The lodgings for the night were found in small towns along the road, Tome, Chilian, Linarez, Talca, Curicu, and once, when there was no inn within reach, at a hospitable hacienda.

A brief sketch of the geological observations made on this excursion is found in a letter from Agassiz to Mr. Peirce. He never wrote out, as he had intended to do, a more detailed report.

OFF GUATEMALA, July 29, 1872.

MY DEAR PEIRCE,

. . .I have another new chapter concerning glacial phenomena, gathered during our land-journey from Talcahuana to Santiago. It is so complicated a story that I do not feel equal now to recording the details in a connected statement, but will try to give you the main facts in a few words.

There is a broad valley between the Andes and the Coast Range, the valley of Chilian, extending from the Gulf of Ancud, or Port de Mott, to Santiago and farther north. This valley is a continuation, upon somewhat higher level, of the channels which, from the Strait of Magellan to Chiloe, separate the islands from the main-land, with the sole interruption of Tres Montes. Now this great valley, extending for more than twenty-five degrees of latitude, is a CONTINUOUS GLACIER BOTTOM, showing plainly that for its whole length the great southern ice-sheet has been retreating southward in it. I could find nowhere any indication that glaciers descending from the Andes had crossed this valley and reached the shores of the Pacific. In a few brief localities only did I notice Andean, i. e. volcanic, erratics upon the loose materials filling the old glacier bottom. Between Curicu and Santiago, however, facing the gorge of Tenon, I saw two distinct lateral moraines, parallel to one another, chiefly composed of volcanic boulders, resting upon the old drift, and indicating by their position the course of a large glacier that once poured down from the Andes of Tenon, and crossed the main valley, without, however, extending beyond the eastern slope of the Coast Range. These moraines are so well marked that they are known throughout the country as the cerillos of Tenon, but nobody suspects their glacial origin; even the geologists of Santiago assign a volcanic origin to them. What is difficult to describe in this history are the successive retrograde steps of the great southern ice-field that, step by step, left larger or smaller tracts of the valley to the north of it free of ice, so that large glacial lakes could be formed, and seem, indeed, always to have existed along the retreating edge of the great southern glacier. The natural consequence is that there are everywhere stratified terraces without border barriers (since these were formed only by the ice that has vanished), resting at successively higher or lower levels, as you move north or south, upon unstratified drift of older date; the northernmost of these terraces being the oldest, while those further south belong to later steps in the waning of the ice-fields. From these data I infer that my suggestion concerning the trend of the strike upon the polished and glaciated surface of the vicinity of Talcahuana, alluded to in the postscript of my last letter, is probably correct. . .

At Santiago Agassiz rested a day or two. Here, as everywhere throughout the country, he met with the greatest kindness and cordiality. A public reception and dinner were urged upon him by the city, but his health obliged him to decline this and like honors elsewhere. Among the letters awaiting him here, was one which brought him a pleasant surprise. It announced his election as Foreign Associate of the Institute of France,—"one of the eight." As the crowning honor of his scientific career, this was, of course, very gratifying to him. In writing soon after to the Emperor of Brazil, who had expressed a warm interest in his election, he says: "The distinction pleased me the more because so unexpected. Unhappily it is usually a brevet of infirmity, or at least of old age, and in my case it is to a house in ruins that the diploma is addressed. I regret it the more because I have never felt more disposed for work, and yet never so fatigued by it."

From Santiago Agassiz proceeded to Valparaiso, where he rejoined the ship's company. The events of their cruise had been less satisfactory than those of his land-journey, for, owing to the rottenness of the ropes, produced by dampness, the hauls of the dredge from the greatest depths had been lost. Several pauses for dredging in shallower waters were made with good success, nevertheless, on the way up the coast to Callao. From there the Hassler put out to sea once more, for the Galapagos, arriving before Charles Island on the 10th of June, and visiting in succession Albemarle, James, Jarvis, and Indefatigable islands.

Agassiz enjoyed extremely his cruise among these islands of such rare geological and zoological interest. Purely volcanic in character, and of very recent formation, they yet support a fauna and flora quite their own, very peculiar and characteristic. Albemarle Island was, perhaps, the most interesting of all. It is a barren mountain rising from the sea, its base and slope covered with small extinct craters. No less than fifty—some perfectly symmetrical, others irregular, as if blasted out on one side—could be counted from the deck as the vessel neared the shore. Indeed, the whole island seemed like some subterranean furnace, of which these craters were the chimneys. The anchorage was in Tagus Sound, a deep, quiet bay, less peaceful once, for its steep sides are formed by the walls of an old crater.

The next day, June 15, was spent by the whole scientific party in a ramble on shore. The landing was at the foot of a ravine. Climbing its left bank, they were led by a short walk to the edge of a large crater, which held a beautiful lake in its cup. It was, in fact, a crater within a crater, for a second one, equally symmetrical, rose outside and above it. Following the brink of this lake to its upper end, they struck across to the head of the ravine. It terminated in a ridge, which looked down upon an immense field or sea of hardened lava, spreading over an area of several miles till it reached the ocean. This ancient bed of lava was full of the most singular and fantastic details of lava structure. It was a field of charred ruins, among which were more or less open caves or galleries, some large enough to hold a number of persons standing upright, others hardly allowing room to creep through on hands and knees. Rounded domes were common, sometimes broken, sometimes whole; now and then some great lava bubble was pierced with a window blasted out of the side, through which one could look down to the floor of a deep, underground hollow.

The whole company, some six or eight persons, lunched in one of the caves, resting on the seats formed by the ledges of lava along its sides. It had an entrance at either end, was some forty feet long, at least ten feet high in the centre, and perhaps six or eight feet wide. Probably never before had it served as a banqueting hall. Such a hollow tunnel or arch had been formed wherever the interior of a large mass of lava, once cooled, had become heated again, and had flowed out, leaving the outside crust standing. The whole story of this lava bed is so clearly told in its blackened and extinct remains, that it needs no stretch of the imagination to recreate the scene. It is again, a heaving, palpitating sheet of fire; the dead slags are aglow, and the burned-out furnaces cast up their molten, blazing contents, as of old. Now it is the home of the large red and orange-colored iguanas, of which a number were captured, both alive and dead. These islands proved, indeed, admirable collecting grounds, the more interesting from the peculiarity of their local fauna.

FROM AGASSIZ TO PROFESSOR PEIRCE.

OFF GUATEMALA, July 29.

. . .Our visit to the Galapagos has been full of geological and zoological interest. It is most impressive to see an extensive archipelago, of MOST RECENT ORIGIN, inhabited by creatures so different from any known in other parts of the world. Here we have a positive limit to the length of time that may have been granted for the transformation of these animals, if indeed they are in any way derived from others dwelling in different parts of the world. The Galapagos are so recent that some of the islands are barely covered with the most scanty vegetation, itself peculiar to these islands. Some parts of their surface are entirely bare, and a great many of the craters and lava streams are so fresh, that the atmospheric agents have not yet made an impression on them. Their age does not, therefore, go back to earlier geological periods; they belong to our times, geologically speaking. Whence, then, do their inhabitants (animals as well as plants) come? If descended from some other type, belonging to any neighboring land, then it does not require such unspeakably long periods for the transformation of species as the modern advocates of transmutation claim; and the mystery of change, with such marked and characteristic differences between existing species, is only increased, and brought to a level with that of creation. If they are autochthones, from what germs did they start into existence? I think that careful observers, in view of these facts, will have to acknowledge that our science is not yet ripe for a fair discussion of the origin of organized beings. . .

There is little to tell for the rest of the voyage that cannot be condensed into a few words. There was a detention for despatches and for Coast Survey business at Panama,—a delay which was turned to good account in collecting, both in the Bay and on the Isthmus. At San Diego, also, admirable collections were made, and pleasant days were spent. This was the last station on the voyage of the Hassler. She reached her destination and entered the Golden Gate on the 24th of August, 1872. Agassiz was touched by his reception in San Francisco. Attentions and kindnesses were showered upon him from all sides, but his health allowed him to accept only such hospitalities as were of the most quiet and private nature. He passed a month in San Francisco, but was unable to undertake any of the well-known excursions to the Yosemite Valley or the great trees. Rest and home became every day more imperative necessities.

CHAPTER 25.

1872-1873: AGE 65-66.

Return to Cambridge. Summer School proposed. Interest of Agassiz. Gift of Mr. Anderson. Prospectus of Penikese School. Difficulties. Opening of School. Summer Work. Close of School. Last Course of Lectures at Museum. Lecture before Board of Agriculture. Illness. Death. Place of Burial.

In October, 1872, Agassiz returned to Cambridge. To arrange the collections he had brought back, to write a report of his journey and its results, to pass the next summer quietly at his Nahant laboratory, continuing his work on the Sharks and Skates, for which he had brought home new and valuable material, seemed the natural sequence of his year of travel. But he found a new scheme of education on foot; one for which he had himself given the first impulse, but which some of his younger friends had carefully considered and discussed in his absence, being confident that with his help it might be accomplished. The plan was to establish a summer school of natural history somewhere on the coast of Massachusetts, where teachers from our schools and colleges could make their vacations serviceable, both for work and recreation, by the direct study of nature. No sooner was Agassiz once more at home than he was confronted by this scheme, and he took it up with characteristic ardor. Means there were none, nor apparatus, nor building, nor even a site for one. There was only the ideal, and to that he brought the undying fervor of his intellectual faith. The prospectus was soon sketched, and, once before the public, it awakened a strong interest. In March, when the Legislature of Massachusetts made their annual visit to the Museum of Comparative zoology, Agassiz laid this new project before them as one of deep interest for science in general, and especially for schools and colleges throughout the land. He considered it also an educational branch of the Museum, having, as such, a claim on their sympathy, since it was in the line of the direct growth and continuance of the same work. Never did he plead more eloquently for the cause of education. His gift as a speaker cannot easily be described. It was born of conviction, and was as simple as it was impassioned. It kept the freshness of youth, because the things of which he spoke never grew old to him, but moved him to the last hour of his life as forcibly as in his earlier years.

This appeal to the Legislature, spoken in the morning, chanced to be read in the evening papers of the same day by Mr. John Anderson, a rich merchant of New York. It at once enlisted his sympathy both for the work and for the man. Within the week he offered to Agassiz, as a site for the school, the island of Penikese, in Buzzard's Bay, with the buildings upon it, consisting of a furnished dwelling-house and barn. Scarcely was this gift accepted than he added to it an endowment of 50,000 dollars for the equipment of the school. Adjectives belittle deeds like these. The bare statement says more than the most laudatory epithets.

Agassiz was no less surprised than touched at the aid thus unexpectedly offered. In his letter of acknowledgment he says: "You do not know what it is suddenly and unexpectedly to find a friend at your side, full of sympathy, and offering support to a scheme which you have been trying to carry out under difficulties and with very scanty means. I feel grateful to you for making the road so easy, and I believe you will have the permanent gratitude of scientific men here and elsewhere, for I have the utmost confidence that this summer school will give valuable opportunities for original research, as well as for instruction." At Agassiz's suggestion the school was to bear the name of "The Anderson School of Natural History." Mr. Anderson wished to substitute the name of Agassiz for his own. This Agassiz absolutely refused to permit, saying that he was but one of many scientific men who had already offered their services to the school for the coming summer, some of whom would, no doubt, continue to work for it in the future, and all of whom would be equally indebted to Mr. Anderson. It was, therefore, most suitable that it should bear his name, and so it was agreed.

Thus the material problem was solved. Name and habitation were found; it remained only to organize the work for which so fitting a home had been provided. Mr. Anderson's gift was received toward the close of March, and, in the course of the following month, the preliminaries were concluded, and the property was transferred to the trustees of the Anderson School.

Few men would have thought it feasible to build dormitories and laboratories, and provide working apparatus for fifty pupils as well as for a large corps of teachers, between May and July. But to Agassiz no obstacles seemed insurmountable where great aims were involved, and the opening of the school was announced for the 8th of July. He left Boston on Friday, the 4th of July, for the island. At New Bedford he was met by a warning from the architect that it would be simply impossible to open the school at the appointed date. With characteristic disregard of practical difficulties, he answered that it must be possible, for postponement was out of the question. He reached the island on Saturday, the 5th, in the afternoon. The aspect was certainly discouraging. The dormitory was up, but only the frame was completed; there were no floors, nor was the roof shingled. The next day was Sunday. Agassiz called the carpenters together. He told them that the scheme was neither for money, nor for the making of money; no personal gain was involved in it. It was for the best interests of education, and for that alone. Having explained the object, and stated the emergency, he asked whether, under these circumstances, the next day was properly for rest or for work. They all answered "for work." They accordingly worked the following day from dawn till dark, and by night-fall the floors were laid. On Monday, the 7th, the partitions were put up, dividing the upper story into two large dormitories; the lower, into sufficiently convenient working-rooms. On Tuesday morning (the 8th), with the help of a few volunteers, chiefly ladies connected with the school, who had arrived a day or two in advance, the dormitories, which were still encumbered by shavings, sawdust, etc., were swept, and presently transformed into not unattractive sleeping-halls. They were divided by neat sets of furniture into equal spaces, above each of which was placed the name of the person to whom it was appropriated. When all was done, the large open rooms, with their fresh pine walls, floors, and ceilings, the rows of white beds down the sides, and the many windows looking to the sea, were pretty and inviting enough. If they somewhat resembled hospital wards, they were too airy and cheerful to suggest sickness either of body or mind.

Next, a large barn belonging to Mr. Anderson's former establishment was cleared, and a new floor laid there also. This was hardly finished (the last nails were just driven) when the steamer, with its large company, touched the wharf. There was barely time to arrange the seats and to place a table with flowers where the guests of honor were to sit, and Agassiz himself was to stand, when all arrived. The barn was, on the whole, not a bad lecture-room on a beautiful summer day. The swallows, who had their nests without number in the rafters, flew in and out, and twittered softly overhead; and the wide doors, standing broadly open to the blue sky and the fresh fields let in the sea-breeze, and gave a view of the little domain. Agassiz had arranged no programme of exercises, trusting to the interest of the occasion to suggest what might best be said or done. But, as he looked upon his pupils gathered there to study nature with him, by an impulse as natural as it was unpremeditated, he called upon them to join in silently asking God's blessing on their work together. The pause was broken by the first words of an address no less fervent than its unspoken prelude.* (* This whole scene is fitly told in Whittier's poem, "The Prayer of Agassiz".)

Thus the day, which had been anticipated with so much anxiety, passed off, unclouded by any untoward accident, and at evening the guests had departed. Students and teachers, a company of some fifty or sixty persons, were left to share the island with the sea-gulls whose haunt it was.

We will not enter into the daily details of the school. It was a new phase of teaching, even for Agassiz, old as he was in the work. Most of his pupils were mature men and women, some of whom had been teachers themselves for many years. He had, therefore, trained minds to deal with, and the experience was at that time as novel as it was interesting. The novelty has worn off now. Summer schools for advanced students, and especially for teachers, have taken their place in the general system of education; and, though the Penikese school may be said to have died with its master, it lives anew in many a sea-side laboratory organized on the same plan, in summer schools of Botany and field classes of Geology. The impetus it gave was not, and cannot be, lost, since it refreshed and vitalized methods of teaching.

Beside the young men who formed his corps of teachers, among whom the resident professors were Dr. Burt G. Wilder, of Cornell University, and Professor Alpheus S. Packard, now of Brown University, Agassiz had with him some of his oldest friends and colleagues. Count de Pourtales was there, superintending the dredging, for which there were special conveniences, Mr. Charles G. Galloupe having presented the school with a yacht for the express purpose. This generous gift gave Agassiz the greatest pleasure, and completed the outfit of the school as nothing else could have done. Professor Arnold Guyot, also,—Agassiz's comrade in younger years, —his companion in many an Alpine excursion,—came to the island to give a course of lectures, and remained for some time. It was their last meeting in this world, and together they lived over their days of youthful adventure. The lectures of the morning and afternoon would sometimes be followed by an informal meeting held on a little hill, which was a favorite resort at sunset. There the whole community gathered around the two old friends, to hear them talk of their glacial explorations, one recalling what the other had forgotten, till the scenes lived again for themselves, and became almost equally vivid for their listeners. The subject came up naturally, for, strange to say, this island in a New England bay was very suggestive of glacial phenomena. Erratic materials and boulders transported from the north were scattered over its surface, and Agassiz found the illustrations for his lectures on this topic ready to his hand. Indeed, some of his finest lectures on the ice-period were given at Penikese.

Nothing could be less artificial, more free from constraint or formality, than the intercourse between him and his companions of this summer. He was at home with every member of the settlement. Ill-health did not check the readiness of his sympathy; languor did not chill the glow of his enthusiasm. All turned to him for help and inspiration. Walking over their little sovereignty together, hunting for specimens on its beaches, dredging from the boats, in the laboratory, or the lecture-room, the instruction had always the character of the freest discussion. Yet the work, although combined with out-of-door pleasures, and not without a certain holiday element, was no play. On the part of the students, the application was close and unremitting; on the part of the teachers, the instruction, though untrammeled by routine, was sustained and systematic.

Agassiz himself frequently gave two lectures a day. In the morning session he would prepare his class for the work of the day; in the afternoon he would draw out their own observations by questions, and lead them, by comparison and combination of the facts they had observed, to understand the significance of their results. Every lecture from him at this time was a lesson in teaching as well as in natural history, and to many of his hearers this gave his lectures a twofold value, as bearing directly upon their own occupation. In his opening address he had said to them: "You will find the same elements of instruction all about you wherever you may be teaching. You can take your classes out, and give them the same lessons, and lead them up to the same subjects you are yourselves studying here. And this mode of teaching children is so natural, so suggestive, so true. That is the charm of teaching from Nature herself. No one can warp her to suit his own views. She brings us back to absolute truth as often as we wander."

This was the bright side of the picture. Those who stood nearest to Agassiz, however, felt that the strain not only of work, but of the anxiety and responsibility attendant upon a new and important undertaking, was perilous for him. There were moments when this became apparent, and he himself felt the danger. He persevered, nevertheless, to the end of the summer, and only left Penikese when the school broke up.

In order to keep the story of this final effort unbroken, some events of great interest to Agassiz and of importance to the Museum have been omitted. In the spring the Museum had received a grant of 25,000 dollars from the Legislature. To this was added 100,000 dollars, a birthday gift to Agassiz in behalf of the institution he so much loved. This last sum was controlled by no official body and was to be expended at his own good will and pleasure, either in collections, publications, or scientific assistance, as seemed to him best. He therefore looked forward to a year of greater ease and efficiency in scientific work than he had ever enjoyed before. On returning from Penikese, full of the new possibilities thus opened to him, he allowed himself a short rest, partly at the sea-shore, partly in the mountains, and was again at his post in the Museum in October.

His last course of lectures there was on one of his favorite topics,—the type of Radiates as connected with the physical history of the earth, from the dawn of organic life till now. In his opening lecture he said to his class: "You must learn to look upon fossil forms as the antiquarian looks upon his coins. The remains of animals and plants have the spirit of their time impressed upon them, as strongly as the spirit of the age is impressed upon its architecture, its literature, its coinage. I want you to become so familiar with these forms, that you can read off at a glance their character and associations." In this spirit his last course was conceived. It was as far-reaching and as clear as usual, nor did his delivery evince failure of strength or of mental power. If he showed in any way the disease which was even then upon him, it was by an over-tension of the nerves, which gave increased fervor to his manner. Every mental effort was, however, succeeded by great physical fatigue.

At the same time he had undertaken a series of articles in the "Atlantic Monthly," entitled, "Evolution and Permanence of Type." They were to have contained his own convictions regarding the connection between all living beings, upon which his studies had led him to conclusions so different from the philosophy of the day. Of these papers, only one was completed. It was his last word upon science; the correction of the proofsheets was the last act of his working life, and the article was published after his death. In it he claimed that the law of evolution, in a certain sense as true to him as to any so-called evolutionist, was a law "controlling development, and keeping types within appointed cycles of growth." He maintained that this law acts within definite limits, and never infringes upon the great types, each one of which is, in his view, a structural unit in itself. Even metamorphoses, he adds, "have all the constancy and invariability of other modes of embryonic growth, and have never been known to lead to any transition of one species into another." Of heredity he says: "The whole subject of inheritance is exceedingly intricate, working often in a seemingly capricious and fitful way. Qualities, both good and bad, are dropped as well as acquired, and the process ends sometimes in the degradation of the type, and the survival of the unfit rather than the fittest. The most trifling and fantastic tricks of inheritance are quoted in support of the transmutation theory; but little is said of the sudden apparition of powerful original qualities, which almost always rise like pure creations, and are gone with their day and generation. The noblest gifts are exceptional, and are rarely inherited; this very fact seems to me an evidence of something more and higher than mere evolution and transmission concerned in the problem of life. In the same way the matter of natural and sexual selection is susceptible of very various interpretations. No doubt, on the whole, Nature protects her best. But it would not be difficult to bring together an array of facts as striking as those produced by the evolutionists in favor of their theory, to show that sexual selection is by no means always favorable to the elimination of the chaff, and the preservation of the wheat. A natural attraction, independent of strength or beauty, is an unquestionable element in this problem, and its action is seen among animals as well as among men. The fact that fine progeny are not infrequently the offspring of weak parents, and vice versa, points, perhaps, to some innate power of redress by which the caprices of choice are counterbalanced. But there can be no doubt that types are as often endangered as protected by the so-called law of sexual selection."

"As to the influence of climate and physical conditions," he continues, "we all know their power for evil and for good upon living beings. But there is, nevertheless, nothing more striking in the whole book of nature than the power shown by types and species to resist physical conditions. Endless evidence may be brought from the whole expanse of land and air and water, showing that identical physical conditions will do nothing toward the merging of species into one another, neither will variety of conditions do anything toward their multiplication. One thing only we know absolutely, and in this treacherous, marshy ground of hypothesis and assumption, it is pleasant to plant one's foot occasionally upon a solid fact here and there. Whatever be the means of preserving and transmitting properties, the primitive types have remained permanent and unchanged,—in the long succession of ages, amid all the appearance and disappearance of kinds, the fading away of one species and the coming in of another,—from the earliest geological periods to the present day. How these types were first introduced, how the species which have successively represented them have replaced one another, —these are the vital questions to which no answer has been given. We are as far from any satisfactory solution of this problem as if development theories had never been discussed."

In conclusion, he sketches the plan of these articles. "I hope in future articles to show, first, that, however broken the geological record may be, there is a complete sequence in many parts of it, from which the character of the succession may be ascertained; secondly, that, since the most exquisitely delicate structures, as well as embryonic phases of growth of the most perishable nature, have been preserved from very early deposits, we have no right to infer the disappearance of types because their absence disproves some favorite theory; and, lastly, that there is no evidence of a direct descent of later from earlier species in the geological succession of animals."

This paper contained the sentence so often quoted since, "A physical fact is as sacred as a moral principle. Our own nature demands from us this double allegiance." This expressed the secret of his whole life. Every fact in nature was sacred to him, as part of an intellectual conception expressed in the history of the earth and the beings living upon it.

On the 2nd of December, he was called to a meeting of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture at Fitchburg, where he lectured in the evening on "The structural growth of domesticated animals." Those who accompanied him, and knew the mental and physical depression which had hung about him for weeks, could not see him take his place on the platform, without anxiety. And yet, when he turned to the blackboard, and, with a single sweep of the chalk, drew the faultless outline of an egg, it seemed impossible that anything could be amiss with the hand or the brain that were so steady and so clear.

The end, nevertheless, was very near. Although he dined with friends the next day, and was present at a family festival that week, he spoke of a dimness of sight, and of feeling "strangely asleep." On the 6th he returned early from the Museum, complaining of great weariness, and from that time he never left his room. Attended in his illness by his friends, Dr. Brown-Sequard and Dr. Morrill Wyman, and surrounded by his family, the closing week of his life was undisturbed by acute suffering and full of domestic happiness. Even the voices of his brother and sisters were not wholly silent, for the wires that thrill with so many human interests brought their message of greeting and farewell across the ocean to his bedside. The thoughts and aims for which he had lived were often on his lips, but the affections were more vivid than the intellect in these last hours. The end came very peacefully, on the 14th of December, 1873. He lies buried at Mount Auburn. The boulder that makes his monument came from the glacier of the Aar, not far from the spot where his hut once stood; and the pine-trees which are fast growing up to shelter it were sent by loving hands from his old home in Switzerland. The land of his birth and the land of his adoption are united in his grave.

INDEX.

Aar, glacier. last visit to. boulder-monument from.

Abert, Colonel.

"Academy, The Little".

Ackermann.

Actiniae.

Adelstaetten.

Agassiz, Alexander.

Agassiz, Auguste.

Agassiz, Cecile Braun. talent as an artist.

Agassiz, Elizabeth Cary.

Agassiz, Louis. as a teacher. popular reading. becomes pastor at Concise. death.

Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe. birthplace. first aquarium. early education. love of natural history. boyish studies and amusements. taste for handicraft; its after use. adventure with his brother on the ice. goes to Bienne. college of Bienne. vacations. own sketch of plans of study at fourteen. school and college note-books. distaste for commercial life. goes to Lausanne. to the medical school at Zurich. copies books on natural history. first excursion in the Alps. offer of adoption by a Genevese gentleman. goes to Heidelberg. student life. described in Braun's letters. at Carlsruhe. illness. at Munich. description of Museum at Stuttgart. of mammoth. at Munich. "The Little Academy". "Fresh-water fishes of Europe". desire to travel. vacation trip. work on Brazilian fishes. second vacation trip. growing collections. plans for travel with Humboldt. doctor of philosophy. at Orbe and Cudrefin. death of Dr. Mayor. doctor of medicine. new interest in medicine. first work on fossil fishes. at Vienna. negotiations with Cotta. university life. at home. studies on cholera. arrives in Paris. homesickness. Cuvier gives him his fossil fishes. last interview with Cuvier. embarrassments. offer from Ferussac. plans for disposing of collection. curious dream. Humboldt's gift. first sight of sea. plans for going to Neuchatel. inducements to stay in Paris. birthday festival. call to Neuchatel. first lecture at Neuchatel. success as a teacher. impulse given to science. children's lectures. call to Heidelberg. declination. sale of collection. threatened blindness. publishing "Fossil Fishes". marriage. growing reputation. invited to England. receives Wollaston prize. views on classification and development. difficulties in the work on "Fossil Fishes". first visit to England. material for "Fossil Fishes". return to Neuchatel. first relations with New England. second visit to England. various works. receives Wollaston medal. first glacial work. sale of original drawings of "Fossil Fishes". on the Jura. "glacial theory" announced. opposition. invitation to Geneva. to Lausanne. death of his father. lithographical press. variety of work. researches on mollusks. chromolithographs. elected into Royal Society. new glacial work. first English letter. "Etudes sur les Glaciers". on the glacier of the Aar. "Hotel des Neuchatelois". work. ascent of the Strahleck. of the Siedelhorn. second visit to England. in the Highlands. in Ireland. researches in the interior of glacier. ascent of the Ewigschneehorn. of the Jungfrau. on the Viescher. the chalet of Meril. the Aletsch. the Col of Rotthal. the peak. the descent. zoological work. various publications. unity in work. on glaciers. "Fossil Fishes". gifts from the king of Prussia. plans for visiting the United States. microscopic study of fossil fishes. critical point. publishes "Fossil Fishes". not an evolutionist. belief in a Creator. fish skeletons. plan of creation. last visit to glacier. receives Monthyon prize. publishes "Systeme Glaciaire". sails for America. arrives in Boston. lectures. their success. visit to New Haven. impressions. American hospitality. Mercantile Library Association. New York. Princeton. Philadelphia. American scientific men. Hudson River. West Point. Albany. lectures on glaciers. American forests. erratic phenomena. medusae and polyps. plans for travel. at East Boston. first birthday in America. on the "Bibb". first dredging. leaves Prussian service. professor at Harvard. removes to Cambridge. death of his wife. begins a collection. excursion to Lake Superior. "Principles of Zoology" published. second marriage. arrival of his children. examination of Florida reefs. radiates. professor at Charleston, S.C. laboratory on Sullivan's Island. the "Hollow Tree". origin of human race. receives the "Prix Cuvier". lectures at Smithsonian Institution. made regent of. growth of collections. their sale. illness at Charleston. relation of living to fossil animals. return to the north. invitation to Zurich. and refusal. circular on collecting fishes. and response. new house in Cambridge. manner of study. weekly meetings. renewed lectures. school for young ladies opened. and success. courses of lectures. close. "Contributions to the Natural History of the United States" projected. concluded. fiftieth birthday. laboratory at Nahant. invitation to Paris. refusal, and reasons. receives cross of Legion of Honor. dangerous state of collections. an ideal museum. "Museum of Comparative Zoology" founded. visit to Europe. teaching at museum. attitude during civil war. urges founding National Academy. naturalized. receives Copley medal. lecturing tour. ethnographical collections. hydrographical distribution of animals. future of negro race. visit to Maine. to Brazil. return. at Lowell Institute. at Cooper Institute. illness. journey to the West. professor at Cornell University. address at Humboldt Centennial. illness. anxiety for Museum. restored health. Hassler expedition. at Talcahuana. journey from Talcahuana to Santiago. elected Foreign Associate of the Institute of France. at the Galapagos islands. at San Francisco. return to Cambridge. summer school projected. gift of Penikese. opening of school. last lectures at Museum. last work. last lecture. last visit to Museum. death.

Agassiz, Rose Mayor. sympathy with her son. at Concise. visit to. death.

Albany.

Albemarle Island.

Aletsch, glacier of the.

Alps, first excursion in. later excursions. first permanent station.

Amalgamation.

Amazons, the.

America, native races of.

America, South, native races of.

American forests.

Ancud.

Anderson, John.

Anderson School of Natural History. opening.

Anthony, J.G.

Asterolepis.

Australian race.

Austrian custom-house officers.

Bache, A.D.

Bachelor's Peak.

Baer.

Bailey, Professor.

Baird, S.F.

Balanus.

Bancroft, George.

Barbados.

Barnard, J.M.

Beaumont, Elie de. aids Agassiz with a collection of fossil fishes. at the Helvetic Association at Neuchatel.

Berlin, University of, quoted.

Beroids.

"Bibb" U.S. Coast Survey steamer.

"Bibliographica Zoologica".

Bienne, college at.

Bischoff.

Blake, J.H.

Bombinator obstetricans, observations on.

Bonaparte, Prince of Canino.

Booth.

Borja Bay.

Boston.

Boston, East. laboratory. observations upon the geology of, with reference to the glacial theory.

Boston Harbor.

Botany, questions in.

Bowditch.

Braun, Alexander.

Brazil, visit to. fresh-water fauna of. glacier phenomena.

Brewster, Sir David.

Brongniart.

Bronn. his collection now in Cambridge.

Brown-Sequard, Dr.

Buch, Leopold von.

Buckland, Dr. invites Agassiz to England. acts as his guide to fossil fishes. to glacier tracks. a convert to glacial theory. mentioned by Murchison.

Burkhardt.

Cabot, J.E.

Cambridge.

Cambridge, first mention of.

Campanularia.

Carlsruhe, Agassiz at.

Cary, T.G.

Castanea.

Charleston, S.C.

Charpentier.

Chavannes, Professor.

Chelius.

Chemidium.

Chemidium-like sponge.

Chiem, lake of.

Chilian, valley of.

Chironectes pictus.

Chorocua Bay.

Christinat, Mr.

Civil war.

Clark, H.J.

Coal deposits at Lota, age of.

Coal mines at Sandy Point.

Coast range.

Coelenterata, Owen on the term.

Collections, growth of. embryological. appropriation for. place of storage. sale.

Concepcion Bay.

Concise, Parsonage of.

Connecticut geology.

Connecticut River.

Conner's Cove.

Corcovado Gulf.

Corcovado Peak.

"Contributions to Natural History of the United States".

Copley medal.

Coral collection.

Cordilleras.

Cornell University.

Cotting, B.E.

Coulon, H.

Coulon, L.

Coutinho, Major.

Crinoids, deep-sea and fossil, compared.

Ctenophorae.

Cudrefin.

Curicu.

Cuvier, Georges. dedication to. notes on Spix fishes. reception of Agassiz. gives material for fossil fishes. last words.

Cyclopoma spinosum, curious dream about.

Cyprinus uranoscopus.

Dana J.D.

Darwin, C. accepts glacier theory. on "Lake Superior". on Massachusetts cirripedia. estimation of Darwinism. of Agassiz.

Davis, Admiral.

Deep-sea dredgings.

Deep-sea fauna.

De Kay.

De la Rive, A., invites Agassiz to Geneva.

Desor.

Dinkel, Joseph.

Dinkel, his description of Agassiz.

Dollinger.

Drayton.

Drift-hills.

Easter fete.

Echinarachnius parma.

Echinoderms, relation to medusae.

Eden Harbor.

Egerton, Lord Francis, buys original drawings.

Egerton, Sir Philip.

Elizabeth islands.

Embryonic and specific development.

Emerson, R.W.

Emperor of Brazil.

England. first visit to. generosity of naturalists. second visit to.

English Narrows.

Enniskillen, Lord.

Equality of races.

Escher von der Linth.

Esslingen.

Estuaries.

Ethnographical circular.

"Evolution and Permanence of Type".

Ewigschneehorn.

Fagus castaneafolia.

Favre, E., quotation from.

Favre, L., quotation from.

Felton, C.C.

Ferussac.

Fishes. classification. collecting. prophetic types.

Fishes of America.

Fishes of Brazil.

Fishes, Spix's Brazilian.

Fishes of Europe. of Kentucky. of New York. of Switzerland.

Fishes, fossil. geological and genetic development. study of bones. in English collections. of the "Old Red". of Sheppy. of Connecticut.

Fishes, Fossil. "Recherches sur les poissons fossiles". receives Wollaston prize. Monthyon prize. Prix Cuvier.

Fish-nest.

Fitchburg, lecture at.

Florida reefs.

Forbes, Edward.

Forbes, James D.

Fossil Alaskan flora.

"Fossil Arctic flora".

Frazer.

Fremont, J.C.

Fuchs.

Fuegian natives.

Galapagos Islands.

Galloupe, C.G.

Geneva, invitation to.

Geoffrey St. Hilaire's progressive theory, remarks on.

Gibbes.

Glacial marks in Scotland. "Roads of Glen Roy". in Ireland. in New England. in New York. at Halifax. at Brooklyn. at East Boston. on Lake Superior. in Maine. in Brazil. in New York. in Penikese. in western prairies. in South America.

Glacial submarine dykes.

Glacial phenomena. lectures on.

Glacial work. gift from king of Prussia toward. "Systeme glaciaire" published.

"Glacial theory". opposition from Buch. from Humboldt. Studer's acceptance of. "Etudes sur les glaciers" published. Humboldt's later views.

Glacier Bay. moraine.

Glaciers. first researches. renewed. "blue bands". advance. Hugi's cabin. of the Aar. in the winter. the Rosenlaui. boring. glacier wells. caves of the Viescher. capillary fissures. formation of crevasses. sundials. topographical survey. stratification of neve. new work.

Glaciers in Strait of Magellan.

Glen Roy, roads of.

Goeppingen.

Gould, A.A.

Gray, Asa.

Gray, Francis C. leaves a sum to found a Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Gray, William.

Greenough, H.

Gressly, A.

Griffith, Dr. collection of.

Grindelwald.

Gruithuisen.

Guyot, Arnold. on Agassiz's views.

Hagen, H.A.

Haldeman, S.S.

Hall, J.

Harbor deposits.

Hare.

Harvard University.

Hassler expedition.

Heath.

Heer, Oswald.

Heidelberg. arrival at. rambles in vicinity of. student life at. invitation to.

Henry, Joseph.

Hill, Thomas.

Hitchcock.

Hochstetter, the botanist.

Holbrook, J.E.

Holbrook, J.E., Mrs.

Holmes, O.W. description of "Saturday Club".

Hooper, Samuel.

"Horse-backs".

Hospice of the Grimsel.

Hotel des Neuchatelois. last of.

Howe, Dr. S.G. on the future of the negro race.

Hudson River.

Hugi's cabin.

Humboldt, Alexander von. projects of travel with. kindness. writes to L. Coulon. gives form for letter to the king. on succession of life. on Ehrenberg's discoveries. on his brother's death. urges concentration and economy. discourages glacial work. opposes glacial theory. on works on "Fossil" and "Fresh-water" fishes. on his own works. later views on glacial theory. farewell words to Agassiz.

Humboldt, centennial.

Humboldt, scholarship.

Humboldt, William von. letter concerning his death, from his brother.

Iberians.

"Ibicuhy" the.

Indian Reach.

Invertebrates, relations of.

Ithaca, N.Y.

Jackson, C.T.

Johnson, P.C.

Kentucky, fishes of.

Kobell.

Koch, the botanist.

Labyrinthodon.

Lackawanna cove.

Lake Superior. excursion to. glacial phenomena. local geology. fauna.

Lake Superior, "Narrative" of.

Lakes in New York, origin of.

Lausanne, Agassiz at the college of.

Lausanne, invitation to.

Lava bed in Albemarle island.

Lawrence, Abbott.

Lawrence, Scientific school established. Agassiz made professor.

Lea, Isaac, collection of shells.

Leconte.

Lepidosteus.

Lesquereux.

Letters: Agassiz to his brother Auguste. to his father. to his father and mother. to his mother. to his sister Cecile. to his sister Olympe. to his old pupils. to Elie de Beaumont. to Bonaparte, Prince of Canino. to A. Braun. to Dr. Buckland. to T.G. Cary. to James D. Dana. to L. Coulon. to Decaisne. to A. de la Rive. to Sir P. Egerton. to R.W. Emerson. to Chancellor Favargez. to S.S. Haldeman. to Oswald Heer. to Mrs. Holbrook. to S.G. Howe. to A. von Humboldt. to J.A. Lowell. to Sir Charles Lyell. to Charles Martins. to Dr. Mayor. to Henri Milne-Edwards. to Benjamin Peirce. to Adam Sedgwick. to Charles Sumner. to Valenciennes. Auguste Agassiz to Louis Agassiz. M. Agassiz to Louis Agassiz. Madame Agassiz to Louis Agassiz. A.D. Bache to Louis Agassiz. Alexander Braun to Louis Agassiz. Leopold von Buch to Agassiz. Dr. Buckland to Agassiz. L. Coulon to Agassiz. Cuvier to Agassiz. Charles Darwin to Agassiz. A. de la Rive to Agassiz. G.P. Deshayes to Agassiz. Egerton to Agassiz. R.W. Emerson to Agassiz. Edward Forbes to Agassiz. Oswald Heer to Agassiz. Dr. Howe to Agassiz. A. von Humboldt to Agassiz A. von Humboldt to Agassiz (extract). H.W. Longfellow to Agassiz. Sir Charles Lyell to Agassiz. Lady Lyell to Agassiz. L. von Martius to Agassiz. Hugh Miller to Agassiz. Sir R. Murchison to Agassiz. Richard Owen to Agassiz. Benjamin Peirce to Agassiz. M. Rouland to Agassiz. Adam Sedgwick to Agassiz. C.T. von Siebold to Agassiz. B. Silliman to Agassiz. Charles Sumner to Agassiz. Tiedemann to Agassiz. Alexander Braun to his father. to his mother. Charles Darwin to Dr. Tritten. A. von Humboldt to Madame Agassiz. to L. Coulon. to G. Ticknor (extract).

Leuckart.

Leuthold. death.

Longfellow, H.W. verses on Agassiz's fiftieth birthday. Christmas gift.

Long Island Sound.

Lota.

Lota coal deposits.

Lowell, James Russell.

Lowell, John Amory.

Lowell Institute. lectures at. reception at. audience.

Lyell, Sir Charles. accepts glacial theory.

Lyman, T.

Madrepores.

Magellan, Strait of.

Mahir.

Maine, visit to.

Man, origin of. compared with monkeys. distinction of races. form of nose. geographical distribution.

Man prehistoric in S. America.

Marcou, J.

Martius, L. von.

Mastodon of U.S. compared to old world.

Mathias, Gulf of.

Mayne's Harbor.

Mayor, Dr. death of.

Mayor, Auguste.

Mayor, Francois.

Mayor, Lisette.

Mayor, Mathias.

Meckel.

Medusae. relation to echinoderms. beroids. tiaropsis. campanularia.

Megatherium.

Melimoya Mountain.

Mellet, Pastor.

Mercantile Library Association, meeting of.

Meril, the chalets of.

Michahelles.

Micraster.

Miller, Hugh. on "Footprints of the Creator". on "Scenes and Legends". on resemblance of Scotch and Swiss. on "First Impressions". on Asterolepis. on Monticularia.

Mississippi, fishes in the.

Mollusks, inner moulds of shells of.

Monkeys.

Monte Video.

Monticularia.

More.

Morton, S.G. collection of skulls.

Motier. birthplace of Agassiz. inscription to Agassiz.

Motley, J.L.

Mount Burney.

Mount Sarmiento.

Mount Tarn.

Munich.

Murchison, Sir R. on glacial theory. accepts it. sends his Russian "Old Red" fishes. on "Principles of Zoology". on tertiary geology.

Murchison, Sir R.

Museum of Comparative Zoology. first beginning. coral collection begun. gift from pupils. idea of museum. publications. Mr. Gray's legacy. name given. popular name. Harvard University gives land. Legislative grant. cornerstone laid. plan. dedication. work at Museum. public lectures. additional grants. first Bulletin. growth. new subscription. new building. object and scope. new collections. staff. a birthday gift. last lectures by Agassiz.

Nageli.

Nahant, laboratory at.

National Academy of Sciences founded.

Negroes.

Neuchatel. plans for. accepts professorship there. first lecture. founding of Natural History Society. museum.

New Haven.

New York, city of.

"New York, Natural History of".

Nicolet, C.

"Nomenclator Zoologicus".

Nuremberg. the Durer festival.

Oesars.

Oesterreicher.

Oken.

Orbe.

Ord, collection.

Osorno.

Otway Bay.

Owen's Island.

Packard, A.S.

Panama.

Paris, Agassiz in.

Peale, R. Museum.

Peirce, B.

Penikese Island. glacial marks.

Perty.

Philadelphia. Academy of Science. American Philosophical Society.

Phyllotaxis, first hint at the law of.

Physio-philosophy.

Pickering, Charles.

Playa Parda Cove.

Pleurotomaria.

"Poissons d'eau douce".

"Poissons fossiles".

Port Famine.

Port San Pedro.

Portugal, plan for collections in.

Possession Bay. moraine.

Pourtales, L.F. de.

Pourtales, extract from his journal.

Prescott, W.H.

Princeton.

"Principles of Zoology".

Radiates, relations of.

Ramsey, Prof.

Ravenel, St. Julian.

Redfield.

Rhizocrinus.

Rickley (Rickly), Mr., director at college at Bienne.

Ringseis.

Rivers, American, origin of.

Rogers, H.

Rogers, W.B.

Rosenlaui, glacier of the.

Roththal, Col of.

Rowlet Narrows.

St. George, Gulf of.

Salamander, fossil, at New Haven.

Salt marshes.

Salzburg. precautions concerning students.

San Antonio, Port of.

San Diego.

Sandy Point.

San Francisco.

San Magdalena.

Santiago.

San Vicente.

Sargassum.

Sarmiento Range.

Saturday Club.

Schelling.

Schimper, Karl.

Schimper, William.

Schinz, Prof. library and collection.

School for young ladies opened. success. lectures at. close. yearly meeting of old pupils,—gift to the Museum.

Schubert.

Scudder, S.H. description by, of a first lesson by Agassiz.

Scyphia.

Sea bottom.

Sedgwick, Adam. on Geoffrey St. Hilaire's theory. question on descent.

Sedgwick, Adam.

Seeley, H.G.

Seiber.

Sharks and skates.

Shepard.

Sholl Bay. moraine at.

Shore level, change of.

Siebold, Letter of, about Agassiz at Munich.

Siedelhorn, ascent of the.

Silliman, Benjamin. announces subscribers to "Fossil Fishes". Visit to.

Siphonia.

Smithsonian Institution. lectures at. Agassiz becomes regent of.

Smythe's Channel.

Snell, G.

Snowy Glacier.

Snowy Range.

Sonrel.

Spain, plan for collecting in.

Spatangus.

Spix. his "Brazilian Fishes".

Sponge, chemidium-like.

Sponges, deep sea.

Stahl.

Starke.

Steindachner, F.

Steudel, the botanist.

Stimpson, W.

Strahleck, ascent of the.

Studer.

Stuttgart, Museum at.

Sullivan's Island.

Summer School of Natural History, plan for.

Sumner, Charles.

Tagus Sound.

Talcahuana.

Tarn Bay.

Tenon.

Thayer, Nathaniel, promotes Brazil expedition.

Tiaropsis.

Ticknor.

Tiedemann, Professor. invites Agassiz to Heidelberg.

Torrey, Professor J.

Tortugas.

Traunstein.

Trettenbach.

United States. first thought of visiting. idea given up. resumed. departure for. impressions of. scientific men.

United States Coast Survey. steamer "Bibb". constant connection with. examination of Florida reefs. dredging expedition.

United States Museum of Natural History.

Valenciennes.

Vallorbe.

Valparaiso.

Vanuxem.

Vienna, visit to.

Viescher Glacier, cave of.

Vintage in Switzerland, the.

Vogt, Karl.

Volcanic islands.

Volcanic soil. boulders.

Wahren.

Wagler.

Wagner.

Walther.

Waltl.

Washington.

Weber, J.C.

West Point.

White, W.

Whymper collection.

Wild, Mr.

Wilder, B.G.

Wilkes Exploring Expedition. collection.

Wollaston prize.

Wollaston medal.

Wyman, J.

Wyman, Dr. Morrill.

Yandell.

Zuccarini.

Zurich. professorship offered.

THE END