On Monday Rogers dined at Smith's house to meet Henry Mackenzie, as had been arranged, and the other guests seem to have been the Mr. Muir of the evening before and Mr. M'Gowan—John M'Gowan, Clerk of the Signet, already referred to. Dr. Hutton came in afterwards and joined them at tea. The chief share in the conversation seems to have been taken by Mackenzie, who, as we know from Scott, was always "the life of company with anecdotes and fun," and related on this occasion many stories of second sight in the Highlands, and especially of the eccentric Caithness laird, who used the pretension as a very effectual instrument for maintaining authority and discipline among his tenantry. They spoke much too about the poetesses,—Hannah More, and Mrs. Charlotte Smith, and Mrs. John Hunter, the great surgeon's wife; but it appears to have still been Mackenzie who bore the burden of the talk. The only thing Rogers reports Smith as saying is a very ordinary remark about Dr. Blair. They had been speaking, as was natural, about the sermon which Rogers—and Mackenzie also—had heard the previous afternoon on "Curiosity concerning the Affairs of Others," and one passage in which, though it reads now commonplace enough in the printed page, Rogers seems to have admired greatly. Smith observed that Blair was too puffed up, and the worthy divine would have been more or less than human if he had escaped the necessary effects of the excessive popularity he so long enjoyed at once as a preacher and as a critic. It will be remembered how Burns detested Blair's absurd condescension and pomposity.

From Smith's the company seems to have proceeded in a body to a meeting of the Royal Society, of which all were members except Muir and Rogers himself. Before going Mackenzie repeated an epigram which had been written on Smith sleeping at the meetings of this society, but the epigram has not been preserved. Only seven persons were present—Smith and his guests and the reader of the paper for the day, who happened to be the economist, Dr. James Anderson, already mentioned repeatedly in this book as the original propounder of Ricardo's theory of rent. His paper was on "Debtors and the Revision of the Laws that respect them," and Rogers says it was "very long and dull," and, as a natural consequence, "Mr. Commissioner Smith fell asleep, and Mackenzie touched my elbow and smiled,"[353]—a curious tableau. When the meeting was over Rogers took leave of his host, went to the play with Mrs. Piozzi, and, though he no doubt saw Smith again before finally quitting Edinburgh, mentions him no more.

Having been so much with Smith during those few days, Rogers's impressions are in some respects of considerable value. He was deeply impressed with the warmth of Smith's kindness. "He is a very friendly, agreeable man, and I should have dined and supped with him every day, if I had accepted all his invitations."[354] He was very communicative,[355] and to Rogers's surprise, considering the disparity of their years and the greatness of his reputation, Smith was "quite familiar." "Who shall we have to dinner?" he would ask. Rogers observed in him no sign of absence of mind,[356] and felt that as compared with Robertson, Smith was far more of a man who had seen much of the world. His communicativeness impressed itself also upon other casual visitors, because his first appearance sometimes gave them the opposite suggestion of reserve. "He was extremely communicative," says the anonymous writer who sent the first letter of reminiscences to the editor of the Bee, "and delivered himself on every subject with a freedom and boldness quite opposite to the apparent reserve of his appearance."

Another visitor to Scotland that year who enjoyed a talk with Smith, and has something interesting to communicate about the conversation, is William Adam, barrister and M.P., afterwards Chief Commissioner of the Jury Court in Scotland, who was a nephew of Smith's schoolfellow and lifelong friend, Robert Adam, the architect. William Adam was an intimate personal friend of Bentham since the days when they ate their way to the bar together and spent their nights in endless discussions about Hume's philosophy and other thorny subjects, and when in Scotland in the summer of 1789 he met Smith, and drew the conversation to his friend Bentham's recently published Defence of Usury. This book, it will be remembered, was written expressly to controvert Smith's recommendation of a legal limitation of the rate of interest, and from this conversation with Adam there seems to be some ground for thinking that the book had the very unusual controversial effect of converting the antagonist against whom it was written. Smith's reason for wanting to fix the legal rate of interest at a maximum just a little above the ordinary market rate was to prevent undue facilities being given to prodigals and projectors; but Bentham replied very justly that, whatever might be said of prodigals, projectors at any rate were one of the most useful classes a community could possess, that a wise government ought to do all it could to encourage their enterprise instead of thwarting it, and that the best policy therefore was to leave the rate of interest alone. In conducting his polemic Bentham wrote as an admiring pupil towards a venerated master, to whom he said he owed everything, and over whom he could gain no advantage except, to use his own words, "with weapons which you have taught me to wield and with which you have furnished me; for as all the great standards of truth which can be appealed to in this line owe, as far as I can understand, their establishment to you, I can see scarce any other way of convicting you of an error or oversight than by judging you out of your own mouth."[357]

Smith was touched with the handsome spirit in which his adversary wrote, and candidly admitted to Adam the force of his assaults. The conversation is preserved in a letter written to Bentham on the 4th December 1789 by another friend and fellow-barrister, George Wilson, as he apparently had the story from Adam's own lips.

"Did we ever tell you," writes Wilson, "what Dr. Adam Smith said to Mr. William Adam, the Council M.P., last summer in Scotland? The Doctor's expressions were that 'the Defence of Usury was the work of a very superior man, and that tho' he had given him some hard knocks, it was done in so handsome a way that he could not complain,' and seemed to admit that you were right."[358] This admission, though apparently not made in so many words by Smith, but rather inferred by Adam from the general purport of the conversation, is still not far removed from the confession so definitely reported that his position suffered some hard knocks from the assaults of Bentham. After that confession it is reasonable to think that if Smith had lived to publish another edition of his work, he would have modified his position on the rate of interest.

FOOTNOTES:

[350] Morehead's Life of the Rev. R. Morehead, p. 43.

[351] Add. MSS., 32, 566.

[352] See above, pp. 189, 190, 205.

[353] Clayden's Early Life of Samuel Rogers, p. 96.

[354] Clayden's Early Life of Samuel Rogers, p. 90.

[355] Dyce's Recollections of the Table-talk of Samuel Rogers, p. 45.

[356] Add. MSS., 32, 566.

[357] Bentham's Works, iii. 21.

[358] Bentham MSS., British Museum.



CHAPTER XXXI

REVISION OF THE "THEORY"

A revision of the Theory of Moral Sentiments was a task Smith had long had in contemplation. The book had been thirty years before the world and had passed through five editions, but it had never undergone any revision or alteration whatever. This was the task of the last year of the author's life. He made considerable changes, especially by way of addition, and though he wrote the additions, as Stewart informs us, while he was suffering under severe illness, he has never written anything better in point of literary style. Before the new edition appeared there was a preliminary difference between author and publisher regarding the propriety of issuing the additions as the additions to the Wealth of Nations had been issued, in a separate form, for the use of those who already possessed copies of the previous editions of the book. Cadell favoured that course, notwithstanding that it would obviously interfere with the sale of the new book, because he was unwilling to incur the charge of being illiberal in his dealings with the public. But Smith refused to assent to it, for reasons quite apart from the sale, but connected, whatever they were, with "the nature of the work." He communicated his decision through Dugald Stewart, who was in London in May 1789 on his way to Paris, and Stewart reports the result of his interview with Cadell in the following letter, bearing the post stamp of 6th May 1789:—

DEAR SIR—I was so extremely hurried during the very short stay I made in London that I had not a moment's time to write you till now. The day after my arrival I called on Cadell, and luckily found Strachan (sic) with him. They both assured me in the most positive terms that they had published no Edition of the Theory since the Fifth, which was printed in 1781, and that if a 6th has been mentioned in any of the newspapers, it must have been owing to a typographical mistake. For your farther satisfaction Cadell stated the fact in his own handwriting on a little bit of paper which I send you enclosed.

I mentioned also to Cadell the resolution you had formed not to allow the Additions to the Theory to be printed separately, which he said embarrassed him much, as he had already in similar circumstances more than once incurred the charge of illiberality with the public. On my telling him, however, that you had made up your mind on the subject, and that it was perfectly unnecessary to write to you, as the nature of the work made it impossible for you to comply with his proposal, he requested of me to submit to your consideration whether it might not (be) proper for you to mention this circumstance, for his justification, in an advertisement prefixed to the Book. This was all, I think, that passed in the course of our conversation. I write this from Dover, which I am just leaving with a fair wind, so that I hope to be in Paris on Thursday. It will give me great-pleasure to receive your commands, if I can be of any use to you in executing any of your commissions.—I ever am, dear sir, your much obliged and most obedient servant,

DUGALD STEWART.[359]

In the preface to the 1790 edition the author refers to the promise he had made in that of 1759 of treating in a future work of the general principles of law and government, and of the different revolutions they had undergone in the different ages and periods of society, not only in what concerns justice, but in what concerns policy, revenue, and arms, and whatever else is the object of law; and he says that in the Wealth of Nations he had executed this promise so far as policy, revenue, and arms were concerned, but that the remaining part of the task, the theory of jurisprudence, he had been prevented from executing by the same occupations which had till then prevented him from revising the Theory. He adds: "Though my very advanced age leaves me, I acknowledge, very little expectation of ever being able to execute this great work to my own satisfaction, yet, as I have not altogether abandoned the design, and as I wish still to continue under the obligation of doing what I can, I have allowed the paragraph to remain as it was published more than thirty years ago, when I entertained no doubt of being able to execute everything which it announced."

The most important of the new contributions to this last edition of the Theory is the chapter "on the corruption of our moral sentiments, which is occasioned by our disposition to admire the rich and the great, and to despise or neglect persons of poor and mean condition." In spite of his alleged republicanism he was still a sort of believer in the principle of birth. It was not, in his view, a rational principle, but it was a natural and beneficial delusion. In the light of reason the vulgar esteem for rank and fortune above wisdom and virtue was utterly indefensible, but it had a certain advantage as a practical aid to good government. The maintenance of social order required the establishment of popular deference to some species of superiority, and the superiorities of birth and fortune were at least plain and palpable to the mob of mankind who have to be governed, whereas the superiorities of wisdom and virtue were often invisible and uncertain, even to the discerning. But however useful this admiration for the wrong things might be for the establishment of settled authority, he held it to be "at the same time the great and most universal cause of the corruption of our moral sentiments."[360]

But the additions attracted little notice compared with the deletions—the deletion of the allusion to Rochefoucauld associating that writer in the same condemnation with Mandeville, and the deletion of the passage in which the revealed doctrine of the atonement was stated to coincide with the repentant sinner's natural feeling of the necessity of some other intercession and sacrifice than his own. The omission of the reference to Rochefoucauld has been blamed as a concession to feelings of private friendship in the teeth of the claims of truth; but Stewart, who knew the whole circumstances, says that Smith came to believe that truth as well as friendship required the emendation, and there is certainly difference enough between Rochefoucauld and Mandeville to support such a view.

The suppression of the passage about the atonement escaped notice for twenty years, till a notable divine, Archbishop Magee, in entire ignorance of the suppression, quoted the passage from one of the earlier editions as a strong testimony to the reasonableness of the Scriptural doctrine of the atonement from a man whose intellectual capacity and independence were above all dispute. "Such," he says, "are the reflections of a man whose powers of thinking and reasoning will surely not be pronounced inferior to those of any, even of the most distinguished champions of the Unitarian school, and whose theological opinions cannot be charged with any supposed taint from professional habits or interests. A layman (and he too a familiar friend of David Hume), whose life was employed in scientific, political, and philosophical researches, has given to the world those sentiments as the natural suggestions of reason. Yet these are the sentiments which are the scoff of sciolists and witlings."[361]

The sciolists and witlings were not slow in returning the scoff, and pointing out that while Smith was, no doubt, as an intellectual authority all that the Archbishop claimed for him, his authority really ran against the Archbishop's view and not in favour of it, inasmuch as he had withdrawn the passage relied on from the last edition of his work. Dr. Magee instantly changed his tune, and without thinking whether he had any ground for the statement, attributed the omission to the unhappy influence over Smith's mind of the aggressive infidelity of Hume. "It adds one proof more," says his Grace, who, having failed to make Smith an evidence for Christianity, will now have him turned into a warning against unbelief,—"it adds one proof more to the many that already existed of the danger, even to the most enlightened, from a familiar contact with infidelity." His intercourse with Hume was at its closest when he first published the passage in 1759, whereas Hume was fourteen years in his grave when the passage was omitted; besides there is probably as much left in the context which Hume would object to as is deleted, and in any case, there is no reason to believe that Smith's opinion about the atonement was anywise different in 1790 from what it was in 1759, or for doubting his own explanation of the omission, which he is said to have given to certain Edinburgh friends, that he thought the passage unnecessary and misplaced.[362] As if taking an odd revenge for its suppression, the original manuscript of this particular passage seems to have reappeared from between the leaves of a volume of Aristotle in the year 1831, when all the rest of the MS. of the book and of Smith's other works had long gone to destruction.[363] It may be added, as so much attention has been paid to Smith's religious opinions, that he gives a fresh expression to his belief in a future state and an all-seeing Judge in one of the new passages he wrote for this same edition of his Theory. It is in connection with his remarks on the Calas case. He says that to persons in the circumstances of Calas, condemned to an unjust death, "Religion can alone afford them every effectual comfort. She also can tell them that it is of little importance what men may think of their conduct while the all-seeing Judge of the world approves of it. She alone can present to them a view of another world,—a world of more candour, humanity, and justice than the present, where their innocence is in due time to be declared and their virtue to be finally rewarded, and the same great principle which can alone strike terror into triumphant vice affords the only effectual consolation of disgraced and insulted innocence."[364] Whatever may have been his attitude towards historical Christianity, these words, written on the eve of his own death, show that he died as he lived, in the full faith of those doctrines of natural religion which he had publicly taught.

FOOTNOTES:

[359] Original in possession of Professor Cunningham, Belfast.

[360] Theory, ed. 1790, i. 146.

[361] Magee's Works, p. 138.

[362] Sinclair's Life of Sir John Sinclair, i. 40.

[363] Add. MSS., 32, 574.

[364] Theory, ed. 1790, i. 303, 304.



CHAPTER XXXII

LAST DAYS

The new edition of the Theory was the last work Smith published. A French newspaper, the Moniteur Universelle of Paris, announced on 11th March 1790 that a critical examination of Montesquieu's Esprit des Lois was about to appear from the pen of the celebrated author of the Wealth of Nations, and ventured to predict that the work would make an epoch in the history of politics and of philosophy. That at least, it added, is the judgment of well-informed people who have seen parts of it, of which they speak with an enthusiasm of the happiest augury. But notwithstanding this last statement the announcement was not made on any good authority. Smith may probably enough have dealt with Montesquieu as he dealt with many other topics in the papers he had prepared towards his projected work on government, but there is no evidence that he ever intended to publish a separate work on that remarkable writer, and before March 1790 his strength seems to have been much wasted. The Earl of Buchan, who had some time before gone to live in the country, was in town in February, and paid a visit to his old professor and friend. On taking leave of him the Earl said, "My dear Doctor, I hope to see you oftener when I come to town next February," but Smith squeezed his lordship's hand and replied, "My dear Lord Buchan,[365] I may be alive then and perhaps half a dozen Februaries, but you never will see your old friend any more. I find that the machine is breaking down, so that I shall be little better than a mummy"—with a by-thought possibly to the mummies of Toulouse. "I found a great inclination," adds the Earl, "to visit the Doctor in his last illness, but the mummy stared me in the face and I was intimidated."[366]

During the spring months Smith got worse and weaker, and though he seemed to rally somewhat at the first approach of the warm weather, he at length sank again in June, and his condition seemed to his friends to be already hopeless. Long and painful as his illness was, he bore it throughout not with patience merely but with a serene and even cheerful resignation. On the 21st of June Henry Mackenzie wrote his brother-in-law, Sir J. Grant, that Edinburgh had just lost its finest woman, and in a few weeks it would in all probability lose its greatest man. The finest woman was the beautiful Miss Burnet of Monboddo, whom Burns called "the most heavenly of all God's works," and the greatest man was Adam Smith. "He is now," says Mackenzie, "past all hopes of recovery, with which about three weeks ago we had flattered ourselves."

A week later Smellie, the printer, wrote Smith's young friend, Patrick Clason, in London: "Poor Smith! we must soon lose him, and the moment in which he departs will give a heart-pang to thousands. Mr. Smith's spirits are flat, and I am afraid the exertions he sometimes makes to please his friends do him no good. His intellect as well as his senses are clear and distinct. He wishes to be cheerful, but nature is omnipotent. His body is extremely emaciated, and his stomach cannot admit of sufficient nourishment; but, like a man, he is perfectly patient and resigned."[367]

In all his own weakness he was still thoughtful of the care of his friends, and one of his last acts was to commend to the good offices of the Duke of Buccleugh the children of his old friend and physician, Cullen, who died only a few months before himself. "In many respects," says Lord Buchan, "Adam Smith was a chaste disciple of Epicurus as that philosopher is properly understood, and Smith's last act resembled that of Epicurus leaving as a legacy to his friend and patron the children of his Metrodorus, the excellent Cullen."[368]

When it became evident that the sickness was to prove mortal, Smith's old friend Adam Ferguson, who had been apparently estranged from him for some time, immediately forgot their coolness, whatever it was about, and came and waited on him with the old affection. "Your friend Smith," writes Ferguson on 31st July 1790, announcing the death to Sir John Macpherson, Warren Hastings' successor as Governor-General of India—"your old friend Smith is no more. We knew he was dying for some months, and though matters, as you know, were a little awkward when he was in health, upon that appearance I turned my face that way and went to him without further consideration, and continued my attentions to the last."[369]

Dr. Carlyle mentions that the harmony of the famous Edinburgh literary circle of last century was often ruffled by little tifts, which he and John Home were generally called in to compose, and that the usual source of the trouble was Ferguson's "great jealousy of rivals," and especially of his three more distinguished friends, Hume, Smith, and Robertson. But it would not be right to ascribe the fault to Ferguson merely on that account, for Carlyle hints that Smith too had "a little jealousy in his nature," although he admits him to have been a man of "unbounded benevolence." But whatever it was that had come between them, it is pleasant to find Ferguson dismissing it so unreservedly, and forgetting his own infirmities too—for he had been long since hopelessly paralysed, and went about, Cockburn tells us, buried in furs "like a philosopher from Lapland"—in order to cheer the last days of the friend of his youth.

When Smith felt his end to be approaching he evinced great anxiety to have all his papers destroyed except the few which he judged to be in a sufficiently finished state to deserve publication, and being apparently too feeble to undertake the task himself, he repeatedly begged his friends Black and Hutton to destroy them for him. A third friend, Mr. Riddell, was present on one of the occasions when this request was made, and mentions that Smith expressed regret that "he had done so little." "But I meant," he said, "to have done more, and there are materials in my papers of which I could have made a great deal, but that is now out of the question."[370] Black and Hutton always put off complying with Smith's entreaties in the hope of his recovering his health or perhaps changing his mind; but at length, a week before his death, he expressly sent for them, and asked them then and there to burn sixteen volumes of manuscript to which he directed them. This they did without knowing or asking what they contained. It will be remembered that seventeen years before, when he went up to London with the manuscript of the Wealth of Nations, he made Hume his literary executor, and left instructions with him to destroy all his loose papers and eighteen thin paper folio books "without any examination," and to spare nothing but his fragment on the history of astronomy. When the sixteen volumes of manuscript were burnt Smith's mind seemed to be greatly relieved. It appears to have been on a Sunday, and when his friends came, as they were accustomed to do, on the Sunday evening to supper—and they seem to have mustered strongly on this particular evening—he was able to receive them with something of his usual cheerfulness. He would even have stayed up and sat with them had they allowed him, but they pressed him not to do so, and he retired to bed about half-past nine. As he left the room he turned and said, "I love your company, gentlemen, but I believe I must leave you to go to another world." These are the words as reported by Henry Mackenzie, who was present, in giving Samuel Rogers an account of Smith's death during a visit he paid to London in the course of the following year.[371] But Hutton, in the account he gave Stewart of the incident, employs the slightly different form of expression, "I believe we must adjourn this meeting to some other place." Possibly both sentences were used by Smith, for both are needed for the complete expression of the parting consolation he obviously meant to convey—that death is not a final separation, but only an adjournment of the meeting.

That was his last meeting with them in the earthly meeting-place. He had gone to the other world before the next Sunday came round, having died on Saturday the 17th of July 1790. He was buried in the Canongate churchyard, near by the simple stone which Burns placed on the grave of Fergusson, and not far from the statelier tomb which later on received the remains of his friend Dugald Stewart. The grave is marked by an unpretending monument, stating that Adam Smith, the author of the Wealth of Nations, lies buried there.

His death made less stir or rumour in the world than many of his admirers expected. Sir Samuel Romilly, for example, writing on the 20th of August to a French lady who had wanted a copy of the new edition of the Theory of Moral Sentiments, says: "I have been surprised and, I own, a little indignant to observe how little impression his death has made here. Scarce any notice has been taken of it, while for above a year together after the death of Dr. Johnson nothing was to be heard of but panegyrics of him,—lives, letters, and anecdotes,—and even at this moment there are two more lives of him to start into existence. Indeed, one ought not perhaps to be very much surprised that the public does not do justice to the works of A. Smith since he did not do justice to them himself, but always considered his Theory of Moral Sentiments a much superior work to his Wealth of Nations."[372] Even in Edinburgh it seemed to make less impression than the death of a bustling divine would have made—certainly considerably less than the death of the excellent but far less illustrious Dugald Stewart a generation later. The newspapers had an obituary notice of two small paragraphs, and the only facts in his life the writers appear to have been able to find were his early abduction by the gipsies, of which both the Mercury and the Advertiser give a circumstantial account, and the characteristics which the Advertiser mentions, that "in private life Dr. Smith was distinguished for philanthropy, benevolence, humanity, and charity." Lord Cockburn, who was then beginning to read and think, was struck with the general ignorance of Smith's merits which his fellow-citizens exhibited shortly after his death. "The middle-aged seemed to me to know little about the founder of the science (political economy) except that he had recently been a Commissioner of Customs and had written a sensible book. The young—by which I mean the Liberal young of Edinburgh—lived upon him."[373] Stewart was no sooner dead than a monument was raised to him on one of the best sites in the city. The greater name of Smith has to this day no public monument in the city he so long adorned.

Black and Hutton were his literary executors, and published in 1795 the literary fragments which had been spared from the flames. By his will, dated 6th February 1790, he left his whole property to his cousin, David Douglas, afterwards Lord Reston, subject to the condition that the legatee should follow the instructions of Black and Hutton in disposing of the MSS. and writings, and pay an annuity of L20 a year to Mrs. Janet Douglas, and after her death, a sum of L400 to Professor Hugh Cleghorn of St. Andrews and his wife.[374] The property Smith left, however, was very moderate, and his friends could not at first help expressing some surprise that it should have been so little, because, though known to be very hospitable, he had never maintained anything more than a moderate establishment. But they had not then known, though many of them had long suspected, that he gave away large sums in secret charity. William Playfair mentions that Smith's friends, suspecting him of doing this, had sometimes in his lifetime formed special juries for the purpose of discovering evidences of it, but that the economist was "so ingenious in concealing his charity" that they never could discover it from witnesses, though they often found the strongest circumstantial evidence of it.[375] Dugald Stewart was more fortunate. He says: "Some very affecting instances of Mr. Smith's beneficence in cases where he found it impossible to conceal entirely his good offices have been mentioned to me by a near relation of his and one of his most confidential friends, Miss Ross, daughter of the late Patrick Ross, Esq., of Innernethy. They were all on a scale much beyond what would have been expected from his fortune, and were combined with circumstances equally honourable to the delicacy of his feelings and the liberality of his heart." One recalls the saying of Sir James Mackintosh, who was a student of Cullen and Black's in Smith's closing years, and used occasionally to meet the economist in private society. "I have known," said Mackintosh to Empson many years after this—"I have known Adam Smith slightly, Ricardo well, and Malthus intimately. Is it not something to say for a science that its three greatest masters were about the three best men I ever knew?"[376]

Smith never sat for his picture, but nevertheless we possess excellent portraits of him by two very talented artists who had many opportunities of seeing and sketching him. Tassie was a student at Foulis's Academy of Design in Glasgow College when Smith was there, and he may possibly even then have occasionally modelled the distinguished Professor, for we hear of models of Smith being in all the booksellers' windows in Glasgow at that time, and these models would, for a certainty, have been made in the Academy of Design. However that may be, Tassie executed in later days two different medallions of Smith. Raspe, in his catalogue of Tassie's enamels, describes one of these in a list of portraits of the largest size that that kind of work admitted of, as being modelled and cast by Tassie in his hard white enamel paste so as to resemble a cameo. From this model J. Jackson, R.A., made a drawing, which was engraved in stipple by C. Picart, and published in 1811 by Cadell and Davies. Line engravings of the same model were subsequently made by John Horsburgh and R.C. Bell for successive editions of the Wealth of Nations, and it is accordingly the best known, as well as probably the best, portrait of the author of that work. It is a profile bust showing rather handsome features, full forehead, prominent eyeballs, well curved eyebrows, slightly aquiline nose, and firm mouth and chin, and it is inscribed, "Adam Smith in his 64th year, 1787. Tassie F." In this medallion Smith wears a wig, but Tassie executed another, Mr. J.M. Gray tells us, in what he called "the antique manner," without the wig, and with neck and breast bare. "This work," says Mr. Gray, "has the advantage of showing the rounded form of the head, covered with rather curling hair and curving upwards from the brow to a point above the large ear, which is hidden in the other version."[377] It bears the same date as the former, and it appears never to have been engraved. Raspe mentions a third medallion of Smith in his catalogue of Tassie's enamels—"a bust in enamel, being in colour an imitation of chalcedony, engraved by F. Warner, after a model by J. Tassie,"—but this appears from Mr. Gray's account to be a reduced version of the first of the two just mentioned. Kay made two portraits of Smith: the first, done in 1787, representing him as he walked in the street, and the second, issued in 1790, and occasioned, no doubt, by his death, representing him as he has entered an office, probably the Custom House. There is a painting by T. Collopy in the National Museum of Antiquities at Edinburgh, which is thought to be a portrait of Adam Smith from the circumstance that the title Wealth of Nations appears on the back of a book on the table in the picture; but in the teeth of Stewart's very explicit statement that Smith never sat for his portrait, the inference drawn from that circumstance cannot but remain very doubtful. All other likenesses of Smith are founded on those of Tassie and Kay. Smith was of middle height, full but not corpulent, with erect figure, well-set head, and large gray or light blue eyes, which are said to have beamed with "inexpressible benignity." He dressed well—so well that nobody seems to have remarked it; for while we hear, on the one hand, of Hume's black-spotted yellow coat and Gibbon's flowered velvet, and on the other, of Hutton's battered attire and Henry Erskine's gray hat with the torn rim, we meet with no allusion to Smith's dress either for fault or merit.

Smith's books, which went on his death to his heir, Lord Reston, were divided, on the death of the latter, between his two daughters; the economic books going to Mrs. Bannerman, the wife of the late Professor Bannerman of Edinburgh, and the works on other subjects to Mrs. Cunningham, wife of the Rev. Mr. Cunningham of Prestonpans. Both portions still exist, the former in the Library of the New College, Edinburgh, to which they have been presented by Dr. D. Douglas Bannerman of Perth; and the latter in the possession of Professor Cunningham of Queen's College, Belfast, except a small number which were sold in Edinburgh in 1878, and a section, consisting almost exclusively of Greek and Latin classics, which Professor Cunningham has presented to the library of the college of which he is a member. Among other relics of Smith that are still extant are four medallions by Tassie, which very probably hung in his library. They are medallions of his personal friends: Black, the chemist; Hutton, the geologist; Dr. Thomas Reid, the metaphysician; and Andrew Lumisden, the Pretender's old secretary, and author of the work on the antiquities of Rome.

FOOTNOTES:

[365] "My dear Ascanius" are the words of the text, because Ascanius was the pseudonym under which the Earl happened to be writing.

[366] The Bee, 1791, iii. 166.

[367] Kerr's Memoirs of W. Smellie, i. 295.

[368] The Bee, 1791, iii. 167.

[369] Original letter in Edinburgh University Library.

[370] Stewart's Works, x. 74.

[371] Clayden's Early Life of Samuel Rogers, p. 168.

[372] Memoirs of Sir Samuel Romilly, i. 403.

[373] Cockburn's Memorials of My Own Time, p. 45.

[374] Bonar's Library of Adam Smith, p. xiv.

[375] Playfair's edition of Wealth of Nations, p. xxxiv.

[376] Edinburgh Review, January 1837, p. 473.

[377] Bonar's Library of Adam Smith, p. xxii.



INDEX

Abbeville, Smith at, 213

Abercromby, Professor, expected resignation of chair of Law of Nature, 132

Absence of mind, Smith's, in childhood, 4; at Glasgow, 60; exaggerated, 66; Glasgow anecdote of, 147; London anecdote, 237; Dalkeith anecdotes, 245; Kirkcaldy anecdote, 259; the story of "La Roche," 314; Custom House anecdotes, 330; unobserved by Samuel Rogers, 422

Academy of Dancing, Fencing, and Riding in Glasgow College, 79

Academy of Design, Glasgow, 72; Smith's interest in, 74

Adam, Robert, architect, schoolfellow of Smith, 7

Adam, William, M.P., Smith's remark on Bentham's Defence of Usury, 422

Addington, H. (Lord Sidmouth), writes an ode to Smith, 406

Alison, Rev. Archibald, effects of Smith's habit of dictating, 261

American Intercourse Bill, Smith's opinion, 385

American question, Smith's views, 281

Anderson, Dr. James, paper to R.S.E., 421

Anderson, Professor John, his classes for working men, 72; voting for his own appointment to Natural Philosophy chair, 83; tutorial engagement abroad, 85

Anderston Club, 97

Armed Neutrality, the, Smith on, 382

Astronomy, Smith's history of, 262

Auckland, Lord, see Eden, W.

Bagpipe competition, Smith at, 372; Professor Saint Pond's description of, 373

Balfour, Colonel Nesbit, 395

Balliol College, Oxford, Smith enters, 18; state of learning at, 22; Smith's reading at, 24; confiscation of Hume's Treatise, 24; treatment of Scotch students, 25; complaints of Snell exhibitioners, 26; correspondence between heads of Balliol and Glasgow Colleges, 27

Banks, Sir Joseph, Smith's letter to, 413

Barnard, Dean, verses on Smith and other members of "the club," 268

Barre, Colonel, with Smith at Bordeaux, 179

Beatson, Robert, Smith's letter introducing, 402

Beattie's Minstrel, Smith's opinion of, 368

Beauclerk, Topham, on Smith's conversation, 269

Bellamy, Mrs., invited to open Glasgow theatre, 80; on beauty of Glasgow, 88

Beneficence, Smith's, 437

Bentham, Jeremy, on state of learning at Oxford, 21; Smith on his Defence of Usury, 422

Berkeley, Mrs. Prebendary, her dinners, 97

Black, Dr. Joseph, professorial losses by light guineas, 49; Smith's opinion of, 336; Robison's account of, 336; appointed Smith's literary executor, 434

Blair, Dr. Hugh, his indebtedness to Smith's lectures on rhetoric, 32; his preaching, 420; Smith on, 421

Blank verse, Smith on, 35

Bogle, Robert, of Daldowie, 418

Bogle, Robert, of Shettleston, promoter of Glasgow theatre, 79

Bonar, James, on Smith's manifesto of 1755, 65; Smith's library, 327

Bonnet, Charles, of Geneva, friendship with Smith, 191

Bordeaux, Smith at, 179; condition of people, 180

Boswell, James, Smith's teaching on blank verse, 35; pupil of Smith, 58 Johnson's remark about Glasgow, 88; Smith's altercation with Johnson, 155; on Smith's admission to "the club," 268

Boufflers-Rouvel, Comtesse de, Smith's visits to her salon, 198; her purpose to translate his Theory, 199

Brienne, Lomenie de, Archbishop of Toulouse, 177; his refusal to give Morellet help to publish his translation of Wealth of Nations, 359

British Coffee-House, Smith's headquarters in London, 267

British Fisheries Society, Smith on, 408; his prognostication confirmed, 409

Brougham, Lord, on Dr. J. Black, 336

Buccleugh, Duke of, Smith tutor to, 165; illness at Compiegne, 222; character, 227; marriage, 238; home-coming to Dalkeith, 243; memorial on medical degrees, 272; Mickle's complaint against, 318

Buchan, Earl of, on Smith's love for his mother, 4; pupil of Smith, 51; Smith's remark about, 52; learns etching in Glasgow College, 72; on Smith's religious views, 130; on Smith's dislike of publicity, 370; Smith's declining health, 431; Smith's character, 433

Buckle, T.H., on Wealth of Nations, 288

Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, Smith's remark, 343

Burke, Edmund, reported candidature for Glasgow Logic chair, 46; his high opinion of the Theory, 144; his review of it, 145; Smith's defence of, 369; his visit to Scotland in 1784, 387; his remark on Smith, 387; Smith's remark on him, 387; in Edinburgh, 388; conversation, with Smith at Hatton, 389; rectorial installation at Glasgow, 390; Did he break down? 390; made F.R.S.E., 393; again in Edinburgh in 1785, 394; dinner at Smith's, 395; visits John Logan, the poet, 396

Burns, Robert, his letter of introduction to Smith, 402

Butler, Bishop, on state of learning at Oxford, 20

Calas case, the, 186; Smith on, 187, 429

Campbell, Dr., of the Political Survey, 366

Carlisle, Earl of, Smith's letter to, on free trade for Ireland, 350

Carlyle, Dr. A., on spirit of inquiry among Glasgow students, 9; on Earl of Buchan, 52; takes part in theatricals in Glasgow College, 79; on Smith's obligations to Provost Cochrane, 90; on the Glasgow Political Economy Club, 91; on "Mr. Robin Simson's Club," 99; on Smith's elocution, 108; on Smith's appointment as travelling tutor, 226; thought Hume a Theist, 313; on Smith's jealousy, 433

Chambers, Robert, on Smith's habits of composition, 260

Chicken-broth, 97

Club, Glasgow Political Economy, 92; Professor Robert Simson's, 96; the Literary, London, 267; Edinburgh Oyster, 334

Cochrane, Provost Andrew, Smith's obligations to, 90; Political Economy Club, 91; spirited conduct during Rebellion, 91; attempt to break his bank, 92; correspondence with Oswald on duty on iron, 93; views on bank notes, 94

Cockburn, Lord, on current belief in danger of political economy, 292; on Dr. Black, 336; on appreciation of Smith by young Edinburgh, 436

Colbert, the French minister, claim to descent from Scotch Cuthberts, 176

Colbert, Abbe (Bishop of Rodez), 175; on Smith, 176

College administrator, Smith as, 66

Colonial incorporation, Smith's views, 281

Colonies, Roman, 236; American, 381; when not valuable, in Smith's opinion, 383

Compiegne, Smith at, 222

Composition, Smith's habits of, 260

Conversation, Smith's, 268

Conyers, Lady, at Geneva, 191, 193

Cooper, Sir Grey, helps Smith to Commissionership of Customs, 320, 323

Craufurd, William, friend of Hamilton of Bangour, 40

Critic, Smith as, 34

Cullen, Professor W., letter from Smith to, 44; letter from Smith to, 45; Smith's letter to, on medical degrees, 273; Smith's interest in his family, 433

Custom dues in Glasgow meal-market on students' meal, 67

Customs, salaries of officers, 2; Smith made Commissioner, 320; his work in Custom House, 330

Daer, Lord, 334

D'Alembert, intimacy with Smith, 202

Dalrymple, Alexander, hydrographer, Smith's recommendation of, to Shelburne, 235

Dalrymple, Sir David, see Hailes

Dalrymple, Sir John, on dedication of Hamilton's poems, 40; Smith's connection with Foulis's Academy of Design, 75; fortunes of Glasgow merchants, 90

Dalzel, Professor A., on Smith's knowledge of Greek, 23; on Burke, 391; on Windham, 394

Dancing, Academy of, in Glasgow College, 79

Death of Smith, 435; Romilly on, 435

Design, Academy of, in Glasgow College, 79 Smith's interest in this academy, 74

Dictation, Smith's habit of, in composition, 260

Dillon, Cardinal, 184

Douglas, Home's tragedy, Smith's interest in, 82, 130

Douglas, Bishop, friend of Smith at Balliol, 28; his Criterion of Miracles, said to be addressed to Smith, 129; letter from Smith to, 403

Douglas cause, the, Smith on, 249, 249

Douglas, David (Lord Reston), Smith's heir, 436

Douglas Heron and Company, bankruptcy of, 254

Douglas of Strathendry, Smith's mother's family, 4

Drysdale, Dr. John, schoolfellow of Smith, 7

Dundas, Henry (Lord Melville), letter to Smith on free trade for Ireland, 352; Smith's reply, 353; dinner to Smith, 405

Dupont de Nemours, reminiscences of Smith in Paris, 215; recollection of Smith's views on taxation of the poor, 220

East India Bill, Smith on, 386

East India Company, Smith on, 242; Smith mentioned for supervisorship, 253

Economists, the French sect of, 216; their great activity in 1766, 219

Eden, William (Lord Auckland), applies for Smith's opinion on free trade for Ireland, 352; Smith's opinion of, 384; Smith's letter to, on American affairs, 385

Edinburgh, Smith's lectures in, 30; Smith made freeman of burgh, 251; Smith's permanent residence there, 325; Royal Society of, 375; Smith on, 417; New College possesses part of Smith's books, 439

Edinburgh Review, 120; Smith's review of Johnson's Dictionary, 121; his review of contemporary literature, 122; death of, 124; Hume's exclusion from, 125

Elliot, Sir Gilbert, M.P., reported candidature for chair of Moral Philosophy, 46

Enville, Duchesse d', hospitality to Smith at Geneva, 191; on Smith's French, 192

Erskine, Henry, Lord Advocate, pupil of Smith, 58

Espinasse, Mademoiselle de 1', Smith's visits to her salon, 201

Fencing, Academy of, in Glasgow College, 79

Ferguson, Dr. Adam, was he the object of Smith's 1755 manifesto? 65; on a national militia, 138; candidate for Indian supervisorship, 255; appointed tutor to Lord Chesterfield on Smith's recommendation, 258; his announcement in 1773 of the Wealth of Nations, 264; intermediary between Lord Carlisle and Smith, 350; reconciliation with Smith, 433

Fitzmaurice, Hon. T., pupil of Smith, 154

Foulis, Robert, University press, 71; Academy of Design, 72; economic publications, 76

Fox, Charles James, quotes Wealth of Nations, 289; on Smith, 289; Smith's approbation of his East India Bill, 386

France, Smith's account of condition of the people of, 229; sobriety of southern, 180

Franklin, Benjamin, makes Smith's acquaintance, 150; alleged assistance to Smith in composing Wealth of Nations, 264

Free trade, Smith's advocacy of, in 1750, 36; his conversion of the Glasgow merchants to, 60; his 1755 manifesto about, 62; alleged revolutionary character of the doctrine, 292; for Ireland, 349; Smith's opinion, 350, 353

French principles and the Wealth of Nations, 291

Funeral expenses, Smith's father's, 3

Garrick, David, letter introducing Smith to, 211; on Smith's conversation, 269

Geneva, Smith at, 188; the constitutional struggle then proceeding, 188

Gibbon, Edward, on state of learning at Oxford, 20; on Wealth of Nations, 287; obtains Smith's opinion as to continuation of his History, 371; Smith's admiration for his work, 414

Gibraltar, Smith against retaining, 382

Gipsies, Smith stolen by, 4

Glasgow in Smith's time, 87; its beauty, 88; passage between Johnson and Smith about, 88 Mrs. Montagu, Mrs. Bellamy, Dr. Johnson on, 88; its trade, 88; its industries, 89; its merchants, 90

Glasgow College, Smith a student at, 9; its professors then, 10; his companions there, 10; correspondence of Senate with Balliol College about Snell exhibitioners, 26; Smith Professor of Logic at, 42; Professor of Moral Philosophy, 43; Smith's courses at, 43; fees and classes, 49; students, 57; Rector's Court, 68; divisions in Senate, 69; peculiarities of constitution, 69; advanced educational policy, 71; Smith's resignation of chair, 172; Smith Rector, 410; his letter of acceptance, 411; installation, 412

Glassford, John, Glasgow, his wealth, 90; views on bank notes, 94

Grattan, Henry, motion on free trade for Ireland, 348

Gray's Odes, Smith on, 369

Gray, J.M., on Tassie's medallion of Smith, 438

Hailes, Lord, letters of Smith to, 247

Hamilton, Duke of, Smith and tutorship to, 258

Hamilton, William, of Bangour, poems edited by Smith, 38; dedication to second edition written by Smith, 40; Kames's friendship with, 41

Hamilton, Professor J., Dr. J. Moore's verses on, 100

Hamlet, Smith on, 368

Helvetius, his dinners, 200

Hepburn, Miss, 133

Herbert, Henry, introduced by Smith to Hume, 161

Herbert, Nicolas, his remarkable memory, 162

Highlands, depopulation of, 401

Holbach, Baron d', gets Theory of Moral Sentiments translated, 164; his dinners, 199

Home, Henry, see Kames

Home, John, poet, Smith's interest in Douglas, 82, 130; journey north with Smith, 295

Home, John, of Ninewells, correspondence with Smith about Hume's legacy, 302; and about the Dialogues, 305

Hope, Henry, banker, Amsterdam, Smith's acknowledgment to, 401

Home, Bishop, the "Letter to Adam Smith", 312

Horne Tooke, J., visits Smith at Montpellier, 183

Horsley, Bishop, disapproval of Sunday schools, 407

Hostellaries in Scotland, Smith on, 247

Hume, David, presents Smith with his Treatise, 15; candidature for Logic chair, Glasgow, 46; Essays on Commerce, subject of paper by Smith, 95; friendship with Smith, 105; descriptions of Select Society, 109; exclusion from Edinburgh Review, 125; letter to Smith on chair of Law of Mature and Nations, 132; letters on Theory of Moral Sentiments, 141; Secretary of Legation at Paris, 162; reception in Paris, 163; perplexity where to fix his abode, 195; quarrel with Rousseau, 206; Smith's letter on quarrel, 208; Smith on his idea of residing in France, 225; Smith on his continuing his History, 233; appointed by Smith his literary executor, 262; letter on Wealth of Nations, 286; correspondence with Smith about publication of Dialogues on Natural Religion, 296, 299; farewell dinner with his friends, 299; death, 302; Smith on his monument in Calton Cemetery, 302; Smith's letter to Strahan on his death, 304, 307, 311; proposal to publish selection from his letters, 309; Smith's objection to this, 310; Was Hume a Theist? 313; Smith's opinion of Hume as historian, 368

Hutcheson, Francis, influence over Smith, 11; power as lecturer, 11; author of phrase, "greatest happiness of greatest number," 12; specific influences on Smith in theology, 13; in ethics, 14; in political economy, 14; taught doctrine of industrial liberty, 15

Hutchinson, Hely, report on free trade for Ireland, 349

Hutton, Dr. James, geologist, 339; Smith's literary executor, 434

India Company, East, Smith on, 242; Smith mentioned for supervisorship, 253; Smith on Fox's Bill, 386

Indignation, Smith's dislike of the man without, 245

Ireland, free trade for, 346; discontent in, 347; Smith's letter to Lord-Lieutenant on free trade for, 350; Dundas on free trade for, 352; Smith's reply to Dundas's letter, 353

Jardine, Rev. Dr., a writer in Edinburgh Review, 125

Jeffrey, Francis (Lord), on the Johnson and Smith altercation, 156; his opposition to Smith's election as Rector, 411

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, on Smith's views of blank verse, 35; on Glasgow, 88; Dictionary, reviewed by Smith, 121; altercation with Smith, 154; on Wealth of Nations, 288; Smith's opinion of, 366

Johnstone, William, see Pulteney, Sir W.

Judge Advocate, nature of office, 1

Junius, Smith on authorship of letters by, 420

Kames, Lord, patron of Smith, 31; place in literature, 31; letter from Smith to, on sympathy, 341

Kay, John, portraits of Smith, 439

Kirkcaldy, inhabitants and industries in last century, 8; Smith's residence 1767-73, 238

Knox, John, bookseller, his plan for improving Scotch Highlands, 408

Laing, David, Smith's editing Hamilton's poems, 39

Langton, Bennet, on Smith's conversation, 268

Languedoc, the States of, 183

Lansdowne, Marquis of, see Shelburne

Lauderdale, Earl of, conversation with Fox on Smith, 289; entertains Burke and Smith at Hatton, 389; his democratic sentiments in early life, 390

Lecturer, Smith as, 56

Le Sage, Professor G.L., Geneva, friendship with Smith, 191

Leslie, Sir John, tutor to Smith's cousin and heir, 412; introduced by Smith to Sir Joseph Banks, 413

L'Espinasse, see Espinasse

Library, Smith's, 327, 439

Lindsay, Professor Hercules, takes Smith's classes, 42; gives up lecturing in Latin, 99

Literary Club, see Club

Literary Society, Glasgow, see Society

Livy, Smith's opinion of, 367

Lloyd, Captain, reminiscences of Smith in Abbeville, 212

Logan, John, poet, Burke's visit to, 396; Smith's admiration for, 396; introduced by Smith to Andrew Strahan, 396

Lomenie de Brienne, Archbishop of Toulouse, 177

London, Smith's first visit to, 152; Smith's residence there 1766-67, 252; his residence there 1773-76, 262; residence there again 1777, 314

Loudon, Earl of, 1

M'Culloch, J.R., on Smith's failure to foresee French Revolution, 229; on Smith's habit of dictating to amanuensis, 260; on Smith's books, 329

Macdonald, Sir James, in Paris, 174; his death, 225

M'Gowan, John, antiquary, 335

Mackenzie, Henry, on Smith's wealth of conversation, 33, 269; his story of "La Roche" and Hume's religious opinions, 313; account of Smith's last words to his friends, 435

Mackinnon of Mackinnon, letter from Smith to, 380

Mackintosh, Sir James, on the Edinburgh Review, 124; remark on Smith, 437

Maclaine, Dr. Archibald, college friend of Smith, 17; Smith's remark about, 17; acts in college theatricals, 79

Magee, Archbishop, on suppressed passage in Theory of Moral Sentiments about the Atonement, 428

Manifesto of doctrine, Smith's, in 1755, 62

Market women on Smith, 329

Marseilles, Smith at, 188

Medical degrees, freedom of, 271; Smith's letter to Cullen on, 273

Mickle, translator of Lusiad, takes offence at Smith, 316

Militia question in Poker Club, 135; Smith's views, 137

Millar, David, Smith's schoolmaster, 5; his play, 6

Millar, Professor John, pupil of Smith, 43, 53; Jeffrey on, 53; on Smith as lecturer, 56

Miller, Sir Thomas, Rector of Glasgow College, 68

Milton's shorter poems, Smith on, 369

Mirabeau, Marquis de, on state of France, 218

Montagu, Mrs., on beauty of Glasgow, 88; on culture of Glasgow merchants, 90

Montesquieu, Smith's reported book on, 431

Montpellier, Smith at, 181

Moor, Professor James, 99

Moral Philosophy, Smith professor of, 43; fees and classes, 49; students, 57; his parting with them, 170; his resignation, 172

Moral Sentiments, Theory of, 141; Hume on its reception, 142; translated into French, 196; author's last revision, 425; suppressed passage on Atonement, 428

Morellet, Abbe, intimacy with Smith, 200; opinion of Smith, 201; on Madame Necker's salon, 206; on the French translations of Smith's works, 759; his own translation of Wealth of Nations, 359

Mother, death of Smith's, 393

Mure, Baron, correspondence of Hume and Oswald on Balance of Trade, 38; in Glasgow Literary Society, 95; connection with Douglas cause, 258; desires Smith for tutor to Duke of Hamilton, 258

Mure, Miss, of Caldwell, on Hume's superstition, 313

Music, Smith's alleged absence of ear for, 214; his criticism of, 214

Necker, Smith's acquaintance with, 206; and opinion of, 206

Neutrality, the Armed, Smith on, 382

New College, Edinburgh, possessor of Smith's economic books, 439

Nicholson, Professor Shield, on Smith's books, 327

North, Lord, adopts suggestions for his budget from Wealth of Nations, 294, 310; rewards the author with Commissionership of Customs, 320

Opera, French, Smith on, 214

Oswald, James, Treasurer of Navy, home friend of Smith, 6; influence on Smith, 37; correspondence with Hume on Balance of Trade, 38; works for removal of duty on American iron, 93

Oxford, Smith's matriculation, 18; expenses of education there then, 19; Did Smith graduate? 20; state of learning there, 20; Smith on, 21; his friendlessness at, 27; never revisited by him, 29

Oyster Club, Edinburgh, 334; Samuel Rogers at, 418

Panmure House, Smith's Edinburgh residence, 325

Paris, Smith in, 175, 194

Pastor Fido, Smith's opinion of, 369

Percy's Reliques, Smith's opinion of, 369

Physiocrats, the, 216

Pitt, William, disciple of Smith, 404; his remark to Smith at Dundas's, 405; Smith's remark on, 405; consults Smith on public affairs, 406

Plagiarism, Smith's alleged accusation of Blair, 32; his alleged fear of, 64, 269

Playfair, Professor John, on Oyster Club, 335; on Dr. Hutton, 337

Playfair, William, on Smith's conversation, 268; on Smith's declining health, 405

Poker Club, 134

Pope, Alexander, Smith on, 369, 370

Population question, 398

Portraits of Smith, 438

Pownall, Governor, Smith's letter to, 319

Price, Dr. Richard, on decline of population, 398; Smith's opinion of, 400

Pringle, Sir John, on Wealth of Nations, 288

Pulteney, Sir William, attends Smith's lectures, 32; introduced by Smith to Oswald, 103; Smith's letter to, on Indian supervisorship, 253

Quacks in medicine, 276, 279

Quaestor of Glasgow College, office held by Smith, 68

Quesnay, Dr. F., Smith not his disciple, 215; Smith's admiration for, 215; refusal of farmer-generalship for his son, 218; discussions in his room, 219; called in by Smith to treat Duke of Buccleugh, 222

Ramsay, Allan, Smith on Gentle Shepherd, 369

Ramsay, Allan, painter, founder of Select Society, 107

Ramsay, John, of Ochtertyre, on Kames's friendship with Bangour, 41; on Smith's religious views, 60; on Smith at whist, 97; on Smith's smartening during his foreign travels, 227; on Smith's depression after his mother's death, 393

Rector of Glasgow University, Smith's appointment, 410

Reid, Dr. Thomas, on students of Moral Philosophy class, Glasgow, 58

Religion, Smith's views suspected in Glasgow, 60; his views obliged to be controverted by Bishop Douglas, 393; his final testimony, 429

Republicanism, Smith's, 124

Reston, Lord, see Douglas, David

Reviews, Smith's opinion of the, 370

Revolution, French, Did Smith foresee? 229

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, on Smith's conversation, 269

Riccoboni, Madame, friendship with Smith, 210; Smith's opinion of, 210; introduces him to Garrick, 211

Richardson, Professor, on Smith's political lectures, 55

Richelieu, Duc de, visited by Smith, 181; Voltaire on, 190

Riding, Academy of, in Glasgow College, 79

Ritchie, James, merchant, Glasgow, on the spread of Smith's opinions among Glasgow merchants, 60

Riviere, Mercier de la, on condition of France, 218

Robison, Professor, on Dr. Black, 336

Rochefoucauld's Maximes, Smith's allusion to, in Theory, 340, 428

Rochefoucauld, Duc de la, Smith's friendship with, in Geneva, 191; letter to Smith from, 339

Roebuck, Dr., anecdote of Wilkie, the poet, and, 102

Rogers, Professor Thorold, on Smith's obligations to Turgot, 203; on the Indian supervisorship and the Wealth of Nations, 256

Rogers, Samuel, on Smith's absence of mind, 66, 422; on Smith and Robertson, 228; conversations with Smith in Edinburgh, 416

Romilly, Sir S., on Smith's death, 435

Ross, General Alexander, 395

Ross, Colonel Patrick, 361

Ross, Miss, on Smith's charities, 437

Rouet, Professor, expenses of journey to London, 19; with young Tronchin, 59; his absenteeism, 89

Rousseau, discourse on inequality reviewed by Smith, 123; in Paris with Hume, 196; quarrel with Hume, 206; Smith's letter on the quarrel, 208; Smith on his "Social Compact," 372

Royal Society of London, Smith elected, 238; admitted, 263

Royal Society of Edinburgh, foundation of, 375; Smith's participation, 376; Smith at, with Rogers, 421

Sabbath, the, Smith on, 342

Saint Fond, Professor, his reminiscences of Smith, 372

Saratoga, Smith's remark on the defeat at, 343

Sarsfield, Count de, Smith's chief friend in France, 240

Savage, Richard, Smith on, 366

Say, Leon, on Smith and Turgot, 203

School, Burgh, of Kirkcaldy, 5

Scotland, people of, 401

Scott, Hon. Hew Campbell, joins Smith at Toulouse, 182; his death, 226

Scott, Sir Walter, Smith's altercation with Johnson, 156; anecdotes of Smith's absence of mind, 330

Select Society, see Society

Shakespeare, Smith on, 368

Shelburne, Earl of (afterwards Marquis of Lansdowne), his admiration of Smith's Theory, 144; his conversion by Smith to free trade, 153; Smith's opinion of his negotiations with Pitt for Bute, 162; letter of Smith to, 235; Smith's political distrust of, 379

Sheridan, Thomas, elocution class at Edinburgh, 119

Simson, Professor Robert, influence on Smith, 10; Smith's opinion of, 11; his club, 96; his Greek and Latin odes, 98

Sinclair, Sir John, his treatise on the Sabbath, 342; conversation with Smith on Burgoyne's surrender, 343; letter of Smith to, on Memoires, 343; letter of Smith on the Armed Neutrality, 382; Windham's romantic attachment, 394; Smith's opinion of Sinclair, 418

Skene, Captain David, 243

Smellie, William, printer, on Smith's books, 329

Smith, Adam, W.S., Kirkcaldy, 1

Smith, Adam, Collector of Customs, Alloa, 2

Snell exhibitions at Oxford, 16

Society, British Fisheries, Smith on, 408

Society, Glasgow Literary, 94 Smith's paper on Home's Essays on Commerce, 95

Society, Select, 107; Smith's opening speech, 108; its economic discussions, 110; its work for improvement of Scots arts and manufactures, 112; its dissolution, 118

Stage-doctors, 276

Stanhope, Earl, friendship with Smith at Geneva, 191, 193; consults Smith about Chesterfield tutorship, 266

Steuart, Sir James, economist, acts in school theatricals, 5; on free trade among Glasgow merchants, 61

Stewart, Professor Dugald, on Smith's mathematical tastes, 10; on Smith's judgment in art, 74; on Smith's travelling tutorship, 217; on Smith's being styled "Mr.," 234; on Smith's conversation, 269, 270; on alleged revolutionary character of free trade doctrine, 292

Stewart, Professor Matthew, college friend of Smith, 10; Smith's taste for mathematics, 10; Smith's opinion of, 11

Strahan, William, printer, letter from Smith to, about new edition of the Theory, 149; friend of Franklin, 151; Hume's literary executor, 298; Smith's letter to, on Hume's illness and death, 304; letter on Hume's Dialogues from Smith to, 305; letter from Smith to, 308; proposes publication of selection of Hume's letters, 309; Smith's reply, 310; correspondence of Smith with, on Commissionership of Customs, 321

Stuart, Andrew, W.S. and M.P., candidate for Indian supervisorship, 255; withdrawal from contest for Lanarkshire, 391; letter of Smith, 392

Sugar, Smith's fondness for, 338

Sunday schools, Smith on, 407

Sunday suppers, Smith's, 327

Swediaur, Dr., on the Oyster Club, 334; on Smith, 334

Swift, Jonathan, Smith on, 367

Tassie, J., his medallions of Smith, 438

Taxation of poor, 220, 344; in France, 230

Theatre, erection in Glasgow, 79; opposition of Senatus and Smith, 79; in France frequented by Smith, 213

Theory of Moral Sentiments, 141; of its reception in London, 142; last revision, 425

Thompson, Dr. W., historian, Smith on, 17

Tooke, Horne, visits Smith at Montpellier, 183

Toulouse, Smith at, 175; dulness of Smith at, 179; its Parliament, 185; the Calas case, 186

Townshend, Charles, his admiration for Smith's Theory, 144; his proposal of tutorship for Smith, 144; his visit to Glasgow, 147; letter of Smith to, 148; letter to Smith, 164; letter of Smith from Compiegne to, 223

Trained Bands of Edinburgh, Smith made Honorary Captain, 374

Tronchin, Dr., sends son to be Smith's pupil, 59

Turgot, M., friendship with Smith in Paris, 202; their obligations to one another, 203; their alleged correspondence, 204; Smith's opinion of, 205; procures copy of the Memoires for Smith, 344

Tutorships, travelling, Smith's views of, 166

Union, Smith on the Scotch, 150; Smith on Irish, 355

Urquhart, Mr., of Cromartie, 183

Usury, Smith on Bentham's Defence, 423

Utopia, Smith on, 282

Vice-rector of Glasgow University, office held by Smith, 68

Virgil's Eclogues, Smith on, 369

Voltaire, conversation with Smith in Geneva, 189; Smith's admiration for, 190; Smith's comparison of Rousseau and, 372

Walpole, Horace, Smith's acquaintance with, in Paris, 194; reports remark of Smith, 263

Ward, Rev. William, Smith on his Rational Grammar, 159

Watt, James, made mathematical instrument maker to Glasgow University, 71; makes ivory bust of Smith with his sculpture machine, 74; on Professor Simson's Club, 98

Wealth of Nations, various dates of composition toolmarked in the text, 256; publication, 284; reception, 285; Hume's letter on, 286; Gibbon on, 287; quoted in Parliament, 290; editions, 293; early influence on public affairs, 294; Danish translation, 356; French translations, 359; German, 359; Spanish, 360; letter of Smith to Cadell about third edition, 362

Webster, Dr. A., lists of examinable persons, 399, 400

Wedderburn, Alexander (Earl of Rosslyn), attends Smith's lectures, 32; connection with Foulis's Academy of Design, 75; editor of Edinburgh Review, 121

Whiggism, Smith's, 162, 379, 389, 410

Whist, Smith at, 97

Wilberforce, Bishop, account of Smith's altercation with Johnson, 156

Wilberforce, William, opinion of Smith, 447; promoter of British Fisheries Society, 408

Wilkes, John, Smith on, 163

Wilkie, the poet, on Smith, 102

Will, Smith's, 436

Wilson, Professor A., his type-foundry, 71; Smith's interest in the foundry, 77; new foundry in Glasgow College grounds, 78

Windham, William, on Smith's house in Edinburgh, 326; romantic incident, 394; on Smith's family circle, 395

Windischgraetz, Count J.N. de, his proposed reform of legal terminology, 376

Wordsworth, William, on Smith as a critic, 34



THE END