Our people gnaw the doom fruit, but it is just like gnawing the bark of a tree, slightly flavoured with some aroma. They begin to eat them from childhood, and so keep on, as the gour-nuts are chewed by children; and so the taste is sucked in with their mother's milk. The gour-nut, however, is something, whilst the doom fruit is mere wood. The tree, nevertheless, is green, and in waving forests delightfully relieves this hot, burning, African landscape.

The portion of the caravan consisting of bullocks is always much later than the rest; to-day they were four hours after us. I consider that the hours we now go are at least two and a-half or three English miles in length, as we advance at a speed quite equal to a horse walking at a good pace; nay, I might say, some hours we make three and a-half English miles.

The following are the names of the brothers of the Sultan of Sakkatou, obtained from my Fellatah informant of Gurai. A difference of pronunciation will be observed in the Arab names, as they are transmitted through the Fellatah language. Aliu (for Ali), name of the Sultan himself and one of his brothers; Mallaidi; Amadu (Ahmed), Omeru (Omer, two of this name), Mahammedu (Mahammed), Mogari; Amadu Bedai; Alhattu; Moho; Isa (two of this name); Amadu el-Fai; Musa; Abd-el-Kaderi, and Abd-el-Walli. These are the names of all the brothers which he has heard. The first minister is called Galladima. The Kadi is El-Hali el-Haj; Inna is the generalissimo; Mohammed Wuddeggen, Muddebri Ali, Bu Beker, Manuri, and Gudundi, are names of other grandees and generals. The horse-dealer speaks of them with great familiarity, for he sells to them all. His own country is called Kabi, situated to the south-west of Sakkatou. He gave me the particulars of the route.[23]

[23] See Appendix.

21st.—This morning the weather was cool, the thermometer standing at 56 deg., with a fresh wind. We had a visit early from the Kadi. I asked him why he did not plant date-trees in the fine valley under the village. He replied, "From whence shall I procure them?" I answered, "From Tungari (a place west, three days distant)." At this he looked very stupid. These Minyo negroes have no idea of improving their condition. His reply may serve for all the country hereabouts.

Minyo and its large province is called by its aboriginal names Manga. It extends south-east to a river, on the other side of which begins Bornou Proper. But the people of Manga speak the same language as the Bornouese. Zinder belongs to the circle of Soudan, and its province is called Damagram.

Mohammed, my interpreter, pretends he saw elephants to-day at a considerable distance, looking like black trees. Probably to-morrow we may fall in with some animals worth seeing. I observed two or three swallows, the first this year. We stop here to-day to rest. The animals are knocked up, and the Kashalla has lost a horse.

It is from this Manga province that many of the villages of Damerghou are populated. Formerly the Tuaricks of that province made razzias on these out-lying provinces, with the produce of which they increased the number of their subjects.

An European must needs show off in this country. Yesterday I was obliged to exhibit to all the village,—about a hundred people,—and to-day to as many more. It is very fortunate if you are not detestably ugly, and can pass muster; for if you are, you will have all sorts of faces made at you; and, besides, you will be considered to represent a whole people as an ugly race. I walked round the village. There may be two hundred huts, and about six hundred inhabitants. The sun burns at four P.M. most fiercely. I begin to be afraid of it; but the days are uncertain, and sometimes the weather is quite chilly.

According to my interpreter, Mohammed Ben Ahmed Bu Saad, there is no money in Bornou, and the Sheikh could never obtain a strong army. We certainly find considerable difficulty all along to get an extra camel or bullock, and those to be obtained are very bad ones. The people cultivate very little, and have no resources to fall back on. They have just a little grain for themselves. The Sheikh of this place is a respectable man, and has been very civil to me. He, however, requires from me a medicine to procure him a good reception wherever he goes. He says he is frequently called to Minyo and other large places, and he wants a medicine to procure him the smiles, good-will, and friendship of all the people whom he meets. Especially he wishes always to have the favour of the Sultan. I had numbers of other patients all day; my Epsom is fast going. Thermometer at sunset, 82 deg.; weather very troublesome to-day, blowing hot and cold with the same breath.[24]

[24] Here ends Mr. Richardson's journal, with words which already hint the cause of the lamentable accident that speedily followed. Spring was advancing with its uncertain temperature in Central Africa. The thermometer varied nearly thirty degrees between the morning and afternoon. Doubtless, however, the unusual fatigue of horse-exercise during the days that succeeded the departure from Zinder may have contributed its share in breaking down Mr. Richardson's strength. Something of a desponding tone may be observed in the journal for many pages; but we do not find that there was any cessation of industry. In addition to what is found in the regular diary, a good many notes were left written in pencil. Among the principal of them are the following:—

"In Kanem, north of Bornou, it rains a month earlier in the season than in that province; in Bornou, one month earlier than in Kanou; in Kanou, one month earlier than at Niffee. The heat of to-day, under a thatch hut, at one P.M., same as yesterday, 96 deg.. Sugar dissolved into a wash is a common remedy in Soudan and Bornou for bad eyes; but, perhaps, it is made an excuse for getting sugar from us."

"In the evening we marched two hours and a-half in an E.S.E. direction. We were met by the Sheikh of the place, with some fifteen horse, and a mounted drummer. No wild animals are seen, on account of the fires in the desert (made, however, by the people on purpose to catch them). No water-fowls swim in the pools, probably because there is no cultivation. But this is the real country of the elephants. I saw the dung some two days before, and could not make out what it was. These days the dung was more abundant, and the people told me what it was. The people about here do not hurt them, their spears being useless against the hide of this great quadruped; the hunters, however, entangle the smaller animals—gazelles, &c.—by means of a great wheel made of cane. The animals put their feet in the middle, which gives in, and holds them, whilst the top is secured by strong cords."

"Mandemnia.

"Kangarwar, half the size of Zinder. First day, evening march, seven hours, pitched in open country; course, S.E. Second day, pitched in open country; course, E. Third day, six hours, E.N.E. Fourth day, half-an-hour's morning march. Mandemnia village people occupied in making salt."

I believe Mr. Richardson was sometimes in the habit of jotting down observations in this way on loose pieces of paper previous to inserting them in his journal, which he evidently wrote in great part with a view to its being sent to the press, though at others he breaks away into a series of disconnected memoranda. We have no further account of what happened between the 21st of February and the 4th of March, than what is contained in the letter written by Dr. Barth, Mr. Richardson's fellow-traveller, so often mentioned in the foregoing pages (see Preface).—ED.



APPENDIX.

LIST OF ROUTES, &c.

Route from Zinder to Kanou.

From Zinder, starting S.S.E., Kankandi, one hour.

Baban Tabki, a quarter of an hour.

Dunai, four hours: large place, or village.

Guna, one hour: large place.

Karaiai, four hours: large village.

Washa, seven hours: town and residence of a sultan.

Kakibarai, three hours. This place consists of three villages; one upon the rocky hills, one on the slope, and one under the rocks. At Washa there are also rocks; the rest of the route is flat. From Washa to Kakibarai there is a most copious supply of water.

Gordo, ten hours: large village.

Eshkakato, two hours: large village.

Tumbi, two hours: town and residence of a sultan. Omitting one place, the name of which was not remembered, then follows:

Maidabara, one hour.

Gumel, two hours: town and residence of a sultan.

Tukkenzuru, one hour.

Bermanaua, one hour: large village.

Elladi, one hour. Here terminates the territory of Bornou.

Garki, two hours: a very populous place, and said to be the residence of seven sultans (or governors). Here begins the territory of the Fellatahs.

Dago, three hours.

Kuka Maifurra, two hours.

Kuka Mairua, one hour and a half.

Gubbasaua, two hours.

Souk (name not remembered), two hours.

Gaizaua, two hours: a large place.

Sharo, one hour. Here are three running streams, each separated by about a quarter of an hour's ride.

Zango, a quarter of an hour. From Sharo to Kanou there are no less than thirty small villages.

Kanou, a quarter of an hour. The whole of the route, with the exception of the rocks of Washa and Kakibarai, is flat, and trees are scattered along all the road. From Gumel to Dogo there is a forest, and from Kakibarai to Gordo the country is covered with the doom-palm. In all the towns and villages above enumerated is found a good supply of water. The portion of Bornouese territory is sandy, and that of the Fellatah's good earthy soil.

* * * * *

Routes from Zinder to Kuka: first route, via Minyo.

From Zinder to

Zarmu, half a day; village. (The half day is from four to five hours.)

Ginnewa, half a day; village.

Majia, seven hours; village.

Minyo, half a day; town and residence of a sultan of considerable power and influence.

Alkammaram, seven hours; well.

Kadalafua, seven hours; large village.

Birribirchi, seven hours; well.

Kagarwa, half a day; large village.

Karragu-fillai, three hours.

Gurrutua, half a day; town, and residence of a sultan.

Zangairi, name of a river and a village, three hours. Here is a large river, which, however, is dry in summer. Most of these rivers are dry during the two or three hot months.

Miggeba, four hours; a village.

Zaggatur, half a day; a village.

Bua, four hours; a village.

Bagusu, half a day; a village.

Kuka, four hours; town.

This route is usually reckoned at fifteen days' journey: trees are abundant on all the route, especially the doom-palm. There are, besides, many streams of water, on the banks of which are seen animals of every description.

* * * * *

Second Route, via Mashena.

Miria, three hours; town, and residence of a sultan. Here is a small lake, where palateable fish are caught. Abundance of corn is also found here.

Gushi, eight hours; town, and residence of a sultan.

Gijemu, three hours; village.

Zubaggeru, eight hours; large village.

Funokam, three hours; village.

Mashena, three hours; town, and residence of a sultan.

Bundi, half a day; town, and residence of a sultan.

Karimairi, three hours; town, and residence of a sultan.

Zorikulo, eight hours; village.

Kafi, three hours; village.

Ganaua, half a day; village.

Wadi, half a day; village.

Gurrutua, eight hours; village.

Miggeba, half a day; village. A river, in which water is found three feet deep during the summer.

Fataganna, three hours; village.

Dumrua, half a day; village.

Shilaua, half a day; a village.

Basher, half a day; a village.

Kuka, three hours.

This route abounds with trees, water, fruit, corn, and many animals.

* * * * *

Route from Gumel to Kuka.

From Gumel to

Shafoa, half a day; large village.

Taganama, half a day; large town, and residence of a sultan.

Mashena, six hours; town, residence of a sultan.

Gumsi, seven hours; large village.

Zirku-Kura, ten hours; running water and wells.

Enki-Kura (i.e. large water), twelve hours; a large lake, stagnant, having no communication with other water.

Lauwanri, ten hours; large village.

Diru, ten hours; large village.

Chilumwa, ten hours; large village.

Burburwa, twelve hours; a large walled town, and what is called Biad-es-souk, i.e. where a market is held.

Daboko, twelve hours; small village, near a large river.

Limbua, ten hours: this place consists of fifty or sixty little villages.

Binaua, eight hours, comprising many small villages.

Kamis-Ali, five hours, or place where a market is held.

Basher, eight hours; village.

Kuka, four hours.[25]

[25] In the former route, Basher is given as only three hours from Kuka. In the next route, Bagusu is made eight hours from Kuka, whilst a little back we have it set down at only half that distance. These discrepancies, of course, set geographers on their guard against placing any absolute dependence on native reports. I remember once questioning the inhabitants of a village in Egypt about the distance of a particular place. One said, five or six hours; others said, a short day; and others, a long day. However, by comparison of various statements, perhaps something like the truth may be reached.—ED.

* * * * *

Route from Kanou to Kuka.

From Kanou to

Gaizaua, six hours; a large place.

Kuka-Mairua, eight hours.

Gerki, nine hours.

Gumel, half a day; town, residence of a sultan.

Ungua-Kalu, eight hours: this place includes two villages.

Gullairi, ten hours; large village, or town without walls.

Mashena, half a day; town, and residence of a sultan.

Bundi, half a day; town, and residence of a sultan.

Karremeri, four hours; a town, three times as large as Zinder.

Zolikulo, eleven hours; village.

Kafi, eight hours; village.

Ganaua, nine hours; village.

Dellella, half a day; village.

Kashimwa, ten hours; large place, and a river.

Miggeba, eight hours; village.

Kassachia, five hours; villages: large river, dry in summer.

Ura, eight hours; village.

Kinchakusko, ten hours; village.

Bagusu, ten hours.

Kuka, eight hours.

* * * * *

Route from Kuka to Mourzuk.

From Kuka, north, to

Urutua, half a day; small village.

Karillewa, half a day; a well.

Yau, half a day; walled town, large river.

Burwa, twelve hours; walled town.

Wuddi, twelve hours; stream, running into the Tchad (great lake).

Gaigomai, four hours; small villages and rivers.

Bir-Hamam, twelve hours; well.

Kufai, nine hours; one tree; resting-place, formerly a well.

Kibbu, fifteen hours; a well.

Bel-Kashefferri, three days, and arrive the fourth day after six hours.

Agdem, one day and a-half; well, large rocks and sandhills.

Dubbula, two days; well, large rocks and sandhills.

Zau, one day and a-half; well, large sandhills.

Musguatin, seven hours; well, rocks.

Bilma, four hours; large walled town.

Shummenduro, eleven hours; town upon the rocks.

Dirku, two hours; walled town, and residence of the Sultan of the Tibboos (capital).

Ashennema, half a day; village and rocks.

Amchumma, ten hours; village and rocks.

Anai, two hours; village and rocks.

Yuguba, twelve hours; a well.

Sigdem, twelve hours; well and rocks.

Maffarus, one day and a half; well.

Lahmer, one day and a half; well and rocks.

War, three days; well, and mountains of great height and magnitude.

Meshru, two days; well and rocks.

Oma, twelve hours. Here the traveller at length sees a forest of date-palms; and the first district of Fezzan begins.

Tajerrhi, eleven hours; walled town.

Kazraua, twelve hours; village.

Mudrusai, half a day; village.

Gatron, two hours; village.

Hafari, twelve hours; well and date-palms.

Mustutai, fifteen hours; well and date-palms.

Bithan, twelve hours; village.

Sidi Beshir, half a day; village.

Mourzuk, three hours.

Obs.—All the Tibboo districts, like those of Fezzan, have forests of date-palms. Between Maffarus and Oma there is no herbage during seven days. The greatest quantity of sand in this route is found between Agdem and Zau.

* * * * *

Route from Kuka, to Mandara.

From Kuka, south, to

Manguno, nine hours; a large town.

Dikua, half a day; a walled town, and residence of a sultan.

Gasa, ten hours; a village.

Quondega, seven hours; a large village.

Gamergu, five hours; a large village.

Karaua, twelve hours; first country of Mandara, of great height.

Izgai, four hours; village and rocks.

Dulo, four hours; villages and rocks.

Mora, three hours; a walled city, and capital of Mandara, a small city, containing not more than ten thousand souls. The Sultan has five hundred cavalry and one thousand eunuchs. These poor devils are made here. The Kerdies or pagans upon the neighbouring mountains are called Matacum. These mountains are said to be of considerable altitude.

According to Omer Wardi there is no difficulty in going to Muzgu, south of Mandara, and seat of the nearest pagans.

* * * * *

Route to Mandara from Kuka: Second Route, Eastern.

TERRITORY OF BORNOU.

From Kuka, south-east, to

Gornu, half a-day; a walled town, larger than Zinder.

Gulum, three hours; small village. Here is a river.

Yaidi, four hours; large walled town.

Martai, four hours; large walled town.

Ala, three hours; large walled town.

Diwa, eight hours; large walled town, and residence of a sultan. Here is a river.

Abagai, two hours; small village.

Kuddaigai, one hour; small village.

Sokoma, one hour; a large walled town.

Millehai, two hours; a small place.

Magarta, three hours; a large walled town.

Dellehai, half a day; a large place.

TERRITORY OF MANDARA.

Muddebai, a long day; a large walled town.

Dulo, eight hours; a large walled town.

Mandara, three hours; a city about the size of Mourzuk.

A day's journey from Mandara is sufficient to make a razzia of slaves. Muzgu, a great Kerdi country, is three days' journey from Mandara.

* * * * *

Route from Kanou to Sakkatou.

From Kanou:

Dal, three hours; several small villages, where tobes are dyed with indigo.

Zalia (Zaria?), a walled town, containing some 20 or 30,000 souls, and residence of a sultan; one long day.

Lariski, half a day; a small village.

Gaia, eight hours; a large walled town, and residence of a sultan.

Kafela, half a day; small village.

Yakuba, five hours; a walled town, and residence of a sultan.

Mukubi, three hours; a small town on the banks of a river, in which there is always water.

Keskaua, half a day; a small village.

Gala, eight hours; a walled town, and about the size of Zinder; residence of a sultan.

Kusuri, one long day; a large walled town, and residence of a sultan. A river, having always water.

Lokoui, one long day; a walled town, and residence of a sultan. The same river as at Kusuri.

Sakkatou, eight hours. This journey is reckoned at twenty days.

* * * * *

Route from Taghajeet to Tuat.

From Taghajeet, on the northern frontiers of Aheer, to

Asaiou, two days and a-half; water-station. (All the following names are water-stations, i.e. places where there are wells.)

Logsur, three days and a-half; well: and so of the rest.

Gharghar, three days; tents of wandering tribes of Tuaricks, principally Hagar and Maghatah.

Yaizair, two days. From Gharghar to Tuat there are tents of Tuaricks along all this line of route.

Aifak, one day.

Tamaghaset, one day.

Outur (or Utur), one day.

Tairagin, one day.

Tailak, two days.

Ennimgal, three days.

Tahalai-Oget, two days.

Tisnu, two days.

Minneat, two days.

Tagajert, two days.

Amasir, two days.

Arak, two days.

Tajmut, two days.

Tegtamin, one day.

Agmamar, two days.

Loknaig, two days.

Shab, two days.

Hash-Lugwaira, one day.

El-Gesser (Tuat), one day and a-half; a village.

Ain-Salah, an hour or two.

On this route there are no oases, no date-palms; the road lies through valleys and over plains, lined with rocky mountains, like those of Asben or Aheer. There is no region of sand, but now and then the earth assumes a sandy character. My informant is a Tuatee, who has travelled this route; in fact, no other persons but people of Tuat, unless Hagars and Maghatah, can do so in safety. I could not succeed in extracting more information from my informant. He was a mere barbarian, and pestered me, whilst writing the route, with demands for all sorts of things. Though a resident of the town of Tuat, he was in grain and mould a thorough Targhee bandit.

THE DIFFERENT RACES IN KUKA.

Resident or Strangers.

1. Shua (the first Arab settlers in Bornou). 2. Arabs Bengazi. 3. Arabs Misratah. 4. Arabs and Moors of Aujilah; Mujabri, from Jalu, or Aujilah. 5. Fezzanee, or people from Fezzan. 6. Walad Suleiman, now domiciled in Kuka, and Wady Gazalahs. 7. People from Tripoli; a very few. 8. People from the west; a very few.

Belonging to the Sheikh.

9. Bornouee, bulk of the population. 10. Kanembu, north-east from Kuka. 11. Qaiyam, around Kuka, within a few hours. 12. Manga, west from Kuka. 13. Baddi, west from Kuka. 14. Kairi-Kairi, west from Kuka. 15. Lari, west from Kuka. 16. Gizzem, south-west from Kuka, twenty days. 17. Gizzerai, near Gizzem. 18. Engezer, south of Kuka, ten days. 19. Kaiauri, south of Kuka, five days. 20. Babur, south of Kuka, nine days. 21. Figa, south of Kuka, fifteen days. 22. Margi, south of Kuka, seven days. 23. Kobchi, south of Kuka, seven days. 24. Mulgwai, south of Kuka, ten days. 25. Massafai, south of Kuka, fifteen days. 26. Bogwai, south of Kuka, twenty days.[26] 27. Umbum, south of Kuka, thirty days.[26] 28. Fali, south of Kuka, thirty-five days.[26] 29. Umbai, south of Kuka, twenty days.[26] 30. Koua, south of Kuka, twenty-five days.[26] 31. Butai, south of Kuka, thirty days.[26] 32. Maudraui, south of Kuka, eight days. 33. Begarmi, east of Kuka, twenty days. 34. People of Logun, near Begarmi. 35. People from Wadai; travellers. 36. Sara, a province near Begarmi, with its own sultan. 37. Fitri, a province belonging to Wadai. There is water in the lake of Fitri. People of this province do not come to Kuka.

[26] These countries seem very far south, and yet are said to be under the Sheikh. More information is required on this point.

* * * * *

Route from Tuat to Wadnoun.

From Tuat, or from Ain-Salah, in Tuat, westward, to

Timmemoun, a small oasis of Tuat, two days; date-palms, &c.

Ourara (Urara), five days; an oasis of Tuat larger than Timmemoun. Between Timmemoun, and Ourara, date-palms and wells in abundance.

Taffilelt, five days. Between Ourara and Taffilelt there are a number of small villages.

Dra, nine days. From Tuat to Dra, passing through Taffilelt, the route is lined with forests of palms, and water everywhere abounds. Dra consists of some one hundred towns and villages.

Weled Omer Ben Melouk, a tribe of Arabs, numbering some five thousand souls, and having maharees and horses. The whole tribe are notorious bandits. From Dra to the tents of this tribe there are some seven days' journey.

Barraber, twenty days, consisting entirely of plains, with here and there wells. This is another tribe of Arabs, wandering in tents, and all bandits. They chiefly mount horses; they have, however, camels and flocks; the tribe consists of about two thousands souls.

Tajakant, ten days; plains, with the mountains of Sous on the north. A tribe of pacific Arabs (i.e. not bandits), numbering about three thousand, having both horses and camels.

Shurfa, or Weled Seba, three days; a tribe of Arabs, all Shereefs, numbering some four or five thousand, having many horses and camels, and flocks, and a few bullocks. Not bandits.

Sakia Hamara, two days; a large walled, town, situated in a wady under a mountain: Shereefs and Marabouteen.

Wad-Noun, three days.

Ain-Salah.

South, from this point of departure we come to the

Walad Bahammu, at a distance of one day; an oasis of two villages; all Tuatee bandits, riding maharees, wearing turkadees, like Tuaricks. One of these villages is called Akobli, known in the route to Timbuctoo.

North, from Ain Salah are mentioned the

Shellah, a tribe living in tents, speaking a Berber dialect; two days. My informant knows no more.

East, from this point there is only desert towards Ghadamez.

West, from the same, Timmemoun and Ourara.

The person who gave me this information is one Haj Mohammed Ben Welid, a native of Ghadamez. Besides the above route from Tuat to Wadnoun, I am indebted to him for the Niffee route. Six years ago he was at Niffee, and saw there a large American vessel trading for slaves and other merchandise.

* * * * *

Route from Kanou to Niffee.

From Kanou, south, to

Baibaishi, five days; walled town, and residence of a sultan; about the size of Zinder, situate amongst rocks: a river of continually running water.

Zaria, two days; an immense walled town, of the size of Kanu: residence of a powerful Fullanee sultan.

A wady, with continually running water, one day; no town.

Agoi, three days; a number of small villages, situate under rocks of great height: a stream of running water.

Agoi-Karama, one day; a small village, under lofty heights of rocks: a stream of running water.

Kurmi-Wia (i.e. Difficult River), one day; a running river amidst dense forests; no town: here are immense bamboos, like ghaseb.

Jangaru, three days, amidst forests of trees; a walled town, not quite so large as Zinder, having a Governor or Kaid. Here the route divides into two branches: one west, going to Raba, in seven days; and the other south, to Gorji, one day, on the banks of the Niger; and on to Niffee.

Gorji, one day, on the Niger; a large town.

Ladai, two days; a large walled town, and residence of a sultan, called Masaba.

Lori, five days and a-half; a large city, capital of Niffee: the Sultan a Fellatah, called Sita.

From Jangaru, west, Akarri, one day; and from Akarri, seven days; then we come to Raba, passing through all sorts of country.

* * * * *

Route from Kanou to Sakkatou.

From Kanou, west, to

Tofa, one day; small village.

Kalenya, one day; small walled town.

Sabonkashi, four days; a large walled town, and residence of a sultan.

Kanya, three days; small village.

Sabokafi, four days; a small village.

Kogo, two days; a large walled town, situate between rocks; a small stream.

Rafi, one day; a large walled town.

Zanfeirra.

Kauralamoda, two days; a large walled city, and residence of a sultan: a running stream in winter.

Gora, one day; a small village.

Bakura, three days; a large walled town, and residence of a sultan: streams in rainy season.

From Rafi to Bakura extends the province or kingdom called Zanfeierra, of which the capital is Bakura.

Between Bakura and the city of Sakkatou, which comes next in order, after two days, there are a number of small villages. Before you reach Sakkatou from Kanou, distant an hour, is a large river, in which is found water during the dry season.

On this route there are not many forests, but there is a good deal of grain and other cultivation, with very few rocks. The road is usually good, only now and then infested by the freebooters from Maradee. This route is travelled in from ten to twelve and fifteen days,—not above fifteen,—with anything like good travelling.

* * * * *

Route from Zinder to Gomel.

From Zinder, west, to

Gogai, one day; a cluster of villages.

Zerma, one day; a small village.

Azbenaua, one hour; a small village.

Kamai, one hour; a small village.

Gomel, two hours; a large place, and residence of a sultan.

* * * * *

The Kashalla has been so good as to give me the names of the towns and villages between Kuka and the capital of Begarmi; viz, from Kuka to Gornu, one day, but a very short day, three or four hours, and all the days following the same, three or four hours only.

Gornu, one day.

Mardai, one day.

Yaidi, one day.

Digua, one day.

Mozzenai, one day.

Sabala, one day.

Gala, one day.

Mabadai, one day.

Wilgi, one day.

Abadai, one day.

Ngelbai, one day.

Kutheri, one day.

Logonai, one day.

River Chari, one day.

Mudba, or Dar-Begarmi, one day: first town of Begarmi. All the countries hereabouts are called Dar.

After Mudba, in Begarmi:

Gaui, one day.

Joadai, one day.

Derejebany, one day.

Abuger, one day.

Mazanya, one day; capital of Begarmi.

* * * * *

Gurai to Sakkatou.

From Gurai, westward, to

Tungari, four hours; large place.

Bonai, three hours; large place.

Mashena, four hours; large place; residence of a Sultan.

Alamaiko, eight hours; large place.

Kakori, one long day; small place.

Murma, one long day; large place.

Muddechi, half a day; large place.

Hadayi, half a day; large place.

Jafun, one long day; large place.

Kadawauwa, half a day; large place.

Gunfia, half a day; small place.

Gammoji, half a day; small place.

Gaia, one long day; large place.

Birni-Kanou, nine hours; a great country.

Karaue, half a day; large place.

Dangani, half a day; large place.

Kafi, one long day; large place.

Waunakka, half a day; large place.

Katturkoshi, half a day; very large place; river and rocky hills.

Gaukisa, half a day; large place; river.

Kauramoda, eight hours; large place; river.

Pianchi, two hours; a sultan; river; large place.

Kassara, half a day; small place; rivers.

Gora, half a day; large place; a sultan.

Bakura, half a day; a sultan; a river; large place.

Wangara, one hour; large place; river.

Danshaura, half a day; large place; the same river from Katturkoshi to this place.

Sakkatou, half a day.

* * * * *

Route from Sakkatou, westwards, to

Wurmu, one hour; large place.

Kaiua, half a day; large place.

Kalmalu, half a day; large place.

Maranu, half a day; large place.

Kussub-Buni, one long day; large place.

Chinaka, half a day; large place.

Dawakari, half a day; large place.

Laka, half a day; large place.

Gauasu, half a day; large place.

Bodinga, half a day; large place.

Sifaua, half a day; large place.

Danchadi, half a day; large place.

Dinkadi, half a day; large place.

Rekina, eight hours; large place.

Chifaua, half a day; large place.

Chuni, half a day; large place.

Wababi, half a day; large place.

Dankai, half a day; large place.

Kajiji, half a day; large place.

Chagari, half a day; large place.

Salaha, half a day; large place.

Zuondu, half a day; large place.

Tamboel, half a day; large place.

Kallamfaina, half a day: large place.

Saiyinna, half a day; large place.

These half days are about five hours. All that I could learn of this route is, that it goes westwards. The Fellatah tells me there is a good road from Sakkatou to Timbuctou, on which caravans are always going in great numbers.

* * * * *

Route from Kanou to Adamaua.

From Kanou, south, to

G.[27] Akwa, half a day, i.e. equal to about three or four hours.

G. Del, half a day.

S. Garwai, half a day.

S. Tabti, half a day.

G. Sabongari, half a day.

G. Waram, half a day.

G. Zarranda, half a day.

G. Garu, capital of Boushi; name of the sultan Yokaba; half a day.

S. Kaddara, half a day.

S. Mankaiama, half a day.

S. Yanyam, half a day.

G. Serken Kuddu, half a day.

G. Jab Jab, half a day.

G. Bumanda, half a day.

G. Jennowai, half a day.

G. Kadduna, half a day.

G. Binnoi, half a day.

Zungwan-dunia, half a day; resting-place; not a town.

Zungwan-Kano, half a day; resting-place.

Zungwan-Mageria, half a day; resting-place.

Chikaji, half a day; resting-place.

S. Akam, half a day.

Yungwan-Bauna, half a day; resting-place; no town.

S. Gangomai, half a day.

Kogimagurji, half a day; resting-place.

Koginbaba, half a day; resting-place.

G. Rumji, half a day.

G. Kwancha, half a day; river. Here begins Adamaua.

G. Laro, half a day; river.

G. Chamba, half a day; river.

G. Turwa, half a day; river.

G. Gurrin, half a day; river.

G. Maiyabatta, half a day; river.

G. Yola, half a day; river; the capital of the territories of Adamaua; residence of the sultan, called Mohammed Lauel.

The route is reckoned seventeen days from Kanou to Kwancha, and three days from Kwancha to Yola.

[27] G, large place, or town; S, small place, village. Dictated by the Fellatah horse-dealer, Nammadina.

* * * * *

Route from Sakkatou to Kabi, S.W.

Silami, 5 hours; large place.

Quaido, 5 hours; large place.

Ugi, one hour; a very considerable town.

Argungu, 5 hours; large place.

Gullema, 5 hours; large place.

Sena, 5 hours; large place.

Birni Kabi: large place.

* * * * *

Names of Places about Sakkatou, westwards.

Jeka, half a day.

Alieru, 3 hours.

Maddadi, 4 hours.

Margai, 4 hours.

Magagin Kada, 2 hours.

Gommu-gommu, 4 hours.

Binji, 2 hours.

Kandai, 2 hours.

Silami, half a day.

Yabo, 5 hours.

Dundaai, half a day.

Quallai, 3 hours.

Dagga, one long day.

Indaba, half a day.

Assara, one long day.

Zaia, one long day.

Manni, half a day.

Durgalai, 2 hours.

Killarai, 2 hours.

Fadaita, half a day.

Kotuturu, half a day.

Tofa, half a day.

Gidan Majibta, 2 hours.

Maikujaira, half a day.

Kundus, 1 1/2 hours.

Quaquara, 2 hours.

These are all considerable towns and villages. As to their relative position, I have merely written down how distant one is from the other.

The following is a list which I have obtained of the Tibboo nations (or tribes):—

1. Etteri, two days north of Kuka or Bornou. 2. Gunda, seven days north from Bornou. 3. Arinda, one day from Gunda. 4. Yurimma, two days from Gunda. 5. Wandala, three days east from Yurimma. 6. Gaidua, four days east from Wandala. 7. Mussaui, seven days east from Wandala. 8. Sakkarta, seven days east from Wandala. 9. Madema, two days east from Sakkarta (country of Kanum). 10. Choiokkera, four days east from Madema. 11. Tumbela, two days north from Gunda. 12. Masella, eleven days north from Bornou (a country of dates). 13. El-Wudda, one day from Marsella. 14. Dummeya, thirty days east of Bornou (in Borgu). 15. Zuaeda, the Tibesti people. 16. Tamara, country of Bilma, &c. 17. Tauwia, two days north of Bilma. 18. Etmada, one day north from Bilma. 19. Addubocha, fifteen days east of Bilma. 20. Fuktua, one day east from Addubocha. 21. Abuya, two days north from Fuktua. 22. Belguda, eight days east of Bilma. 23. Nuazma, three days east of Belguda. 24. Karrai, three days east of Kameru, near the Chada.



THE END.



LONDON: PRINTED BY G. BARCLAY, CASTLE ST. LEICESTER SQ.