Horses be joyful in fields, and smell battles, and be comforted with noise of trumpets to battle and to fighting; and be excited to run with noise that they know, and be sorry when they be overcome, and glad when they have the mastery. And so feeleth and knoweth their enemies in battle so far forth that they a-rese on their enemies with biting and smiting, and also some know their own lords, and forget mildness, if their lords be overcome: and some horses suffer no man to ride on their backs, but only their own lords. And many horses weep when their lords be dead. And it is said that horses weep for sorrow, right as a man doth, and so the kind of horse and of man is medlied. Also oft men that shall fight take evidence and divine and guess what shall befall, by sorrow or by the joy that the horse maketh. Old men mean that in gentle horse, noble men take heed of four things, of shape, and of fairness, of wilfulness, and of colour.

In his forehead when he is foaled is found Iconemor, a black skin of the quantity of a sedge, that hight also Amor's Veneficium; and the mother licketh it off with her tongue, and taketh it away and hideth it or eateth it. For women that be witches use that skin in their sayings, when they will excite a man to love.... The colt is not littered with straw, nor curried with an horse comb, nor arrayed with trapping and gay harness, nor smitten with spurs, nor saddled with saddle, nor tamed with bridle, but he followeth his mother freely, and eateth grass, and his feet be not pierced with nails, but he is suffered to run hither and thither freely: but at the last he is set to work and to travail, and is held and tied and led with halters and reins, and taken from his mother, and may not suck his dam's teats; but he is taught in many manner wise to go easily and soft. And he is set to carts, chariots, and cars, and to travel and bearing of horsemen in chivalry: and so the silly horse colt is foaled to divers hap of fortune. Isidore saith, that horses were sometime hallowed in divers usage of the gods.

Among beasts the elephant is most of virtue, so that unneth among men is so great readiness found. For in the new moon they come together in great companies, and bathe and wash them in a river, and lowte each to other, and turn so again to their own places, and they make the young go tofore in the turning again; and keep them busily and teach them to do in the same wise: and when they be sick, they gather good herbs, and ere they use the herbs they heave up the head, and look up toward heaven, and pray for help of God in a certain religion. And they be good of wit, and learn well: and are easy to teach, insomuch that they be taught to know the king and to worship him, and busy to do him reverence and to bend the knees in worship of him. If elephants see a man coming against them that is out of the way in the wilderness, for they would not affray him, they will draw themselves somewhat out of the way, and then they stint, and pass little and little tofore him, and teach him the way. And if a dragon come against him, they fight with the dragon and defend the man, and put them forth to defend the man strongly and mightily: and do so namely when they have young foals, for they dread that the man seeketh their foals. And therefore they purpose first to deliver them of the man, that they may more securely feed their children and keep them the more warily.... Elephants be best in chivalry when they be tame: for they bear towers of tree, and throw down sheltrons, and overturn men of arms, and that is wonderful; for they dread not men of arms ranged in battle, and dread and flee the voice of the least sound of a swine. When they be taken, they be made tame and mild with barley: and a cave or a ditch is made under the earth, as it were a pitfall in the elephant's way, and unawares he falleth therein. And then one of the hunters cometh to him and beateth and smiteth him, and pricketh him full sore. And then another hunter cometh and smiteth the first hunter, and doth him away, and defendeth the elephant, and giveth him barley to eat, and when he hath eaten thrice or four times, then he loveth him that defended him, and is afterward mild and obedient to him. I have read in Physiologus' book that the elephant is a beast that passeth all other four-footed beasts in quantity, in wit, and in mind. For among other doings elephants lie never down in sleeping; but when they be weary they lean to a tree and so rest somewhat. And men lie in wait to espy their resting places privily, for to cut the tree in the other side: and the elephant cometh and is not aware of the fraud, and leaneth to the tree and breaketh it with the weight of his body, and falleth down with the breaking, and lieth there. And when he seeth he may not help himself in falling he crieth and roareth in a wonder manner: and by his noise and crying come suddenly many young elephants, and rear up the old little and little with all their strength and might: and while they arear him with wonder affection and love, they bend themselves with all their might and strength. ... Also there is another thing said that is full wonderful: among the Ethiopians in some countries elephants be hunted in this wise: there go in the desert two maidens all naked and bare, with open hair of the head: and one of them beareth a vessel, and the other a sword. And these maidens begin to sing alone: and the beast hath liking when he heareth their song, and cometh to them, and licketh their teats, and falleth asleep anon for liking of the song, and then the one maid sticketh him in the throat or in the side with a sword, and the other taketh his blood in a vessel, and with that blood the people of the same country dye cloth, and done colour it therewith.

Satyrs be somewhat like men, and have crooked nose and horns in the forehead, and like to goats in their feet. Saint Anthony saw such a one in the wilderness, as it is said, and he asked what he was, and he answered Anthony, and said: "I am deadly, and one of them that dwelleth in the wilderness." These wonderful beasts be divers: for some of them be called Cyno[ce]phali, for they have heads as hounds, and seem by the working, beasts rather than men, and some be called Cyclops, and have that name, for one of them hath but one eye, and that in the middle of the forehead, and some be all headless and noseless, and their eyen be in the shoulders, and some have plain faces without nostrils, and the nether lips of them stretch so, that they hele therewith their faces when they be in the heat of the sun: and some of them have closed mouths, in their breasts only one hole, and breathe and suck as it were with pipes and veins, and these be accounted tongueless, and use signs and becks instead of speaking. Also in Scythia be some with so great and large ears, that they spread their ears and cover all their bodies with them, and these be called Panchios.... And other be in Ethiopia, and each of them have only one foot so great and so large, that they beshadow themselves with the foot when they lie gaping on the ground in strong heat of the sun; and yet they be so swift, that they be likened to hounds in swiftness of running, and therefore among the Greeks they be called Cynopodes. Also some have the soles of their feet turned backward behind the legs, and in each foot eight toes, and such go about and stare in the desert of Lybia. The griffin is a beast with wings, and is four footed: and breedeth in the mountains Hyperborean, and is like to the lion in all the parts of the body, and to the eagle only in the head and wings. And griffins keep the mountains in which be gems and precious stones, and suffer them not to be taken from thence.

The hyena is a cruel beast like to the wolf in devouring and gluttony, and reseth on dead men, and taketh their carcase out of the earth, and devoureth them. It is his kind to change sex, for he is now found male, and now female, and is therefore an unclean beast, and cometh to hoveys by night, and feigneth man's voice as he may, for men should trow that it is a man. Pliny saith: It is said he is one year male and another female. And she bringeth forth her brood without male, as the common people trow. But Aristotle denieth that. And hath the neck of the adder, and the ridge of an elephant, and may not bend but if he bear all the body about. And herds tell that among stables, he feigneth speech of mankind, and calleth some man by his own name, and rendeth him when he hath him without. And he feigneth oft the name of some man, for to make hounds run out, that he may take and eat them.... And his shadow maketh hounds leave barking and be still, if he come near them. And if this beast hyena goeth thrice about any beast, that beast shall stint within his steps. Pliny saith that the hyena hateth the panther. And it is said that if both their skins be hanged together, the hair of the panther's skin shall fall away. This beast hyena fleeth the hunter, and draweth toward the right side, to occupy the trace of the man that goeth before: and if he cometh not after, he telleth that he goeth out of his wit, or else the man falleth down off his horse. And if he turn against the hyena, the beast is soon taken, as magicians tell. And also witches use the heart of this beast and the liver, in many witchcrafts.

Some lions be short with crisp hair and mane, and these lions fight not; and some lions have simple hair of mane, and those lions have sharp and fierce hearts, and by their foreheads and tails their virtue is known in the beast, and their stedfastness in the head: and when they be beset with hunters, then they behold the earth, for to dread the less the hunters and their gins, that them have beset about: and he dreadeth noise and rushing of wheels, but he dreadeth fire much more. And when they sleep their eyes wake: and when they go forth or about, they hele and hide their fores and steps, for hunters should not find them.... It is the kind of lions, not to be wroth with man, but if they be grieved or hurt. Also their mercy is known by many and oft examples: for they spare them that lie on the ground, and suffer them to pass homeward that were prisoners and come out of thraldom, and eat not a man or slay him but in great hunger. Pliny saith that the lion is in most gentleness and nobility, when his neck and shoulders be heled with hair and main. And he that is gendered of the pard, lacketh that nobility. The lion knoweth by smell, if the pard gendereth with the lioness, and reseth against the lioness that breaketh spousehood, and punisheth her full sore, but if she wash her in a river, and then it is not known. The lion liveth most long, and that is known by working and wasting of his teeth: and when in age he reseth on a man: for his virtue and might faileth to pursue great beasts and wild. And then he besiegeth cities to ransom and to take men: but when the lions be taken, then they be hanged, for other lions should dread such manner pain. The old lion reseth woodly on men, and only grunteth on women, and reseth seldom on children, but in great hunger.... In peril the lion is most gentle and noble, for when he is pursued with hounds and with hunters, the lion lurketh not nor hideth himself, but sitteth in fields where he may be seen, and arrayeth himself to defence. And runneth out of wood and covert with swift running and course, as though he would account vile shame to lurk and to hide himself. And he hideth himself not for dread that he hath, but he dreadeth himself sometime, only for he would not be dreaded. And when he pursueth man or beast in lands, then he leapeth when he reseth on him. When he is wounded, he taketh wonderly heed, and knoweth them that him first smiteth, and reseth on the smiter, though he be never in so great multitude: and if a man shoot at him, the lion chaseth him and throweth him down, and woundeth him not, nor hurteth him.... He hideth himself in high mountains, and espieth from thence his prey. And when he seeth his prey he roareth full loud, and at the voice of him other beasts dread and stint suddenly: and he maketh a circle all about them with his tail, and all the beasts dread to pass out over the line of the circle, and the beasts stand astonied and afraid, as it were abiding the hest and commandment of their king.... And he is ashamed to eat alone the prey that he taketh; therefore of his grace of free heart, he leaveth some of his prey to other beasts that follow him afar.... And the lion is hunted in this wise: One double cave is made one fast by that other, and in the second cave is set a whiche, that closeth full soon when it is touched: and in the first den and cave is a lamb set, and the lion leapeth therein, when he is an hungered, for to take the lamb. And when he seeth that he may not break out of the den, he is ashamed that he is beguiled, and would enter in to the second den to lurk there, and falleth smell, if the pard gendereth with the lioness, and reseth against the lioness that breaketh spousehood, and punisheth her full sore, but if she wash her in a river, and then it is not known. The lion liveth most long, and that is known by working and wasting of his teeth: and when in age he reseth on a man: for his virtue and might faileth to pursue great beasts and wild. And then he besiegeth cities to ransom and to take men: but when the lions be taken, then they be hanged, for other lions should dread such manner pain. The old lion reseth woodly on men, and only grunteth on women, and reseth seldom on children, but in great hunger.... In peril the lion is most gentle and noble, for when he is pursued with hounds and with hunters, the lion lurketh not nor hideth himself, but sitteth in fields where he may be seen, and arrayeth himself to defence. And runneth out of wood and covert with swift running and course, as though he would account vile shame to lurk and to hide himself. And he hideth himself not for dread that he hath, but he dreadeth himself sometime, only for he would not be dreaded. And when he pursueth man or beast in lands, then he leapeth when he reseth on him. When he is wounded, he taketh wonderly heed, and knoweth them that him first smiteth, and reseth on the smiter, though he be never in so great multitude: and if a man shoot at him, the lion chaseth him and throweth him down, and woundeth him not, nor hurteth him.... He hideth himself in high mountains, and espieth from thence his prey. And when he seeth his prey he roareth full loud, and at the voice of him other beasts dread and stint suddenly: and he maketh a circle all about them with his tail, and all the beasts dread to pass out over the line of the circle, and the beasts stand astonied and afraid, as it were abiding the hest and commandment of their king.... And he is ashamed to eat alone the prey that he taketh; therefore of his grace of free heart, he leaveth some of his prey to other beasts that follow him afar.... And the lion is hunted in this wise: One double cave is made one fast by that other, and in the second cave is set a whiche, that closeth full soon when it is touched: and in the first den and cave is a lamb set, and the lion leapeth therein, when he is an hungered, for to take the lamb. And when he seeth that he may not break out of the den, he is ashamed that he is beguiled, and would enter in to the second den to lurk there, and falleth into it, and it closeth anon as he is in, and letteth him not pass out thereof, but keepeth him fast therein, until he be taken out and bound with chains till he be tame.... The lion is cruel and wood when he is wroth, and biteth and grieveth himself for indignation, and gnasheth with his teeth, and namely when he hungreth, and spieth and lieth in wait, to take beasts which pass by the way. He hideth himself in privy caves, and reseth on beasts unawares, and slayeth them with his teeth and claws, and breaketh all their members, and eateth them piecemeal: and if he see any come against him to take away his prey, then he beclippeth the prey, and grunteth and smiteth the earth with his tail, and if he nigheth him he leapeth on him, and overcometh him, and turneth to the prey. First he drinketh and licketh the blood of the beast that he slayeth, and rendeth and haleth the other-deal limb- meal, and devoureth and swalloweth it.

The leopard is a beast most cruel, and is gendered in spouse-breach of a pard and of a lioness, and pursueth his prey startling and leaping and not running, and if he taketh not his prey in the third leap, or in the fourth, then he stinteth for indignation, and goeth backward as though he were overcome. And he is less in body than the lion, and therefore he dreadeth the lion, and maketh a cave under earth with double entering, one by which he goeth in, and the other by which he goeth out. And that cave is full wide and large in either entering, and more narrow and straight in the middle. And so when the lion cometh, he fleeth and falleth suddenly into the cave, and the lion pursueth him with a great rese, and entereth also into the cave, and weeneth there to have the mastery over the leopard, but for greatness of his body he may not pass freely by the middle of the den which is full straight, and when the leopard knoweth that the lion is so let and holden in the straight place, he goeth out of the den forward, and cometh again into the den in the other side behind the lion, and reseth on him behindforth with biting and with claws, and so the leopard hath often in that wise the mastery of the lion by craft and not by strength, so the less beast hath oft the mastery of the strong beast by deceit and guile in the den, and dare not rese on him openly in the field, as Homer saith in the book of the battles and wiles of beasts.

Churls speak of him [the wolf] and say that a man loseth his voice, if the wolf seeth him first. Therefore to a man that is suddenly still, and leaveth to speak it is said, "Lupus est in fabula," "The wolf is in the tale." And certainly if he know that he is seen first, he loseth his boldness, hardihood, and fierceness. The wolf is an evil beast, when he eateth, and resteth much when he hath no hunger: he is full hardy, and loveth well to play with a child, if he may take him; and slayeth him afterward, and eateth him at the last. It is said, that if the wolf be stoned, he taketh heed of him that threw the first stone, and if that stone grieveth him he will slay him: and if it grieveth him not, and he may take him that throweth that stone, he doth him not much harm, but some harm he doth him as it were in wrath, and leaveth him at last.... The wolf may not bend his neck backward in no month of the year but in May alone, when it thundereth. And when he goeth by night to a fold for to take his prey, he goeth against the wind for hounds should not smell him. And if it happeth in any wise that his foot maketh noise, treading upon anything, then he chasteneth that foot with hard biting.... I have read in a book that a string made of a wolf's gut, put among harp strings made of the guts of sheep, destroyeth and corrupteth them, as the eagle's feathers put among culvours', pulleth and gnaweth them, if they be there left together long in one place.

He [the cat] is a full lecherous beast in youth, swift, pliant, and merry, and leapeth and reseth on everything that is to fore him: and is led by a straw, and playeth therewith: and is a right heavy beast in age and full sleepy, and lieth slyly in wait for mice: and is aware where they be more by smell than by sight, and hunteth and reseth on them in privy places: and when he taketh a mouse, he playeth therewith, and eateth him after the play. In time of love is hard fighting for wives, and one scratcheth and rendeth the other grievously with biting and with claws. And he maketh a ruthful noise and ghastful, when one proffereth to fight with another: and unneth is hurt when he is thrown down off an high place. And when he hath a fair skin, he is as it were proud thereof, and goeth fast about: and when his skin is burnt, then he bideth at home; and is oft for his fair skin taken of the skinner, and slain and flayed.

Physiologus speaketh of the Panther and saith that he hateth the dragon, and the dragon fleeth him: and when he hath eat enough at full, he hideth him in his den, and sleepeth continually nigh three days, and riseth after three days and crieth, and out of his mouth cometh right good air and savour, and is passing measure sweet: and for the sweetness all beasts follow him. And only the dragon is a- feared when he heareth his voice, and fleeth into a den, and may not suffer the smell thereof; and faileth in himself, and looseth his comfort. For he weeneth that his smell is very venom.

All four-footed beasts have liking to behold the divers colours of the panther and tiger, but they are a-feared of the horribleness of their heads, and therefore they hide their heads, and toll the beasts to them with fairness of that other-deal of the body, and take them when they come so tolled, and eat them.

The mermaid is a sea beast wonderly shapen, and draweth shipmen to peril by sweetness of song. The Gloss on Is. xiii. saith that sirens are serpents with crests. And some men say, that they are fishes of the sea in likeness of women. Some men feign that there are three Sirens some-deal maidens, and some-deal fowls with claws and wings, and one of them singeth with voice, and another with a pipe, and the third with an harp, and they please so shipmen, with likeness of song, that they draw them to peril and to shipbreach, but the sooth is, that they were strong hores, that drew men that passed by them to poverty and to mischief. And Physiologus saith it is a beast of the sea, wonderly shapen as a maid from the navel upward and a fish from the navel downward, and this wonderful beast is glad and merry in tempest, and sad and heavy in fair weather. With sweetness of song this beast maketh shipmen to sleep, and when she seeth that they are asleep, she goeth into the ship, and ravisheth which she may take with her, and bringeth him into a dry place, and maketh him first lie by her, and if he will not or may not, then she slayeth him and eateth his flesh. Of such wonderful beasts it is written in the great Alexander's story.

The tiger is the swiftest beast in flight, as it were an arrow, for the Persees call an arrow Tigris, and is a beast distinguished with divers specks, and is wonderly strong and swift. And Pliny saith that they be beasts of dreadful swiftness, and that is namely known when he is taken, for the whelp is all glimy and sinewy; and the hunter lieth in await, and taketh away the whelps, and fleeth soon away on the most swift horse that he may have. And when the wild beast cometh and findeth the den void, and the whelps away, then he reseth headlong, and taketh the fore of him that beareth the whelps away, and followeth him by smell, and when the hunter heareth the grutching of that beast that runneth after him, he throweth down one of the whelps; and the mother taketh the whelp in her mouth, and beareth him into her den and layeth him therein, and runneth again after the hunter. But in the meantime the hunter taketh a ship, and hath with him the other whelps, and scapeth in that wise; and so she is beguiled and her fierceness standeth in no stead, and the male taketh no wood rese after. For the male recketh not of the whelps, and he that will bear away the whelps, leaveth in the way great mirrors, and the mother followeth and findeth the mirrors in the way, and looketh on them and seeth her own shadow and image therein, and weeneth that she seeth her children therein, and is long occupied therefore to deliver her children out of the glass, and so the hunter hath time and space for to scape, and so she is beguiled with her own shadow, and she followeth no farther after the hunter to deliver her children.

Avicenna saith that the bear bringeth forth a piece of flesh imperfect and evil shapen, and the mother licketh the lump, and shapeth the members with licking.... For the whelp is a piece of flesh little more than a mouse, having neither eyes nor ears, and having claws some-deal bourgeoning, and so this lump she licketh, and shapeth a whelp with licking.... And it is wonder to tell a thing, that Theophrastus saith and telleth that bear's flesh sodden that time (of their sleeping) vanisheth if it be laid up, and is no token of meat found in the almery, but a little quantity of humour.... When he is taken he is made blind with a bright basin, and bound with chains, and compelled to play, and tamed with beating; and is an unsteadfast beast, and unstable and uneasy, and goeth therefore all day about the stake, to the which he is strongly tied. He licketh and sucketh his own feet, and hath liking in the juice thereof. He can wonderly sty upon trees unto the highest tops of them, and oft bees gather honey in hollow trees, and the bear findeth honey by smell, and goeth up to the place that the honey is in, and maketh a way into the tree with his claws, and draweth out the honey and eateth it, and cometh oft by custom unto such a place when he is an-hungered. And the hunter taketh heed thereof, and pitcheth full sharp hooks and stakes about the foot of the tree, and hangeth craftily a right heavy hammer or a wedge tofore the open way to the honey. And then the bear cometh and is an- hungered, and the log that hangeth there on high letteth him: and he putteth away the wedge despiteously, but after the removing the wedge falleth again and hitteth him on the ear. And he hath indignation thereof, and putteth away the wedge despiteously and right fiercely, and then the wedge falleth and smiteth him harder than it did before, and he striveth so long with the wedge, until his feeble head doth fail by oft smiting of the wedge, and then he falleth down upon the pricks and stakes, and slayeth himself in that wise. Theophrastus telleth this manner hunting of bears, and learned it of the hunters in the country of Germany.

A fox is called Vulpes, and hath that name as it were wallowing feet aside, and goeth never forthright, but always aslant and with fraud. And is a false beast and deceiving, for when him lacketh meat, he feigneth himself dead, and then fowls come to him, as it were to a carrion, and anon he catcheth one and devoureth it. The fox halteth always, for the right legs are shorter than the left legs. His skin is right hairy rough and hot, his tail is great and rough; and when an hound weeneth to take him by the tail, he taketh his mouth full of hair and stoppeth it. The fox doth fight with the brock for dens, and defileth the brock's den, and hath so the mastery over him with fraud and deceit, and not by strength.... The fox feigneth himself tame in time of need, but by night he waiteth his time and doeth shrewd deeds. And though he be right guileful in himself and malicious, yet he is good and profitable in use of medicine.



THE SOURCES OF THE BOOK

ADAMANTIUS (fl. 258). Origen it quoted under this name. His commentaries on the Old Testament are the works quoted from.

AEGIDIUS CORBOLIENSIS, of Corbeil (d. 1220). A doctor at Montpellier, and Canon of Paris.

ALANUS DE INSULIS, OR DE RYSSEL (d. 1202). A monk of Canterbury, most probably an Englishman. His principal work is a poem in 9 books, called ANTI-CLAUDIANUS, largely quoted by all Middle Age writers. An account of it is given in the notes on the Secreta Secretorum (E.E.T.S.). He also wrote DE PLANCTU NATURAE, PARABOLAE, etc.

ALBERTUS MAGNUS (1193-1280). A famous doctor in the University of Paris and a Dominican Theologian. The works quoted are commentaries on the Natural Histories of Aristotle. They have often been printed. He was teacher of Thomas Aquinas and a contemporary of our author.

ALBUMAZAR (d. 886). An Arab astronomer.

ALCUIN (735-804). An English theologian: the work quoted is his "De Septem Artibus."

ALEXANDER NECKHAM, OR NEQUAM (1157-1217). His principal work is "De Naturis Rerum," a book little known on the Continent. Its use by Bartholomew is thus another proof of his English birth.

ALFARAGUS (9th cent.). An Arab astronomer, whose work is notable as being the chief source of the celebrated astronomical treatise, "The Sphere," of Johannes Sacrobosco (John of Halifax), a contemporary Englishman. It was the popular text-book for over three centuries, and was as well known as Euclid.

ALFREDUS ANGLICUS (fl. 1200). A physician and translator of Aristotle. See JACOB'S AESOP for a discussion on his works.

AL GHAZEL (1061-1137). A sceptic opponent of Averroes.

AMBROSE (d. 397). The Hexameron is the work used.

ANSELM (1033-1109). Theologian, Archbishop of Canterbury. The inventor of Scholasticism.

ARCHELAUS. A Greek geographer.

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.). I would refer the reader to BRCHILLET JOURDAIN on the EARLY TRANSLATIONS OF ARISTOTLE, where he will find a mine of information on the works of this writer used in the Middle Age.

AUGUSTINE (d. 430).

AURORA, THE. A metrical version of the Bible by PETRUS DE RIGA, Canon of Rheims (d. 1209).

AVERROES (d. 1217). Moorish commentator on Aristotle.

AVICEBRON (d. 1070), OR IBN GEBIROL. A Spanish Jew. Author of the FONTIS VITA. A work translated by Gundisalvi, of the greatest influence on the Metaphysic of the Middle Age. See MUNCK, MLANGES.

AVICENNA (980-1036). An Arab physician, and commentator on Aristotle.

AYMON, OR HAYMON (d. 1244). An English Franciscan, afterwards General of the Order, who revised the breviary and rubrics.

BASIL (329-379). In HEXAMERON.

BEDE (673-735). The work by which he was best known in the thirteenth century was not his History but the works on the Calendar, etc.

BELETH, JOHN (before 1165). A French writer on ecclesiastical matters.

BERNARD (1091-1153).

BESTIARIUM. A collection of early myths on animals; of Eastern origin. There are many different forms of this work. All are founded on Physiologus.

BOETHIUS (470-526). His treatise on arithmetic is the work quoted here. His "Consolation" was almost unknown in the early Middle Age, his popularity resting on his translations of Aristotle and his treatises on Music and Arithmetic, the latter being a very important work in the history of the science.

CALLISTHENES, PSEUDO-. Author of the HISTORIA ALEXANDRI MAGNI DE PRELIIS. See BUDGE'S Syriac Version of this work.

CASSIODORUS (480-575). DE SEPTEM DISCIPLINIS. One of the favourite Middle Age Text-Books.

CATO (233-151 B.C.). On AGRICULTURE.

CHALCIDIUS (3rd cent.). A commentator on the TIMAEUS of Plato. Only a part of this is preserved.

CICERO (107-44 B.C.). In SOMN. SCIPIONIS.

CONSTANTINUS AFER (d. 1087). A Benedictine monk of Monte Cassino, and most probably the introducer of Arab medicine into Italy. He wrote the VIATICUM and the PANTEGNA (20 books). He introduced Arab medicine into Europe through the School of Salerno, translating many Arab authors.

CYPRIAN (d. 285). A Syriac astrologer, afterwards Bishop of Antioch, and Martyr in the Diocletian persecution.

DAMASCENE (11th cent.). Quoted by Constantinus Afer. A physician.

DAMASCENE, JOHN (end of 12th cent.). An Arab physician.

DAMASCIUS (circ. 533). A Syrian commentator on Aristotle, who took refuge in Persia. Author of a work on wonders quoted by Photius.

DIOSCORIDES (d. 47 B.C.).

DIONYSIUS AREOPAGITUS, PSEUDO- (circ. 400). DE CELESTI HIERARCHIA, DE DIVINIS NOMINIBUS.

DONATUS (333). A Grammarian.

EUFICIUS (circ. 600). A disciple of Gregory.

FULGENTIUS (circ. 550). A grammarian.

GALEN (131-210).

GILBERTUS (circ. 1250). A celebrated English physician in France; wrote COMPENDIUM MEDICINAE.

GREGORY (circ. 590). On Job.

HALY (circ. 1000). A Jewish physician. Wrote a PANTEGNI or COMPLEMENTUM MEDICINAE. The first medical work translated by Constantius Afer.

HERMES. In ALCHEMIA (not now extant).

HIPPOCRATES (460-351 B.C.).

HUGUTION PIZANUS (d. 1210). A jurisconsult and writer on Grammar.

HYGINUS, PSEUDO- (6th cent.). Writer on Astronomy.

INNOCENT III. (d. 1216). Wrote "De Contemptu Mundi," etc.

ISAAC (circ. 660). An Arab physician, who translated many Greek authors into Arabic.

ISIDORE (d. 636). Bishop of Seville. He wrote a work on Etymology in 20 books, one of the most popular works of the Middle Age.

JACOBUS DE VITRIACO (d. 1240). A Crusading Bishop, afterwards Cardinal legate. Wrote an EXEMPLAR, and 3 books of Eastern and Western History.

JEROME (340-420).

JOSEPH BEN GORION (900). Abridgment of Jewish History containing many legends.

JOSEPHUS (37-95). Jewish historian.

JORATH. DE ANIMALIBUS. A Syriac writer (?).

LAPIDARIUM. See MARBODIUS DE GEMMIS. There are many treatises under this name.

LEO IX. (1054). See Migne, Patrologia.

LUCAN (d. 65). One of the most popular Latin poets of the Middle Age.

MACER FLORIDUS (6th cent.). On THE VIRTUES OF HERBS.

MACROBIUS (circ. 409). His commentary on the dream of Scipio was a favourite work in Medieval times.

MARTIANUS CAPELLA (circ. 400). Wrote a poem, THE MARRIAGE OF MERCURY AND PHILOLOGIA, treating of THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS, which was the standard text-book from the 5th century for the schools.

MESSAHALA (circ. 1100).

METHODIUS, PSEUDO- (8th cent.). DE AGARINI.

MICHAEL SCOT (circ. 1235). At this time concerned in the translation of some Arabic works on Astronomy, and Aristotle's DE COELO and DE MUNDO DE ANIMA, and HISTORIA NATURALIS with commentaries.

MISALATH ASTROLOGUS (?).

PAPIAS (circ. 1053). Grammarian. [Milan, 1467, etc.]

PERSPECTIVA SCIENCIA. I cannot say whether this is Bacon's, Peckham's, or Albertus Magnus', but I believe it to be Peckham's, who was an Englishman, and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury.

PETRUS COMESTOR (d. 1198). Named MAGISTER HISTORIARUM or Master of Histories, wrote an account of the world from the Creation, which, when translated into French, was called the "Mer des Histoires." A favourite Medieval book.

PHILARETUS (1100). A writer on Medicine.

PHYSIOLOGUS. A Syriac compilation of moralities on animal myths. It first appears in Western Europe as THEOBALDUS DE NATURIS XII. ANIMALIUM. Of Alexandrian origin, it dates from before the fourth century, and appears to have been altered at the will of each writer.

PLATEARIUS SALERNITANUS (circ. 1100) was Johannes, one of a family of physicians at Salerno. His work is called the PRACTICA. A book on the virtues of herbs. [Lugd., 1525, etc.]

PLATO (430-348 B.C.). The TIMAEUS is quoted, probably from Chalcidius.

PLINY (d. 79). Natural History. This and Isidore's work are the two chief sources of medieval knowledge of Nature.

PRISCIAN (circ. 525). Grammarian and physicist.

PTOLEMY (circ. 130). An Alexandrian astronomer, known through Arabic translations only at that time. [Ven., 1509, etc.]

RABANUS MAURUS (776-856) of Fulda, pupil of Alcuin. A Benedictine, afterwards Archbishop of Mayence, who wrote DE UNIVERSO MUNDO. [1468; Col., 1627, etc.]

RASIS (d. 935). An Arab physician, perhaps the greatest of the School. [Ven., 1548, etc.]

REMIGIUS (d. 908). A teacher of Grammar in the School of Paris. His grammar remained in use there four centuries. He wrote a gloss on Marcianus Capella.

RICARDUS DE ST. VICTOR (d. 1173). A Scottish theologian, Prior of St. Victor. A mystic of considerable acuteness. [Ven., 1506, etc.]

RICARDUS RUFUS (circ. 1225). A Cornishman who was a doctor in great renown, both at Oxford and Paris. He afterwards joined the Franciscans.

ROBERTUS LINCOLN., GROSTTE (d. 1253), the celebrated Bishop of Lincoln and patron of Bacon. Taught at Paris and at Oxford. Commentaries on Aristotle.

SALUSTIUS (d. 363?). DE DIIS ET MUNDO. A geographer.

SCHOLA SALERNITANA (circ. 1100). A treatise on the preservation of health in leonine verse for popular use, said to be addressed to Robert of England. It has been translated and commented on hundreds of times. The Middle Age very sensibly thought preservation from disease a branch of medicine equally important with the cure of it.

SECUNDUS. A writer on Medicine.

SOLINUS (circ. 100). Wrote an account of things in general— POLYHISTORIA.

STEPHANUS (circ. 600). Commentary on Galen.

STRABUS (d. 847). A Benedictine, Abbot of Reichenau, near Constance. One of the authors of the Gloss.

SYMON CORNUBIENSIS (?).

VARRO, M. T. (116-26 B.C.). Most celebrated grammarian.

VIRGIL (70-19 B.C.).

WILLIAM CONCHES (d. 1150). Lectured at Paris, 1139, on Grammar, wrote DE NATURA.

ZENO (circ. 400), A writer on Medicine, and teacher at Alexandria.

This list of Authorities cited is that given at the end of the complete work of Bartholomew.



BIBLIOGRAPHY

Latin Editions

Date. Place Printer. Remarks.

HC *2500 Pr 8530 Pell 1867 1480 July 29 Lyon . Philippi & Reinhard. HC 2501 1048 1868 1481 Kln . Koelhoff HC 2502 8573 1869 1482 Nov. 21 Lyon . Petrus of Hungary HC 2503 8531a 1870 1482 Dec. 10 Lyon . Philippi & Reinhard. HC *2504 1055 1871 1483 Jan. 19 Kln . Koelhoff. H 2505 2036 1872 1483 May 30 Nrnberg Koberger H *2506 592 1873 1485 Feb. 14 Strassburg Press xv. HC *2507 3130 1874 1488 May 23 Heidelberg Press i. H 2508 .. .. 1488 Strassburg (Panzer I 36, 139) HC *2509 665 1875 1491 Aug. 11 Strassburg Press xv. HC *2510 2073 1876 1492 June 20 Nrnberg Koberger H 2511 .. .. 1495 Strassburg (Panzer I 52, 286) HC *2498 1105 1865 n.d. Kln Press viii. [circ 1473] formerly attributed to Zell. HC *2499 7452 1866 n.d. Basel Ruppel.[circ 1468] 10003 .. 1505 Aug. 11 Strassburg Husner. 11131 .. 1519 May 11 Nrnberg Peypus f.J.Koberger .. 1571 Venezia (Graesse III. 92) .. 1574 Paris. (Graesse III. 92) .. 1575 Strassburg (Graesse III. 92) .. 1601 Frankfurt Richter B.M. .. 1609 Frankfurt Stein Bib. Nat.

Dutch Version

H 2521 1479 ? ? HC 2522 9173 1886 1485 Haarlem Bellaert

Note—Pr. = Proctor.



French Version by Jehan Corbichon in 1372

Date Place Printer Remarks HC 2514 Pr 8556 Pell 1880 . 1482 Nov.12 Lyon Huss. HC 2518 8561 1882 . 1485 Oct.23 Lyon Huss. HC 2515 .. 1881 . 1485-[6],Jan.26 Lyon Le Roy H 2516 .. 1883 . 1487, April 7 Lyon Huss. HC 2517 8564 1884 . 1491-[2],Mar.15 Lyon Huss. .. 1885 . 1496-[7] Lyon Huss. (Cop. II 884) HC 2519 .. .. . 1500 Lyon Le Diamantier HC 2513 8540 1879 . n.d. Lyon Siber (c.1482) .. 1877 . ? Lyon? Imperfect HC 2512 .. 1878 . n.d. Paris for A. Verard .. 1510 Paris for Petit& Lenoir (Brunet II 1622) .. 1512 Rouen n.p. (Brunet II 1622) .. 1518 Paris for Petit & Lenoir Bib.Nat. .. 1525 Paris P. Lenoir B.M. .. 1528,May 5 Paris Gandoul Voynich. .. c. 1530 [Paris] B.M. .. 1539 Paris Longis B.M. .. 1556 Paris L'Anglier (Brunet II 1623), Grasse says 1566 .. 1556 Paris Groulleau Bib. Nat. .. 1556 Paris De Banville Bib. Nat. .. 1556 Paris M.Boursette B.M. Bib Nat.

Spanish Version by Fr. Vincent de Burgos

HC 2523 Pr 8722 Pell 1887 1494,Sep.18 Toulouse Mayer 1556 Toledo De Avila B.M.

English Version by John of Trevisa in 1397

HC 2520 Pr 9725 n.d. Westminster W. de Worde [c.1495] 1535 London Berthelet B.M. 1582 London East B.M.



BIBLIOGRAPHY

The first edition of this selection was published at London in 1893.

The 1535 edition has 8 unpaged leaves (title, table, prologue, and Book I.), 338 numbered leaves, and printer's mark of Lucretia. The following errors in pagination are noted: 181 for 189, 197 for 187, 201 for 200, 203 for 201, 211 for 209.

The chief point of interest in the Bibliography is the question raised by Wynkyn de Worde's positive statement in his edition in his epilogue:

And also of your charyte call to remembraunce The soule of William Caxton first prynter of this boke In latin tonge at Coleyn hymself to avaunce That every well disposyd man may theron loke And John Tate the yonger Joy mote he broke Which late hathe in Englond doo make this paper thynne That now in our Englyssh this boke is prynted Inne.

Mr. Gordon Duff is disposed to think that Caxton may have worked on the undated Cologne edition (H.C. *2498), which must in that case be put before 1476, finding a link between his Bruges type and the Cologne presses in a work printed at Louvain in 1475 which contains type of both descriptions.

Most of these editions are in the British Museum. The copy of the Berthelet edition there has an autograph of Shakespeare in it—one of the Ireland forgeries.



GLOSSARY

Accord, n., harmony According, part., punning, or in harmony Adamant, n., a diamond Addercop, n., a spider Afeard, part., affrighted Afore, prep., before Almery, n., a cupboard, a buttery Anon, adv., immediately Apaid, v., served, repaid Apaired, adj., injured, impaired Areared, adj., upright Assay, v., to try Aught, n., anything Avisement, n., forethought, counsel Away with, v., to suffer Awreak, v., revenge Ayencoming, n., returning Ayenge, prep., against Ayenward, adv., vice versa

Bate, v., hawking, to flutter the wings as if preparing for flight Bays, n., the fruit of the laurel Because, conj., in order that Beclip, v., embrace, enfold Behind forth, adv., from back to front Behooteth, v., advises, gives Behove, v., to be necessary Bernacle, n., a bridle Beshine, v., to illuminate Bisse, n., a second Blemish, v., shrink, blench Blow, v., to obtain lead, etc., from ores in a furnace Boisterous, boystous, adj., thick, strong, solid Bourgeon, v., to bud, burst forth Bray, v., to pound Brock, n., a badger Buck, v., to wash Busily, adv., carefully But, prep., except

Car, n., means or instrument Carfle, v., to pound Carrions, n., corpses Cast, v., to intend Chaffer, n., trade Chine, n., chink, cleft Clarity, n., clearness Clepe, v., call Cliff, n., shore Clue, n., a clew or hank (of yarn) Comfort, v., to strengthen Common, v., to share one's food with others and ayenward Conject, v., conjecture Coverture, n., covering Craftily, adv., skilfully Culvour, n., pigeon Curtel, n,, a kirtle, a short coat, a covering

Deadly, adv., mortal Deeming, n., judgment, opinion Default, n., deficiency Depart, v., to separate, share out Despiteously, adv., contemptuously Detty, adj., generous Disperple, v., to scatter, destroy Do, done, v., to put, to don Doomsman, n., judge Draust, n., dross, impurity

Ear, v., to reap Else, adv., otherwise Enform, v., to make Even tofore, adv., opposite to Expert, adv., tried

Fare, v., to happen Fear, v. a., to frighten Fell, n., an undressed skin Fen, n., clay Fine, n., a boundary Fleet, v., to float, to swim; cf. "to flit" Flux, n., a flow, a catarrh Fore, n., trail, spoor; cf. "foor" Frot, v., to rub Fumous, adj., vaporous, cloudy Fumosity, n., vapour Fundament, n., foundation

Gentle, adj., noble, high-minded Gesses, n., jesses, cords for fastening the legs of a hawk Gete, n., goats Ghastful, adj., frightful Gin, a., machine Glad, v. a., to please Glimy, adj., slimy Gloss, n., the comment on Scripture, compiled in the ninth century from the fathers Glue, n.. any glutinous substance Gnod, v., to rub? Grieve, v., to hurt Grutching, n., growling Gutter, n., drop

Hale, v., to drag Hap, n., chance Hards, hirds, n., tow Haught, part., hatched Heckle, v., to straighten out lint by a coarse comb Hele, v., to cover; cf., heling Hight, v., is called Hoar, adj., feathered

Hop, n., the seed case of the flaxplant Horrible, adj., unpleasant to hear Housebond, n., husband Hovey, part., hovel, cottage Hoving, part., staying

Infect, adj., spotted, injured Intendment, n., understanding

Jape, v., to cry out

Kele, v., to cool Kind, n., nature Kindly, adj., natural; adv., naturally

Langhaldes, n., ropes connecting the fore and hind legs of a horse or cow to stay it from jumping Latten, n., a kind of brass Lea, n., pasture land Lesings, n., untruths Let, v., to hinder Lewd, adj., ignorant Liefer, adv., rather Likelihood, n., resemblance Limb, n., an instrument; cf., "limb of the law" Limbmeal, adv., limb by limb; cf., "piecemeal" List, n., a limit, border Lodesman, n., pilot Lowte, v., to trumpet

Make, n., a mate Manner, adj., manner of, kind of Mawmet, n., an idol or toy Mean, n., intermediary, means Mean, v., to assert, consider Medley, v., to mix Meinie, n., domestics, household Merry, adj., fortunate Meselry, n., leprosy Mess,n., portion Messager, n., messenger Mete, v., measure, apportion Mews, n., originally a place in which hawks were kept "mewed up" Mildness, n., generosity Minish, v., to narrow Mirror, n., seems to have been used only when the surface was curved, the word "shewer" being used for a plane mirror Mistake, v., to take wrongly

Namely, adj., especially Nathless, con., nevertheless Ne, con., nor Needly, adj., necessarily Nerve, n., sinew Nesh, adj., soft Nether, adj., lower Nice, adj., silly, small, trifling Nicely, adv., sillily Nother, con., neither Noyful, adj., noxious, hurtful Noying, n., harm

Ordinate, adj., ordered, prescribed Otherdeal, adv., otherwise Overthwart, adj., crossed over on itself

Passing, adj., surpassing Patent, n., a plate or paten (patine) Pight, adj., put, pitched Powder, n., dust of any kind Pricket, n., a spike used for candlestick, hence a candle Principles, n., indecomposable elements Pure, v.a., to purify Pursueth, v, suiteth?

Quicken, v.i., to come to life Quiver, adj., nimble, active

Ramaious, adj., (hawking), slow Ravish, v., to snatch Reclaim, n., (hawking}, the calling back of a hawk Refudation, n., a process in which vinegar is poured on lead, distilled off, and again suffered to act on it Relief, n., a dessert Rese, v., to rush on anyone Resolve, v., to loosen, weaken, to dissolve Rheum, n., salt humour Ribbed, adj., beaten with a "rib," in dressing flax Ridge, n., the back bone Riever, n., a violent, robber, a raider Rivelled, adj., wrinkled Rively, adv., wrinkled, shrunk Rodded, adj., separated from tow—"redded" Routs, n., crowds Ruthful, adj., sorrowful

Sad, adj., steadfast, solid Sanguine, adj., blood-like Scarce, adj., sparing, avaricious Seethe, v., to boil Selde, adv., seldom Sele, v., to cover Shamefast, adj., shamefaced Sheltrons, n., palisades Shern, adj., shore Shewer, n., a looking-glass Shingle, n., in roofing, brushwood, or small boards Shipbreach, n., shipwreck Shore, adj., shorn (of the hair) Shrewd, adj., bitter; cf., shrew Silly, adj., blessed, hence innocent, hence simple Sinew, n., a nerve Slubber, v., to do anything carelessly Smirch, v., to soil Sod, adj., stewed Solar, n., an upper floor Solemn, adj., celebrated, earnest Somedeal, adv., somewhat Sometime, adv., once Sooth, n., truth Spanells, n., ropes connecting the fore or hind feet of an animal to impede its movements

Spousehood, n., marriage Spousebreach, n., adultery Spronge, adj., sprinkled Stare, v., to stay Startling, part., leaping and jumping Stint, v., to stop Stint, adj., stopped Straight, adj., confined Straited, adj., narrowed Sty, v., to climb Suspect, adj., in suspicion

Tatch, n., spot Tatched, adj., spotted Tewly, livid Tilth, v., to cultivate Tilth, n., tillage Tofore, prep., before Toll, v., to entice Trow, v., to believe; cf., trust

Unmighty, adj., unable Unneth, adv., hardly Uplandish, adj., rustic Utter, adj., outer

Very, adj., true

Wait, n., a guard Wanhope, n., despair Warily, adv., carefully Ween, v., consider, think Wem, n., blemish, fault Wend, adj., wound up Werish, adj., insipid Whelk, n., a swelling Whet, v., to sharpen Whiche, n., a wicket-gate cf., "wych gate" Wilful, adj., of set purpose Wit, n., a sense; cf "out of his wits" Witty, adj., sensibly Wonder, adj., wondrous Wonderly, adv., wondrously Wood, adj., crazy, frantic Woodness, n., madness Woose, n., fluid Worship, n., reverence, authority Wosen, n., the arteries Wot, v., knew Wrang, adj., injured, wrung Wreak, n., revenge Wreck, v., to revenge Wrecker, n., avenger

THE END