zambal of Bolinao i-kon'-ko Zambal of Iba i-kon'-ko Zambal—Aeta i-kon'-ko Aeta of Santa Fe Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Near Zambal of Bolinao a'-dam Zambal of Iba ma-ra'-mi Zambal—Aeta ma-ra'-mi Aeta of Santa Fe Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Far Zambal of Bolinao a-day'-o Zambal of Iba ma-day'-yo Zambal—Aeta ma-ro'-yo Aeta of Santa Fe Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province

The words marked (*) were taken from Montano's vocabulary in his Mission aux Philippines. The others were collected by C. J. Cooke, MS. of The Ethnological Survey, and E. J. Simons, MS. of The Ethnological Survey.



NOTES

[1] Les Pygmees, 1887.

[2] However, when one attempts to fathom the mysteries surrounding the origin and migrations of the Negrito race he becomes hopelessly involved in a labyrinth of conjecture. Did the Negritos come from somewhere in Asia, some island like New Guinea, or is their original home now sunk beneath the sea? In the present state of our knowledge we can not hope to know. We find them in certain places to-day; we may believe that they once lived in certain other places, because the people now living there have characteristics peculiar to the little black men. But the Negrito has left behind no archaeological remains to guide the investigator, and he who attempts seriously to consider this question is laying up for himself a store of perplexing problems.

It may be of interest to present here the leading facts in connection with the distribution of the Negrito race and to summarize the views set forth by various leading anthropologists who have given the subject most study.

The deduction of the French scientists De Quatrefages and Hamy have been based almost entirely on craniological and osteological observations, and these authors argue a much wider distribution of the Negritos than other writers hold. In fact, according to these writers, traces of Negritos are found practically everywhere from India to Japan and New Guinea.

De Quatrefages in Les Pygmees, 1887, divides what he calls the "Eastern pygmies," as opposed to the African pygmies, into two divisions—the Negrito-Papuans and the Negritos proper. The former, he says, have New Guinea as a center of population and extend as far as Gilolo and the Moluccas. They are distinguished from the true Papuans who inhabit New Guinea and who are not classed by that writer as belonging to the Negrito race.

On the other hand, Wallace and Earl, supported by Meyer, all of whom have made some investigations in the region occupied by the Papuans, affirm that there is but a single race and that its identity with the Negritos is unmistakable. Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, 1898, p. 77) says that he and Von Maclay in 1873 saw a number of Papuans in Tidore. He had just come from the Philippines and Von Maclay had then come from Astrolabe Bay, in New Guinea. With these Papuans before them they discussed the question of the unity of the races, and Von Maclay could see no difference between these Papuans and those of Astrolabe Bay, while Meyer declared that the similarities between them and the Negritos of the Philippines was most striking. He says: "That was my standpoint then regarding the question, neither can I relinquish it at present."

Although they defended the unity of the Negritos and the Papuans they recognized that the Papuans were diversified and presented a variety of types, but Meyer regards this not as pointing to a crossing of different elements but as revealing simply the variability of the race. He continues (p. 80): "As the external habitus of the Negritos must be declared as almost identical with that of the Papuans, differences in form of the skull, the size of the body, and such like have the less weight in opposition to the great uniformity, as strong contrasts do not even come into play here, and if the Negritos do not show such great amount of variation in their physical characters as the Papuans—which, however, is by no means sufficiently attested—it is no wonder in the case Of a people which has been driven back and deprived of the opportunity of developing itself freely."

Thus it remains for future investigations to establish beyond doubt the identity of the Papuans.

De Quatrefages divides all other Eastern pygmies into two divisions—insular and continental—and no authors find fault with this classification. Only in fixing the distribution of the Negritos do the authorities differ. The islands admitted by everybody to contain Negritos to-day may be eliminated from the discussion. These are the Philippines and the Andamans. In the latter the name "Mincopies" has been given to the little blacks, though how this name originated no one seems to know. It is certain that the people do not apply the name to themselves. Extensive study of the Andamans has been made by Flower and Man.

The Moluccas and lesser Sunda Islands just west of New Guinea were stated by De Quatrefages in 1887 (Les Pygmees) to be inhabited by Negritos, although three years previously, as recorded in Hommes Fossiles, 1884, he had doubted their existence there. He gave no authority, and assigned no reason in his later work for this change of opinion. Meyer thinks this sufficient reason why one should not take De Quatrefages too seriously, and states that proofs of the existence of the Negritos in this locality are "so weak as not to be worth discussing them in detail." From deductions based on the examination of a single skull Hamy inferred that pure Negritos were found on Timor, but the people of Timor were found by Meyer to be mixed Papuans and Malays, resembling the latter on the coasts and the former in the interior.

Likewise in Celebes, Borneo, and Java the French writers think that traces of an ancient Negrito population may be found, while Meyer holds that there is not sufficient evidence to warrant such an assumption. In Sumatra he admits that there is an element not Malayan, which on account of the nearness of Malacca may be Negritic, but that fact is so far by no means proved.

In regard to Formosa Meyer quotes Scheteleg (Trans. Ethn. Soc., n.s., 1869, vii): "I am convinced * * * that the Malay origin of most of the inhabitants of Formosa is incontestable." But Hamy holds that the two skulls which Scheteleg brought were Negrito skulls, an assumption which Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, 1898, p. 52) disposes of as follows: "To conclude the occurrence of a race in a country from certain characters in two skulls, when this race has not been registered from that country, is, in the present embryonic state of craniology, an unwarrantable proceeding."

In like manner Hamy has found that a certain Japanese skull in the Paris Museum resembles a Negrito skull, and he also finds traces of Negritos in Japan in the small stature, crisp hair, and darker color of the natives of the interior of the Island of Kiusiu. But Meyer holds that the facts brought forward up to the present time are far from being established, and objects to the acceptance of surmises and explanations more or less subjective as conclusive.

There is no doubt of the occurrence of Negritos in the peninsula of Malacca, where both pure and mixed people have been found. These are reported under a variety of names, of which Semang and Sakai are perhaps the best known. Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, p. 62, footnote 2) says: "Stevens divides the Negritos of Malacca into two principal tribes—the Belendas, who with the Tumiors branched off from the Kenis tribe, and the Meniks, who consist of the Panggans of Kelantan and Petani and the Semangs of the west coast. Only the Panggans * * * and the Tumiors are pure Negritos. A name often recurring for the Belendas is Sakeis (Malay: 'bondman,' 'servant'), a designation given them in the first instance by the Malays but which they often also apply to themselves when addressing strangers."

In their efforts to find Negrito traces in the Mao-tse, the aboriginal peoples of the Chinese Empire, De Lacouperie and De Quatrefages have, in the opinion of Meyer, even less to stand on than had Hamy in the case of Japan. In like manner it remains to be proved whether the Moii of Annam are related to Negritos, as the two French writers have stated, but whose opinions have been vigorously opposed by Meyer and others.

The question of the aboriginal inhabitants of India is one of even greater importance and presents greater difficulties. If it can be shown that this aboriginal population was Negrito, and if the relations which researches, especially in philology, have indicated between the peoples of India and those of Australia can be proved, a range of possibilities of startling importance, affecting the race question of Oceania in general and the origin and distribution of the Negritos in particular, will be opened up. In regard to the Indian question there is much diversity of opinion. De Quatrefages and Hamy, as usual, regard the Negritos as established in India, but Topinard and Virchow are opposed to this belief. Meyer holds that "this part of the Negrito question is in no way ripe for decision, and how much less the question as to a possible relationship of this hypothetical primitive population with the Negroes of Africa." (Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 70.)

In anthropology a statement may be regarded as proved for the time being so long as no opposition to it exists. With the exception of the Philippine and the Andaman Islands and the Malay Peninsula, as we have seen, the presence of traces of Negritos is an open question. The evidence at hand is incomplete and insufficient, and we must therefore be content to let future investigators work out these unsolved problems.

[3] English edition of Stanley, 1874, p. 106.

[4] Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 6, footnote.

[5] Zuniga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Reprint by Retana, vol. I, p. 422.

[6] By this is meant Fr. San Antonio's Chronicas de la Apostolica, Provincia de San Gregorio, etc., 1738-1744.

[7] Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 1604; 2d ed., 1890, p. 38.

[8] Meyer, Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 4.

[9] See sketch map, Pl. I.

[10] Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Ed. Retana, 1893, I, p. 421.

[11] Ca-ing-in is a Malayan word for cultivated clearing.

[12] The province has recently been divided by act of the Philippine Commission, the northern part above Santa Cruz being joined to Pangasinan.

[13] Francisco Canamaque, Boletin de la Sociedad Geografica de Madrid, vol IX, 1880.

[14] Diccionario Geografico, etc., de las Islas Filipinas, vol. II, 1850.

[15] Canamaque.

[16] Zuniga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas, 1803.

[17] This was evidently the belief of some of the old voyagers. Navarette, whose account of his travels in 1647 is published in Churchill's Collection of Voyages, 1704, said that the people called "Zambales" were great archers and had no other weapons than the bow and arrow. Dr. John Frances Gemelli Careri, who made a voyage around the world, 1693-1697, says in his report (Churchill's Voyages, vol. IV): "This mixing [that is, of Negritos] with the Wild Indians produced the Tribe of Manghian who are Blacks dwelling in the Isles of Mindoro and Mundos [probably Panay], and who peopled the Islands de los Negros, or of Blacks. Some of them have harsh frisled hair like the African and Angola blacks. * * *

"The Sambali, contrary to the others, tho' Wild have long Hair, like the other Conquer'd Indians. The Wives, of these Savages are deliver'd in the Woods, like She Goats, and immediately wash themselves and the Infants in the Rivers, or other cold Water; which would be immediate Death to Europeans. These Blacks when pursu'd by the Spaniards, with the sound of little Sticks, give notice to the rest, that are dispers'd about the Woods, to save themselves by Flight. Their Weapons are Bows and Arrows, a short Spear, and a short Weapon, or Knife at their Girdle. They Poison their Arrows, which are sometimes headed with Iron, or a sharp Stone, and they bore the Point, that it may break in their Enemies Body, and so be unfit to be shot back. For their defense, they use a Wooden Buckler, four Spans long, and two in breadth, which always hangs at their Arm.

"Tho' I had much discourse about it, with the Fathers of the Society, and other Missioners, who converse with these Blacks, Manghians, Mandi and Sambali, I could never learn any thing of their Religion; but on the contrary, all unanimously agree they have none, but live like Beasts, and the most that has been seen among the Blacks on the Mountains, has been a round Stone, to which they pay'd a Veneration, or a Trunk of a Tree, or Beasts, or other things they find about, and this only out of fear. True it is, that by means of the Heathen Chineses who deal with them in the Mountains, some deformed Statues have been found in their Huts. The other three beforemention'd Nations, seem'd inclin'd to observing of Auguries and Mahometan Superstitions, by reason of their Commerce, with the Malayes and Ternates. The most reciev'd Opinion is, that these Blacks were the first Inhabitants of the Islands; and that being Cowards, the Sea Coasts were easily taken from them by People resorting from Sumatra, Borneo, Macassar and other Places; and therefore they retir'd to the Mountains. In short, in all the Islands where these Blacks, and other Savage Men are, the Spaniards Possess not much beyond the Sea Coasts; and not that in all Parts, especially from Maribeles, to Cape Bolinao in the Island of Manila, where for 50 Leagues along the Shoar, there is no Landing, for fear of the Blacks, who are most inveterate Enemies to the Europeans. Thus all the in-land Parts being possess'd by these Brutes, against whom no Army could prevail in the thick Woods, the King of Spain has scarce one in ten of the Inhabitants of the Island, that owns him, as the Spaniards often told me."

[18] Journal Anth. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 15.

[19] Pygmies, p. 111.

[20] Montano, Mission aux Philippines, p. 316.

[21] MS. Coll. of The Ethnological Survey.

[22] Voyage aux Philippines, p. 71; Mission aux Philippines, p. 315.

[23] MS. Coll. of The Ethnological Survey.

[24] In the footnote on page 29 is given an extract from Careri's Voyages, in which the following occurs: "True it is, that by means of the heathen Chinese who deal with them in the mountains, some deformed statues have been found in their huts."

THE END