LIMA, Marzo 13, 1877. "Sr. J.R. Tucker. "39 Broadway, New York City.

"Estimado amigo:—He recibido su apreciable carta de 10 del pasado, que me es grato contestar manifestandole que las graves dificultades economicas porgue hoi atravissa la Republica, oblejan el Gobierno a dar por terminada la comiseon de que fue ud encargado para la publicacion de los Mapas y Cartas topograficas de las regiones Amazonicas.

"En esta virtud, se sirvira ud. entregar al senor Freyre, Ministro del Peru en Washington, las reforidas Cartos, Mapas, y todas las demas utiles pertenecientes al Gobierno del Peru, que hoi existen en poder de la Comision que ud. preside; todo bajo de inuentario y con las formalidades necesarias.

"En cuanto al pagar de sus suldos y los de los Sennores que forman parte de esa Comision, he ordinado al Ministro de Hacienda disponga lo conveniente para su pronto abono, y juzgo que asi-luego les servan completamente satisfechos.

"Deseandole a ud. la mejor conservacion, me as grato reiterarle las expresiones de mi amistad y particular estima."

"Su afrino S.S. "PARDO."

[TRANSLATION.]

"LIMA, March 13, 1877. "J.R. Tucker, Esq. "39 Broadway, New York City.

"Esteemed Friend:—I have received and answer with pleasure your appreciated letter of the 10th ultimo, apprising you that the grave economical difficulties which at present afflict the Republic, obliges the Government to order the termination of the commission with which you are charged for the publication of the maps and charts of the Amazonian regions.

"For this reason, you will be pleased to deliver to Mr. Freyre, Minister of Peru in Washington, the referred to charts, maps and all other articles belonging to the Government of Peru, which now remain in charge of the Commission over which you preside; all to be delivered under inventories and with the necessary forms.

"In regard to the payment of the salaries of yourself and the other gentlemen who form part of the Commission, I have ordered the Minister of the Treasury to take measures for the prompt disbursement of what may be due, and I judge that in a short times these claims will be completely satisfied.

"With my best wishes, it gives me pleasure to repeat the expression of my friendship and particular esteem.

"Truly your faithful Servt., "PARDO."

In compliance with the directions of President Pardo, the charts made by the Commission were delivered to the Peruvian Legation at Washington. These charts were all ready for publication, and had they been published would have afforded much valuable information in regard to the Upper Amazon and its tributaries, water courses which are daily becoming more and more important to commerce, and which are destined in the not distant future to be navigated by lines of ocean as well as by lines of river steamers.

The following letter from Colonel Manuel Freyre, Peruvian Minister at Washington, describes the charts and plans which Tucker delivered to the Legation, and which it is to be hoped are still preserved:

"Legacion del Peru. "WASHINGTON, Marzo 22 de 1877. "Senor Don Juan R. Tucker, Ex-Presidente de la Comision Hidrografica del Amazonas.

"La caja que dijo le. depositada en poder del Consul Tracy, ha sido recibida en esta Legacion, y contiene los siguientes planos; a saber:

"1st. Un plano del Rio Amazonas Peruano, desde lo boca del rio Yavari hasta Borja, termino de la navegacion a vapor, dibujado sobre diez pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada das millas. Los rios Ytaya y Pastaza estan incluidos en esta Plano, que cuenta 848 millas del rio Peruano Amazonas, 45 millas del rio Ytaya, y 7 millas del rio Pastaza."

"2d. Un plano del rio Yavari desde su boca hasta la confluencia de los rios Yacarana y Yavarasina, dibujado, sobre das pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas. Este plano cuenta 220 millas del rio Yavari.

"3d. Un plano del rio Nanay desde su boca hasta el termino de la navegacion para vapores de poco calado debujado sobre dos pliegos. Este plano contiene 160 millas del rio Nanay.

"4th. Un plano del rio Tigre-Yacu desde su boca hasta un punto 111 millas aniba de la boca, dibujado sobre dos pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas."

"5th. Un plano del rio Huallaga desde la boca hasta Rumi-Callirina, el termino de la navegacion para vapores, dibujado sobre dos pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas. Este plano cuenta 169 millas del rio Huallaga.

"6th. Un plano del rio Morona desde su boca hasta un punto 37 millas arriba de dicha boca, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas."

"7th. Un plano del rio Potro desde la boca hasta el termino de la navegacion para vapores de poco calada, dibujada sobre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas. Este plano contiene 64 millas del rio Potro.

"8th. Un plano del rio Ucayali desde la boca hasta la confluencia de los rios Urubamba y Tambo, dibujado sobre nueve pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada das millas. Los rios Urubamba y Tambo, desde sus bocas hasta el mas alto punto donde espracticable la navegacion a vapor, estan incluidos en este plano, que contiene 885 millas del rio Ucayali, 24 millas del rio Urubamba, y 53 millas del rio Tambo."

"9th. Un plano del rio Pachitea desde su boca hasta la confluencia de los rios Palcazu y Pichis, dibujado sobre dos pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas. Este plano contiene 191 millas del rio Pachitea."

"10th. Un plano del rio Palcazu desde la boca hasta el puerto del Mairo, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas. Estate plano contiene 37 millas del rio Palcazu.

"11th. Un plano del rio Pichis desde la boca hasta el termino de navegacion en canoas, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas. Una parte del rio Herrera-yacu y otro parte del rio Trinidad se hallan en este plano, que contiene 85 millas del rio Pichis, 4 millas del rio Trinidad, y 5 millas del rio Herrera-yacu.

"12th. Un plano del rio Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes, dibujados sobre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por cada quince millas. Este plana contiene 1661 millas del rio Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes.

"13th. Todas las mencionadas planos estan dibujados sobre treinta y cinco pliegos, siendo cada pliego treinta pulgados de largo por quince pulgada de ancho.

"14th. Un plano del rio Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes, dibujado sabre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por cada diez millas, siendo el pliego cines pies de largo por cinco pies de ancho. Este plano contiene en un solo pliego todos los reconocimientos verificados por la Comision Hidrografica del Amazonas, que son por todo 2945 millas.

"Loo demas planos dan los mismos reconocimientos mas detalladamenente.

"15th. Un plano del pueblo de Yquitos, dibujado sobre un pliego.

"Dios que a le. "MANL. FREYRE."

[TRANSLATION.]

"Legation of Peru. "WASHINGTON, March 22d, 1877. "John R. Tucker, Esq., Ex-President of the Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon.

"The box deposited by you with Consul Tracy has been received at this Legation, and contains the following charts, to wit:

"1st. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river, from the mouth of the River Yavari to Borja, the termination of steam navigation, drawn upon ten sheets, and on a scale of one inch to each two miles. The Rivers Itaya and Pastaza are included in this chart, which contains 848 miles of the Peruvian Amazon river, 45 miles of the Itaya river, and 7 miles of the Pastaza river.

"2d. A chart of the Yavari river from its mouth to the confluence of the Rivers Yacarana and Yavarasino, drawn upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. This chart comprises 220 miles of the Yavari river.

"3d. A chart of the River Nanay from its mouth to the termination of navigation for steamers of light draught, drawn upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. This chart contains 160 miles of the River Nanay.

"4th. A chart of the River Tigre-yacu, from its mouth to a point 111 miles above its mouth, drawn upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles.

"5th. A chart of the River Huallaga, from its mouth to Rumi-Callirina, the termination of steamer navigation, drawn upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. This chart comprises 169 miles of the Huallaga river.

"6th. A chart of the River Morona, from its mouth to a point 37 miles above its mouth, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each two miles.

"7th. A chart of the River Patro, from its mouth to the termination of navigation for steamers of small draught, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. This chart contains 64 miles of the Patro river.

"8th. A chart of the River Ucayali, from its mouth to the confluence of the Rivers Urubamba and Tambo, drawn upon nine sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. The Rivers Urubamba and Tambo, from their mouths to the highest point to which steamer navigation is practicable, are included in this chart, which contains 885 miles of the River Ucayali, 24 miles of the River Urubamba, and 53 miles of the River Tambo.

"9th. A chart of the River Pachitea, from its mouth to the confluence of the Rivers Palcazu and Pichis, drawn upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. This chart contains 191 miles of the River Pachitea.

"10th. A chart of the River Palcazu, from its mouth to Port Mairo, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch each for two miles. This chart contains 37 miles of the River Palcazu.

"11th. A chart of the Pechis river, from its mouth to the termination of canoe navigation, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. A part of the River Herrera-yacu, and also a part of the River Trinidad, are included in this chart, which contains 85 miles of the River Pichis, 4 miles of the River Trinidad, and 5 miles of the River Herrera-yacu.

"12th. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river and its affluents, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each 15 miles. This chart contains 1661 miles of the Peruvian Amazon river and its affluents.

"13th. A chart of the River Ucayali and its affluents, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each 15 miles. This chart contains 1284 miles of the River Ucayali and its affluents.

"All the above mentioned charts are drawn upon 35 sheets, each sheet being 30 inches long and 15 inches broad.

"14th. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river and its affluents, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each ten miles, the sheet being 5 feet long by 5 feet broad. This chart contains, on one single sheet, all the surveys made by the Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. The other charts give the same surveys more in detail.

"15th. A plan of the town of Iquitos, drawn upon one sheet.

"May God guard you. "MANL. FREYRE."

Tucker was in the sixty-seventh year of his age when he retired to his home in the City of Petersburg, Virginia, where he had purchased a comfortable house with a lawn and garden attached. Here he passed the evening of an active life in the enjoyment of a private fortune, which, though not large, was sufficient to supply all his moderate wants and simple tastes. Relatives and friends frequently visited him; he read much, and books, especially the older English classics, were a source of much pleasure to him; the improvement of his lawn and garden was a pursuit which afforded him unfailing interest and occupation.

On the 12th of June, 1883, he was apparently in his usual good health. In the course of the morning a friend called on him, and they conversed together for some time, seated in the shade of a tree on the lawn. His friend having taken his departure, Tucker reseated himself for a few minutes in his chair, suddenly arose, straightened up his tall form to its full height, and fell forward—dead. Physicians were immediately summoned, but all the efforts to revive him were ineffectual. He had died from disease of the heart; passing away from this world without a struggle or a sigh, and going where souls as pure as his have nothing to fear.

His remains were taken to Norfolk, Virginia, where they were received by old friends and comrades, who knew and loved him well, and interred by the side of his wife's grave, in a beautiful private cemetery near the city.

Admiral Tucker possessed many of the qualities of a great commander. His judgment was excellent, and it was very rarely the case that he was mistaken as to what it was possible for the force at his disposal to accomplish. He always commanded the respect and confidence, as well as the good will, of his men. A strict disciplinarian, the prompt and unhesitating obedience to orders he exacted was cheerfully rendered by his subordinates. His plans were coolly and deliberately formed, and, having been once determined upon, were carried out with energy and resolution. In the ordinary intercourse of private life he was so gentle, generous and genial that his friends and associates felt for him a regard approaching affection. In youth he was an eminently handsome man and in maturer years his presence was imposing. Sailors and Indians are fond of giving personally descriptive names to those with whom they are thrown in contact; when Tucker was a lieutenant he was called "Handsome Jack" by the men-before-the-mast, and the warriors of the savage tribes that wander about the head waters of the Amazon knew him as the "Apo," the meaning of the word being "High Chief."

In concluding this sketch of the eventful life of John Randolph Tucker, it is but doing justice to his memory to say that the sea-service never produced a more thorough and accomplished sailor, and that there never was bred to the profession of arms a more honorable and gallant gentleman.

* * * * *



NOTES

ON THE

Navigation of the Upper Amazon

AND ITS

PRINCIPAL TRIBUTARIES

BY

CAPTAIN JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE

Member of the late Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon.



NOTES.

THE AMAZON.

Springing from Lake Laracocha, in the heart of the Andes, the Amazon winds its way through the eastern Cordillera of Peru, a rapid and turbulent stream, until, passing through a narrow gorge in the mountains at the pongo de Manseriche, it leaps into the lowlands and flows for two thousand six hundred and sixty miles in a direction nearly east through the vast plains of Peru and Brazil, fed on its way by tributaries which are themselves great rivers, and finally pouring its immense volume of water into the Atlantic ocean. From the Atlantic up to the Peruvian frontier the river is known as the Lower or Brazilian Amazon, and sometimes as the Solimoens; above the Brazilian frontier the river lies wholly in Peruvian territory and takes the name of the Peruvian Amazon or Maranon, but is commonly spoken of as the Upper Amazon. It is of the navigation of the Upper Amazon that these notes will treat.

RISE AND FALL OF THE RIVER.

The waters of the Upper Amazon and its tributaries begins to rise annually in October, remains stationary for a short time in December, then continues to rise until May, when it commences to fall. November, December, January, February, March and April are considered the months of high water, and June, July, August and September comprise the low-water season. October and May are sometimes months of high and sometimes of low water.

DEPTH OF WATER.

During the season of low water a minimum depth of twenty-four feet is found in the channel of the Upper Amazon, from the Brazilian frontier to the mouth of the Ucayali river at Nanta, eighteen feet from the mouth of the Ucayali to the mouth of the Huallaga river, and twelve feet from the mouth of the Huallaga to Borja, where further navigation is rendered impracticable by the rapids and falls of the pongo de Manseriche.

CURRENT.

From the Brazilian frontier to the mouth of the Ucayali river the current of the Amazon is three miles per hour; from the mouth of the Ucayali to the mouth of the Potro river three and one-fourth miles per hour; from the mouth of the Potro to the mouth of the Morona river three and a-half miles per hour; and from the mouth of the Morona to Borja, at the head of steamer navigation, the current is three and three-fourths miles per hour. This is the usual and average current to be met with, but it increases or diminishes with the rise and fall of the river and, also, with the narrowing or broadening of the channel.

PILOTS.

In order to prevent running upon sand-bars, which are constantly forming and shifting and frequently changing the bed of the channel, the services of experienced pilots are indispensable to the safe navigation of the Upper Amazon and its tributaries. It is not difficult to obtain such pilots, and they are frequently expert hunters and fishermen as well as pilots.

BEST TIME FOR NAVIGATING THE RIVER.

When a steamer on the Upper Amazon runs aground, it is almost always in consequence either of the ignorance of the pilot or of the unskillful handling of the vessel. To get aground when the water is falling endangers the detention of the vessel until she is floated off by the next rise of the river, which may not occur for months; getting aground when the water is rising usually necessitates a delay of only a few hours, as the rising water soon floats the vessel off. Hence it is, of course, that the navigation of the Amazon is attended with much less difficulty when the waters of the river are rising than when they are falling.

FUEL.

Coal is not to be found on the Upper Amazon; the steamers burn wood, which is abundant, cheap and makes good fuel. Wood should be ordered in advance at certain points, but in case a steamer gives out of fuel all that has to be done is to haul in to the bank, send the crew on shore with axes, and cut as much wood as is required.

DISCHARGING AND RECEIVING CARGO.

In the absence of wharves on the Upper Amazon and its tributaries, vessels lay alongside of the banks whilst discharging or receiving cargo. The banks at the usual stopping places afford good landings; wharves are not needed and it would be difficult to construct them so that they could be used at all stages of the water.

IMPORTS.

It may be well to say a word about the trade of the Upper Amazon. There are no import or export duties for this part of Peru, nor are any duties paid on goods passing up the Brazilian Amazon to Peru. Coarse cotton cloth is worn by nine-tenths of the inhabitants who are civilized enough to wear clothes at all. The demand for this cloth is large and will grow from year to year, and of all coarse cotton cloth in the market the American is preferred. The plantain is the native substitute for bread, but wheat flour is used by the mercantile and official classes; there is a steady demand for Baltimore and Richmond flour, which brands are supposed, probably with reason, to stand the climate better than flour manufactured elsewhere. Bacon hams sell for one dollar per pound, but the demand for them is small and the article is soon spoiled by the climate. Axes, hoes, spades and machettes are much in demand, and there is a limited demand for improved firearms; ready made clothing, and articles of household furniture for the houses of the richer persons of the community, are usually imported from Europe.

EXPORTS.

The exports of the region of the Upper Amazon are not as valuable as they are destined to become when the productions of the rich valleys of eastern Peru find an outlet to market by way of the river. Among the principal articles of export may be enumerated, hats, from Mayubamba (Panama hats); rum, made from the sugar cane (cachaca); dried fish (payshi); and Indian rubber (jebe). The Indian-rubber tree abounds in the forests of the Upper Amazon, and the gathering of the gum is a profitable industry. Specimens of gold have been obtained from the natives about the pongo de Manseriche, and rich deposits of the precious metal will without doubt be discovered at some future time, but no search even can be made for it until the fierce and cruel savages, who have undisputed possession of the country beyond Borja, shall have been subdued.

MOUTH OF THE YAVARI RIVER.

Commencing at the Yavari river, which forms the boundary between Peru and Brazil on the south side of the Amazon river, and following the Upper Amazon and its principal tributaries up to the head of navigation, the first place to be noted is the mouth of the Yavari river:[2] Latitude 4 deg. 18' 45" south; longitude, 69 deg. 53' 10" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5 deg. 38' 54" east; thermometer (Fahrenheit), 76 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 266 feet; distance from the Atlantic ocean, following the course of the river, 1811 miles; current, in the Amazon, 4-1/2 miles per hour; width of the Yavari river at its mouth, 500 yards; width of the Amazon, 1200 yards; depth of water in the channel of the Amazon, 36 feet. As the Yavari river marks the boundary between Peru and Brazil on the south side of the Amazon, special pains were taken to ascertain correctly the latitude and longitude of its mouth; the observations for the latitude and longitude were taken on a small islet, probably overflowed at high water, in the middle of the lower mouth of the river.

It was said in Iquitos that, in 1874, Captain Guillermo Black, President of the Peruvian Boundary Commission, ascended the Yavari in a small steamer a distance of 500 miles from its mouth, and 300 miles farther in canoes to a point where there was barely two feet of water in the channel, at which point the latitude was determined to be 7 deg. 1' 22" south, and the longitude 74 deg. 8' 25" west of Greenwich; elevation above the sea-level, 800 feet.

TABATINGA (BRAZIL).

Distance from the Atlantic, 1825 miles; current, 4-1/2 miles per hour; depth of water, 36 feet; width of river, 800 yards.

Tabatinga is the Brazilian frontier post on the north side of the Amazon. Captain Azevedo, of the Brazilian Navy, gives the latitude of this place as 4 deg. 14' 30" south; longitude, 70 deg. 2' 24" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 6 deg. 35' 10" east.

LETITIA.

Latitude, 4 deg. 10' 57" south; longitude, 69 deg. 59' 21" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5 deg. 57' 40" east; elevation above sea-level, 274 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 1828 miles.

Letitia is the Peruvian frontier post on the north bank of the Amazon. A fort, intended to command the passage of the river, was projected but not erected at this point. It is probable that the passage of steamers up the Amazon cannot be stopped by forts and batteries at any point on the river below Tamshiyacu.

LORETO.

Latitude, 3 deg. 54' 20" south; longitude, 70 deg. 7' 45" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5 deg. 11' 24" east; thermometer, 78 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 286 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 1865 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of river, 1300 yards.

Loreto is the most eastern Peruvian town of any importance on the Amazon. It is situated on the north or left bank of the river. Near it resides a tribe of Indians, partly civilized, called the Ticunas.

CAMACHEROS.

Situated on the right or south bank of the river; current 2-1/4 miles per hour; width of river, 1800 yards.

MAUCALLACTA.

Situated on the right or south bank of the river; width of river, 2500 yards.

PEBAS.

One mile from the Amazon, on the left or north bank, and one mile up the River Ambiyacu. The current of the Amazon at Pebas is 2-1/2 miles per hour; distance from the Atlantic, 2009 miles.

ORAM.

On south or right bank of the river; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour; width of river, 1000 yards; depth of water, 36 feet.

IQUITOS.

Latitude, 3 deg. 44' 15" south; longitude, 73 deg. 7' 30" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5 deg. 55' east; thermometer, 78 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 295 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2126 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; depth of water, 36 feet.

Iquitos is on the north bank of the Amazon, at a point where the river is divided by an island into two channels; from the town to the island the river is 1800 yards wide, and the channel on the other side of the island has about the same width. The Government buildings and works are situated at this place, and it is the largest and most important town on the Upper Amazon. It is a place of considerable trade, and in it are established several mercantile houses which import their goods directly from Europe and the United States by way of Para. The anchorage is good at all times, and vessels, whilst discharging or receiving cargo, can lay in security alongside the high bank that lines the whole front of the town. This is an advantage not to be underrated when it is remembered that there are no wharves on the Upper Amazon.

TAMSHIYACU.

Situated on a high bank on the south side of the river, distant 2146 miles from the Atlantic; thermometer, 76 deg.. At this place the river is narrow, has only one channel, and the current is strong. It is probably the only position on the Amazon, below the mouth of the Ucayali, where vessels could be prevented from passing, up or down, by heavy guns mounted in forts or batteries.

MOUTH OF THE UCAYALI RIVER.

Latitude, 4 deg. 28' 30" south; longitude, 73 deg. 21' 30" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 2' east; thermometer, 80 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 318 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2189 miles; current in the Amazon, 3 miles per hour; depth of water in the channel of the Amazon, 30 feet; width of the Amazon, 1300 yards. Unfortunately, immediately at the month of the Ucayali neither the banks of that river nor those of the Amazon afford a place suitable for the location of a town. Nauta, on the north bank of the Amazon, seven miles above the mouth of the Ucayali, is the nearest place at which it is practicable to build houses not liable to be swept away by the annual floods.

NAUTA.

Latitude, 4 deg. 31' 30" south; longitude, 73 deg. 27' west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 2' east; thermometer, 78 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 320 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2195 miles; current 3-1/4 miles per hour; depth of water, 30 feet; width of river, 1200 yards. Situated on the north bank of the Amazon, near the confluence of that river and the Ucayali, Nauta is well located for grasping the trade of both rivers, and ought to become a place of importance. Of course, the six or seven miles that vessels have to ascend the Amazon to reach the place after leaving the Ucayali constitutes a drawback, especially in the case of vessels not propelled by steam; but no desirable place can be found below and near the mouth of the Ucayali where buildings could be erected and vessels could load and unload with facility at the season of high water. Below and adjoining Nauta the banks are high and present a better site for a town than the one on which it stands.

SAN REGIS.

Distant from the Atlantic 2230 miles; current, 3-1/3 miles per hour; average current between Nauta and San Regis, 3-1/4 miles per hour.

MOUTH OF THE TIGREYACU RIVER.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2245 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour; average current between San Regis and the mouth of the Tigreyacu, 3-1/4 miles per hour. The Tigreyacu can be navigated by steamers of considerable size for some distance; its waters are dark and clear, and those tributaries of the Amazon having dark and clear waters are usually unhealthy, whilst those having muddy and discolored waters have always been found to be healthy.

SANTA CRUZ DE PARINARI.

Latitude, 4 deg. 36' 30" south; longitude 74 deg. 6' 30" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 27' 20" east; thermometer, 78 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 351 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2273 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.

PARANARI.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2293 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.

VACA MARINA.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2334 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.

ELVIRA.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2352 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.

SAN PEDRO.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2393 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.

FONTEVERA.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2408 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.

MOUTH OF THE HUALLAGA RIVER.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2430 miles; current in Amazon, 3-1/4 miles per hour. One hundred and twenty-three miles up the Huallaga is the town of Yurimaguas, a centre of trade, to which steamers from Para frequently ascend.

CEDRO ISLA.

Distant from the Atlantic 2445 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.

MOUTH OF THE PASTAGA RIVER.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2514 miles; current in the Amazon, 3-1/4 miles per hour. The Pastaga has a rapid current and is full of obstructions to navigation; it is with much difficulty that canoes even can be forced up the river for any distance. On its head waters the Indians wash a considerable quantity of gold from the sand of the bed of the channel.

BARRANCA.

Latitude, 4 deg. 59' 53" south; longitude, 76 deg. 38' 38" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 46' 26" east; thermometer, 78 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 453 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2545 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour. Barranca is situated on a red clay bluff, about seventy feet high, on the north or left bank of the river, which is here narrow. Communication is kept up between Barranca and Moyabamba by way of the Aypena river to its head and thence by land. Barranca has been used as, but is not well adapted to be, a military post; gunboats could lay out of sight below, around a bend of the river, and shell it without being themselves exposed to its fire.

MOUTH OF THE POTRO RIVER.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2564 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour. The Potro is navigable for small steamers a distance of sixty miles from its mouth, and is of importance as a link in the projected route from Chachapoyas to Limon on the Amazon.

MOUTH OF THE MORONA RIVER.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2576 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour. Steamers ascend the Morona 300 miles, and at some stages of the water a greater distance.

LIMON.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2588 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour. Limon is the terminus of a projected route from Chachapoyas to the Amazon; it is a place of no importance whatever in any other respect.

PUNTA ACHUAL.

Latitude, 4 deg. 15' 27" south; longitude 77 deg. 1' 28" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 18' 18" east; thermometer, 80 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 509 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2612 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour. Two miles above Punta Achual, at the Vuelta Calentura, or Calentura passage, the first serious difficulty is encountered in navigating the Upper Amazon; the difficulty there encountered is a strong current combined with a whirlpool in the channel of the river, but, with full heads of steam on, steamers are able to pass the vuelta and proceed on to Borja. At Vuelta Calentura the course of the river is from N.N.W. to S.S.E.

BORJA.

Latitude, 4 deg. 31' 37" south; longitude, 77 deg. 29' 43" west of Greenwich; thermometer, 76 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 516 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2660 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour. At Borja the navigation of the Upper Amazon ends; the river in its whole course from Laracocha to Borja, a distance of 500 miles, is a mountain torrent, impracticable for navigation even by canoes. The length of the Amazon, from its source at Laracocha to the Atlantic ocean, is 3160 miles, but the distance from the Atlantic to the source of the Ucayali is still greater. It usually takes a steamer 69 steaming hours to ascend the river from Iquitos to Borja, and 35 steaming hours to descend from Borja to Iquitos.

DISTANCES.

In the following list of distances between places on the Amazon, from its mouth to its source in Lake Laracocha, the distances for the Lower Amazon are taken from the best Brazilian authorities that could be consulted; the distances for the Upper Amazon, from the Brazilian frontier to the head of steamer navigation at Borja, were measured by the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon; and the distance from Borja, the head of navigation, to the source of the river in Lake Laracocha, is given as estimated by the best Peruvian authorities.

LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE AMAZON.

Lower Amazon. Miles. Atlantic ocean to Para 75 Para to Breves 146 Breves to Garupa 123 Garupa to Porto de Moz 48 Porto de Moz to Prainha 96 Prainha to Monte Alegre 44 Monte Alegre to Santarem 60 Santarem to Obidos 68 Obidos to Villa Bella 95 Villa Bella to Serpa 137 Serpa to Manaos 110 From the Atlantic to Manaos, 1002 miles. Manaos to Cudajos 155 Cudajos to Coary 84 Coary to Tefe (Ega) 107 Tefe (Ega) to Fonte Boa 133 Fonte Boa to Tonantius 140 Tonantius to San Paulo 95 San Paulo, mouth of the Yavari river 90 The mouth of the Yavari marks the boundary line between Peru and Brazil on the south side of the Amazon. Mouth of the Yavari to Tabatinga 14 Brazilian frontier port on the north side of the Amazon. From the Atlantic to Tabatinga, 1825 miles. Tabatinga to Letitia 3 Peruvian frontier post.

Upper Amazon. Miles. Letitia to Loreto 37 Loreto to Pebas 144 Pebas to Iquitos 117 Iquitos to Tamshiyacu 20 Tamshiyacu to mouth of the Ucayali river 43 Mouth of the Ucayali river to Nauta 6 Nauta to San Regis 50 San Regis to Santa Cruz de Parinari 28 Santa Cruz de Parinari to Parinari 20 Parinari to Vaca Marina 41 Vaca Marina to Elvira 18 Elvira to San Pedro 41 San Pedro to Fontevera 15 Fontevera to mouth of the Huallaga river 22 Mouth of the Huallaga river to Cedro Isla 15 Cedro Isla to mouth of the Pastaza river 69 Mouth of the Pastaza river to Barranca 31 Barranca to Mouth of the Potro river 19 Mouth of the Potro river to mouth of the Morona river 12 Mouth of the Morona river to Limon 12 Limon to Punta Achual 24 Punta Achual to Borja 48 From the Atlantic to Borja, the head of navigation, 2660 miles. Borja to Lake Laracocha 500 Source of the Amazon. Length of the Amazon river from its source to its mouth, 3160 miles.

HUALLAGA RIVER.

The Huallaga has its source in Lake Chiquicoba, flows by the important central city of Huanaco, and thence in a direction nearly north, for 450 miles, until its confluence with the Amazon. The mouth of the Huallaga is 2430 miles distant from the Atlantic, and its current is about 3 miles per hour. Eighteen feet of water can usually be carried up to Yurimaguas, and steamers ascend 40 miles higher to a place called Rumicallarina; above Rumicallarina the river is navigable for a great distance by canoes. About 8 miles below Yurimaguas the river is divided by an island, on each side of which there are sand-bars that steamers drawing more than 11 feet of water are sometimes unable to pass during the months of June, July and August.

LAGUNA.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2447 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.

SANTA LUCIA.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2473 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.

SANTA MARIA.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2528 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.

YURIMAGUAS.

Latitude, 5 deg. 5' 55" south; longitude, 75 deg. 59' 58" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 47' east; thermometer, 77 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 440 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2554 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.

The advantage which Yurimaguas possesses over all the other river ports on the Upper Amazon is that of its being the point where travelers from Lima and articles of export from Moyubamba, a city of 10,000 inhabitants, meet the steamers from Para. Canoes ascend the Huallaga from Yurimaguas to Chasuta in eight days and make the return trip in three; from Chasuta there is a mule road to Moyubamba, Chachapoyas and Cajamarca, and from the latter place a railway runs to Lima. This is the best route from the Amazon to the Pacific coast, and the only one which does not involve long marches on foot. Steamers drawing five or six feet of water could make regular trips to Chasuta at any season of the year, even at lowest water, and meeting larger steamers at Yurimaguas would establish better communication with the rich country of the interior. On the Huallaga, above Yurimaguas and a little back from the river, are to be found the best locations for colonies. Thirty miles above Yurimaguas, on the right bank of the river, is situated Shucushiyacu, a place well known as commanding a fine view of mountain and river scenery.

CAINARACHI.

Distance from the Atlantic, 2592 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.

RUMICALLARINA.

Latitude, 5 deg. 58' 32" south; longitude, 75 deg. 47' 32" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 8' 10" east; thermometer, 77 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 486 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2600 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour; depth of water, 36 feet; width of river, 200 yards.

Rumicallarina is at the head of navigation for steamers on the Huallaga. Any steamer which can ascend the river to Yurimaguas can continue on to Rumicallarina, beyond which place only five or six feet, at the season of low water, can be carried to Chasuta.

LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE HUALLAGA.

Atlantic ocean to mouth of the Huallaga, 2430 miles By the Amazon river.

Huallaga River. Miles. Mouth of the Huallaga to Laguna 17 Laguna to Santa Lucia 26 Santa Lucia to Santa Maria 55 Santa Maria to Yurimaguas 26 Yurimaguas to Cainarachi 38 Cainarachi to Rumicallarina 8 Rumicallarina to Chasuta 50 Chasuta to Lake Chiquicoba 300 —- Length of the Huallaga river 520 Distance from the source of the Huallaga to the mouth of the Amazon 2950

UCAYALI RIVER.

The Ucayali river has its origin in the Andean region, about Lake Titicaca, and flows, under various names, in a direction nearly north until it mingles its waters with those of the Amazon, to which river it bears the same relation that the Missouri does to the Mississippi; that is to say, like the Missouri, its length and volume of water entitles it to be considered a continuation and not a tributary of the main river. During the season of low water 24 feet can be carried from Nauta, at the mouth of the river, to Sarayacu; 18 feet from Sarayacu to the mouth of the Pachitea river; and 12 feet from the mouth of the Pachitea to the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba. The average current from the mouth of the river to Pucacura is 2 miles per hour, and from Pucacura to the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba 3 miles per hour. The Tambo is probably navigable for steamers drawing eight or ten feet of water to the confluence of the Ene and Perene, and thence the Perene would afford communication, at least by canoes, to San Ramon, a Peruvian military post; from San Ramon to Tarma, and from Tarma to Lima, would, of course, be the continuation of the route to the Pacific slope. The first step towards the opening of this most desirable of all the routes between the Pacific coast and the Amazon would be the establishment of a battalion post at the confluence of the Ene and Perene, communicating at regular and stated intervals with San Ramon. The distance between the two posts would be about 60 miles of canoe navigation, and would soon become a traveled route forming the connecting link between eastern and western Peru.

MOUTH OF THE UCAYALI.

Latitude, 4 deg. 28' 30" south; longitude, 73 deg. 21' 30" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 2' east; thermometer, 80 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 318 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2180 miles; current, 2 miles per hour; the width of the Ucayali at its mouth is half a mile.

PUCACURA.

Latitude, 6 deg. 4' 45" south; longitude, 75 deg. 1' west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 22' 10" east; thermometer, 79 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 377 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2482 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.

SARAYOCU.

Latitude, 6 deg. 35' 15" south; longitude, 74 deg. 58' 30" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 52' 8" east; thermometer, 79 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 410 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2578 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; depth of water, 20 feet.

The town of Sarayacu is situated on a small creek, about three miles from the place on the river which is called the Puerto del Sarayacu. Between Pucacura and Sarayacu is Esquina, a small settlement built on high land, which extends along the river for a mile or more. This place (Esquina) and Pucacura are about the only places on the banks of the Ucayali, below Sarayacu, that are not overflowed at high water. The floods of the Ucayali, which regularly recur every year at certain seasons, render the banks of the river an undesirable, perhaps even an impracticable, location for an agricultural population. It is possible that a crop might be raised and gathered during the dry season, but the farms would have to be abandoned whenever the river rose to its maximum height. At Paca, about twelve miles above Sarayacu, the banks on both sides of the river are high; such places are much more frequently met with above than below Sarayacu, but still they are the exception to the general character of the country near the river, which continues to be low and subject to overflow until the highlands are reached near the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba.

PACAMASHI.

Latitude, 7 deg. 53' 15" south; longitude, 74 deg. 40' 45" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 51' 38" east; thermometer, 77 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 435 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2733 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of the river, 600 yards.

YARINACOCHA.

Latitude, 8 deg. 15' south; longitude, 74 deg. 31' 30" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 38' 30" east; thermometer, 79 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 447 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2800 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of river, 1200 yards.

MOUTH OF THE PACHITEA RIVER.

Latitude, 8 deg. 43' 30" south; longitude, 74 deg. 32' 30" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 45' 40" east; thermometer, 75 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 508 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2891 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of the river, 600 yards.

VUELTA DEL DIABLO.

Distance from the Atlantic, 3091 miles. This strait is the first serious difficulty encountered in ascending the Ucayali; the current dashes with much violence against the trunks of large trees which lodge in, and almost block up, the passage.

CONFLUENCE OF THE TAMBO AND URABAMBA RIVERS.

Latitude, 10 deg. 41' south; longitude, 73 deg. 41' west of Greenwich; elevation above sea-level, 661 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3142 miles; depth of water, 12 feet.

ESPERANZA.

Esperanza is situated on the Perene river about 11 miles above the junction of the Ene and Perene, which form the Tambo. The navigation for steamers drawing 10 feet of water terminates at the junction of the Perene and Ene. From thence to Fort San Ramon, a distance of sixty miles, canoes could navigate, but with some difficulty, owing to the swiftness of the current, which at San Ramon runs at the rate of 6 miles per hour. Small stern-wheel, flat-bottomed steamers, such as are in use on the swift, narrow and shallow rivers west of the Mississippi, could probably be employed with success in establishing communication between Fort San Ramon and the Ucayali.

LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE UCAYALI RIVER.

Ucayali River. Miles. Atlantic ocean to mouth of the Ucayali 2189 (Amazon River.) Mouth of the Ucayali to Pucacura 293 Pucacura to Sarayacu 96 Sarayacu to Pacamashi 155 Pacamashi to Yarinacocha 67 Yarinacocha to mouth of the Pachitea river 91 Mouth of the Pachitea to Vuelta del Diablo 200 Vuelta del Diablo to confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba 51 Confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba to the Ucayali, source of the Urubamba river, a continuation of the Ucayali 375 Ucayali river, from its source to the Atlantic 3517 Distance from the Atlantic to the head of steamer navigation on the Ucayali 3142

PACHITEA RIVER.

The banks of the Ucayali and Pachitea, at their confluence, are low, subject to overflow and unsuitable for settlement. About nine miles above its mouth we come to the first Indian village on the Pachitea, a male Conebo hamlet, with nothing to recommend it except that it is situated on ground a little higher than the flats which surround it. On the left bank of the Ucayali a few miles below the mouth of the Pachitea, there is a place called Hoje, which is not subject to overflow at high water, but in other respects it is not an eligible position for a town or post. The Pachitea is navigable at low water for steamers drawing nine feet of water to the confluence of the Palcazu and Pichis rivers.

MOUTH OF THE PACHITEA.

Latitude, 8 deg. 43' 30" south; longitude, 74 deg. 32' 30" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 45' 40" east; thermometer, 75 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 508 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2891 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of the Pachitea at its mouth, 400 yards.

CUNUYACU.

Latitude, 9 deg. 5' 52" south; longitude, 74 deg. 48' 15" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 59' 26" east; elevation above sea-level, 557 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2951 miles; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour; width of the river, 400 yards.

Cunuyacu means hot water, and is descriptive of the place, for there are here several thermal springs welling up from the sand beach. At Chunta Isla, between the mouth of the Pachitea and Cunuyacu, the Cashibo Indians frequently attack from ambush strangers who are ascending the river.

INCA ROCA.

Latitude, 9 deg. 9' 4" south; longitude, 74 deg. 55' 45" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 6' 26" east; distance from the Atlantic, 2963 miles; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour.

Inca Roca is a rocky beach overhung by sandstone cliffs sixty-five feet high; on the face of the cliffs are carved numerous figures, amongst them the figure of the sun and of the Llama are conspicuous, hence the place was named Inca Roca.

CONFLUENCE OF THE PALCAZU AND PICHIS RIVERS.

Latitude, 9 deg. 54' 9" south; longitude, 74 deg. 58' 45" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 34' 4" east; elevation above sea-level, 518 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3082 miles; current, 2-3/4 miles per hour.

At the junction of the Palcazu and Pichis, the two rivers forming the Pachitea, there is high land suitable for a town or post.

LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE PACHITEA RIVER.

Miles. Mouth of the Pachitea to Cunuyacu 60 Cunuyacu to Inca Roca 12 Inca Roca to confluence of the Pichis and Palacazu 119 From the confluence of the Pichis and Palacazu, forming the Pachitea river, to the Atlantic 3082

PALACAZU RIVER.

The Palacazu is a somewhat narrow stream, with a current of 3-1/4 miles per hour and a depth which at low water will permit a steamer drawing seven feet of water to ascend to Puerto del Mairo.

PUERTO DEL MAIRO.

Latitude, 9 deg. 55' 22" south; longitude, 75 deg. 17' 45" west of Greenwich; thermometer, 75 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 795 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3119 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour.

Puerto del Mairo is 45 miles distant from the large city of Huanaco, which has constant communication and trade with Lima. At present the route between Huanaco and Puerto del Mairo is only a footpath through the forest, but it is probable that a good road for pack-mules could be constructed at little expense, and that a railway is not impracticable.

PICHIS RIVER.

The Pichis is a branch of the Pachitea river. The Cashibos and Campas Indians inhabiting its banks are warlike tribes and fiercely oppose all attempts to examine their country. Nothing was known of the river, above its mouth, until it was explored and surveyed, in 1873, by the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon, accompanied by a military escort. It was necessary for the Commission to bestow names on notable places as they proceeded to discover them, and these names were afterwards used in making the chart of the river.

MOUTH OF THE PICHIS.

Latitude, 9 deg. 54' 9" south; longitude, 74 deg. 58' 45" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 34' 4" east; elevation above sea-level, 618 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3082 miles; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour.

ROCHELLE ISLA.

Latitude, 9 deg. 57' 11" south; longitude, 75 deg. 2' west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 35' 36" east; elevation above the sea-level, 630 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3100 miles; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour.

Up to Rochelle Isla, named after the senior member of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission, navigation is clear and unobstructed for any steamer that can ascend the Pachitea; that is, for any steamer not drawing more than nine feet of water. Beyond this island the navigation of the river becomes much more difficult, though not altogether impracticable. The River Trinidad, so named on account of its having been discovered on Trinity Sunday, empties itself into the Pichis ten miles above Rochelle Isla; it is a fine, large river, flowing from the eastward, with deep water and a current of 3 miles per hour at its mouth.

TEMPESTAD PLAYA.

Latitude, 10 deg. 5' 6" south; longitude, 74 deg. 55' 45" west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 46' east; distance from the Atlantic, 3123 miles. Tempestad Playa received its name in consequence of a violent tempest which was there encountered by the namers.

MOUTH OF THE HERRERAYACU RIVER.

Latitude, 10 deg. 20' 3" south; longitude, 74 deg. 54' west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 59' 26" east; distance from the Atlantic, 3156 miles.

The Herrerayacu river was named after the major who commanded the escort of soldiers accompanying the Hydrographical Commission; it has a current of 3-1/2 miles per hour, and is navigable for canoes a distance of four or five miles, up to Terminacion Playa in latitude 10 deg. 22' 33" south; longitude, 74 deg. 54' west of Greenwich. Mountain ranges are plainly in sight from Terminacion Playa, which is 3160 miles distant from the Atlantic.

PUERTO TUCKER.

Latitude, 10 deg. 22' 55" south; longitude, 74 deg. 49' west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 9 deg. 7' 30" east; elevation above sea-level, 700 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3167 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour.

Puerto Tucker was named after the President of the Hydrographical Commission. It is at the head of canoe navigation, not far from the source, of the Pichis river; from it a range of lofty mountains, distant some twenty or thirty miles, bears from S. to S.W. This range must be the eastern Cordillera of Peru.

LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE PICHIS RIVER.

Miles. Mouth of the Pichis to the Atlantic ocean 3082 Mouth of the Pichis to Rochelle Isla 18 Rochelle Isla to mouth of Trinidad river 10 Mouth of Trinidad river to Tempestad Playa 13 Tempestad Playa to mouth of the Herrerayacu 33 Mouth of the Herrerayacu to Puerto Tucker 11 Puerto Tucker to Atlantic ocean 3167

[Footnote 2: The latitudes, longitudes and other data given in these notes are taken from the journal of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Some of them have been published, by permission, in the third edition of Professor Orton's "Andes and the Amazon."]



CONCLUSION.

The Upper Amazon river is destined to become much better known than it is at present; it cannot be long before commerce takes possession of such an inviting field. Ocean steamers run regularly to Manaos, a thousand miles from the mouth of the river, and they might extend their voyage, certainly during nine months in the year, to Nauta at the mouth of the Ucayali; from Nauta smaller steamers could ascend the Amazon to Borja, the Huallaga to Yurimaguas, and the Ucayali to the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba. A road is projected from Limon, near Borja, to Chachapoyas, where it would connect with the route to Lima. From Yurimaguas to Mayubamba, and thence on to Lima, there is already established a much traveled route. From Esperanza, near the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba; it is probable that flat-bottomed, stern-wheel steamers, such as are used on the Nicaragua route across Central America, could ascend the Tambo to Fort San Ramon, a place which it is to be hoped will be connected by railway with Tarma and Lima. When this latter route is opened, as it is destined to be sooner or later, it will become the great artery of communication between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of South America.



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- Typographical errors corrected in text: Page 8: Explorarion replaced with Exploration Page 26: V-shapped replaced with V-shaped Page 59: 'the Government should thing it necessary' replaced with 'the Government should think it necessary' Page 97: 'Brainha to Monte Alegre' replaced with 'Prainha to Monte Alegre' Page 98: Parinasi replaced with Parinari Page 98: Hullaga replaced with Huallaga Page 101: Huallagu replaced with Huallaga Page 108: Inco Roca replaced with Inca Roca -

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