Scrope, P., on volcanic rocks.

Scrophularineae.

Scudder, on fossil insects.

Sea, Dana underestimates power of. -changes in level of land due to those of. -marks left on land by action of.

Seakale, bloom on.

Seashore plants, use of bloom on.

Sea-sickness, Darwin suffers from.

"Seasons with the Sea Horses," Lamont's.

Secondary period, abundance of Araucarias and Marsupials during. -equality of elevation in British rocks of. -insects prior to.

Sections of earth's crust, need for accurate.

Sedgwick, Prof. A., extract from letter to Owen from. -letter to Darwin from. -on the "Vestiges of Creation." -and the Philosophical Society's meeting at Cambridge. -and the "Spectator." -Darwin's visit to. -Feelings towards Darwin. -on the structure of large mineral masses. -proposes Forbes for Royal medal. -quotation from letter to Darwin from. -suggested as candidate for Royal medal. -mentioned.

Sedgwick, A., address at the British Association (1899).

Sedimentary strata, conversion into schists.

Sedimentation, connection with elevation and subsidence. -near coast-lines.

Seedlings, sensitiveness to light.

Seeds, collected by girls in Prof. Henslow's parish. -dispersal of. -effect of immersion on. -of furze. -Asa Gray on Darwin's salt-water experiments. -germination after 21 1/2 hours in owl's stomach. -moss-roses raised from. -peaches from. -variation in. -bright colours of fruits and. -difficulty of finding in samples of earth. -dormant state of. -germination from pond mud. -Hildebrand on dispersal of. -mucus emitted by. -stored by ants. -supposed vivification of fossil. -vitality of.

Seeley, Prof.

Seemann, on commingling of temperate and tropical plants in mountains of Panama. -on the "Origin" in Germany. -mentioned.

Segregation of minerals in foliated rocks.

Selaginella, foot of, compared with organ in Welwitschia seedling.

Selection, a misleading term. -artificial. -as means of improving breeds. -importance of. -influence of speedy. -utilised by pigeon-fanciers. -Sexual (see Sexual Selection). -sterility and. -unconscious. -and variation. -voluntary. -and inheritance.

Self-fertilisation, abundance of seeds from. -Darwin's experiments on cross- and. -evil results of. -comparison between seeds from cross- and. -in Goodeniaceae. -in Orchids.

Self-interest, Preston on.

Self-sterility, in Eschscholtzia. -in plants. -connection with unnatural conditions.

Selliera, Hamilton on fertilisation-mechanism.

Semper, Karl (1832-93): Professor of Zoology at Wurzburg. He is known for his book of travels in the Philippine and Pelew Islands, for his work in comparative embryology, and for the work mentioned in the above letter. See an obituary notice in "Nature," July 20th, 1893, page 271. -letter to.

Senecio. -S. vulgaris, profits by cross-fertilisation.

Sensitive plants, Darwin's work on.

Sensitiveness, diversified kinds in allied plants.

Separate creations, Darwin on.

Sequoia.

Seringe, on Aconitum flowers.

Sertularia.

Sethia, dimorphism of.

Settegast, H., letter to.

Severn, Darwin on floods of.

Seward, A.C., "Fossil Plants as Tests of Climate."

Sexes, colour, and difference in. -proportion at birth. -proportion in animals.

Sexual likeness, secondary.

Sexual organs, as collectors of generative elements. -appendages in insects complemental to.

Sexual reproduction, Galton on. -bearing of F. Muller's work on essence of.

Sexual Selection, Bates on. -Darwin on. -article in "Kosmos" on. -colour and. -man and. -in moths and butterflies. -subordinate to Natural Selection. -Wallace on colour and. -Wallace on difficulties of.

Sexuality, Bentham on. -in lower forms. -origin of.

Shanghai, tooth of Mastodon from.

Sharp, David, on Bombus. -on Volucella. -"Insects."

Sharpe, Daniel (1806-56): left school at the age of sixteen, and became a clerk in the service of a Portuguese merchant. At the age of twenty-four he went for a year to Portugal, and afterwards spent a considerable amount of time in that country. The results of his geological work, carried out in the intervals of business, were published in the Journal of the Geological Society of London ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume V., page 142; Volume VI., page 135). Although actively engaged in business all his life, Sharpe communicated several papers to the Geological Society, his researches into the origin of slaty cleavage being among the ablest and most important of his contributions to geology ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume III., page 74; Volume V., page 111). A full account of Sharpe's work is given in an abituary notice published in the "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XIII., page xlv. -on elevation. -Darwin meets. -letters to. -on cleavage and foliation.

Sharpey, W., letter from Falconer to. -Honorary member of Physiological Society.

Shaw, J., letter to.

Sheep, varieties of.

Sheldrake, dancing on sand to make sea-worms come out.

Shells, Forbes and Hancock on British. -distorted by cleavage. -means of dispersal. -protective colour of.

Sherborn, C.D., "Catalogue of Mammalia" by A.S. Woodward and.

Shetland, comparison between flora of T. del Fuego and that of.

Shrewsbury, school.

Siberia, Rhinoceros and steppes of central.

Sicily, elephants of. -flora of.

Sidgwick, Prof. H.

Siebold, von.

Sigillaria, an aquatic plant.

Silene, Gartner's crossing-experiments on.

Silurian, comparison between recent organisms and. -life of. -Lingula from the. -corals. -volcanic strata.

Simon, Sir John: he was for many years medical officer of the Privy Council, and in that capacity issued a well-known series of Reports. -reports by.

Simple forms, existence of. -survival of.

Simpson, Sir J., on regeneration in womb.

Siphocampylus.

Sitaris, Lord Avebury on Meloe and.

Siwalik hills.

Skertchley, S.B.J., on palaeolithic flints in boulder-clay of E. Anglia. -letter to.

Skin, influence of mind on eruptions of.

Slate, cleavage of schists and.

Slave-ants, account in the "Origin" of.

Sleep, plants' so-called.

Sleep-movements, in plants. -of cotyledons.

Slime of seeds.

Sloths.

Smell, Ogle's work on sense of.

Smerinthus populi-ocellatus, Weir on hybrid.

Smilaceae, reference to genera of.

Smilax, De Candolle on flower of.

Smith, Goldwin.

Smith, J., note on.

Snails of Porto Santo.

Snipe, protective colour of.

Snow, red. -geological action of frozen.

Snowdon, elevation in recent times.

Social instincts, actions as result of.

Social plants, De Candolle on. -in the U.S.A.

"Sociology," H. Spencer's.

Soda, nitrate beds.

Soil, in relation to plant distribution.

Solanaceae.

Solanum rostratum, Todd on stamens of.

Solenhofen, bird-creature from.

Sollas, Prof., director of the Funafuti boring expedition. -account of the boring operations by.

Sonchus, introduced into New Zealand.

Song, importance in animal kingdom.

Sophocles, Prof., on expression of affirmation by Turks.

Sorby, on metamorphism.

Sound, and music.

Southampton, British Association meeting (1846). -Darwin on gravel deposits at. -Darwin's visits to.

Spanish chesnut, variation in leaf divergence.

Spanish plants in Ireland. -in La Plata.

Spawn, dispersal of frogs'.

Spean, terraces in valley of.

Special ordination.

Specialisation.

Species, antiquity of plant-. -belief in evolution of. -changing into one another. -creation of. -Darwin recognises difficulties in and objections to his views on. -definition of. -descriptive work influenced by Darwin's views on. -facts from Hooker bearing on. -food as important factor in keeping up number of. -frequency of. -Asa Gray on. -Hooker on. -intermediate forms absent in close. -little tendency during migration to form new. -modification of. -and monstrosities. -mutability of. -Nageli's views on. -origin of (see Origin of Species). -permanence of. -Prichard on meaning of term. -range of. -representative. -separate creation of. -spreading of. -sterility between allied. -and sterility. -time necessary to change. -time of creation of new. -variation of. -Wallace on origin of. -Walsh on modification of. -Weismann on. -Gaudry on affiliation of. -Hackel on change of. -isolation of. -value of careful discrimination of.

"Species not transmutable," Bree's book on.

Specific character, Falconer on persistence of.

Speculation, Darwin on.

Spencer, H., Darwin on the advantage of his expression "survival of the fittest." -letter to. -on electric organs. -on genesis of nervous system. -on survival of the fittest. -Romanes on his theory of nerve-genesis. -Wallace's admiration for. -Darwin on his work. -extract from letter to. -mentioned.

Spermacoce.

Spey, terraces of.

Sphagnum, parasitism of orchids on.

Spiders, mental powers of. -Moggridge on.

Spiranthes, fertilisation of.

Spiritualism, Darwin on.

Sptizbergen, Lamont's book on. -reindeer of.

Sponges, Clark on classification of. -Hackel's work on. -F. Muller on.

Spontaneous generation. -Darwin's disbelief in. -Huxley's disbelief in.

Sports.

Sprengel, (C.C.) Christian Konrad (1750-1816): was for a time Rector of Spandau, near Berlin; but his enthusiasm for Botany led to neglect of parochial duties, and to dismissal from his living. His well-known work, "Das Entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur," was published in 1793. An account of Sprengel was published in "Flora," 1819, by one of his old pupils. See also "Life and Letters," I., page 90, and an article in "Natural Science," Volume II., 1893, by J.C. Willis. -on Passion-flowers.

Stag-beetle, forms of.

Stahl, Prof., on Desmodium. -on transpiration.

Stainton.

Stanhope, Lord.

Stanhopea, fertilisation of.

Stapelia, fertilisation of.

Starling, paired three times in one day.

State-entomologist, appointment of in America, not likely to occur in England.

Statistics, of births and deaths. -Asa Gray's N. American plant-.

Steinheim, Lias rocks of.

Stellaria media, cross-fertilisation of.

Stephens, Miss Catherine: was born in 1794, and died, as the Countess of Essex, in 1882.

Sterile, use of term.

Sterility, accumulation through Natural Selection. -arguments relating to. -artificial production of. -between allied species aided by Natural Selection. -connection with sexual differentiation. -and crossing. -domestication and loss of. -experiments on. -of hybrids. -in human beings. -Huxley on. -increase of races and. -laws governing. -Natural Selection and. -in pigeons. -in plants (see also self-sterility). -reciprocal crosses and unequal. -selection and. -variations in amount of. -varieties and.

Stirling, and Huxley.

Stokes, Sir G.

Strasburger, on fertilisation of grasses.

Stratification, and cleavage.

Strephium, vertical position of leaves.

Strezlecki.

Strickland, H., letters to. -on zoological nomenclature.

Stripes, loss and significance of.

Structural dissimilarity, and sterility.

Structure, external conditions in relation to.

Struggle for existence. -and crossing. -factors concerned in. -and hybrids. -J. Scott on.

Strychnos, F. Muller on.

Student, Darwin as an Edinburgh.

Studer, Bernhard: Several of Studer's papers were translated and published in the "Edinburgh New Phil. Journ." See Volume XLII., 1847; Volume XLIV., 1848, etc. -on cleavage and foliation.

"Studien zur Descendenz-Theorie," Weismann's.

"Studies in the Theory of Descent," Meldola's translation of Weismann's book.

"Study of Sociology," H. Spencer's.

Stur, Dionys (1827-93): Director of the Austrian Geological Survey from 1885 to 1892; author of many important memoirs on palaeobotanical subjects.

Style, Darwin on. -Darwin on Huxley's. -effect of controversy on.

Suaeda, bloom on.

Submergence.

Subsidence, evidence of. -coral reefs and. -and elevation. -equable nature of. -large areas simultaneously affected by. -in oceans. -and sedimentation. -volcanic action.

Subterranean animal, existence in Patagonia of supposed.

Subularia, fertilisation of.

Succession of types.

Sudden appearance of organisms, due to absence of fossils in pre- Cambrian rocks.

Sudden jumps, modification by. -Darwin's disbelief in.

Suess, "Antlitz der Erde."

Suffolk Crag, comparison with recent strata.

Sugar-cane, Barber on hybrids of. -new varieties of.

Sulivan, Admiral, on Patagonia.

Superficial deposits, geological nature of.

Supernumerary members. -amputation followed by regeneration of.

"Survival of the fittest," Darwin on use of the expression. -Wallace on the expression. -sharpness of thorns the result of. -colour of birds and.

Swainson, on wide range of genera.

Switzerland, Tyndall on valleys of.

Sydney.

Symonds, William Samuel (1818-87): a member of an old West-country family, was an undergraduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, and in 1845 became Rector of Pendock, Worcestershire. He published in 1858 a book entitled "Stones of the Valley;" in 1859 "Old Bones, or Notes for Young Naturalists;" and in 1872 his best-known work, "Records of the Rocks." Mr. Symonds passed the later years of his life at Sunningdale, the house of his son-in-law, Sir Joseph Hooker. (See "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XLIV., page xliii.) -on imperfection of geological record.

Tacsonia, Darwin on flowers of. -fertilisation by humming-birds. -Scott's work on.

Tahiti, coral reefs of. -Darwin on.

Tails of diluvium, in Scotland.

Tait, Prof. P.G., article in "North British Review." -on age of world.

Tait, L., letters to.

Tait, W.C., letter to. -on rudimentary tails in dogs and Manx cats. -sends Drosophyllum to Darwin.

Talbot, Mrs. E., letter to.

Tandon, Moquin, "Elements de Teratologie Vegetale."

Tankerville, Lord.

Tasmania, comparison between floras of New Zealand and. -Hooker's Flora of. -trees of.

Taylor, W., "Life and Correspondence" of.

Tears, and muscular contraction.

Tees, Hooker on glacial moraines in valley of.

Tegetmeier, W.B., assistance rendered to Darwin by. -letters to.

Telegraph-plant (see also Desmodium).

"Telliamed" (de Maillet), evolutionary views of.

Tendrils, morphology of.

Teneriffe, flora of. -violet of Peak of. -Webb and Humboldt on zones of.

Tennent, Sir J.E., on elephants' tears. -on Utricularia.

Tentacles, aggregation of protoplasm in cells of plant-.

Teodoresco, on effect of excess of CO2 on vegetation.

Teratology, Masters on vegetable. -Moquin Tandon on.

Terebratula.

Termites compared with cleistogamic flowers. -F. Muller's paper on.

Terraces, Darwin on Patagonian.

Tertiary, Antarctic continent, Darwin on existence of. -Mastodon from Shanghai. -flora in Madeira.

Tertiary period, action of sea and earth-movement. -island floras of the. -Saporta's work on plants. -succession of types during the. -Prestwich's work on.

Testimonials, Darwin on.

Tetrabranchiata, Hyatt on the.

Thayer's "Letters of Chauncey Wright."

Theologians, Huxley on.

Theological articles, by Asa Gray.

Theology, Darwin's opinion on.

Theorising, observing and.

Theory, Darwin's advice to Scott to be sparing in use of.

Thibet, Hooker prohibited crossing into.

Thierzucht, Settegast's.

Thiselton-Dyer, Lady.

Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W., assists Darwin in bloom-experiments. -Darwin signs his certificate for Royal Society. -lecture on plant distribution as field for geographical research. -letter to "Nature" from. -notes on letter from Darwin to Bentham. -on partial submergence of Australia. -letters to. -extract from letter to. -on Darwin.

Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W., and Prof. Dewar, on immersion of seeds in liquid hydrogen.

Thlaspi alpestre, range of.

Thompson, Prof. D'Arcy, prefatory note by Darwin to his translation of H. Muller's book.

Thompson, W., natural-historian of Ireland.

Thomson, Sir W., see Kelvin, Lord.

Thomson, Sir Wyville, on Natural Selection. -mentioned.

Thomson, review of Jordan's "Diagnoses d'especes" by.

Thorns, forms of.

"Three Barriers," theological hash of old abuse of Darwin.

Thury on sex.

Thwaites, Dr. G.H.K. (1811-82): held for some years the post of Director of the Botanic Gardens at Peradenyia, Ceylon; and in 1864 published an important work on the flora of the island, entitled "Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae." -on Ceylon plants. -letters to. -on the "Origin."

Thymus.

Tieghem, Prof. van, on course of vessels in orchid flowers. -on effect of flashing light on plants.

Tierra del Fuego, flora of. -comparison with Glen Roy. -evidence of glaciers in. -micaschists of.

Time, and evolutionary changes. -geological. -meaning of millions of years. -Niagara as measure of geological. -rate of deposition as measure of. -Wallace on geological.

"Times," article by Huxley in. -letter by Fitz-Roy in.

Timiriazeff, Prof.

Timor, Mastodon from.

Toad, power of Indian species to resist sea-water.

Tobacco, Kolreuter on varieties of.

Todd, on Solanum rostratum.

"Toledoth Adam," title of book on evolution by N. Lewy.

Torbitt, J., experiments on potatoes, and letter to.

Torquay, Darwin's visit to.

Tortoises, conversion of turtles into land-.

Tortugas, A. Agassiz on reefs of.

Toryism, defence of.

Toucans, colour of beaks in breeding season.

Trachyte, separation of basalt and.

Tragopan.

Traill, experiments on grafting.

Transfusion experiments, by Galton.

Translations of Darwin's books.

Transplanting, effect on Alpine plants.

Transport, occasional means of.

Travels, Bates' book of. -Humboldt's. -Wallace's.

Travers, H.H., on Chatham Islands.

Trecul, on Drosera.

Trees, herbaceous orders and. -occurrence in islands. -older forms more likely to develop into. -Asa Gray on. -conditions in New Zealand favourable to development of. -crossing in. -separate sexes in.

Treub, M., on Chalazogamy.

Treviranus, Prof., on Primula longiflora.

Trifolium resupinatum, Darwin's observations on bloom on leaflets.

Trigonecephalus.

Trilobites, change of genera and species of.

Trimen, on painting butterflies.

Trimorphism, in plants.

Trinidad, Catasetum of. -Cruger on caprification in.

Triphaena (Triphoea) pronuba, robin attracted by colour of.

Tristan d'Acunha, Carmichael on. -vegetation of.

Triticum repens var. littorum, bloom-experiments on.

Trollope, A., quotation by Darwin from.

Tropaeolum, Darwin's experiments on. -peloric variety of. -waxy secretion on leaves.

Tropical climate, in relation to colouring of insects.

Tropical plants, possible existence during cooler period. -retreat of.

Tropics, climatic changes in. -description of forests in. -similarity of orders in.

Tubocytisus, Kerner on.

Tuckwell, on the Oxford British Association meeting (1860).

Tucotuco.

Tuke, D.H., on influence of mind on body. -letter to.

Tulips.

Turkey, colour of wings, and courtship. -muscles of tail of.

Turner, Sir W., Darwin receives assistance from. -on Darwin's methods of correspondence. -letters to.

Turratella.

Turtles, conversion into land-tortoises.

Tussilago, Darwin on seeds of groundsel and.

Twins, Galton's article on.

Tylor, article in "Journal of the Royal Institution" by. -on "Early History of Mankind."

Tyndall, lack of caution. -lecture by. -on the Alps. -review in the "Athenaeum" of. -on valleys due to glaciers. -work of. -dogmatism of. -on glaciers. -on Sorby's work on cleavage. -mentioned.

Typhlops.

Typical forms, difficult to select. -vagueness of phrase.

Typotherium, Falconer on.

Tyrol, Mojsisovics on the Dolomites of the.

Umbelliferae, morphological characters of. -difference in seeds from the same flower.

Undulation of light, comparison between Darwin's views and the theory of.

Ungulates, development in N. America during Tertiary period.

United States, flora of. -spread of Darwin's views in.

Unity of coloration, Walsh on.

Uredo, on Haematoxylon.

Ursus arctos, Lamont on. -U. maritimus, Lamont on.

Urticaceae.

Uruguay.

D'Urville, on Canary Islands.

Use and disuse. -in plants.

Uses, Natural Selection and.

Uspallata.

Utilitarianism, Darwin on.

Utility and inheritance.

Utopian "Flora," Darwin's idea of.

Utricularia, Darwin's work on. -U. stellaris, Sir E. Tennent on.

Vaginulus, Darwin finds new species of.

Valeriana, two forms of.

Valleys, action of ice in formation of. -Dana on Australian. -Darwin on origin of.

Valparaiso.

Van Diemen's Land, flora of, in relation to New Zealand.

Vanda.

Vandeae, structure of ovary.

Vanessa, two sexual forms of. -breeding in confinement. -colour of.

Vanilla.

Variability, backward tendency of. -Bentham on. -causes of. -De Candolle on. -dependent more on nature of organism than on environment. -Huxley and Scott on. -importance of subject of cause of. -Natural Selection and. -in oaks. -greater in bisexual than in unisexual plants. -of ferns "passes all bounds." -greater in male than female. -in ovaries of flowers. -tendency of genera at different periods towards.

Variation. -an innate principle. -Bates on. -in blackbirds. -causes of. -centrifugal nature of. -checked by Natural Selection. -climate and. -Darwin attaches importance to useless. -Darwin on favourable. -divergence of. -and external conditions. -in elephants. -in Fucus. -of large genera. -laws of. -of monotypic and polytypic genera. -and monstrosities. -and Natural Selection. -ordination and. -in peaches. -in plants. -produced by crossing. -rate of action of. -of small genera. -sterility advantageous to. -Weismann on. -galls as cause of. -and loss of dimorphism in Primula and Auricula. -Sexual Selection and minute. -transmission to sexes. -Verlot on. -Wallace on.

"Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," completion of. -delay in publication. -Lyell on. -translation of. -Wallace's opinion of. -Darwin at work on.

Varieties, accumulation of. -distinction between species and. -fertility of. -in insects. -in large genera. -of molluscs. -production of. -species the product of long series of. -use of. -Wallace on. -elimination by crossing. -zoologists neglect study of.

Vaucher, "Plantes d'Europe."

"Vegetable Teratology," Masters'.

Vegetative reproduction, Darwin on.

Veitch, J.

Velleia, fertilisation mechanism of.

Verbascum, crossing and varieties in. -Scott's work on.

Verbenaceae.

Verlot, on variation in flowers.

Veronica, Antarctic species of.

Vessels, course of, as guide to morphology of flowers.

"Vestiges of Creation," Huxley's review of. -the "Origin of Species" and. -Vetch, extra-floral nectaries of.

Vetter, editor of "Kosmos."

Viburnum lantanoides, in Japan and east U.S.A.

Victoria Street Society for Protection of Animals against Vivisection, charge brought against Dr. Ferrier by.

Villa Franca, Baron de, on varieties of sugar-cane.

Villarsia.

Vine, graft-hybrids of. -varieties of. -morphology of tendrils.

Viola, ancestral form of. -cleistogamic flowers of. -pollen-tubes of. -Madagascan. -Pyrenean. -on Peak of Teneriffe. -V. canina, fertilisation of. -V. nana. -V. odorata, floral biology of.

Virchow, Huxley's criticism of. -publication by Hackel of Darwin's criticism of.

Viscum.

Vitality of seeds, in salt-water experiments.

Viti group of islands, effect of subsidence.

Vivisection.

Vochting, H., "Bewegung der Bluthen und Fruchte." -letter to. -"Organbildung im Pflanzenreich."

"Volcanic Geology," Dana's.

Volcanic islands, polymorphic species in. -Darwin's geological observations on. -Darwin's opinion of his book on. -Lyell and Herschel on. -relation to continents.

Volcanic phenomena, cause of. -Darwin on. -and elevation. -as mere accidents in swelling up of dome of plutonic rocks. -and subsidence.

Volcanic rocks.

Volcano, in interior of Asia.

Volcanoes, in S. America. -compared with boilers. -maritime position of. -of St. Jago, Mauritius, and St. Helena. -simultaneous activity of. -and subsidence.

Volucella, as example of mimicry.

Vries, H. de, on plant-movements.

Vulcanicity.

Wagner, M., attacks Darwin. -essay by. -mentioned.

"Wahl der Lebens-Weise."

Wahlenberg, on variation of species in U.S.A.

Wales, Darwin's visit to. -comparison of valleys of Lochaber and. -Darwin on glaciers of. -elevation of land in Scotland and. -Murchison sees no trace of glaciers in. -Ramsay on denudation of S.

Wallace, A.R., on beauty. -criticises the expression, "Natural Selection." -Darwin on cleverness of. -letters to. -letters to Darwin from. -on Mastodon from Timor. -notes by. -on pangenesis. -review of Bastian's "Beginnings of Life." -on sterility. -on success of Natural Selection. -attributes Natural Selection to Darwin. -on colour and birds' nests. -Darwin's criticism of his "Geographical Distribution of Animals." -differs from Darwin. -on evolution of man. -"Island Life." -on wings of lepidoptera. -review of Darwin's book on Expression. -review of Lyell's "Principles of Geology." -on Round Island. -same ideas hit on by Darwin and. -supplies information to Darwin on Sexual Selection. -on variation. -at work on narrative of travels.

Wallace, Dr., on sexes in Bombyx. -on caterpillars.

Wallich, on Oxyspora paniculata.

Wallis, H.M., on ears. -letters to.

Walpole.

Walsh, Benjamin Dann: was born at Frome, in England, in 1808, and died in America in 1869, from the result of a railway accident. He entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, and obtained a fellowship there after being fifth classic in 1831. He was therefore a contemporary of Darwin's at the University, though not a "schoolmate," as the "American Entomologist" puts it. He was the author of "A Historical Account of the University of Cambridge and its Colleges," London, 2nd edition, 1837; also of a translation of part of "Aristophanes," 1837: from the dedication of this book it seems that he was at St. Paul's School, London. He settled in America in 1838, but only began serious Entomology about 1858. He never returned to England. In a letter to Mr. Darwin, November 7th, 1864, he gives a curious account of the solitary laborious life he led for many years. "When I left England in 1838," he writes, "I was possessed with an absurd notion that I would live a perfectly natural life, independent of the whole world—in me ipso totus teres atque rotundus. So I bought several hundred acres of wild land in the wilderness, twenty miles from any settlement that you would call even a village, and with only a single neighbor. There I gradually opened a farm, working myself like a horse, raising great quantities of hogs and bullocks...I did all kinds of jobs for myself, from mending a pair of boots to hooping a barrel." After nearly dying of malaria, he sold his land at a great loss, and found that after twelve years' work he was just 1000 dollars poorer than when he began. He then went into the lumber business at Rock Island, Illinois. After seven years he invested most of his savings in building "ten two-storey brick houses for rent." He states that the repairs of the houses occupied about one-fourth of his time, and the remainder he was able to devote to entomology. He afterwards edited the "Practical Entomologist." In regard to this work he wrote (February 25th, 1867):—"Editing the 'Practical Entomologist' does undoubtedly take up a good deal of my time, but I also pick up a good deal of information of real scientific value from its correspondents. Besides, this great American nation has hitherto had a supreme contempt for Natural History, because they have hitherto believed that it has nothing to do with the dollars and cents. After hammering away at them for a year or two, I have at last succeeded in touching the 'pocket nerve' in Uncle Sam's body, and he is gradually being galvanised into the conviction that science has the power to make him richer." It is difficult to realise that even forty years ago the position of science in Illinois was what Mr. Walsh describes it to be: "You cannot have the remotest conception of the ideas of even our best- educated Americans as to the pursuit of science. I never yet met with a single one who could be brought to understand how or why a man should pursue science for its own pure and holy sake." Mr. L.O. Howard ("Insect Life," Volume VII., 1895, page 59) says that Harris received from the State of Massachusetts only 175 dollars for his classical report on injurious insects which appeared in 1841 and was reprinted in 1842 and 1852. It would seem that in these times Massachusetts was in much the same state of darkness as Illinois. In the winter of 1868-9 Walsh was, however, appointed State Entomologist of Illinois. He made but one report before his death. He was a man of liberal ideas, hating oppression and wrong in all its forms. On one occasion his life was threatened for an attempt to purify the town council. As an instance of "hereditary genius" it may be mentioned that his brother was a well-known writer on natural history and sporting subjects, under the pseudonym "Stonehenge." The facts here given are chiefly taken from the "American Entomologist" (St. Louis, Mo.), Volume II., page 65. -as entomologist. -letters to. -letter to Darwin from. -death of. -and C.V. Riley.

Warming, E., "Lehrbuch der okologischen Pflanzengeographie."

Washingtonia.

Wasps, power of building cells.

Water, effect on leaves (see also Rain).

Water-weed, Marshall on.

Waterhouse, George Robert (1810-88): held the post of Keeper of the Department of Geology in the British Museum from 1851 to 1880. -review by Darwin of his book on Mammalia. -on skeletons of rabbits. -on wide range of genera. -mentioned.

Waterloo, Darwin's recollections of.

Waterton.

Watson, H.C., alluded to. -on the Azores. -on British agrarian plants. -on northward range of plants common to Britain and America. -objection to Darwin's views. -on Natural Selection. -mentioned.

Waves, depth of action of.

Wax, secretion on leaves (see also Bloom).

Wealden period.

Weale, J.P.M., sends locust dung from Natal to Darwin.

Webb, on flora of Teneriffe.

Wedgwood, Elizabeth.

Wedgwood, Emma (Mrs. Darwin), letter to.

Wedgwood, Hensleigh: brother-in-law to Charles Darwin. -Darwin visits. -influenced by Lyell's book on America. -on Tyndall.

Wedgwood, Josiah, letter to.

Weeds, adaptation to cultivated ground. -English versus American. -Asa Gray on pertinacity of.

Weeping, physiology of.

Weir, H.W., on Cytisus.

Weir, Mr. John Jenner (1822-94): came of a family of Scotch descent; in 1839 he entered the service of the Custom House, and during the final eleven years of his service, i.e. from 1874 to 1885, held the position of Accountant and Controller-General. He was a born naturalist, and his "aptitude for exact observation was of the highest order" (Mr. M'Lachlan in the "Entomologist's Monthly Magazine," May 1894). He is chiefly known as an entomologist, but he had also extensive knowledge of Ornithology, Horticulture, and of the breeds of various domestic animals and cage-birds. His personal qualities made him many friends, and he was especially kind to beginners in the numerous subjects on which he was an authority ("Science Gossip," May 1894). -experiments on caterpillars. -letters to. -extract from letter to Darwin from. -on birds. -invited to Down. -value of his letters to Darwin. -mentioned.

Weismann, A., Darwin asked to point out how far his work follows same lines as that of. -on dimorphism. -"Einfluss der Isolirung." -letters to. -Meldola's translation of "Studies in Descent." -"Studies in Theory of Descent." -faith in Sexual Selection.

Wellingtonia.

Wells, Dr., essay on dew. -quoted by Darwin as having enunciated principle of Natural Selection before publication of "Origin."

Welwitschia, Hooker's work on. -Darwin on. -a "vegetable Ornithorhynchus."

Welwitschia mirabilis, seedlings of.

Wenlock, coral limestone of.

West Indies, plants of. -coral reefs. -elevation and subsidence of. -orchids of.

Westminster Abbey, memorial to Lyell.

"Westminster Review," Huxley's review of the "Origin" in. -Wallace's article.

Westwood, J.O. (1805-93): Professor of Entomology at Oxford. The Royal medal was awarded to him in 1855. He was educated at a Friends' School at Sheffield, and subsequently articled to a solicitor in London; he was for a short time a partner in the firm, but he never really practised, and devoted himself to science. He is the author of between 350 and 400 papers, chiefly on entomological and archaeological subjects, besides some twenty books. To naturalists he is known by his writings on insects, but he was also "one of the greatest living authorities on Anglo-Saxon and mediaeval manuscripts" ("Dictionary of National Biography"). -on range of genera. -and Royal medal. -mentioned.

Whales, Flower on.

Wheat, mummy. -fertilisation of. -forms of Russian.

Whewell, W.

Whiston.

Whitaker, W., on escarpments.

White, F.B., letter to. -on hemiptera of St. Helena.

White, Gilbert, Darwin writes an account of Down in the manner of.

White, on regeneration.

Whiteman, R.G., letter to.

Whitney, on origin of language.

Wichura, Max, on hybrid willows. -on hybridisation.

Widow-bird, experiments on.

Wiegmann.

Wiesner, Prof. J., disagrees with Darwin's views on plant movement. "Das Bewegungsvermogen der Pflanzen." -on heliotropism. -letter to.

Wigand, A., "Der Darwinismus..." -Jager's work contra.

Wight, Dr., on Cucurbitaceae.

Wilberforce, Bishop, review in the "Quarterly."

Wildness of game.

Wilkes' exploring expedition, Dana's volume in reports of.

Williamson, Prof. W.C.

Willis, J.C., reference to his "Flowering Plants and Ferns."

Willows, Walsh on galls of. -Wichura on hybrid.

Wilson, A.S., letters to. -on Russian wheat.

Wind-fertilised trees and plants, abundant in humid and temperate regions.

Wingless birds, transport of.

Wings of ostrich.

Wire-bird, of St. Helena.

Witches' brooms.

Wives, resemblance to husbands.

Wollaston, Thomas Vernon (1821-78): Wollaston was an under-graduate at Jesus College, Cambridge, and in late life published several books on the coleopterous insects of Madeira, the Canaries, the Cape Verde Islands, and other regions. He is referred to in the "Origin of Species" (Edition VI page 109) as having discovered "the remarkable fact that 200 beetles, out of the 550 species (but more are now known) inhabiting Madeira, are so far deficient in wings that they cannot fly; and that, of the twenty-nine endemic genera, no less than twenty-three have all their species in this condition!" See Obituary Notice in "Nature," Volume XVII., page 210, 1878, and "Trans. Entom. Soc." 1877, page xxxviii.) "Catalogue" (Probably the "Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the British Museum," 1864.) -catalogue of insects of Canary Islands. -Darwin and Royal medal. -in agreement with Falconer in opposition to Darwin's views on species. -"Insecta Maderensia." -on rarity of intermediate varieties in insects. -review on the "Origin" by. -on varieties. -mentioned.

Wolverhampton, abrupt termination of boulders near.

Wood, fossil.

Wood, T.W., drawings by.

Woodcock, germination of seeds carried by. -protective colouring of.

Woodd, C.H.L., letter to.

Woodpecker, adaptation in. -and direct action. -form of tail of.

Woodward, A.S., on Neomylodon. -and C.D. Sherborn, "Catalogue of British Fossil Vertebrata."

Woodward, Samuel Pickworth (1821-65): held an appointment in the British Museum Library for a short time, and then became Sub-Curator to the Geological Society (1839). In 1845 he was appointed Professor of Geology and Natural History in the recently founded Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester; he afterwards obtained a post as first-class assistant in the Department of Geology and Mineralogy in the British Museum. Woodward's chief work, "The Manual of Mollusca," was published in 1851-56. ("A Memoir of Dr. S.P. Woodward," "Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society," Volume III., page 279, 1882. By H.B. Woodward.) -letters to.

World, age of the.

Worms, Darwin's work on. -destruction by rain of. -intelligence of.

Wrangel's "Travels in Siberia."

"Wreck of the 'Favourite'," Clarke's.

Wright, C., on bees' cells. -letters to. -review by.

Wright, G.F., extract from letter from Asa Gray, to.

Wydler, on morphology of cruciferous flower.

Wyman, Jeffries (1814-74): graduated at Harvard in 1833, and afterwards entered the Medical College at Boston, receiving the M.D. degree in 1837. In 1847 Wyman was appointed Hervey Professor of Anatomy at Harvard, which position he held up to the time of his death. His contributions to zoological science numbered over a hundred papers. (See "Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences," Volume II., 1874-75, pages 496-505.) -letter from. -on spontaneous generation. -mentioned.

Xenogamy, term suggested by Kerner.

Xenoneura antiquorum, Devonian insect.

Xerophytic characters, not confined to dry-climate plants.

Yangma Valley, Hooker's account of dam in.

Yeo, Prof. Gerald.

Yew, origin of Irish.

York, British Association meeting (1881), (1844). -Dallas in charge of museum.

Yorkshire, Hooker on glaciers in.

Yucca, fertilisation by moths.

Zacharias, Otto, letter to.

Zante, colour of Polygala flowers in.

Zea, Gartner's work on. -hermaphrodite and female flowers on a male panicle. -varieties received from Asa Gray.

Zeiller, R., "Le Marquis G. de Saporta, sa Vie..."

Zinziberaceae.

Zittel, Karl A. von, "Handbuch der Palaeontologie."

Zoea stage, in life-history of decapods.

Zoological Gardens, dangerous to suggest subsidising.

Zoological nomenclature.

Zoologist, Darwin as.

"Zoonomia," Erasmus Darwin's.

Zygaena (Burnet-moth), mentioned by Darwin in his early recollections.

THE END