The houses are all frame buildings with a thatched roof, erected upon a foundation of large unhewn stones, the interstices of which are filled with clay, and built in an oblong shape, of strong, round pine logs placed one on top of the other. Each layer is stuffed with moss, and the ends of the logs are interlocking. The buildings consist of one story only, with a very small, unvaulted cellar.

Usually there are only two rooms in these houses, and wealthy peasants use both of them for their personal requirements; the poorer classes, on the other hand, use only one of the rooms for themselves, and the other for their horses, cows, and pigs.

The most prominent part of the interior arrangement of these rooms is the oven, covering about six feet square, with a brick chimney in the houses of the wealthy, but without chimney in those of the poor, so that the smoke must pass through the door giving a varnished appearance to the entire ceiling over the door.

There are no chairs in the rooms; during the day broad benches along the walls and oven are used instead. At night, the members of the household lie down to sleep on these benches, using any convenient piece of clothing for a pillow. It seems the Russian peasant of one hundred years ago considered beds a luxury.

Every one of these houses, those of the rich as well as those of the poor, contains in the easterly corner of the sitting room a cabinet with more or less costly sacred images.

On entering the room the newcomer immediately turns his face toward the cabinet, crossing himself three times in the Greek fashion, simultaneously inclining his head, and not until this act of devotion has been performed does he address individually every one present. In greeting, the family name is never mentioned, only the first name, to which is added: Son of so and so (likewise the first name only), but the inclination of the head—pagoda like—is never omitted.

All the members of the household say their very simple prayers in front of the cabinet; at least, I never heard them say anything else but Gospodin pomilui (O Lord, have mercy upon us); but such a prayer is very fatiguing for old and feeble persons because Gospodin pomilui is repeated at least 24 times, and every repetition is accompanied with a genuflection and a prostration, naturally entailing a great deal of hardship owing to the continued exertion of the entire body.

In addition to the sacred cabinet, the oven, and the benches, every one of the rooms contains another loose bench about six feet long, a table of the same length, and the kvass barrel which is indispensable to every Russian.

This cask is a wooden vat of about 50 to 60 gallons capacity, standing upright, the bottom of which is covered with a little rye flour and wheat bran—the poor use chaff of rye—upon which hot water is poured. The water becomes acidulated in about 24 hours and tastes like water mixed with vinegar. A little clean rye straw is placed inside of the vat, in front of the bunghole, allowing the kvass to run fairly clear into the wooden cup. When the vat is three-quarters empty more water is added; this must be done very often, as the kvass barrel with its single drinking cup—placed always on top of the barrel—is regarded as common property. Every member of the household and every stranger draws and drinks from it to their heart's content, without ever asking permission of the owner of the house. Kvass is a very refreshing summer drink, especially in the houses of wealthy peasants who need not be particular with their rye flour and who frequently renew the original ingredients of the concoction.

The peasant soldiers took the most comfortable places; for Schehl and his nine comrades, who were lodged with him in one of the houses, straw was given to make a bed on the floor, but most of the nine syntrophoi were so sick and feeble that they could not make their couch, and six could not even eat the pound of bread which every one had received; they hid the remaining bread under the rags which represented their garments. Schehl, although he could not raise his left arm, helped the sick, notwithstanding the pain he suffered, to spread the straw on the floor. On the morning of the 2d. of November the sick, who had not been able to eat all their bread, were dead. Schehl, while the surviving ones were still asleep, took the bread which he found on the corpses, to hide it in his sheepskin coat. This inheritance was to be the means of saving his life; without it he would have starved to death while a prisoner in Moscow.

They left this village with now only 29 prisoners and arrived on the same evening, reduced to 11 in number, in Moscow, where they were locked up in one of the houses, together with many other prisoners. Of the 700 fellow prisoners of Schehl 689 had died during the four days and four nights of hunger, cold, and most barbaric cruelties. If the prisoners had hoped to be saved from further cruelties while in Moscow they were bitterly disappointed. First of all, their guards took from them all they themselves could use, and on this occasion Schehl lost his clarinette which he considered as his life saver. Fortunately, they did not take from him the six pieces of bread. After having been searched the prisoners were driven into a room which was already filled with sick or dying, lying on the floor with very little and bad straw under them. The newcomers had difficulties to find room for themselves among these other unfortunates. The guards brought a pail of fresh water but nothing to eat. In a room with two windows, which faced the inner court-yard, were locked up over 30 prisoners, and all the other rooms in the building were filled in the same way. During the night from November 2d. to November 3d. several of Schehl's companions died and were thrown through the window into the court yard, after the jailors had taken from the corpses whatever they could use. Similar acts were performed in the other rooms, and it gave the survivors a little more room to stretch their limbs. This frightful condition lasted six days and six nights, during which time no food was given to them. The corpses in the yard were piled up so high that the pile reached up to the windows. It was 48 hours since Schehl had eaten the last of the six pieces of bread, and he was so tortured by hunger that he lost all courage, when at 10 o'clock in the forenoon a Russian officer entered and in German ordered the prisoners to get ready within an hour for roll call in the court yard, because the interimistic commanding officer of Moscow, Colonel Orlowski, was to review them. Immediately before this took place, the prisoners had held a counsel among themselves whether it would be wise to offer themselves for Russian military service in order to escape the imminent danger of starving to death. When that officer so unexpectedly had entered, Schehl, although the youngest—he was only 15 years of age—but relatively the strongest, because he was the last of them who had had a little to eat, rose with difficulty from his straw bed and made the offer, saying that they were at present very weak and sick from hunger, but that they would soon regain their strength if they were given something to eat. The officer in a sarcastic and rough manner replied: "His Majesty our glorious Emperor, Alexander, has soldiers enough and does not need you dogs." He turned and left the room, leaving the unfortunates in a state of despair. Toward 11 o'clock he returned, ordering the prisoners to descend the stairs and fall in line in the court yard. All crawled from their rooms, 80 in number, and stood at attention before the colonel, who was a very handsome and strong man, six foot tall, with expressive and benevolent features. The youth of Schehl made an impression on him, and he asked in German: "My little fellow, are you already a soldier?"

S. At your service, colonel.

C. How old are you?

S. Fifteen years, colonel.

C. How is it possible that you at your young age came into service?

S. Only my passion for horses induced me to volunteer my services in the most beautiful regiment of France, as trumpeter.

C. Can you ride horseback and take care of horses?

S. At your service, colonel!

C. Where are the many prisoners who have been brought here, according to reports there should be 800.

S. What you see here, colonel, is the sad remainder of those 800 men. The others have died.

C. Is there an epidemic disease in this house?

S. Pardon me, colonel, but those comrades of mine have all died from starvation; for during the six days we are here we received no food.

C. What you say, little fellow, cannot be true, for I have ordered to give you the prescribed rations of bread, meat, and brandy, the same as are given to the Russian soldiers, and this has been the will of the Czar.

S. Excuse me, colonel, I have told the truth, and if you will take the pains to walk into the rear yard you will see the corpses.

The colonel went and convinced himself of the correctness of my statement. He returned in the greatest anger, addressed some officer in Russian, gave some orders and went along the front to hear Schehl's report confirmed by several other prisoners. The officer who had received orders returned, accompanied by six Uhlans, each of the latter with hazelnut sticks. Now the jailors were called and had to deliver everything which they had taken from their prisoners; unfortunately, Schehl's clarinette was not among the articles that were returned. And now Schehl witnessed the most severe punishment executed on the jailors. They had to remove their coats and were whipped with such cannibal cruelty that bloody pieces of flesh were torn off their backs, and some had to be carried from the place. They deserved severe punishment, for they had sold all the food which during six days had been delivered to them for 800 men.

The surviving prisoners were now treated well, the colonel took Schehl with him to do service in his castle.

The case of Karl Schehl is a typical one.

Holzhausen has collected a great many similar ones from family papers, which never before had been published. All the writers of these papers speak, exactly like Schehl, in plain, truthful language, and the best proof of their veracity is that all, independent of each other, tell the same story of savage cruelty and of robbery. All, in narrating their experiences, do not omit any detail, all give dates and localities which they had retained exactly from those fearful days which had left the most vivid impressions. There is much repetition in these narrations, for all had experienced the same.

All tell that the Cossacks were the first to rob the prisoners. These irregular soldiers received no pay and considered it their right to compensate themselves for the hardships of the campaign by means of robbery.

Besides the tales collected by Holzhausen I can refer to many other writers, Frenchmen, the Englishman Wilson, and even Russians among them, but the material is so voluminous that I shall confine myself to select only what concerned physicians who were taken prisoners.

The Bavarian Sanitary Corps, captured at Polotsk, after having been mercilessly robbed by Cossacks, was brought before a Russian General, who did not even take notice of them. It was only after Russian physicians interfered in their behalf that they obtained a hearing of their grievances.

Prisoners tell touching stories how they were saved by German physicians, in most instances from typhus. In almost all larger Russian cities there were German physicians, and this was a blessing to many of the prisoners. Holzhausen gives the names of several of the sick and the names of the physicians who spared no pains in attending to the sufferers.

In the course of time and with the change of circumstances the lot of the prisoners in general was ameliorated, and in many instances their life became comfortable. Many found employment as farm hands or at some trade, as teachers of languages, but the principal occupation at which they succeeded was the practice of medicine. Whether they were competent physicians or only dilettantes they all gained the confidence of the Russian peasantry. In a land in which physicians are scarce the followers of Aesculap are highly appreciated.

When a Russian peasant had overloaded his stomach and some harmless mixture or decoction given him by some of the pseudo physicians had had a good effect—post hoc ergo propter hoc—the medicine man who had come from far away was highly praised and highly recommended.

Lieutenant Furtenbach treated with so-called sympathetic remedies and had a success which surprised nobody more than himself.

Real physicians were appreciated by the educated and influential Russians and secured a more lucrative practice within weeks than they had been able to secure after years at home. Dr. Roos, of whom I have already spoken, having been taken prisoner near the Beresina, became physician to the hospitals of Borisow and Schitzkow and soon had the greatest private practice of any physician in the vicinity; he afterward was called to the large hospitals in St. Petersburg, and was awarded highest honors by the Russian government.

More remarkable was the career of Adjutant Braun which has been told by his friend, Lieutenant Peppler, who acted as his assistant.

Braun had studied medicine for a while, but exchanged sound and lancet for the musket. As prisoner of war, at the urgent request of his friend Peppler, he utilized his unfinished studies. Venaesection was very popular in Russia, he secured a lancet, a German tailor made rollers for him, and soon he shed much Russian blood. The greatest triumph, however, of the two Aesculapians was Braun's successful operation for cataract which he performed on a police officer, his instrument being a rusty needle. The description of the operating scene during which the assistant Peppler trembled from excitement is highly dramatic. Braun became the favorite of the populace and everybody regretted that he left when he was free.



TREATMENT OF TYPHUS

Among the old publications referring to the medical history of Napoleon's campaign in Russia I found one of a Prussian army physician, Dr. Krantz, published in the year 1817 with the following title: Bemerkungen ueber den Gang der Krankheiten welche in der koniglich preussischen Armee vom Ausbruch des Krieges im Jahre 1812 bis zu Ende des Waffenstillstandes (im Aug.) 1813 geherrscht haben. (Remarks on the course of the Diseases which have reigned in the Royal Prussian Army from the Beginning of the War in the Year 1812 until the End of the Armistice [in August] 1813). From this I shall give the following extract:

It is well known that the soldiers constituting the wreck of the Grand Army wherever they passed on their way from Russia through Germany spread ruin; their presence brought death to thousands of peaceful citizens. Even those who were apparently well carried the germs of disease with them, for we found whole families, says Krantz, in whose dwelling soldiers, showing no signs of disease, had stayed over night, stricken down with typhus. The Prussian soldiers of York's corps had not been with the Grand Army in Moscow, and there was no typhus among them until they followed the French on their road of retreat from Russia. From this moment on, however, the disease spread with the greatest rapidity in the whole Prussian army corps, and this spreading took place with a certain uniformity among the different divisions. On account of the overflowing of the rivers, the men had to march closely together on the road, at least until they passed the Vistula near Dirschau, Moeve, and Marienwerder. Of the rapid extent of the infection we can form an idea when we learn the following facts: In the first East Prussian regiment of infantry, when it came to the Vistula, there was not a single case of typhus, while after a march of 14 miles on the highway which the French had passed before them there were 15 to 20 men sick in every company, every tenth or even every seventh man. In those divisions which had been exposed to infection while in former cantonments, the cases were much more numerous, 20 to 30 in every company.

Simultaneously with typhus there appeared the first cases of an epidemic ophthalmy. Although the eye affection was not as general as the typhus—it occurred only in some of the divisions, and then at the outset not so severely as later on—both evils were evidently related to each other by a common causal nexus. They appeared simultaneously under similar circumstances, but never attacked simultaneously the same individual. Whoever had ophthalmy was immune against typhus and vice versa, and this immunity furnished by one against the other evil lasted a long period of time. Both diseases were very often cured on the march. We found confirmed, says Krantz, what had been asserted a long time before by experienced physicians, that cold air had the most beneficial effect during the inflammatory stage of contagious typhus. For this reason the soldiers who presented the first well-known symptoms of typhus infection: headache, nausea, vertigo, etc., were separated from their healthy comrades and entrusted to medical care, and this consisted, except in the case of extraordinarily grave symptoms, in dressing the patient with warm clothing and placing him for the march on a wagon where he was covered all over with straw. The wagon was driven fast, to follow the corps, but halted frequently on the way at houses where tea (Infusum Chamomillae, species aromaticarum, etc.) with or without wine or spiritus sulphuricus aetherius were prepared; of this drink the patient was given a few cupfuls to warm him. As a precaution against frost, which proved to be a very wise one, hands and feet were wrapped in rags soaked in spiritus vini camphoratus. For quarters at night isolated houses were selected for their reception—a precaution taught by sad experience—and surgeons or couriers who had come there in advance had made the best preparations possible. All the hospitals between the Vistula and Berlin, constantly overfilled, were thoroughly infected, and thus transformed into regular pest-houses exhaling perdition to every one who entered, the physicians and attendants included. On the other hand, most of the patients who were treated on the march recovered. Of 31 cases of typhus of the 2d. battalion of the infantry guards transported from Tilsit to Tuchel, only one died, while the remaining 30 regained their health completely, a statistical result as favorable as has hardly ever happened in the best regulated hospital and which is the more surprising on account of the severe form of the disease at that time. An equally favorable result was obtained in the first East Prussian regiment of infantry on the march from the Vistula to the Spree.

There was not a single death on the march; of 330 patients 300 recovered, 30 were sent into hospitals of Elbing, Maerkisch Friedland, Conitz, and Berlin, and the same excellent results were reported from other divisions of the corps where the same method had been followed.

A most remarkable observation among the immense number of patients was that they seldom presented a stage of convalescence. Three days after they had been free from fever for 24 hours they were fit, without baggage, for a half or even a whole day's march. If the recovery had not been such a speedy one, says Krantz, how could all the wagons have been secured in that part of the country devastated by war for the transportation of the many hundreds of sick.

At the beginning of the sickness a vomitium of ipecacuanha and tartarus stibiatus was administered (though on the march no real medical treatment was attempted); later on aether vitrioli with tinctura valerianae, tinctura aromatica and finally tinctura chinae composita aurantiorum with good wine, etc., were given. It is interesting to read Krantz's statement of how much some physicians were surprised who had been accustomed to treat their patients in hospitals according to the principles of that period, which consisted in the exclusion of fresh air and the hourly administration of medicine. The mortality of those treated on the march in the manner described was never more than 2 to 3 per cent.

As already mentioned, an epidemic ophthalmy spread simultaneously with typhus among a large number of the troops returning from Courland, especially among those who formed the rear guard, in which was the first East Prussian regiment to which Krantz was attached.

In a far greater proportion the men of the two Prussian cavalry regiments and artillery batteries which Napoleon had taken with him to Moscow, that is into ruin, succumbed to the morbid potencies which acted upon them from all sides.

On March 17th., 1813, York's corps entered Berlin, and from this time on contagious typhus disappeared almost completely in this army division. It is true that occasionally a soldier was attacked, but the number of these was insignificant, and the character of the sickness was mild. Other internal diseases were also infrequent among these troops during that time. Epidemic ophthalmy, however, was very prevalent in the East Prussian regiment of infantry. From February, 1813, until the day of the battle of Leipzig, 700 men were treated for this disease. The character of this ophthalmy was mild, and under treatment the patients completely recovered within a few days (nine days at most) without any destructive lesion remaining. Quite different from this form was a severe ophthalmy which appeared in the army toward the end of the year 1813, and also during the years 1814 and 1815.



AFTER THE SECOND CROSSING OF THE NIEMEN

Out of the enemy's country, on their way home, the soldiers had by no means reached the limit of their sufferings. Instead of being able now to take the much longed for and so much needed rest they were compelled to keep on marching in order to reach the meeting places designated to them, the principal one of which was Koenigsberg.

Before entering Prussia they had to pass through a district which was inhabited by Lithuanians who had suffered very much from the army passing on the march to Moscow, and who now took revenge on the retreating soldiers.

Most happy were the Germans of the army breathing again the air of their native country, and they could not restrain their feelings when they found themselves in clean dwellings.

Their first occupation was to restore themselves in regard to cleanliness, to free their faces from a thick covering of dirt intensified by smoke which could be compared with a mask. All these unfortunate men wore this mask, but, as they said while in Moscow, without any desire to dance. Especially the better educated ones among them felt ashamed to present themselves in this condition in which they had dragged themselves through Russia and Poland.

On December 16th, von Borcke and his General, von Ochs, came to Schirwind, for the first time again in a Prussian city. Quarters were assigned to them in one of the best houses, the house of the widow of a Prussian officer. The lady, on seeing the two entering the house, was astonished to learn that they were a general with his adjutant, and that they should be her guests. Nothing about them indicated their rank, they were wrapped in sheepskins and rags full of dirt, blackened by the smoke from the camp fires, with long beards, frozen hands and feet.

On January 2nd., 1813, these two officers arrived at Thorn. They considered themselves saved from the great catastrophe, when there, like in all places to which the wrecks of the grand army had come, typhus broke out. General von Ochs was stricken down with this disease, and his condition did not warrant any hopes for recovery. His son, however, who had gone through the whole retreat wounded and sick with typhus, whom the general and his adjutant had brought from Borodino in a wagon under incredible difficulties, had recovered and was able to nurse his father.

And General von Ochs came home with his Adjutant, von Borcke, on February 20th., 1813.

Good people took pains to give their guests an opportunity to clean themselves thoroughly; the well-to-do had their servants attend to this process; in houses of the working class man and wife would give a helping hand.

Sergeant Schoebel, together with a comrade, was quartered in the house of an honest tailor who, seeing how the soldiers were covered with lice, made them undress and, while the wife boiled the undergarments, the tailor ironed the outer clothing with a hot iron.

Generous people tried to ameliorate in every manner possible the need which presented itself in such a pitiful form.

Lieutenant Schauroth was sitting in despair at a table in an inn when one nobleman pressed a double Louisd'or into his hand and another placed his sleigh at the lieutenant's disposal to continue his journey.

In Tapiau a carpenter's helper, himself a very poor man, begged among his friends to obtain a suit of clothes for Sergeant Steinmueller, whom he had never known before.

But cases of this kind were the exception; in general the Prussian peasants remembered the many excesses which, notwithstanding Napoleon's strict orders, the soldiers had committed on their march through East Prussia; they remembered the requisitions, they felt the plight of Prussia since the battle of Jena, and they revenged themselves on the French especially, but even the Germans of Napoleon's soldiers had to suffer from the infuriated, pitiless peasantry. Holzhausen describes scenes which were not less atrocious than those enacted by Russian peasants.

And those who were treated kindly had the most serious difficulties: the sudden change from misery to regular life caused many serious disorders of the organs of digestion, ennervation and circulation. All who have been in the field during our civil war know how long it took before they were able again to sleep in a bed. The Napoleonic soldiery describe how the warmth of the bed brought on the most frightful mental pictures; they saw burnt, frozen, and mutilated comrades and had to try to find rest on the floor, their nervous and their circulatory systems were excited to an intolerable degree. After eating they vomited, and only gradually the ruined stomach became accustomed again, first, to thin soups and, later on, to a more substantial diet.

How much they had suffered manifested itself in many ways after the thick crust had been removed from their body and, above all, after what had taken the place of shoes had been taken off. When Sergeant Toenges removed the rags from his feet the flesh of both big toes came off. Captain Gravenreuth's boots had been penetrated by matter and ichor. Painful operations had to be performed to separate gangraenous parts. In Marienwerder Hochberg found all the attendants of Marshal Victor on the floor while a surgeon was amputating their limbs.

But these were comparatively minor affairs, amputated limbs played no roll when hundreds of thousands of mutilated corpses rested on the fields of Russia.

An enemy more vicious than the one that had decimated the beautiful army was lying in wait for the last remainder which tried to rally again.

It was the typhus that on the road from Moscow all through Germany and through France did its destructive work.

This disease had been observed, as Dr. Geissler reports, first in Moscow, ravaged most terribly in Wilna and held a second great harvest in Koenigsberg, where the first troops arrived on December 20th.

One-half of those who had been attacked succumbed, although the hospitals of Koenigsberg were ideal ones compared with those of Wilna.

Geissler and his colleague had to work beyond description to ameliorate and to console; help was impossible in the majority of cases.

The physicians of Koenigsberg were not as lucky as Dr. Krantz, whose patients were in the open air instead of being confined in a hospital.

It is heartrending to read how so many who had withstood so much, escaped so many dangers, had to die now. One of these was General Eble, the hero of the Beresina.



LITERATURE.

BEAUPRE, MORICHEAU. A Treatise on the Effects and Properties of Cold with a Sketch, Historical and Medical, of the Russian Campaign. Translated by John Clendining with Appendix xviii, 375 pp., 8 vo. Edinburgh, Maclachnan and Stewart 1826.

BLEIBTREU, CARL. Die Grosse Armee. Zu ihrer Jahrhundertfeier. 3. Band. Smolensk—Moskau—Beresina. Stuttgart, 1908.

——, Marschalle, Generale. Soldaten, Napoleon's I. Berlin (without date).

VON BORCKE, JOHANN. Kriegerleben 1806-1815. Berlin, 1888.

BONOUST, MARTIN. Considerations generales sur la congelation pendant l'ivresse, observee en Russie en 1812. Paris, 1817.

BRANDT. Aus dem Leben des Generals Heinrich von Brandt. Berlin, 1870.

CARPON, CHIRURGIEN. Majeur de la Grande Armee, Les Morts de Wilna. La France Medicale, 1902, pp. 457-63.

CHUQUET, ARTHUR. 1812 La Guerre de Russie. 3 vols. Paris, 1912.

EBSTEIN, DR. WILHELM. Geh. Medizinalrat und Professor der Medizin an der Universitat Goettingen, Die Krankheiten im Feldzuge gegen Russland (1812). Eine geschichtlich-medizinische Studie. Stuttgart, 1902.

GOURGAUD, GENERAL G. DE. Napoleons Gedanken und Erinnerungen, St. Helena, 1815-1818, Nach dem 1898 veroffentlichten Tagebuch deutsch bearbeitet von Heinrich Conrad. 7. Aus. Stuttgart, 1901. Illustrated.

HOLZHAUSEN, PAUL. Die Deutschen in Russland, 1812. Leben und Leiden auf der Moskauer Heerfahrt. 2 vols. Berlin, 1912.

KERCKHOVE, J. R. DE. Chirurgien-en-Chef des Hopitaux militairs, Histoire des maladies observees a la grande Armee francaise pendant les campagnes de Russie en 1812. 2 vols. l'Allemagne en 1813. Anvers, 1836.

KIELLAND. ALEXANDER L. Rings um Napoleon. Uebersetzt von Dr. Friedrich Leskien und Marie Leskien-Lie. 3 Auflage. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1907. Illustrated.

KRANTZ, DR. Bemerkungen uber den Gang der Krankheiten welche in der Konigl. preuss. Armee vom Ausbruche des Krieges im Jahr 1812 bis zu Ende des Waffenstillstandes (im Aug.) 1813 geherrscht haben. Magazin f. d. ges. Heilkunde. Berlin, 1817.

LOSSBERG, GENERALLIEUTENANT VON. Briefe in die Heimath. Geschrieben wahrend des Feldzugs 1812 in Russland. Leipzig, 1848.

DE MAZADE, CH. LE COMTE ROSTOPCHINE. Revue des Deux Mondes, Sept. 15, 1863.

RAMBAUD, ALF. La Grande Armee a Moscou d'apres les recits russes. Revue des Deux Mondes, July 1, 1873.

SCHEHL, KARL. Mit der grossen Armee 1812 von Krefeld nach Moskau. Erlebnisse des niederrheinischen Veteranen Karl Schehl. Herausgegeben von Seinem Grossneffen Ferd, Schehl, Krefeld. Dusseldorf, 1912.

DE SCHERER, JOANNES. Historia morborum, qui in expeditione contra Russian anno MDCCCXII facta legiones Wuerttembergica invaserunt, praesertim eorem, qui frigore orti sunt. Inaugural Dissertation. Tuebingen, 1820.

THIERS, A. Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire.

VON YELIN. In Russland 1812. Aus dem Tagebuch des wurttembergischen Offiziers von Yelin. Munchen, 1911. Illustrated.

ZELLE, DR. W. Stabsarzt A. D., Kreisarzt, 1812. Das Voelkerdrama in Russland. 2. Auf. (Without date.)



INDEX

Alcoholic Beverages Alexander the Great Anthouard

Basilius Monastery Beaupre Belle-Isle Beresina Berlin Berthier, Borcke, von Borisow Borodino Bourgeois Bourgogne Brandt, von Braun

Carpon Caulaincourt Cesarian Insanity Charles XII Chasseloup Commanders Compans Constant Corbineau Corvisart Crossing the Niemen Curtius

Description of diseases 100 Years Ago Dirschau Dorogobouge Doumerc Dresden Dysentery

Eble Ebstein Egloffstein

Fournier Friant Furtenbach

Gangraene Geissler Ghjat Girard Glinka Goina Gordon Gourgaud Gravenreuth Grolmann, von

Happrecht, von Hochberg, von Holzhausen Huber

Iliya Inoralow

Jacobs Jacqueminot Jaroslawetz Jews

Kalkreuter, von Kalouga Karpisz Keller, von Kerchhove Kerner, von Kohlreuter, von Koenigsberg Kowno Krantz Krapowna Krasnoe Kuhn Kvass Kurakin Kutusof

Laplander Larrey Lauriston Legrand Leppich's Airship Loison Lossberg, von Louis XVIII

Maciejowski Maison Malczowski Malodeszno Maloijorolawez Marienwerder Mergentheim Miednicki Miloradovitch Mohilew Molodetchno Montholon Moscow Moeve Murat at Thorn

Ochmiana Ochs, von Oginsky Ophthalmy Orlowski Orscha Ostrowno

Partouneaux Peppler Phtheiriasis Picart Platow Plechtchenissi Polotsk Prisoners of War Retreat from Moscow Ribes Roeder Roos, de Rostopchine Rudloff

Samoide Schauroth Schehl Scherer, von Schirwind Schmetter, von Schoebel Shoes Siberia Smolensk Smorgoni Soden, von Steinmuller Strizzowan Studianka Suckow

Tapian Tchitchakoff Theuss Thiers, Tilsit Toenges Tschaplitz Tuchel Turenne

Victor, Vop

Wasilenka Westphalians Wiasma Wilna Wilson Witepsk Wittgenstein Wrede, von

Xenophon

Yelin Yermaloff

Zayonchek Zawnicki Zazale Zelinski Zembin



SUBSCRIPTION LIST.

3 Dr. H.J. Achard, Ravenswood, Chicago. 1 Dr. Fred. H. Albee, 125 W. 58th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. W.T. Alexander, 940 St. Nicholas Avenue, N.Y. City. 1 Rev, Mother Alphonsus, School of St. Angela, N.Y. City. 1 Mr. Gustav Amberg, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Ernest F. Apeldom, 2113 Howard St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1 Dr. S.T. Armstrong, Hillbourne Farms, Katonah, N.Y. 1 Dr. M. Aronson, 1875 Madison Avenue, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. C.E. Atwood, 14 E. 60th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. John Waite Avery, 295 Atlantic Street, Stamford, Conn. 1 Dr. Arcadius Avellanus, 47 W. 52nd Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Frederick A. Baldwin, 4500 Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo. 1 Dr. Richard T. Bang, 139 W. 11th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Mr. R.G. Barthold, 57 W. 92nd Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. James E. Baylis, Medical Corps U.S.A., Ft. D.A. Russell, Wyo. 1 Mr. N. Becher, 361 Crescent Street, Brooklyn, N.Y. 1 Mr. E. Bilhuber, 45 John Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. G.F. Bond, 960 N. Broadway, Yonkers, N.Y. 10 Hon. D.N. Botassi, Consul General of Greece, N.Y. City, 1 Dr. Arthur A. Boyer, 11 E. 48th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. John W. Brannan, 11 W. 12th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. G.E. Brewer, 61 W. 48th Street, N.Y. City. 3 Dr. Ira C. Brown, Medical Army Corps, E. 3 Kinnean Apts., Seattle, Wash. 1 Dr. A.F. Brugman, 163 W. 8sth Street, N.Y. City, 1 Dr. Peter A. Callan, 452 Fifth Avenue, N.Y. City, 1 Dr. Arch. M. Campbell, 36 First Avenue, Mt. Vernon, N.Y. 1 Dr. Arturo Carbonell, 1st Lient. U.S.A., San Juan, Porto Rico. 1 Dr. C.E. Carter, Boston Building, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1 Dr. Geo. P. Castritsy, 230 W. 95th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Miss Florence E. de Cerkez, 411 W. 114th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. H.N. Chapman, 3814 Washington Bl., St. Louis, Mo. 1 Dr. F.R. Chambers, 15 Exchance Place, Jersey City, N.J. 2 Mrs. Mary Lefferts-Claus, Brookwood, Cobham, Va. 1 Dr. Fred. J. Conzelmann, Wards Island, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. John McCoy, 157 W. 73rd Street, N.Y. City. 1 Rev. D.F. Coyle, Crotona Parkway, 176th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Rt. Rev. Thos. F. Cusack, 142 E. 29th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. F.L. Davis, 4902 Page Bl., St. Louis, Mo. 1 Dr. A.E. Davis, 50 W. 37th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Mr. C.E. Dean, 37 Wall Street, N.Y. City. 1 Mr. A. Drivas, 340-42 E. 33rd Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Louis C. Duncan, Capt. Med. Corps, U.S.A., Washington, D.C. 1 Dr. J.H. Erling, Jr., 150 W. 96th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Mrs. Clinton Pinckney Farrell, 117 E. 2ist Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Albert Warren Ferris, The Glen Springs, Watkins, N.Y. 1 Dr. Geo. Fischer, 90 Auburn Street, Paterson, N.J. 1 Dr. H. Fischer, 111 E. 81st Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Wm. F. Fluhrer, 507 Madison Avenue, N.Y. City. 3 Dr. F. Foerster, 926 Madison Avenue, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Russell S. Fowler, 301 De Kalb Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y. 1 Dr. Louis Friedman, 262 W. 113th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Robt. M. Funkhouser, 4354 Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo. 1 Dr. A.E. Gallant, 540 Madison Avenue, N.Y. City. 1 Messrs F. Gerolimatos and Co., 194 Avenue B, N.Y. City. 1 Mr. Jose G. Garcia, 1090 St. Nicholas Avenue, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Samuel M. Garlich, 474 State Street, Bridgeport, Conn. 1 Dr. H.J. Garrigues, Tryon, N.C. 1 Mrs. Isabella Gatslick, 519 W. 143rd Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Arpad G. Gerster, 34 E. 75th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Mr. H.F. Glenn, 324 W. Washington Street, Fort Wayne, Ind. 1 Mr. J. Goldschmidt, Publisher Deutsche Med. Presse, Berlin, Germany. 1 Dr. Hermann Grad, 159 W. 12Oth Street, N.Y. City, 1 Mr. Gromaz von Gromadzinski, 365 Edgecombe Avenue, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Jas. T. Gwathmey, 40 E. 41st Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. H.R. Gunderman, Selby, South Dakota. 1 Dr. F.J. Haneman, 219 Burnett Street, East Orange, N.J. 1 Dr. Harold Hays, 11 W. 81st Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Wm. Van V. Hayes, 34 W. 50th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. I.S. Haynes, 107 W. 85th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Louis Heitzmann, 110 W. 78th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Johnson Held, 616 Madison Avenue, N.Y. City. 1 Mr. F. Herrmann, 37 Wall Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Abraham Heyman, 40 E. 41st Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Thos. A. Hopkins, St. Louis, Mo. 1 Dr. John Horn, 72 E. 92nd Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. B.W. Hoagland, Woodbridge, N.J. 1 Dr. Chas. H. Hughes, 3858 W. Pine Bl., St. Louis, Mo. 1 Dr. L.M. Hurd, 15 E. 48th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Rev. Mother Ignatius, College of New Rochelle, N.Y. 1 Dr. H. Illoway, 1113 Madison Avenue, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. C.J. Imperatori, 245 W. 1O2nd Street, N.Y. City. 1 Miss Maud Ingersoll, 117 E. 21st Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Walter B. Jennings, 140 Wadsworth Avenue, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. George B. Jones, 1st Lieut. Med. Corps, Las Cascadas Panama Canal Zone. 1 Dr. Oswald Joerg, 12 Schermerhorn Street, Brooklyn, N.Y. 1 Mr. John Kakavos, 636 Lexington Avenue, N.Y. City. 1 Mr. Albert Karg, 469 Fourth Avenue, N.Y. City. 1 Rev. Arthur C. Kenny, 408 W. 124th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. E.D. Kilbourne, Capt. Med. Corps, U.S.A., Columbus, O. 1 Dr. H. Kinner, 1103 Rutges Street, St. Louis, Mo. 5 Mr. Richard Kny, Pres. Kny Scheerer Co., N.Y. City, 1 Dr. A. Knoll, Ludwigshafen, Germany. 3 Dr. S. Alphonsus Knopf, 16 W. 95th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. S.J. Kopetzky, 616 Madison Avenue, N.Y. City, 1 Dr. John E. Kumpf, 302 E. 30th Street, N.Y. City, 1 Rev. Mother Lauretta, Middletown, N.Y. 1 Dr. M.D. Lederman, 58 E. 75th Street, N.Y. City. 5 Messrs. Lekas and Drivas, 17 Roosevelt Street, N.Y. City. 5 Messrs. Lemcke and Buechner, 30 W. 27th Street, N.Y. City. 3 Dr. B. Leonardos, Director Museum of Inscriptions, Athens, Greece. 1 Dr. H.F. Lincoln, U.S.A., Ft. Apache, Arizona. 1 Dr. Forbes R. McCreery, 123 E. 40th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Miss Agnes McGinnis, 2368 Seventh Avenue, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. W. Duncan McKim, 1701 l8th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 1 Dr. C.A. McWilliams, 32 E. 53rd Street, N.Y. City. 2 Dr. Wm. Mabon, Wards Island, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Chas. O. Maisch, State Infirmary, Tewksbury, Mass. 1 Mr. E. A. Manikas, 49 James Street, N.Y. City. 1 Mr. Edward J. Manning, 59 W. 76th Street, N.Y. City. 3 Mr. Wm. Marko, 254 Bowery, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. L.D. Mason, 171 Joralemon Street, Brooklyn, N.Y. 1 Dr. Charles H. May, 698 Madison Avenue, N.Y. City. 5 Rev. Isidore Meister, S.L.D., Marmaraneck, N.Y. 1 Mrs. Meixner, 476 Third Avenue, Astoria, N.Y. 1 Dr. Alfred Melzer, 785 Madison Avenue, N.Y. City. 2 Mr. George Merck, Llewellyn Park, West Orange, N.J. 1 Mr. Frank Miglis, 1-5 New Bowery, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Kenneth W. Millican, London, England. 1 Mrs. Maria G. Minekakis, 153 W. 22nd Street, N.Y. City. 2 Mr. Epominondas Minekakis, 366 Sixth Avenue, N.Y. City, 1 Professor P.D. de Monthule, 97 Hamilton Place, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Robert T. Morris, 616 Madison Avenue, N.Y. City, 1 Dr. Wm. J. Morton, 19 E. 28th Street, N.Y. City, 1 Dr. J.B. Murphy, 104 So. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Ill. 1 Miss Mary Murphy, 233 Eighth Street, Jersey City, N.J. 2 Mr. Wm. Neisel, 44-60 E. 23rd Street. N.Y. City. 2 Dr. Rupert Norton, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md. 1 Dr. M.C. O'Brien, 161 W. 122nd Street, N.Y. City, 1 Mr. Adolf Olson, 383 E. 136th Street, N.Y. City, 1 Mr. O.G. Orr, 37 Wall Street, N.Y. City, 1 Dr. Francis R. Packard, 302 S. 19th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 1 Dr. Charles E. Page, 120 Tremont Street, Boston, Mass. 1 Dr. Roswell Park, 510 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, N.Y. 1 Dr. Ralph L. Parsons, Ossining, N.Y. 1 Mr. E.B. Pettel, 308 E. 15th Street, N.Y. City. 1 Dr. Daniel J. Phelan, 123 W. 94th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. C. W. Pilgrim, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 1 Dr. J. L. Pomeroy, 212 Am. Nat. Bank, Monrovia, Cal. 1 Dr. R. S. Porter, Captain Med. Corps, U. S. A., Fort Wm. H. Seward, Alaska. 1 Dr. M. Rabinowitz, 1261 Madison Avenue, N. Y. City.

1 Dr. Chas. Rayersky, Liberty, N. Y. 1 Dr. R. G. Reese, 50 W. S2nd Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Pius Renn, 171 W. 95th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Miss Jennie M. Rich, 624 S. Washington Square, Philadelphia, Pa. 1 Dr. Jno. D. Riley, Mahanoy City, Pa. 1 Dr. A. Ripperger, 616 Madison Avenue, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. John A. Robinson, 40 E. 41 st Street, N. Y. City. 2 Mr. Hermann Roder, 366 Central Avenue, Jersey City, N. J. 1 Dr. Max Rosenthal, 26 W. 90th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Mr. Gregory Santos, 32 Madison Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Thos. E. Satterthwaite, 7 E. 80th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Reginald H. Sayre, 14 W. 48th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Mr. M. F. Schlesinger, 47 Third Avenue, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. W. S. Schley, 24 W. 45th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Mrs. Schoenfeld, 374 Washington Avenue, Astoria, N. Y. 1 Dr. G. Schroeder, Schoemberg O. A. Neuenburg, Wuerttemberg, Germany. 1 Dr. P. David Schultz, 601 W. 156th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. E. S. Sherrnan, 20 Central Avenue, Newark, N. J. 1 Mr. James S. Smitzes, Tarpon Springs, Fla. 1 Dr. John B. Solley, Jr., 968 Lexington Avenue, N. Y. City. 5 Messrs. G. E. Stechert & Co., 151-155 W. 25th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Heinrkh Stern, 250 W. 73d Street, N. Y. City, 1 Dr. Geo. David Stewart, 61 W. 50th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Chas. Stover, Amsterdam, N. Y. 3 Dr. August Adrian Strasser, 115 Beech Street, Arlington, N. J. 1 Dr. Alfred N. Strouse, 79 W. 50th Street, N. Y. City, 1 Surgeon General's Office, Washington, D. C. 1 Mr. Fairchild N. Terry, 984 Simpson Street, N. Y. City. 1 Mr. Vasilios Takis, 2060 E. 15th Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 1 Mr. John G. Theophilos, Coney Island, N. Y. 1 Dr. Henry H. Tyson, 47 W. 51st Street, N. Y. City. 1 Professor Dr. H. Vierordt, Tuebingen, Germany. 1 Dr. Hermann Vieth, Ludwigshafen, Germany. 1 Dr. Agnes C. Vietor, Trinity Court, Boston, Mass. 1 Mr. George Villios, 31 Oliver Street, N. Y. City. 1 Mr. John Villios, 31 Oliver Street, N. Y. 1 Dr. Antonie P. Voislawsky, 128 W. 59th. St., N. Y. City 1 Dr. Cornelius Doremus Van Wagenen, 616 Madison Avenue, N. Y. City. 2 Rev. Thos. W. Wallace, 921 Morris Avenue, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Jas. J. Walsh, 110 W. 74th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Josephine Walter, 61 W. 74th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Henry W. Wandles, 9 E. 39th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Freeman F. Ward, 616 Madison Avenue, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Edward J. Ware, 121 W. 93rd Street, N. Y. City. 2 Kommerzienrat Richard Weidner, Gotha, Germany. 1 Dr. Sara Welt-Kakels, 71 E. 66th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. H. R. Weston, Lieut. U. S. A., Key West Barracks, Fla. 1 Dr. Thos. H. Willard, 1 Madison Avenue, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. M. H. Williams, 556 W. 150th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Linsly R. Williams, 882 Park Avenue, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Frederick N. Wilson, 40 E. 41st Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. Fred. Wise, 828 Lexington Avenue, N. Y. City. 2 Mr. A. Wittemann, 250 Adams Street. Brooklyn, N. Y. 1 Miss E. Wittemann, 17 Ocean Terrace, Stapleton, S. I. 1 Dr. David G. Yates, 79 W. 104th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Professor Dr. Zimmerer, Regensburg, Germany. 1 Mr. H. H. Tebault, 624 Madison Avenue. 1 Dr. R. L. Sutton, U. S. N., Kansas City, Mo. 1 Mr. L. Schwalbach, 12 Judge Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 1 Mr. N. Becker, 361 Crescent Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 1 Mr. Anton Emmert, 563 Hart Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 1 Dr. Ernest V. Hubbard, 11 E. 48th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. J. A. Koempel, 469 E. 156th Street, N. Y. City. 1 Dr. John D. Riley, 200 E. Mahonoy Ave., Mahonoy City, P. I. 1 Dr. John McCoy, 157 W. 73rd Street, N. Y. City.

OTHER BOOKS BY THE AUTHOR.



PHYSICIAN VS. BACTERIOLOGIST.

BY PROF. O. ROSENBACH, M.D.

Translated from the German by ACHILLES ROSE, M.D., New York.

This volume embraces Rosenbach's discussion on the clinico-bacteriologic and hygienic problems based on original investigations. They represent a contest against the overgrowth of bacteriology, principally against the overzealous enthusiasm of orthodox bacteriologists.

PARTIAL CONTENTS—Significance of Animal Experiments for Pathology and Therapy, The Doctrine of Efficacy of Specifics, Disinfection in the Test Tube and in the Living Body, Should Drinking Water and Milk be Sterilized? In How Far Has Bacteriology Advanced Diagnosis and Cleared Up Aetiology? The Mutations of Therapeutic Methods; Stimulation, Reaction, Predisposition; Bacterial Aetiology of Pleurisy; The Significance of Sea Sickness; Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Phthisis; Constitution and Therapy; Care of the Mouth in the Sick; Some Remarks on Influenza; The Koch Method; The Cholera Question; Infection; Orotherapy; Undulations of Epidemics.

The Post Graduate, New York: "It is a rich storehouse for every physician and will give much food for thought."

12mo, Cloth. 455 Pages. $1.50, net; By Mail, $1.66.



CARBONIC ACID IN MEDICINE.

BY ACHILLES ROSE, M.D.

It sets forth facts about the healing qualities of carbonic acid gas which were known centuries ago and then passed into disuse until they had become unjustly forgotten.

THE CONTENTS—The Physiology and Chemistry of Respiration; History of the Use of Carbonic Acid in Therapeutics; Inflation of the Large Intestine with Carbonic-acid Gas for Diagnostic Purposes; The Therapeutic Effect of Carbonic-acid Gas in Chloriasis, Asthma, and Emphysema of the Lungs, in the Treatment of Dysentry and Membranous Enteritis and Colic, Whooping-cough, Gynecological Affections; The Effects of Carbonic-acid Baths on the Circulation; Rectal Fistula Promptly, Completely, and Permanently Cured by Means of Carbonic-acid Applications; Carbonic-acid in Chronic Suppurative Otitis and Dacryocystitis; Carbonicacid Applications in Rhinitis.

"From this little volume the practitioner can derive much valuable information, while the physiologist will find a point of departure for new investigations."—The Post-Graduate, New York. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, 268 Pages. $1.00, net; By Mail, $1.10.



ATONIA GASTRICA BY DR. ACHILLES ROSE.

Atonia Gastrica, by which term is understood abdominal relaxation and ptosis of viscera, is a subject of vast importance, as has been proved by the avalanche of literature it has caused during the last decade. The relation of some ailments to abdominal relaxation has only been recognized since the author's method of abdominal strapping has been adopted and extensively practiced. This book gives in attractive form all we know in regard to aetiology; it describes and treats on the significance of the plaster strapping as the most rational therapeutic measure. The illustrations given with the description will prove of much practical value to those who wish to give the method a trial, but who have not had the opportunity to see the Rose belt applied.

12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.00, net.

FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers, 44-60 East Twenty-third Street, New York.



MEDICAL GREEK COLLECTION OF PAPERS ON MEDICAL ONOMATOLOGY.

BY DR. ACHILLES ROSE, Honorary Member of the Medical Society of Athens. Member of the Committee on Nomenclature of the Medical Society of Athens.

G. E. STECHERT & COMPANY, 151-155 West 25th Street, New York. Price, $1.00.

Dr. James P. Warbasse of Brooklyn, N. Y., wrote concerning this book: "I am much in sympathy with your efforts to secure more uniformity and correctness in our medical words. While you may not be wholly satisfied with the results which you are able to secure or with the reception which your work has received at the hands of your colleagues, still it is continually bearing fruit. The campaign which you have carried on has awakened a general and widespread interest in the matter, and is bound to accomplish great good. I have read with much interest your correspondence with the Academy of Medicine. It shows an admirable persistent enthusiasm on one hand and a successful postponing diplomacy on the other."

"For the work done by you, your name will be praised by generations."

In order to understand the onomatology question in medicine as it stands at present one has to read this book.



CHRISTIAN GREECE AND LIVING GREEK. BY DR. ACHILLES ROSE. NEW YORK:

G. E. STECHERT & CO., 151-155 West 25th Street. Price, $1.00.

CONTENTS.

PREFACE.—A Political Retrospect on Greece.—The Hostility of the Great European Powers towards Greece Since the Establishment of the Greek Kingdom.—Pacifico Affair and Lord Palmerston.—Cretan Insurrections. —Latest War.—Greece's Future

CHAPTER I.—An Historical Sketch of Greek.—Relation of the Greek of To-day to the Greek of the Attic Orators.—Exposure of many Erroneous Views which have been Prevailing until Recently

CHAPTER II.—Proper Pronounciation of Greek.—The Only True Historical Pronounciation is the One of the Greeks of To-day; the Erasmian is Arbitrary, Unscientific, is a Monstrosity

CHAPTER III.—The Byzantines.—Misrepresentations in Regard to Byzantine History.—Our Gratitude due to the Byzantine Empire

CHAPTER IV.—The Greeks under Turkish Bondage.—The Misery into which the Greek World was Thrown during the Centuries of Turkish Bondage, the Wonderful Rising of the Greek People from the Lethargy caused by Slavery, and their Spiritual and Political Resurrection

CHAPTER V.—The Greek War of Independence, and the European Powers.—The most Incomprehensible Wrongs Done to the Heroic Greek Race by the Powers while it was Struggling for Liberty after Long Centuries of Terrific Vicissitudes, under Circumstances which Presented More Difficulties than any Other Nation had Encountered.—Philhellenism

CHAPTER VI.—The Kingdom of Greece before the War of 1897.—Continuation of the Hostility towards the Greeks Since a Part, Part Only of the Nation was Set Free

CHAPTER VII.—Greek as the International Language of Physicians and Scholars in General.—The Necessity of Introducing Better Methods of Teaching Greek in Schools in Order that Greek may become the International Language of Scholars

EPILOGUE.—Calumniations Against the Greeks of To-day and the Refutation of These



List of Subscribers EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS AND REVIEWS IN JOURNALS.

His GRACE, ARCHBISHOP CORRIGAN, New York, wrote the day after having received the book: "Dear Doctor, Many thanks for your great courtesy in sending me a copy of your charming work, 'Christian Greece and Living Greek.' I have already begun its perusal, the chapter on the proper 'Pronunciation of Greek' naturally inviting and claiming immediate attention. I think you laugh Erasmus out of court. Now I must begin, if leisure be ever afforded me, to dip into Greek again, to learn to pronounce your noble language correctly. Congratulating you on your success, and with best wishes, I am, dear Doctor,

"Very faithfully yours,

"M. A. CORRIGAN, ARCHBISHOP."

DR. ACHILLES ROSE.

S. STANHOPE ORRIS, Professor of Greek in Princeton University, who was Director of the American School at Athens from 1888 to 1889, who kindly revised the manuscript, wrote:

"I think that the impression which the manuscript has made on my mind will be made on the minds of all who read your book—that it is the production of an able, laborious, enthusiastic, scholarly man, who deserves the gratitude and admiration of all who labor to perpetuate an interest in the language, literature, and history of Greece."

Again, after having received the book, the same Philhellene writes to the author: "Professor Cameron, my colleague, who has glanced at the book, pronounces it eloquent, as I also do, and unites with me in ordering a copy for our University Library."

HON. EBEN ALEXANDER, former United States Minister to Greece, Professor of Greek, North Carolina University: "My dear Dr. Rose, The five copies have been received, and I enclose check in payment.... I am greatly pleased with the book. It shows everywhere the fruit of your far-reaching studies, and your own enthusiastic interest has enabled you to state the facts in a strongly interesting way. I hope that it will meet with favor. I wonder whether you have sent a copy to the King? He would like to see it, I know.... I am sincerely your friend."

WILLIAM F. SWAHLER, Professor of Greek, De Pauw University, Greencastle, Ind., writes: "I received the book today in fine order, and am much pleased so far as I have had time to peruse the same."

THOMAS CARTER, Professor of Greek and Latin, Centenary College, Jackson, La., writes: "Am highly delighted with Dr. Rose's work; have not had the time to read it all yet, but from what I have been able to get over, am more than ever convinced of his accurate learning, his profound scholarship, and his devoted enthusiasm for his beloved Hellas."

A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON, Professor of Oriental Languages, Columbia University, New York: "The welcome volume arrived this morning and is cordially appreciated. This note is to express my thanks and to extend best wishes for continued success."

MR. JOHN C. PALMARIS, of Chicago: "[Greek: Eugnomonon Eggaen]. Dr. Achilles Rose. Dear Sir, Allow me to express my thanks from the bottom of my heart as a Greek for your sincere love for my beloved country 'Hellas,' and to congratulate you for your noble philological and precious work, 'Christian Greece and Living Greek,' with the true Gnomikon. 'It is shameful to defame Greece continually.' I received to-day the three copies for me and one for my brother-in-law (Prince Rodokanakis), which I despatched immediately to Syra."

DR. A. F. CURRIER, New York: "Dear Dr. Rose, I received your book with great pleasure. It is very attractively made up, and I am looking forward to the pleasure of reading it. As I get older I am astonished at the charm with which memory recalls history, myth, and poetry in the study of the classics long ago. With sincerest wishes for your success, believe me yours, Philhellenically."

C. EVERETT CONANT, Professor of Greek and Latin, Lincoln University, Lincoln, III.: "I wish personally to thank you for the effort you are making to set before us Americans the true status of the modern Greek language in its relation with the classic speech of Pericles' day. With best wishes for the success of your laudable undertaking, I am cordially yours."

MR. H. E. S. SLAGENHAUP, Taneytown, Md.: "Dr. Achilles Rose. Dear Sir, Your book, 'Christian Greece and Living Greek,' reached me this morning. Although it arrived only this morning I have already read the greater part of it. It is a work for which every Philhellene must feel truly grateful to you. Not only do I admire the care, the industry, and the scholarly research which are evident on every page of this valuable exposition of Hellenism and Philhellenism, but I most heartily indorse every sentiment expressed in it. I rejoice that such a book has appeared; I hope it may have a wide influence favorable to the just cause of Hellas; and I pledge myself to render whatever assistance may lie in my power in the furtherance of that cause. The disasters of the past year have in no wise shaken my faith in the Hellenic race; on the contrary, they have increased my admiration for the brave people who undertook a war against such odds in behalf of their oppressed brethren; and I believe that the cause which sustained such regrettable defeats on the plains of Thessaly last year will eventually triumph in spite of opposition."

FRANKLIN B. STEPHENSON, M. D., Surgeon United States Navy. "United States Marine Corps Recruiting Office, Boston: My dear Doctor, Permit me to write you of my pleasure and satisfaction in reading your excellent book on Christian Greece and Greek; and to express my appreciation of the clear and vivid manner in which you have portrayed the life and work of the Hellenes, who have done so much in preserving and transmitting to us the learning in science and art of the ancient world.... Your reference to the eminent professor of Greek who said that there was 'no literature in modern Greek worthy of the name,' reminds me of the remark of a man, prominent in financial and social circles, who told me that there was nothing in Russian to make it worth while studying the language [Dr. Stephenson is a well-known linguist—mastering eight languages, Russian among them]. I wish you all success in the work of letting the light of truth, as to Greek, shine in the minds of those who do not know their own ignorance."

MORTIMER LAMSON EARLE, Professor Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa., who mastered so well the living Greek language that Greeks of education pronounce their admiration of his elegant style, saying that it is most wonderful how well a foreigner writes their own language: "The book has been duly received, but I have not as yet had time to read all of it. However, I have read enough to know that, though I differ with you in many details, I am heartily in accord with you in earnestly supporting the cause of a people and language to which I am sincerely attached. I am glad that you speak so highly in praise of the Klephtic songs. I hope that your book may do much good."

LOUIS F. ANDERSON, Professor of Greek, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Wash.: "From my rapid inspection I regard it as superior even to my anticipations. I trust that it will have an extensive sale and corresponding influence. It is the book needed just now. I hope to write more in the future."

MR. C. MEHLTRETTER, New York: "After due reading of your book I feel it my duty to congratulate you on same. True, you may have received so many congratulatory notes that the layman's opinion will be of little value. Nevertheless, I can assure you the perusal of your book caused me more pleasure and instruction than any other I heretofore read on the subject. I assure you it will find a prominent place in my library, and any time in future you should again write on any subject consider me one of your subscribers."

WILLIAM J. SEELYE, Professor of Greek, University of Wooster, Ohio: "Dr. Rose's book received yesterday. I have already read enough to see that the author is not only full of his subject, but treats it with judicial mind."

JOSEPH COLLINS, M.D., Professor Post-Graduate School of Medicine, New York: "The chapters of your book that I have read have been entertaining and instructive."

ISAAC A. PARKER, Professor of Greek and Latin, Lombard University, Galesburg, Ill.: "I wish to say to Dr. Rose that, although I have yet had time only to glance hastily at the book, the few sentences which I have read have interested me very much, and it will give me much pleasure to give it a careful perusal, as I see that it contains much valuable information. The thanks of those interested in Greece and Greek literature are due to Dr. Rose for giving them this book. Praise is due to the printer for his excellent work."

CHARLES R. PEPPER, Professor Central University, Richmond, Ky.: "Your book, 'Christian Greece and Living Greek,' came duly to hand. I am much pleased with it. I hope the interest of the Philhellenes in the United States may be quickened to a livelier degree in Greece and Greek affairs, and that your book may accomplish a good work in putting before the people generally the claims of Hellas to the gratitude, love, and admiration of the civilized world."



[From the Troy Daily Times, Feb. 7, 1898.]

"Christian Greece and Living Greek," by Dr. Achilles Rose. In view of the Hellenic defeat in the war with Turkey a year ago the future of Greece to many minds is rather vague and clouded. This idea is due to lack of knowledge of Greece history and character. Were Americans more familiar with the character of the Hellenes and their traditions none would doubt that the descendants of those great figures of the heroic age have a mission before them and that this mission will be accomplished in spite of Turkish bullets and the selfishness of the other European powers. Dr. Rose in this volume offers a clear presentation of the condition of Greece at the present time. His work deals not only with the nation, but with the language, and the history of each is traced from its earliest beginnings down to the present time. The reading of this book will afford a much clearer understanding of the causes leading to the war of 1897 than is generally possessed. Of especial interest is an introduction written by one of the best known Greeks now resident in this country, who reviews the causes leading to the great war, and clearly shows the shamefulness of the course pursued by the great European powers in leaving Hellas to her fate. Some of the statements made are significant, notably the following: "If Greece has sinned, it was on the side of compassion for her oppressed children and coreligionists. She is bleeding from every pore of her mutilated body, but there is a Nemesis which sooner or later will overtake those who rejoice now at her defeat and humiliation." New York: Peri Hellados Publishing Office.

From REV. HENRY A. BUTTZ, Dean Theological Seminary, Madison, N.J.: "My dear Sir, I have read with interest your book 'Christian Greece and Living Greek,' and have found it full of valuable suggestion. It discusses many points of great interest, giving a more correct view of the true condition of the Greece of to-day and of its relation to its glorious past. I am especially pleased with your forcible putting of the importance of adopting the modern Greek pronunciation in our study of the Greek language. I wish your book a wide circulation."

F. A. PACKARD, M.D., Kearney, Neb.: "Dear Sir and Doctor, Your book on 'Christian Greece and Living Greek' received. I must say it is a grand work and I prize it highly and consider it a valuable addition to my library. Wishing you success, etc."

A. JACOBI, M.D., Professor Columbia University: "Dear Dr. Rose, The perusal of your book has been a source of much pleasure to me. If Hellas has as enthusiastic men and women among her own people as you are, a friend in a foreign nation, she will have a promising future."

MR. LOUIS PRANG, Boston, Mass.: "'Christian Greece and Living Greek' has given me not only great pleasure to read but I have learned more about Greece, as it was and as it really is, than I ever knew before. Your book is exceedingly valuable to a man like me who desires reliable information on this very interesting people and who lacks the time for personal investigation or much book-reading, which after all, to judge by your statements, would not lead to a correct appreciation of present conditions. Your personal experience based on large and varied observations among the people, and your evidently thorough study of past history make your judgment acceptable, and your manner of giving it to the reader is eminently interesting and engaging, and above all convincing. I do not think that what I have said here will be of much interest or satisfaction to you, as coming from a simple business man, but I wished to thank you for the enjoyment your book has given me and to tell you that you have made at least one convert for the cause of living Greek."

A GREEK LADY, living in Cairo, Egypt, writes to her father: "I thank you above all for the book of Dr. Rose you were so kind as to send me, and which I am perusing with the greatest interest. One can see that Dr. Rose is a friend of our dear country; if there were more like him we would not be so run down by ignorant and spiteful people."

[From New York Medical Journal, March 5th, 1898.]

Dr. Rose's well-known enthusiasm for the Greeks, their country, and particularly their language has resulted in the production of a very interesting book. Physicians will naturally be most interested in the concluding chapter, which treats of Greek as the international language of physicians and scholars in general, but from cover to cover there is nothing commonplace in the book; it is quite readable throughout. We congratulate Dr. Rose on the appearance of the volume in so attractive a form.

[From The Independant, March 24th, 1898.]

Dr. Rose stands forth in his volume the champion of modern Greece, the Greeks and their wrongs. He tells the story as it has been developed in this century, and recites the older history and appeals to the intelligent Christian world against the Great Assassin of Constantinople. He believes the modern Greek tongue as now spoken and written to be the ideal one for international intercourse, especially on scientific matters, and repudiates the Erasmian method of pronunciation. His account of the Greeks themselves is encouraging. He claims for them a strict morality. Theft he declares unknown, and drunkenness. The book is certainly eloquent and inspiring.

[From The Living Church, Chicago, March 19th, 1898.]

This is a most interesting book. There is not a dull page in it. It is made up of various lectures delivered by the accomplished author, at different times, on the Greek language and history. Magnificent as Gibbon's work is on the Byzantine Empire, the contemptuous tone he uses toward it has much misled modern writers and readers in their estimation of that wonderful monarchy. A state which lasted as that did in the face of so many difficulties, could not have been so badly governed as Gibbon implies. That Dr. Rose shows, and a good, English, up-to-date Byzantine history is greatly to be desired. Dr. Rose's account of the Greek struggle for independence is vivid, patriotic, and full of information on a subject that few people know much about. The most interesting part of the book to scholars is the chapters on modern Greek. Dr. Rose says: "The living Greek of to-day shows much less deviation from the Greek of two thousand and more years ago than any other European language shows in the course of centuries." This statement will surprise many, but it is literally true. Dr. Rose gives the history of the creation of the modern Greek literary language on the lines of classic Greek, and he advocates the use of modern Greek, especially in the matter of pronunciation, in teaching classic Greek. In all this we go with him heartily, and his views are being adopted in many colleges in Europe and America.

[From the Evangelist, February 17th, 1898.]

We commend this book to all who would know what the "concert of European powers" means to a struggling kingdom and people used as a "buffer state" between the unspeakable Turk and civilized "Westerns." The historical chapters of the work are a revelation of the intricacies of "the disgraceful deals of the great powers whose victim the kingdom of Greece has been." The story is simply told with great candor and quiet reserve, but it carries a lesson that moves the heart and stirs the indignation of dispassionate and perhaps indifferent observers. How hard is it for a people like the Greeks or the Armenians to get a hearing! What "political necessities" demand silence; what diplomatic falsehoods, deceptions, subterfuges are indulged by ministries and cabinets that are called Christian! The history of Greece from the fall of the Byzantine Empire up to this hour is a tragedy, and the final deliverance in 1828 was more painfully sad and disappointing, more shamefully mismanaged and limited, more wretchedly hampered and hindered in every possible way, than is easily conceivable, considering the popular sentiment roused by such Philhellenes as Byron, Erskine, Gladstone, and the Genevan banker Eynard. Think of the massacre of Chios, and then hear men talking of Navarino as a blunder!

But let our readers turn to the pages of Dr. Rose's book for information. There is a historical sketch of the Byzantine Empire, showing the most extraordinary misrepresentations which have held on till very recently; a second chapter exposes the "erroneous views which have prevailed in regard to the relation of the Greek of to-day to the Greek of the classical period," with a chapter on "absurd ideas in vogue in regard to Greek pronunciation"; a fourth chapter gives the misery of the Turkish bondage and "their spiritual and political resurrection"; then follows one on the wrongs to the Greeks in their struggle for liberty, in which some American shipping firms are involved and "Mr. W. J. Stillman" is pretty severely handled; then "the kingdom of Greece before the war of 1897," and an "Epilogue," which should be read before Dr. Hepworth has time to get in his Armenian discoveries. This is the merest hint as to the intrinsic interest and pertinency of the book, the only unprejudiced and patriotic plea for the Greeks which has escaped the censorship of the press and politics and politicians. Let the Greeks be heard! Let the list of Philhellenes grow to a grand majority in Europe and America that shall make itself heard in behalf of justice and humanity!

The scholarly chapters are as admirable as the statesmanlike and patriotic ones. They should lead to a Greek revival. We think the university wars of "Greeks and Trojans" might be fought over again. We join the Greeks!

His EXCELLENCY KLEON RANGABE, Greek Ambassador in Berlin, writes: "Many sincere thanks for the kind transmission of your most interesting book.... I can congratulate you most sincerely. You treat all the important subjects in so exhaustive and conclusive a manner that all those who seek for truth must necessarily be convinced. We are in consequence indebted to you for a valuable service, but your own American countrymen ought also to be thankful to you, for every apostle of truth is in his way a benefactor of humanity. I hope that the days of the Erasmian absurdity, which belongs to the Dark Ages and is unworthy of American scholars, are now numbered. I hope that your book will also appear in German as it would do a great deal of good here. What you say about the system applied to Greek studies in general is also perfectly correct. These studies are still and will always be the soul of every liberal education, and, constantly undermined by the materialistic tendencies of the age, they can only be saved through a fundamental change of this system. The language must henceforth be taught as a living one, having never ceased to live for a moment since the days of Homer."

Neologos, an Athenian paper, writes a long article, reviewing the book and its author's works in general. "The author's name is already known to us by his lectures on Greece which have been published here. Mr. Rose belongs to those who will persevere to establish an idea; obstacles and difficulties can only serve to such characters to spur their ardor. Mr. Rose is inspired by the noble idea to disseminate a better knowledge of Greece of to-day and to enlist sympathies in her behalf. He is combating the influence of an impossible Grecophobe press. People abroad will change their opinion when they know our true history, our character, our morals, customs, etc."

THE PUBLISHER OF THIS JOURNAL HAS PUBLISHED A GREEK TRANSLATION OF THE BOOK.

Other Athenian political and literary journals bring likewise reviews. All are full of praise of the author and his book. The editor of the journal, Salpinx, of Cyprus, writes that the author's name is engraved in the hearts determination of Greeks.

D. B. ST. JOHN ROOSA, M.D., President Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital, New York: "My dear Dr. Rose, The copy of the important work written by you, which has just been published, came to me two days ago. I write to thank you, and again to express my sincere interest in your book. I hope you may live to see it successful. A common language for scientific men is indeed a great need. Yours ever faithfully."

B. T. SPENCER, A.M., Professor of Greek, Kentucky Wesleyan College: "I am deeply interested in the subject and feel that that interest has been intensified by reading Dr. Rose's book. All the friends of Hellas should read it."

DR. JAMES T. WHITTAKER, Cincinnati, Ohio: "I am enjoying your book very much and have just finished the chapter concerning the Greeks under Turkish bondage, which is the most interesting description of this subject which I have ever seen."

KNUT HOEGH, M.D., Minneapolis, Minn.: "Your book came one mail after your letter; I went to a medical meeting in the evening; during my absence my oldest daughter read the book, and on my return, when I opened the door, she told me how well she liked it. I had to sit down and read it, and I did so until far out in the small hours. I must say that the book opened new views to me, and I am sorry that I did not know the many valuable facts contained in it when I was in Berlin last year, when you know the wind that was blowing was anything but Philhellenic. What a forcible argument against the prevailing order of things in Europe is the whole Eastern question!"

A German translation under the title: Die Griechen und ihre Sprache seit der Zeit Konstantin's des Grossen, has been published in Leipzig Verlag von Wilhelm Friedrich, 1899.

THE END