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These things, considered as the effect of instinct, are none the less wonderful on that account. I am not sure but the display of wisdom is even greater than if the power of planning their own operations had been given them.
I have mentioned these, to show that a course of action called forth by the peculiar situation of one family, would be copied by another in a similar emergency, without being aware of its ever being done before. Were I engaged in a work of fiction, I might let fancy reign and endeavor to amuse, but this is not the object. Let us endeavor then to be content with truth, and not murmur with its reality. When we take a survey of the astonishing regularity with which they construct their combs without a teacher, and remember that the waxen material is formed in the rings of their body, that for the first time in life, without an experienced leader's direction, they apply a claw to detach it, that they go forth to the fields and gather stores unbidden by a tyrant's mandate, and throughout the whole cycle of their operations, one law and power governs. Whoever would seek mind as the directing power, must look beyond the sensorium of the bee for the source of all we behold in them!
CHAPTER XXIV.
STRAINING HONEY AND WAX.
When about to remove the contents of a hive, I have never found it necessary to use all the precautions often recommended to prevent the access of bees. I have seen it stated that a room in which there was a chimney open, would be unsuitable, as the bees would scent the honey, and thus find their way down into the room. I never was thus troubled by their perpendicular travelling. It is true, if the day was warm, and a door or window was standing open, the bees would find their way in during a scarcity of honey. But with doors and windows closed no difficulty need be apprehended.
METHODS OF REMOVING COMBS FROM THE HIVE.
The most convenient way to remove combs from the hive is to take off one of its sides, but this is apt to split the boards, if it was properly nailed, and injure it for subsequent use. With tools such as have been described, it may be done very nicely, and leave the hive whole. The chisel should have the bevel all on one side, like those used by carpenters. When you commence, turn the flat side next the board of the hive, and the bevel crowded by the combs will follow it close the whole length; with the other tool they are cut across the top, and readily lifted out. If preferred, they may be cut across near the centre and take out half a sheet at a time; this is sometimes necessary on account of the cross-sticks.
DIFFERENT METHODS OF STRAINING HONEY.
Such combs as are taken from the middle or vicinity of brood-cells, are generally unfit for the table; such should be strained. There are several methods of doing it. One is, to mash the comb and put it in a bag, and hang it over some vessel to catch the honey as it drains out. This will do very well for small quantities in warm weather, or in the fall before there is any of it candied. Another method is to put such combs into a colander, and set this over a pan, and introduce it into an oven after the bread is out. This melts the combs. The honey and a portion of the wax run out together. The wax rises to the top and cools in a cake. It is somewhat liable to burn, and requires some care. Many prefer this method, as there is less taste of bee-bread, no cells containing it being disturbed, but all the honey is not certain to drain out without stirring it. If disposed, two qualities may be made, by keeping the first separate. Another method is merely to break the combs finely, and put them into a colander, and allow the honey to drain out without much heat, and afterwards skim off the small particles that rise to the top, or when very particular, pass the honey through a cloth, or piece of lace. But for large quantities, a more expeditious mode is to have a can and strainer, made for the purpose, where fifty pounds or more can be worked out at once. The can is made of tin, twelve or fourteen inches deep, by about ten or twelve diameter, with handles on each side at the top, for lifting it. The strainer is just enough smaller to go down inside the can; the height may be considerably less, providing there are handles on each side to pass out at the top; the bottom is perforated with holes like a colander, combs are put into this, and the whole set into a kettle of boiling water, and heated without any risk of burning, until all the wax is melted, (which may be ascertained by stirring it,) when it may be taken out. All the wax, bee-bread, &c., will rise in a few minutes. The strainer can now be raised out of the top and set on a frame for the purpose, or by merely tipping it slightly on one side it will rest on the top of the can. It might be left to cool before raising the strainer, were it not liable to stick to the sides of the can; the honey would be full as pure, and separate nearly as clean from the wax and bee-bread, &c. When raised out before cooling, the contents should be repeatedly stirred, or considerable honey will remain. Two qualities may be made by keeping the first that runs through separate from the last, (as stirring it works out the bee-bread). Even a third quality maybe obtained by adding a little water, and repeating the process. This is worth but little. By boiling out the water, without burning, and removing the scum, it will do to feed bees. By adding water until it will just bear a potato, boiling and skimming, and letting it ferment, it will make metheglin, or by letting the fermentation proceed it will make vinegar. Honey that has been heated thoroughly, will not candy as readily as when strained without heat. A little water may be added to prevent its getting too hard; but should it get so in cold weather, it can at any time be warmed, and water added until it is of the right consistence.
GETTING OUT WAX—DIFFERENT METHODS.
Several methods have been adopted for separating the wax. I never found any means of getting out the whole. Yet I suppose I came as near it as any one. Some recommend heating it in an oven, similar to the method of straining honey through the colander, but I have found it to waste more than when melted with water. A better way for small quantities, is to half fill a coarse stout bag with refuse comb and a few cobble-stones to sink it, and boil it in a kettle of water, pressing and turning it frequently till the wax ceases to rise. When the contents of the bag are emptied, by squeezing a handful, the particles of wax may be seen, and you may thereby judge of the quantity thrown away. For large quantities the foregoing process is rather tedious. It can be facilitated by having two levers four or five feet long and about four inches wide, and fastened at the lower end by a strong hinge. The combs are put into a kettle of boiling water, and will melt almost immediately; it is then put into the bag, and taken between the levers in a wash-tub or other large vessel and pressed, the contents of the bag shaken, and turned, several times during the process, and if need be returned to the boiling water and squeezed again. The wax, with a little water, is now to be remelted and strained again through finer cloth, into vessels that will mould it into the desired shape. As the sediment settles to the bottom of the wax when melted, a portion may be dipped off nearly pure without straining.
Wax in cool weather may be whitened in a short time in the sun, but it must be in very thin flakes; it is readily obtained in this shape by having a very thin board or shingle, which should be first thoroughly wet, and then dipped into pure melted wax; enough will adhere to make it the desired thickness, and will cool instantly on being withdrawn. Draw a knife along the edges, and it will readily cleave off. Exposed to the sun in a window or on the snow, it will become perfectly white, when it can be made into cakes for market, where it commands a much higher price than the yellow. It is said there is a chemical process that whitens it readily, but I am not acquainted with it.
CHAPTER XXV.
PURCHASING STOCKS AND TRANSPORTING BEES.
If the reader has no bees, and yet has had interest or patience to follow me thus far, it is presumptive evidence that he would possess the requisite perseverance to take charge of them. It would be well, however, to remember the anxieties, perplexities, and time necessary to take the proper care, as well as the advantages and profit.
But if you are disposed to try the experiment, very likely some directions for a commencement would be acceptable.
WHY THE WORD LUCK IS APPLIED TO BEES.
There has been so much uncertainty in stock of this kind, that the word luck has been made to express too much. Some have been successful, while others have failed entirely; this has suggested the idea that luck depended on the manner that the stocks were obtained; and here again there seems to be a variety of opinions, as is the case always, when a thing is guessed at. One will assert that the "fickle dame" is charmed into favor by stealing a stock or two to begin with, and returning them after a start. Another, (a little more conscientious, perhaps) that you must take them without liberty, to be sure, but leave an equivalent in money on the stand. Another, that the only way to get up an effectual charm, is to exchange sheep for them; and still another says, that bees must always be a gift. I have had all these methods offered me gratis, with gravity, suitable to make an impression. And, finally, there has yet another method been found out, and that is, when you want a few stocks of bees go and buy them, yes, and pay for them too, in dollars and cents, or take them for a share of the increase for a time, if it suits your pecuniary resources best. And you need not depend on any charm or mystic power for your success—if you do, I cannot avoid the unfavorable prediction of a failure. It is true that a few have accidentally prospered for a few years; I say accidentally, because when they have no true principles of management, it must be the result of accident. It is a saying with some, that "one man can't have luck but few years at once," and others none at all, although he tries the whole routine of charms. Nearly twenty years ago, when my respected neighbor predicted a "turn in my luck, because it was always so," I could not understand the force of this reasoning, unless it belonged to the nature of bees to deteriorate, and consequently run out. I at once determined to ascertain this point. I could understand how a farmer would often fail to raise a crop, if he depended on chance or luck for success, instead of fixed natural principles. It was possible that bees might be similar. I found that in good seasons the majority of people had luck, but in poor seasons, the reverse, and when two or three occurred in succession, then was the time to lose their luck. It was evident, then, if I could pass in safety the poor seasons by any means, I should do well enough in good ones.[21] The result has given me but little reason to complain. My advice therefore is, that reliance should be placed on proper management, instead of luck, arising from the manner the first stock was obtained. Should any one feel disposed to make you a present of a stock or two of bees, I would advise you to accept the offer and be thankful, discarding all apprehension of a failure on that account. Or if any one is willing you should take some on shares, this is a cheap way to get a start, and you have no risk of loss in the old stock. Yet if bees prosper, the interest on the money that stocks cost is a mere trifle in comparison to the value of increase, and you have the same trouble. On the other hand, the owner of bees can afford to take care of a few hives more, for half the profits, which he has to give if another takes them; this is apt to be the case, especially, with such as have no faith in charms.
[21] There are sections of country where the difference in seasons is less than in this.
RULE IN TAKING BEES FOR A SHARE.
The rule generally adopted for taking bees is this. One or more stocks are taken for a term of years, the person taking them finding hives, boxes, and bestowing whatsoever care is necessary, and returning the old stocks to the owner with half the increase and profits.
A MAN MAY SELL HIS "LUCK."
There are yet a few persons who refuse to sell a stock of bees, because it is "bad luck." There is often some grounds for this notion. It might arise under the following circumstances. Suppose a person has a half dozen hives, three extra good, the others of the opposite extreme. He sells for the sake of the better price his three best; there is but little doubt but his best "luck" would go too! But should his poorest be taken, the result would be different, without doubt.
But there are cases where an apiarian has more stocks than he wishes to keep. (It has been the case with myself frequently.) Persons wishing to sell, are the proper ones of which to buy. Purchasers seldom want any but first-rate stocks, they are generally cheapest in the end. There is usually a difference of about a dollar in the spring and fall prices, and five and six dollars are common charges. I have known them sell at auction at eight, but in some sections they are less.
FIRST-RATE STOCKS RECOMMENDED TO BEGIN WITH.
For a beginning then, I would recommend purchasing none but first-rate stocks; it will make but little difference in the risk, whether you obtain them in the spring, or fall, if you have read my remarks on winter management with attention; I have already said the requisites for a good stock for winter, were a numerous family and plenty of honey, and that the cluster of bees should extend through nearly all the combs, &c. To avoid as far as possible diseased brood, find an apiary where it has never made its appearance, to make purchases. There are some who have lost bees by it, and yet are totally ignorant of the cause. It would be well, therefore, to inquire if any stocks have been lost, and then for the cause—be careful that secondary are not mistaken for primary causes.
OLD STOCKS ARE GOOD AS ANY, IF HEALTHY.
When it appears that all are exempt, (by a thorough examination, if not satisfied without,) you need not object to stocks two or three years old; they are just as good as any, sometimes better, (providing they have swarmed the season previous, according to one author; because such always have young queens, which are more prolific than old ones, that will be in all first swarms).
Old stocks are as prosperous as any, as long as they are healthy, yet they are more liable to become diseased.
CAUTION RESPECTING DISEASED BROOD.
When no apiary from which to purchase can be found, but where the disease has made its appearance, and you are necessitated to purchase from such, or not at all, you cannot be too cautious about it. It would be safest in this case to take none but young swarms, as it is not so common for them to be affected the first season, yet they are not always exempt. But here, again, you may not be allowed to take all young stocks; in which case let the weather be pretty cold, the bees will be further up among the combs, and give a chance to inspect the combs. At this season, say not earlier than November, all the healthy brood will be hatched. Sometimes, a few young bees may be left that have their mature shape, and probably had been chilled by sudden cold weather—these are not the result of disease, the bees will remove them the next season, and no bad results follow. In warm weather a satisfactory inspection can be had no other way, but by the use of tobacco smoke. Be particular to reject all that are affected with the disease in the least; better do without, than take such to begin with. (A full description has been given of this disease in another place.)
RESULT OF IGNORANCE IN PURCHASING.
A neighbor purchased thirteen stock-hives; six were old ones, the others swarms of the last season. As the old hives were heavy, he of course thought them good; either he knew nothing of the disease, or took no trouble to examine; five of the six old ones were badly affected. Four were lost outright, except the honey; the fifth lasted through the winter, and then had to be transferred. He had flattered himself that they were obtained very cheaply, but when he made out what his good ones cost, he found no great reason, in this respect, for congratulation.
SIZES OF HIVES IMPORTANT.
Another point is worthy of consideration: endeavor to get hives as near the right size as possible, viz., 2,000 cubic inches; better too large than too small. If too large, they may be cut off, leaving them the proper size. But yet, it often makes an ungainly shape, being too large square for the height. As the shape probably makes no difference in the prosperity of the bees, the appearance is the principal objection, after being cut off.
An acquaintance had purchased a lot of bees in very large hives, and called on me to know what to do with them, as he feared such would not swarm well in consequence; I told him it would be doubtful, unless he cut them off to the right size.
"Cut 'em off! how can that be done? there is bees in 'em."
"So I expected, but it can be done nearly as well as if empty."
"But don't you get stung dreadfully?"
"Not often: if it is to be done in warm weather, I smoke them well before I begin; in very cold weather is the best time, then it is unnecessary; simply turn the hive bottom up, mark off the proper size, and with a sharp saw take it off without trouble."
"Some are filled with combs; you don't cut off such, do you?"
"Certainly; I consider all the room for combs in a hive over 2,000 inches as worse than lost."
"What will you ask to cut mine off? If I could see it done once, I might do it next time."
"The charge will be light; but if you intend to keep bees, you should learn to do everything pertaining to them, and not be dependent on any one; I did it before I ever saw or heard of its being done." I then gave him full directions how to manage, but could not persuade him to undertake.
HOW LARGE HIVES CAN BE MADE SMALLER.
A short time after, I attended, on a cold day, with a sharp saw, square, &c. I found his hives fourteen inches square inside, and eighteen deep, holding about 3,500 inches. Of this square, a little more than ten inches in height, would make just the right size. To work convenient, I inverted the hive on a barrel, set on end, marked the length, and sawed it off, without a bee leaving. It was very cold, (mercury at 6 deg.) The bees came to the edges of the combs, but the cold drove them back. In a short time I had taken off six; four when done were just about full; the other two were so when I began, but they were marked and sawed like the rest; when the combs were attached, they were severed with a knife, and the piece of the hive thus loose, was raised off, leaving several inches of the combs projecting out of the hive. I now cut off the first comb, even with the bottom of the hive. On the next comb there were a few bees; with a quill these were brushed down into the hive; this piece was then removed, and the bees on the other side of it were brushed down also. In this way all others were removed, and left the hive just full. The other full hive, after it was sawed on each side, a small wire was drawn through, parallel with the sheets, and severed all the combs at once; each piece was taken out, and the bees that were clustered on them brushed back; removing the loose part of the hive, was the last thing to be done. This last method was preferred to the other by my employer; yet it was all performed to his satisfaction, no sting or other difficulty about it, except the trouble of warming fingers rather frequently. Tobacco smoke would have kept them quiet during the operation, nearly as well. If preferred, a hive may stand right side up while sawing it.
MODERATE WEATHER BEST TO REMOVE BEES.
In transporting your bees, avoid if possible the two extremes of very cold, or very warm weather. In the latter the combs are so nearly melted, that the weight of the honey will bend them, bursting the cells, spilling the honey, and besmearing the bees. In very cold weather, the combs are brittle, and easily detached from the sides of the hive. When necessitated to move them in very cold weather, they should be put up an hour or so before starting. The agitation of the bees after being disturbed will create considerable heat; a portion of this will be imparted to the combs, and add to their strength.
PREPARATIONS FOR TRANSPORTING BEES.
To prepare for moving them, pieces of thin muslin about half a yard square is as good as anything, secured by carpet tacks.
SECURING BEES IN THE HIVE.
The hive is inverted, and the cloth put over, neatly folded, and fastened with a tack at the corners, and another in the middle. The tack is crowed in about two-thirds of its length, it then presents the head convenient to pull out. If the bees are to go a great distance, and require to be shut up several days, the muslin will be hardly sufficient, as they would probably bite their way out. Something more substantial would then be required. Take a board the size of the bottom, cut out a place in the middle, and cover with wire cloth, (like the one recommended for hiving,) and fasten it with tacks. This board is to be nailed on the hive. After the nails are driven, with the hammer start it off about the eighth of an inch; it will admit a little air around the sides as well as the middle, quite necessary for heavy stocks. But very small families might be safe without the wire cloth; air enough would pass between the hive and board, except in warm weather. New combs break easier than old.
BEST CONVEYANCE.
Probably the best conveyance is a wagon with elliptic springs. But a wagon without springs is bad, especially for young stocks. Yet I have known them moved safely in this way, but it required some care in packing with hay, or straw, under and around them, and careful driving. Good sleighing will answer very well, and by some thought to be the best time.
HIVE TO BE INVERTED.
Whatever conveyance is employed, the hive should be inverted. The combs will then all rest closely on the top, and are less liable to break than when right end up, because then the whole weight of the combs must depend upon the fastenings at the top and sides for support, and are easily detached and fall. When moving bees, so reversed, they will creep upward; in stocks part full, they will often nearly all leave the combs, and get upon the covering. In a short time after being set up, they will return, except in very cold weather, when a few will sometimes freeze; consequently a warm room is required to put them in for a short time.
After carrying them a few miles, the disposition to sting is generally gone, yet there are a few exceptions. In moderate weather, when bees are confined, they manifest a persevering determination to find their way out, particularly after being moved, and somewhat disturbed. I have known them to bite holes through muslin in three days. The same difficulty is often attendant on attempting to confine them to the hive by muslin when in the house in the winter, except when kept in a cold situation. Should any combs become broken, or detached from their fastenings, in hives not full, by moving or other accident, rendering them liable to fall when set up, the hive may remain inverted on the stand till warm weather, if necessary, and the bees have again fastened them, which they do soon after commencing work in the spring. If they are so badly broken that they bend over, rolls of paper may be put between them to preserve the proper distance till secured. When they commence making new combs, or before, it is time to turn the right end up. While the hive is inverted, it is essential that a hole is in the side, through which the bees may work. A board should fit close over the bottom, and covered, to effectually prevent any water from getting among the bees, &c.
CONCLUSION.
In conclusion I would say, that the apiarian who has followed me attentively, and has added nothing of value to his stock of information, possesses an enviable experience that all should strive to obtain.
It has been said that "three out of five who commence an apiary must fail;" but let us suppose it is through ignorance or inattention, and not inherent with the bees. To the beginner then I would say,—if you expect to succeed in obtaining one of the most delectable of sweets for your own consumption, or the profit in dollars and cents, you will find something more requisite than merely holding the dish to obtain the porridge. "SEE YOUR BEES OFTEN," and know at all times their actual condition. This one recipe is worth more than all others that can be given; it is at the head of the class of duties; all others begin here. Even the grand secret of successfully combating the worms,—KEEP YOUR BEES STRONG, must take its rise at this point. With the above motto acted upon, carried out fully, and with perseverance, you cannot well fail to realize all reasonable expectations. Avoid over-anxiety for a rapid increase in stocks; try and be satisfied with one good swarm from a stock annually, your chances are better than with more; do not anticipate the golden harvest too soon. You will probably be necessitated to discard some of the extravagant reports of profits from the apiary. Yet you will find one stock trebling, perhaps quadrupling its price or value in products, while the one beside it does nothing. In some seasons particularly favorable your stocks collectively will yield a return of one or two hundred per cent.—in others, hardly make a return for trouble. The proper estimate can be made only after a number of years, when, if they have been judiciously managed, and your ideas have not been too extravagant, you will be fully satisfied. I have known a single stock in one season to produce more than twenty dollars in swarms and honey, and ninety stocks to produce over nine hundred dollars, when a few of the number added not a farthing to the amount. I do not wish to hold out inducements for any one to commence bee-keeping, and end it in disgust and disappointment. But I would encourage all suitable persons to try their skill in bee management. I say suitable persons, because there are many, very many, not qualified for the charge. The careless, inattentive man, who leaves his bees unnoticed from October till May, will be likely to complain of ill success.
Whoever cannot find time to give his bees the needed care, but can spend an hour each day obtaining gossip at the neighborhood tavern, is unfit for this business. But he who has a home, and finds his affections beginning to be divided between that and his companions of the bar-room, and wishes to withdraw his interest from unprofitable associates, and yet has nothing of sufficient power to break the bond, to what can he apply with a better prospect of success, than to engage in keeping bees? They make ample returns for each little care. Pecuniary advantages are not all that may be gained—a great many points concerning their natural history are yet in the dark, and many are disputed. Would it not be a source of satisfaction to be able to contribute a few more facts to this interesting subject, adding to the science, and holding a share in the general fund? Supposing all the mysteries pertaining to their economy discovered and elucidated, precluding all chance of further additions, would the study be dry and monotonous? On the contrary, the verification witnessed by ourselves would be so fascinating and instructive, that we cannot avoid pitying the condition of that man who finds gratification only in the gross and sensual. It has been remarked, that "he who cannot find in this and other branches of natural history a salutary exercise for his mental faculties, inducing a habit of observation and reflection, a pleasure so easily obtained, unalloyed by any debasing mixture—tending to expand and harmonize his mind, and elevate it to conceptions of the majestic, sublime, serene, and beautiful arrangements instituted by the God of nature, must possess an organization sadly deficient, or be surrounded by circumstances indeed lamentable." I would recommend the study of the honey-bee as one best calculated to awaken the interest of the indifferent. What can arrest the attention like their structure—their diligence in collecting stores for the future—their secretion of wax and moulding it into structures with a mathematical precision astonishing the profoundest philosophers—their maternal and fraternal affection in regarding the mother's every want, and assiduous care in nursing her offspring to maturity—their unaccountable display of instinct in emergencies or accidents, filling the beholder with wonder and amazement? The mind thus contemplating such astonishing operations, cannot well avoid looking beyond these results to their divine Author. Therefore let every mind that perceives one ray of light from nature's mysterious transactions, and is capable of receiving the least enjoyment therefrom, pursue the path still inviting onward in the pursuit. Every new acquisition will bring an additional satisfaction, and assist in the next attempt, which will be commenced with a renewed and constantly increasing zest; and will arise from the contemplation a wiser, better, and a nobler being, far superior to those who have never soared beyond the gratifications of the mere animal, grovelling in the dark. Is there, in the whole circle of nature's exhaustless storehouse, any one science more inviting than this? What more exalting and refining, and at the same time making a return in profits as a pecuniary reward?
What would be the result in the aggregate of all the honey produced in the flowers of the United States annually? Suppose we estimate the productions of one acre to be one pound of honey, which is but a small part of the real product in most places; yet, as a great many acres are covered with water and forest,[22] this estimate is probably enough for the average. This State (New York) contains 47,000 square miles; 640 acres in a square mile will multiply into a little more than 30,000,000, and each acre producing its pound of honey, we have the grand result of 30,000,000 lbs. of honey. If we add the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio and Michigan, we have an amount of over 126,000,000 lbs. What it might be by including all the States, those disposed may ascertain. Enough for our purpose is made clear, and that is, a small item only of an enormous amount is now secured.
[22] It should not be forgotten that forest trees are valuable, especially when there is basswood, or even maple.
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Youatt on the Horse. Youatt on the Structure and Diseases of the Horse, with their Remedies. Also, Practical Rules for Buyers, Breeders, Breakers, Smiths, &c. Edited by W. C. Spooner, M.R.C.V.S. With an account of the Breeds in the United States, by Henry S. Randall. $1 25.
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Hoare on the Grape Vine. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation Of the Grape Vine on open Walls, with a Descriptive Account of an improved method of Planting and Managing the Roots of Grape Vines. By Clement Hoare. With an Appendix on the Cultivation of the same in the United States. 50 cts.
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Agricultural Dynamics. By J. J. Thomas.
* * * * *
THE AMERICAN BEE-KEEPER'S MANUAL.
BY T. B. MINER.
350 pp. 12mo. 35 ENGRAVINGS. PRICE $1.
PUBLISHED BY C. M. SAXTON, 152 FULTON ST., N.Y.
* * *
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
"The most complete work on the Bee and Bee-keeping we have yet seen."—N.Y. Tribune.
"Mr. Miner has handled this subject in a masterly manner."—N.Y. True Sun.
"He has written a work of the most fascinating interest."—N.Y. Sunday Dispatch.
"It will interest the general reader. It is indeed a charming volume."—Commercial Advertiser.
"This is a truly valuable work, and very interesting."—Morning Star.
"It is decidedly the best work we have ever seen."—Boston Daily Mail.
"Mr. Miner has performed his task with signal ability."—Scientific American.
"It does high credit to the observation and intelligence of the author."—Christian Intelligencer.
"This is the most comprehensive and valuable work on the Honey-bee that has ever come under our notice."—Journal of Commerce.
"To appreciate the value of the honey-bee one must get this book and read it attentively."—Noah's Messenger.
"We like it for its independent tone, and the amount of practical information that it contains."—Literary World.
"We have been greatly edified and entertained by this book, from which the reader will collect a great deal of excellent information."—The Independent.
"This is probably the most complete manual of the kind ever published. It will richly repay the general reader, too, by the variety of interesting facts it contains."—Boston Traveller.
"It is a most excellent and useful treatise, and happily supplies a vacuum that had long existed."—Boston Times.
"This volume has all the charm of a romance and admirably displays the habits of this insect."—Organ.
"This volume is what it pretends to be, (more than can be said of many works) and all who want a full and thorough history of the nature and management of the bee should have it in their possession."—Scientific American.
"It is neatly printed, well illustrated and clearly written and contains a great deal of practical information."—Mirror.
"This work probably contains better instructions in regard to bees than any which have ever appeared."—Sun.
"The practical directions are the result of evident experience, and being plainly and concisely stated, are excellent, It is so much better than can be obtained elsewhere that we commend it to favor."—N.Y. Evangelist.
"It is an excellent book and the best published on the subject."—Boston Olive Branch.
* * * * *
ILLUSTRATED TREATISE ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS,
Being a history and description of the Horse, Mule, Cattle, Sheep Swine, Poultry, and Farm Dogs; with Directions for their Management, Breeding, Crossing, Rearing, Feeding, and preparation for a profitable market. Also, their Diseases and Remedies; together with Full Directions for the Management of the Dairy, and the Comparative Economy and Advantages of Working Animals, the Horse, Mule, Oxen, &c., by R. L. ALLEN, Author of "Compend of American Agriculture" &c.
The above work contains more than 40 Engravings and Portraits of Improved Animals illustrative of the different breeds and various subjects treated in it.
The most minute as well as general principles for Breeding, Crossing, Rearing, Feeding, and Management of all Domestic Animals, are herein given, to produce the utmost marketable value for the food and attention bestowed on them; as well as to prevent disease, and save the immense losses which annually occur from this source. It can be sent by Mail, in Cloth Binding, for 75 Cents—Paper, 50 Cents. Published by C. M. SAXTON, 152 Fulton St. New York. For sale by all the Booksellers throughout the country.
Agents wanted for every county in every state. Address, post paid, the Publisher.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
The Compactness yet completeness will make it a favorite with agriculturists.—Chronicle, Philadelphia.
Its greatest worth is, as a complete farrier, showing the diseases of animals, their treatment, and cure.—Far. & Mec.
The portion which relates to the dairy alone, is worth the cost of the book.—Worcester Transcript.
It is every way adapted to be serviceable in every household which has domestic animals.—D. Adv.; Newark.
We believe it a complete guide for the farmer and dairyman in the purchase, care, and use of animals.—Jeffersonian.
Here is a work which should be in the hands of every farmer.--Highland Courier.
We can confidently recommend this work as a very instructive one to those engaged in farming, raising stock, or husbandry.—Northampton Courier.
The author is a practical farmer and stockbreeder, and is able to vouch for the correctness of the remedies for diseases of Domestic Animals, as well as the best mode of managing them.—Huron, O. Reflector.
It costs but seventy-five cents, and cannot fail to be worth ten times that amount to any farmer.—Summit S.C. Beacon.
It is the best of that character we have yet seen; no farmer should be without it—Democrat, Carlisle, Pa.
This is just such a book as every owner of stock should be possessed of.—Easton Md. Star.
Here is a book which all—those who follow the plow, and those who direct it—can read to profit. It is a library of knowledge, presenting the latest improvements and discoveries, on all the topics treated of; and illustrated by a great variety of cuts. The "Allens," one of whom is the author of the work before us, are quite famous in their especial role, so that what proceeds from them may be confidently credited at all events. The present book is a most interesting and instructive one, and must meet with a great sale.—Sciota Gazette.
This work, to the farmer and stock raiser, will be useful, instructive, and profitable, enabling them to improve the breed of their stock, preserve them from sickness, and cure them when infected with disease.—Herald, Morrisville, Pa.
The time has gone by when farmers can expect to succeed without giving some attention to Book Farming, and we trust they begin to see it for themselves. We should like to hear that this work was in the hands of every farmer in the county.—Mercury, Potsdam, N.Y.
The title page of this work gives a good idea of its scope and intent. It is a comprehensive summary of farm operations, and will prove very acceptable to the great mass of our farming population. We are informed that 3,000 copies of this work have been sold since the first of January. It is well printed and profusely illustrated—N.Y. Tribune.
It is furnished with numerous illustrating cuts, and will form a complete "vade mecum" for The agriculturist, convenient for reference, and to be relied on when consulted—-Baltimore American.
This is a practical book by a practical man, and will serve extensive practical ends. It is a companion which every farmer will feel that he cannot well be without.—N.Y. Observer.
We cheerfully recommend this work to farmers.—Signal, Juliett, Ill.
We anticipate an extensive sale for this work—Ohio Cultivator.
This work ought to be in the hands of every planter.—N.O. Delta.
The author is a gentleman of fine attainments, and who ranks as one of the most accomplished writers on agricultural subjects in the country.—Ala. Planter.
Many a valuable animal is lost, every year, for want of the knowledge here conveyed.—Eagle Brattleboro, Vt.
The author (Mr. Allen), is a practical man, and everything from his pen, on subjects connected with agriculture and cattle breeding, is valuable to those who prefer matter of fact to mere theory—Maine Farmer.
* * * * *
Published by C. M. Saxton.
* * *
AMERICAN MUCK BOOK,
Treating of the Nature, Properties, Sources, Operations, &c.
OF ALL THE PRINCIPAL FERTILIZERS AND MANURES IN COMMON USE, WITH SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR
PREPARATION, PRESERVATION, AND APPLICATION
to Soil and Crops; with the leading principles of Practical and Scientific Agriculture, &c., &c. By D. J. Browne. 420 pp. 12mo. price $1.
* * *
Opinions of the Press.
"The Muck Book contains a great deal of valuable matter. This has been drawn from a large number of the best authorities on the subjects indicated in the title; the numerous analyses of plants and manures are particularly valuable, and are not to be found in any other single treatise. Those who wish to advance towards perfection in the saving, manufacturing, and judging of the comparative value of manures, and in applying them with the least possible waste to crops, will find in this book a vast magazine of suggestions and advice, worth many times its cost and the labor of perusal."—Albany Cultivator.
"The title 'Muck Book' inadequately describes the character of the work; for it treats of all kinds of fertilizers, animal, vegetable and mineral, and in a style to instruct without perplexing. The manner in which the various manures operate, and the means whereby any required deficiency in the soil can be supplied, are plainly given; and none need waste a horn-pith or an old shoe, as many do, for want of knowledge how to turn it to advantage.
"We recommend the work to intelligent and inquiring farmers, who desire to make everything tell in the manure heap, and who would keep their soil in good heart."—Journal of Agriculture.
"From an attentive examination of the pages of this book, I have come to the conclusion that it is one of the best works extant, on the principles of scientific agriculture, and the best compendium of our most recent knowledge of the nature of manures and their adaptation to particular soils and crops."—N.E. Farmer.
"Mr. Browne was, we believe, bred and educated a practical farmer himself, and having a general knowledge of geology, chemistry, &c., and extensive personal knowledge of farming, gardening, &c, in almost every soil and climate, having been for five years a traveller and resident in America, Europe, Western Africa, and the West Indies, his observation and experience combined, would render him eminently qualified for the task. This he has accomplished with credit to himself, and no doubt the result will prove it highly advantageous to the farming community. It is just such a work as is needed by every agriculturist, and the very neat and excellent style in which the enterprising publisher has issued it, will we are very sure commend it to every friend of the farming interest in the country."—N.Y. Farmer and Mechanic.
"This is a well-written work of over four hundred pages, printed and bound in the usual handsome and permanent style of Mr. Saxton. The importance to every farmer and horticulturist of the great subject of which it treats cannot fail to make this work invaluable to the library of every man who tills the soil. One feature of this work which pleases us, and which will make it universally acceptable is, that the subjects are treated in such a manner as to be easily understood by the 'working farmer,' who knows little or nothing of chemical science and learned technicalities. With such a work as this in his hands, the farmer is enabled to reclaim his lands, impoverished by his own or his ancestors' mismanagement, and realize abundant crops where nothing would grow to reward his toil in the ordinary mode of culture."—Phrenological Journal.
The following is from. Dr. C. T. Jackson, of Boston, the best Agricultural Chemist in the United States:
BOSTON, NOVEMBER 6th, 1851.
DEAR SIR: I have the pleasure of acknowledging the receipt of a copy of the "American Muck Book," recently published by you, and edited by Mr. D. Jay Browne.
From an attentive examination of the pages of this book, I have come to the conclusion that it is one of the best works extant, on the principles of scientific agriculture, and the best compendium of our most recent knowledge of the nature of manures and their adaptation to particular soils and crops. It cannot be expected that a single volume could possibly contain the whole sum of chemical knowledge applicable to the science of agriculture; but, on looking over the closely-printed and compact tables of analyses, and the abundant formulas, which this publication contains, I could not fail to be surprised at the industry manifested in preparing it. I was also gratified to find it so well adapted to the American system of husbandry, and so practical, in its character. Its copious and accurate index adds not a little to its value.
I shall certainly recommend it to my agricultural friends as a very useful book, and one necessary to every scientific farmer.
I am, respectfully, your ob't servant,
CHARLES T. JACKSON, State Assayist, &c., &c.
To C. M. SAXTON, Esq., New York.
* * * * *
THE
AMERICAN FARM BOOK,
OR
COMPEND OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE
CONTAINING A CONCISE AND PLAINLY-WRITTEN EXPOSITION OF DUTIES PERTAINING TO THE CULTIVATION OF THE EARTH, THE MANAGEMENT OF THE FARM, &C., &C., ON PRACTICAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES.
BY R. L. ALLEN.
The cheapest and most valuable book for a farmer ever printed; being a complete guide, both practical and scientific, for the
MANAGEMENT OF THE FARM.
* * *
Besides the varied practical knowledge which this book imparts, and which is indispensable to the proper management of every department of agriculture, it gives the elements of other information highly necessary to a successful farmer, as History, Geology, Chemistry, Botany, Physiology, and Mechanics. These branches of knowledge are given as applicable to agricultural pursuits, and when properly understood will essentially aid and assist the farmer. In fact, a knowledge of these sciences is a sure key to wealth for any agriculturist. It gives the modes of preparation, and the effects of all kinds of manures; the origin, texture, divisions, and description of every variety of soil; the economy of sowing, reaping, and mowing, irrigation, and draining; cultivation of the grasses, clovers, grains, and roots; Southern and miscellaneous products, as cotton, hemp, flax, the sugar cane, rice, tobacco, hops, madder, woad, &c.; the rearing of fruit—apples, pears, peaches, plums, grapes, &c.; farm buildings, hedges, &c.; with the best methods of planting, cultivating, and preparation for market. Illustrated by 100 engravings.
The reader can form some idea of the above work, from the fact that it treats of 800 different subjects important to a farmer. It contains 354 pages, and is beautifully bound in cloth, suitable for a library. Price only One Dollar.
NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
The author has been one of the most able contributors to the agricultural press for the last ten years; aside from this, he is a practical farmer and stock-breeder, and consequently knows from his own experience what he is writing about.—Commercial Advertiser.
This work is by a gentleman of known experience; the work is exceedingly cheap, and the farmer will find it a valuable book of reference.—N.Y. Express.
It is in fact a brief encyclopedia on the subjects treated, and the farmer will find appropriate Information on almost any subject coming within his reach.—N.Y. Observer.
Here is a book for the million, precisely what its title indicates. Compassed within its pages, the reader will find the subject of soils, manures, crops, and animals, treated in a style easily comprehended.—N.Y. Spirit of the Times.
This work is what might be expected from one so well qualified for the undertaking.—Boston Cultivator.
Why shall not every good farmer economise his muscles by storing his mind? We hope this book will find its way into many family and school libraries.—N.Y. Tribune.
We think that Mr. Allen's volume, the basis of which is good practical farming, as practised by the best cultivators in the United States, with an intelligent reference to those principles of science which lie at the root of all successful practice, is likely to be of as muck or more real service to us, than any work on agriculture yet issued from the press, and we gladly commend it to the perusal of every one of our readers engaged in the cultivation of the land.—Horticulturist.
* * * * *
THE
FAMILY KITCHEN GARDENER;
CONTAINING
PLAIN AND ACCURATE DESCRIPTIONS
OF ALL THE
DIFFERENT SPECIES AND VARIETIES
OF
CULINARY VEGETABLES:
BY ROBERT BUIST,
AUTHOR OF THE AMERICAN FLOWER-GARDEN DIRECTORY, ROSE MANUAL, ETC.
* * *
NEW YORK:
C. M. SAXTON, 152 FULTON STREET,
ALSO, STRINGER & TOWNSEND, H. LONG & BROTHER, W. F. BURGESS, DEWITT & DAVENPORT, WILSON & CO., DEXTER & BROTHER, BOSTON: REDDING & CO. PHILADELPHIA: W. B. ZIMMER, LINDSAY & BLAKISTON.
* * * * *
THE
AMERICAN BIRD FANCIER;
CONSIDERED WITH REFERENCE TO THE BREEDING, REARING, FEEDING, MANAGEMENT, AND PECULIARITIES OF
CAGE AND HOUSE BIRDS.
Illustrated with Engravings
BY D. J. BROWNE,
AUTHOR OF THE SYLVA AMERICANA, THE AMERICAN POULTRY YARD, ETC.
NEW YORK:
C. M. SAXTON, 152 FULTON STREET.
ALSO, STRINGER & TOWNSEND, H. LONG & BROTHER, W. F. BURGESS, DEWITT & DAVENPORT, WILSON & CO., DEXTER & BROTHER PHILADELPHIA: W. B. ZIEBER, LINDSAY & BLAKISTON. BOSTON: REDDING & CO.
* * * * *
LECTURES
ON THE
GENERAL RELATIONS WHICH SCIENCE
BEARS TO
PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE,
DELIVERED BEFORE THE
NEW-YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
BY
JAMES F. W. JOHNSTON, F.R.S.S. L. & E.
WITH NOTES AND ADDITIONS
* * *
NEW YORK:
C. M. SAXTON, AGRICULTURAL BOOKSELLER.
* * * * *
AN
ESSAY ON MANURES,
SUBMITTED TO THE TRUSTEES OF
THE MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY
FOR
PROMOTING AGRICULTURE,
FOR THEIR PREMIUM.
BY SAMUEL L. DANA.
From the New York Observer:
ESSAY ON MANURES. By SAMUEL L. DANA
This Essay contains much useful information for the practical farmer, in a small compass, in reference to the nature and management of manures immediately under his control; the knowledge and practice of which will amply compensate for the expense of ascertaining its value.
* * *
NEW YORK:
C. M. SAXTON, 152 FULTON STREET.
ALSO, STRINGER & TOWNSEND, H. LONG & BROTHER, W. F. BURGESS, DEWITT & DAVENPORT, WILSON & CO., DEXTER & BROTHER. BOSTON: REDDING & CO. PHILADELPHIA: W. B. ZIEBER, LINDSAY & BLAKISTON.
* * * * *
A PRACTICAL TREATISE
ON THE
CULTIVATION OF THE GRAPE VINE
ON OPEN WALLS.
WITH A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF AN
IMPROVED METHOD OF PLANTING AND MANAGING
THE
ROOTS OF GRAPE VINES.
BY CLEMENT HOARE
TO WHICH IS ADDED,
AN APPENDIX,
CONTAINING
REMARKS ON THE CULTURE OF THE GRAPE VINE IN
THE UNITED STATES.
* * *
NEW YORK:
C. M. SAXTON, 152 FULTON STREET. |
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