[Note 126: See the Emperor's speech on the 3d May.]

[Note 127: A wheel or revolving box, like that at a convent, into which the infants are put.]



From the asylum, I crossed the street to the great hospital of the Misericordia. It is a fine building, and has plenty of room; but it is not in so good a state as might be wished: there are usually four hundred patients, and the number of deaths very great; but I could not learn the exact proportion. The medical department is in great want of reform. The insane ward interested me most of all: it is on the ground floor, very cold and damp; and most of those placed in it die speedily of consumptive complaints. I found here a contradiction to the vulgar opinion, that hydrophobia is not known in Brazil. A poor negro had been bitten by a mad dog a month ago; he did not seem very ill till yesterday morning, when he was sent here. He was at the grate of his cell as we passed him, in a deplorable state: knowing the gentleman who was with me, he had hoped he would release him from confinement; this of course could not be: he expired a few hours after we saw him. The burial-ground of the Misericordia is so much too small as to be exceedingly disgusting, and, I should imagine, unwholesome for the neighbourhood. I had long wished to do what I have done to-day. I think the more persons that show an interest in such establishments the better: it fixes attention upon them; and that of itself must do good. Yet my courage had hitherto failed, and I owe the excursion of this morning to accident rather than design.

I rode this evening to the protestant burial-ground, at the Praya de Gamboa. I think it one of the loveliest spots I ever beheld, commanding beautiful views every way. It slopes gradually towards the road along the shore: at the highest point there is a pretty building, consisting of three chambers; one serves as a place of meeting or waiting for the clergyman occasionally; one as a repository for the mournful furniture of the grave; and the largest, which is between the other two, is generally occupied by the body of the dead for the few hours, it may be a day and a night, which can in this climate elapse between death and burial: in front of this are the various stones, and urns, and vain memorials we raise to relieve our own sorrow; and between these and the road, some magnificent trees. Three sides of this field are fenced by rock or wood. Even Crabbe's fanciful and delicate Jane might have thought without pain of sleeping here.[128] In my illness I had often felt sorry that I had not seen this ground. I am satisfied now; and if my still lingering weakness should lay me here, the very, very few who may come to see where their friend lies will feel no disgust at the prison-house.

[Note 128: See Tales of the Hall.—The Sisters.]

30th.—I called at a very agreeable Brazilian lady's house to-day; and saw, for the first time in my life, a regular Brazilian bas-blue in the person of Dona Maria Clara: she reads a good deal, especially philosophy and politics; she is a tolerable botanist, and draws flowers exceedingly well; besides, she is what I think it is Miss Edgeworth calls "a fetcher and carrier of bays,"—a useful member of society, who, without harming herself or others, circulates the necessary literary news, and would be invaluable where new authors want puffing, and new poems should have the pretty passages pointed out for the advantage of literary misses. Here, alas! such kindly offices are confined to comparing the rival passages in the Correiro and the Sentinella, or advocating the cause of the editor of the Sylpho or the Tamoyo. But, in sober earnest, I was delighted to find such a lady. Without arrogating much more than is due to the sex, it may claim some small influence over the occupations and amusements of home; and the woman who brings books instead of cards or private scandal into the domestic circle, is likely to promote a more general cultivation, and a more refined taste, in the society to which she belongs.

October 1st, 1823.—The court and city are in a state of rejoicing. Lord Cochrane has secured Maranham for the Emperor. Once more I break in on my own rule, and copy part of his letter to me:—

"Maranham, August 12th, 1823.

"My dear Madam,

"You would receive a few lines from me, dated from off Bahia, and also from the latitude of Pernambuco, saying briefly what we were about then. And now I have to add, that we followed the Portuguese squadron to the fifth degree of north latitude, and until only thirteen sail remained together out of seventy of their convoy; and then, judging it better for the interests of His Imperial Majesty, I hauled the wind for Maranham; and I have the pleasure to tell you, that my plan of adding it to the empire has had complete success. I ran in with this ship abreast of their forts; and having sent a notice of blockade, and intimated that the squadron of Bahia and Imperial forces were off the bar, the Portuguese flag was hauled down, and every thing went on without bloodshed, just as you could wish. We have found here a Portuguese brig of war, a schooner, and eight gun-boats; also sixteen merchant vessels, and a good deal of property belonging to Portuguese resident in Lisbon, deposited in the custom-house. The brig of war late the Infante Don Miguel, now the Maranham, is gone down with Grenfell to summon Para, where there is a beautiful newly-launched fifty-gun frigate, which I have no doubt but he has got before now. Thus, my dear Madam, on my return I shall have the pleasure to acquaint His Imperial Majesty, that between the extremities of his empire there exists no enemy either on shore or afloat. This will probably be within the sixth month from our sailing from Rio, and at this moment is actually the case."

Together with this letter, His Lordship has sent me the public papers concerning the taking possession of the place for the Emperor, and the officer who brought the despatches has obligingly favoured me with farther particulars; so that I believe the following to be a correct account, as far as it goes, of the whole.

As soon as it was perceived on board the Pedro Primeiro, by the orders given by Lord Cochrane for the course of the ship, that he had resolved on going to Maranham, the pilots became uneasy on account of the dangerous navigation of the coast, and, as they said, the impossibility of entering the harbour in so large a ship. I have often felt that there was something very captivating in the word impossible. The Admiral, however, had better motives, and had skill and knowledge to support his perseverance; and so on the 26th of July, he entered the bay of San Luis de Maranham, under English colours. Seeing a vessel of war off the place, he sent a boat on board; and though some of the sailors recognised two of the boat's crew, the officer, Mr. Shepherd, performed his part so well, that he obtained all the necessary information; and the Admiral then went in with his ship, and anchored under fort San Francisco. Thence he sent in the following papers to the city.

"Address to the Authorities.

"The forces of His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, having delivered the city and province of Bahia from the enemies of their independence, I, in conformity to the wishes of His Imperial Majesty, am desirous that the fruitful province of Maranham should enjoy a like freedom. I am now come to offer to the unfortunate inhabitants the protection and assistance necessary against the oppression of foreigners, wishing to accomplish their freedom, and to salute them as brethren and as friends. But should there be any who, from vexatious motives, oppose the liberation of this country, such persons may be assured that the naval and military forces which expelled the Portuguese from the South, are ready to draw the sword in the same just cause: and that sword once drawn, the consequences cannot be doubtful. I beg the principal authorities to make known to me their decisions, in order that, in case of opposition, the consequences may not be imputed to the hasty manner in which I set about the work which I must achieve. God keep Your Excellencies many years!—On board the Pedro Primeiro, 26th July, 1823.

"Proclamation

"By His Excellency Lord Cochrane, Admiral and Commander-in-Chief of the naval forces of His Imperial Majesty.

"The port, river, and island of Maranham, the bay of San Jose, and roads adjacent, are declared to be in a state of blockade, as long as the Portuguese shall exercise the supreme authority there; and all entrance or departure is strictly prohibited, under those pains and penalties authorised by the law of nations against those who violate the rights of belligerents.—On board the Pedro Primeiro, 26th July, 1823."

These papers were received by the junta of Provisional Government, at whose head was the Bishop. There had previously been some movements in favour of independence, but they had been over-ruled by the Portuguese troops, of whom there were about 300 in the town. The junta of course accepted all Lord Cochrane's proposals; the 1st of August was appointed as the day for electing a new government under the empire, and the intermediate days for taking the oaths to the Emperor, and for embarking the Portuguese troops; a step the more necessary, as they had shown a disposition to oppose the Brazilians, and had even insulted Captain Crosbie and others as they were landing to settle affairs with the government. Besides, they were hourly in expectation of a reinforcement of 500 men from Lisbon. Meantime the anchorage under Fort Francisco was found inconvenient for so large a ship as the Pedro Primeiro, and the Admiral took her round the great shoal which forms the other side of the harbour, and anchored her between the Ilha do Medo and the main in fifteen fathoms water; where he left her, and returned to the town in the sloop of war Pambinha, in which vessel he could lie close to the city itself. One of his first steps was to substitute Brazilian for Portuguese troops, in all situations where soldiers were absolutely necessary to keep order; but he did not admit more than a very limited number within the walls. He caused all who had been imprisoned on account of their political opinions to be liberated; and he sent notices to the independent military commanders of Ceara and Piauhy to desist from hostilities against Maranham.

On the 27th, Lord Cochrane published the following proclamation:—

"The High Admiral of Brazil to the Inhabitants of Maranham.

"The auspicious day is arrived on which the worthy inhabitants of Maranham have it in their power to declare at once the independence of their country, and their adhesion to, and satisfaction with, their patriot monarch, the Emperor Peter I. (son of the august Sovereign Don John VI.); under whose protection they enjoy the glorious privileges of being free men, of choosing their own constitution, and of making their own laws by their representatives assembled to consult on their own interests, and in their own country.

"That the glory of such a day should not be darkened by any excess, even though proceeding from enthusiasm in the cause we have embraced, must be the desire of every honest and thinking citizen. It is not necessary to advise such as to their conduct: but, should there be any individuals capable of interrupting the public tranquillity on any pretext, let them beware! The strictest orders are given for the chastisement of whoever shall cause any kind of disorder, according to the degree of the crime. To take the necessary oaths, to choose the members of the civil government, are acts that should be performed with deliberation: for which reason, the first of August is the earliest day which the preparation for such solemn ceremonies demands, will permit.—Citizens! let us go forward seriously and methodically, without tumult, hurry, or confusion; and accomplish the work we have in hand in such a manner as shall merit the approbation of His Imperial Majesty, and shall give us neither cause for repentance, nor room for amendment. Viva, our Emperor! Viva, the independence and constitution of Brazil!—On board the Pedro Primeiro, 27th July, 1823.

COCHRANE."

On the 28th, the junta of government, the camara of the town, the citizens and soldiers, with Captain Crosbie to represent Lord Cochrane, who was not well enough to attend, assembled to proclaim the independence of Brazil, and to swear allegiance to the Emperor, Don Pedro de Alcantara; after which there was a firing of the troops, and discharge of artillery, and ringing of bells, as is usual on such occasions. The public act of fealty was drawn up, and signed by as many as could conveniently do so, and the Brazilian flag was hoisted, a flag of truce having been flying from the arrival of the Pedro till then.

The next day the inhabitants proceeded to the choice of their new provisional government of the province, which was installed on the 8th of August, as had been appointed. The members are, Miguel Ignacio dos Santos Freire e Bruce, President; Lourenco de Castro Belford, Secretary; and Jose Joaquim Vieira Belford.

The first act of the new government was to issue a proclamation to the inhabitants of the province of Maranham, congratulating them on being no longer a nation of slaves to Portugal, but a free people of the empire of Brazil; exhorting them to confidence, fidelity, and tranquillity; and concluding with vivas to the Roman Catholic religion; to our Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender Don Pedro I., and his dynasty; to the Cortes of Brazil, and the people of Maranham.

The letter of the new government to His Imperial Majesty is dated the 12th of August, when every thing was finally settled. It begins by congratulating him on the happy state of things in general in Brazil. It then sets forth the wishes of the people of Maranham to have joined their brethren long since, but that these wishes had been thwarted by the Lisbon troops.—"But what was our joy and transport when unexpectedly we saw the ship Pedro Primeiro summoning our port!!! Oh, 26th of July, 1823! Thrice happy day! thou wilt be as conspicuous in the annals of our province, as the sentiments of gratitude and respect inspired by the virtues of the illustrious Admiral sent to our aid by the best and most amiable of Monarchs will be deeply engraven on our hearts and those of our posterity! Yes, august Sire! the wisdom, the prudence, and the gentle manners of Lord Cochrane, have contributed still more to the happy issue of our political difficulties, than even the fear of his forces, however respectable they might be. To anchor in our port; to proclaim independence; to administer the proper oaths of obedience to Your Imperial Majesty; to suspend hostilities throughout the province; to cause a new government to be elected; to bring the troops of the country into the town, and then only in sufficient numbers for the public order and tranquillity; to open communication between the interior and the capital; to provide it with necessaries; and to restore navigation and commerce to their pristine state: all this, SIRE, was the work of a few days. Grant, Heaven, that this noble Chief may end the glorious career of his political and military labours with the like felicity and success; and that Your Imperial Majesty being so well served, nothing more may be necessary to immortalise that admirable commander, not only in the annals of Brazil, but in those of the whole world!"

And this, I think, is all of importance that I have learned with regard to the capture of Maranham to-day. It is true, the brig Maria, despatched by His Lordship on the 12th of August, only arrived to-day; so that much may be behind.

2d October.—A friend who was present at the Assembly to-day gives me the following account of the debate.—In the first place, the Emperor sent notice of Lord Cochrane's success at Maranham; and Martim Francisco Ribiero de Andrada rose and proposed a vote of thanks to His Lordship. The deputy Montezuma (of Bahia) opposed this, on the ground that he was the servant of the executive government, and the government ought to thank him. He felt as grateful to Lord Cochrane as any member of the Assembly could do, and would do as much to prove his gratitude; but he would not vote to thank him there. Dr. Franca (known by the nickname of Franzinho) seconded Montezuma, and said it derogated from the dignity of the legislative assembly of the vast, and noble, and rich empire of Brazil, to vote thanks to any individual. On which Costa Barros, in a speech of eloquence and enthusiasm, maintained the propriety of thanking Lord Cochrane. That the triumphal road, as in ancient Rome, did not now exist; but the triumph might be granted by the voice of the national representatives. The gentleman who thought no thanks should be voted was a member for Bahia, and talked of his gratitude. He could tell him, that grateful as he (Costa Barros) now felt, were he, like that gentleman, a member for Bahia, his gratitude, and his eagerness to express it, would be tenfold. Who but Lord Cochrane had delivered Bahia from the Portuguese, that swarm of drones that threatened to devour the land? But he supposed the greatness of Sen. Montezuma's gratitude was such, that it smothered the expression. This produced a laugh, and that a challenge, and then a cry of "order, order" (a ordem).

Sen. Ribiero de Andrada then said, that as to the observation that had fallen from Franca, that His Lordship had only done his duty, was no man to be thanked for doing an important duty? Besides, though the blockade of Bahia was a duty, the reduction of Maranham was something more—it was undertaken on his own judgment, and at the risk of consequences to himself. Sen. Lisboa observed, that as to its being beneath the dignity of the Representative Assembly of Brazil to thank an individual, the English Parliament scrupled not to thank its naval and military chiefs; and could what it did be beneath the Assembly of Brazil? Would to God the Assembly might one day emulate the British Parliament!

After this there was more sparring between Montezuma and Costa Barros: the former resuming the subject of the challenge; Barros bowing, and assuring him he did not refuse it: on which a member on the same side observed sarcastically, only half rising as he spoke, that those who meant really to fight would hardly speak it aloud in the General Assembly. This ended the dispute; and the vote of thanks was carried with only the voices of Montezuma and Franca against it; and so passed this day's session.

I must say for the people here, that they do seem sensible that in Lord Cochrane they have obtained a treasure. * * * * That there are some who find fault, and some who envy, is very true. But when was it otherwise? Sometimes I cry,

"O, what a world is this, where what is comely Envenoms him that bears it!"

At others, I take it more easily, and say coolly with the Spaniard,

"Envy was honour's wife, the wise man said, Ne'er to be parted till the man was dead:"

and neither envy, nor any other injurious feeling, nor all the manifestations of them all together, can ever lessen the real merit of so great a man.

The acquisition of Maranham is exceedingly important to the empire: it is one of the provinces that, from the time of its first settlement, has carried on the greatest foreign trade.[129]

[Note 129: See the Appendix.]

6th.—We had three days of public rejoicing, on account of the taking of Maranham; and on Friday, as I happened to be at the palace to show some drawings to the Empress, I perceived that the Emperor's levee was unusually crowded. During these few days, though I have been far from well, I have improved my acquaintance with my foreign friends; but of English I see, and wish to see, very little of any body but Mrs. May.

9th.—I resolved to take a holiday: so went to spend it with Mrs. May, at the Gloria, only going first for half an hour to the library. That library is a great source of comfort to me: I every day find my cabinet quiet and cool, and provided with the means of study, and generally spend four hours there, reading Portuguese and Brazilian history; for which I shall not, probably, have so good an opportunity again.

This day the debate in the Assembly has been most interesting. It is some time since, in discussing that part of the proposed constitution, which treats of the persons who are to be considered as Brazilians, entitled to the protection of the laws of the empire, and amenable to those laws, the 8th paragraph of the 5th article was admitted without a dissentient voice: it is this—"All naturalised strangers, whatever be their religion." To-day the 3d paragraph of the 7th article came under discussion. This article treats of the individual rights of Brazilians; it runs thus—"The constitution guarantees to all Brazilians the following individual rights, with the explanations and limitations thereafter expressed:—

"I. Personal Freedom. II. Trial by Jury. III. Religious Freedom. IV. Professional Freedom. V. Inviolability of Property. VI. Liberty of the Press."

The 14th article goes on to state, that all Christians may enjoy the political rights of the empire: 15th, "Other religions are hardly tolerated, and none but Christians shall enjoy political rights;" and the 16th declares the Roman Catholic religion to be that of the state, and the only one beneficed by the state.

Now this day's discussion was not merely one of form; but it has established toleration in all its extent. A man is at liberty to exercise his faith as he pleases, and even to change it: should he, indeed, have the folly to turn Turk, he must not vote at elections, nor be a member of the Assembly, nor enjoy an office in the state, civil or military; but he may sit under his vine and his fig-tree, and exercise an honest calling. All Christians are eligible to all offices and employments; and I only wish older countries would deign to take lessons from this new government in its noble liberality. The Diario of the Assembly is so far behind with the reports of the sessions, that I have not, of course, a correct account of the speeches; but I believe that I am not wrong in attributing to the Bishop the most benevolent and enlightened views on this momentous subject, together with that laudable attachment to the church of his fathers that belongs to good men of every creed.

October 12th.—This is the Emperor's birth-day, and the first anniversary of the coronation. I was curious to see the court of Brazil; so I rose early and dressed myself, and went to the royal chapel, where the Emperor and Empress, and the Imperial Princess were to be with the court before the drawing-room. I accordingly applied to the chaplain for a station, who showed me into what is called the diplomatic tribune, but it is in fact for respectable foreigners: there I met all manner of consuls. However, the curiosity which led me to the chapel would not allow me to go home when the said consuls did; so I went to the drawing-room, which perhaps, after all, I should not have done, being quite alone, had not the gracious manner in which their Imperial Majesties saluted me, both in the chapel and afterwards in the corridor leading to the royal apartments, induced me to proceed. I reached the inner room where the ladies were, just as the Emperor had, with a most pleasing compliment, announced to Lady Cochrane that she was Marchioness of Maranham; for that he had made her husband Marques, and had conferred on him the highest degree of the order of the Cruceiro. I am sometimes absent; and now, when I ought to have been most attentive, I felt myself in the situation Sancho Panca so humorously describes, of sending my wits wool-gathering, and coming home shorn myself: for I was so intent on the honour conferred on my friend and countryman; so charmed, that for once his services had been appreciated,—that when I found the Emperor in the middle of the room, and that his hand was extended towards me, and that all others had paid their compliments and passed to their places, I forgot I had my glove on, took his Imperial hand with that glove, and I suppose kissed it much in earnest, for I saw some of the ladies smile before I remembered any thing about it. Had this happened with regard to any other prince, I believe that I should have run away; but nobody is more good-natured than Don Pedro: I saw there was no harm done; and so determining to be on my guard when the Empress came in, and then to take an opportunity of telling her of my fault, I stayed quietly, and began talking to two or three young ladies who were at court for the first time, and had just received their appointment as ladies of honour to the Empress.

Her Majesty, who had retired with the young Princess, now came in, and the ladies all paid their compliments while the Emperor was busy in the presence-chamber receiving the compliments of the Assembly and other public bodies. There was little form and no stiffness. Her Imperial Majesty conversed easily with every body, only telling us all to speak Portuguese, which of course we did. She talked a good deal to me about English authors, and especially of the Scotch novels, and very kindly helped me in my Portuguese; which, though I now understand, I have few opportunities of speaking to cultivated persons. If I have been pleased with her before, I was charmed with her now. When the Emperor had received the public bodies, he came and led the Empress into the great receiving room, and there, both of them standing on the upper step of the throne, they had their hands kissed by naval, military, and civil officers, and private men; thousands, I should think, thus passed. It was curious, but it pleased me, to see some negro officers take the small white hand of the Empress in their clumsy black hands, and apply their pouting African lips to so delicate a skin; but they looked up to Nosso Emperador, and to her, with a reverence that seemed to me a promise of faith from them, a bond of kindness to them. The Emperor was dressed in a very rich military uniform, the Empress in a white dress embroidered with gold, a corresponding cap with feathers tipped with green; and her diamonds were superb, her head-tire and ear-rings having in them opals such as I suppose the world does not contain, and the brilliants surrounding the Emperor's picture, which she wears, the largest I have seen.

I should do wrong not to mention the ladies of the court. My partial eyes preferred my pretty countrywoman the new Marchioness; but there were the sweet young bride Maria de Loreto, and a number of others of most engaging appearance; and then there were the jewels of the Baronessa de Campos, and those of the Viscondeca do Rio Seco, only inferior to those of the Empress: but I cannot enumerate all the riches, or beauty; nor would it entertain my English friends, for whom this journal is written, if I could.

When their Imperial Majesties came out of the great room, I saw Madame do Rio Seco in earnest conversation with them; and soon I saw her and Lady Cochrane kissing hands, and found they had both been appointed honorary ladies of the Empress; and then the Viscountess told me she had been speaking to the Empress about me. This astonished me, for I had no thought of engaging in any thing away from England. Six months before, indeed, I had said that I was so pleased with the little Princess, that I should like to educate her. This, which I thought no more of at the time, was, like every thing in this gossiping place, told to Sir T. Hardy: he spoke of it to me, and said he had already mentioned it to a friend of mine. I said, that if the Emperor and Empress chose, as a warm climate agreed with me, I should not dislike it; that it required consideration; and that if I could render myself sufficiently agreeable to the Empress, I should ask the appointment of governess to the Princess; and so matters stood when Sir Thomas Hardy sailed for Buenos Ayres. I own that the more I saw of the Imperial family, the more I wished to belong to it; but I was frightened at the thoughts of Rio, by the impertinent behaviour of some of the English, so that I should probably not have proposed the thing myself. It was done, however: the Empress told me to apply to the Emperor. I observed he looked tired with the levee, and begged to be allowed to write to her another day. She said, "Write if you please, but come and see the Emperor at five o'clock to-morrow." And so they went out, and I remained marvelling at the chance that had brought me into a situation so unlike any thing I had ever contemplated; and came home to write a letter to Her Imperial Majesty, and to wonder what I should do next.

Monday, October 13th.—I wrote my letter to the Empress, and was punctual to the time for seeing the Emperor. He received me very kindly, and sent me to speak to Her Imperial Majesty, who took my letter, and promised me an answer in two days, adding the most obliging expressions of personal kindness. And this was certainly the first letter I ever wrote on the subject; though my English friends tell me that I had a memorial in my hand yesterday, and that I went to court only to deliver it, for they saw it in my hand. Now I had a white pocket-handkerchief and a black fan in my hand, and thought as little of speaking about my own affairs to their Imperial Majesties, as of making a voyage to the moon. But people will always know each other's affairs best.

16th.—I have continued going regularly to the library, and have become acquainted with the principal librarian, who is also the Emperor's confessor. He is a polished and well-informed man. He showed me the Conde da Barca's library, which, as I knew before, had been purchased at the price of 15,530,900 rees, and added to the public collection. To-day, on returning from my study I received a letter from the Empress, written in English, full of kind expressions; and in the pleasantest manner accepting, in the Emperor's name and her own, my services as governess to her daughter; and giving me leave to go to England, before I entered on my employment, as the Princess is still so young.

I went to San Cristovaŏ to return thanks.

19th.—I saw the Empress, who is pleased to allow me to sail for England in the packet, the day after to-morrow. I confess I am sorry to go before Lord Cochrane's return. I had set my heart on seeing my best friend in this country, after his exertions and triumph. But I have now put my hand to the plough, and I must not turn back.



October 21st.—I embarked on board the packet for England. Mrs. May walked to the shore with me. Sir Murray Maxwell lent me his boats to bring myself and goods on board. I had previously taken leave of every body I knew, English and foreign.

After I embarked, Mr. Anderson brought me the latest newspapers. The following are the principal ones published in Rio:—The DIARIO DA ASSEMBLEA, which contains nothing but the proceedings of the Assembly; it appears as fast as the short-hand writers can publish it. The GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, which has all official articles, appointments, naval intelligence, and sometimes a few advertisements. The DIARIO DO RIO, which has nothing but advertisements, and ship news, and prices current; it used to print a meteorological table. The CORREIRO, a democratic journal, which the editor wrote from prison, only occasionally for some time, but lately it has been a daily paper. The SENTINELA DA LIBERDAD E A BEIRA DO MAR DA PRAYA GRANDE is edited by a Genoese, assisted by one of the deputies, and is said to be pure carbonarism. The SYLPHO, also an occasional paper, moderately ministerial, and engaged in a war of words with several others. The ATALAIA, an advocate for limited monarchy, whose editor is a deputy of considerable reputation, is another occasional paper; as is also the TAMOYO, entirely devoted to the Andradas: it is, in my opinion, the best-written of all. The SENTINELA DA PAŎN D'ASUCAR is on the same side; its editor formerly published the Regulador, but this has ceased to appear since the change of ministry. The Espelho was a government paper; but the writer has discontinued it, having become a member of the Assembly. The Malaguetta was a paper whose first number attracted a great deal of attention; it fell off afterwards, and ceased on the declaration of the independence of Brazil. It was remarkable for its hostility to the Andradas. Indeed the war of words the author waged against the family was so virulent, that they were suspected of being the instigators of an attempt to assassinate him. This they indignantly denied, and satisfactorily disproved; and the man being almost maniacal with passion, accused any and every person of consequence in the state, and conceived himself, even wounded as he was, not safe. In vain did all persons, even the Emperor himself, visit him, to reassure him; his terrors continued, and he withdrew himself the moment he was sufficiently recovered from his wounds. He was by birth a Portuguese, and his strong passions had probably rendered him an object of hatred or jealousy to some inferior person, the consequences of which his vanity made him attribute to a higher source.—I believe there are some other occasional papers, but I have not seen them.

Oct. 25th.—Happily for me there are no passengers in the packet, and still more happily, the captain's wife and daughter are on board; so that I feel as if lodging in a quiet English family, all is so decent, orderly, and, above all, clean. I am under no restraint, but walk, read, write, and draw, as if at home: every body, even to the monkey on board, looks kindly at me; and I receive all manner of friendly attention consistent with perfect liberty.

Nov. 1st.—"The longest way about is often the nearest, way home," says the proverb; and, on that principle, ships bound for England from Brazil at this time of the year stand far to the eastward. We are still in the latitude of Rio de Janeiro, though in long. 29 deg. W., and shall probably stand still nearer to the coast of Africa, before we shall be able to look to the northward. To-day the thermometer is at 75 deg., the temperature of the sea 72 deg..

9th.—Lat. 14 deg. 19' S., long. 24 deg. W., thermometer 74 deg., sea 74-1/2 deg..

17th.—Lat. 5 deg. N., long. 25 deg. W. For several days the thermometer at 80 deg.; the temperature of the sea at noon 82 deg.. We spoke the Pambinha, 60 days from Maranham. She says Lord Cochrane had gone himself to Para, whence he meant to proceed directly for Rio; so that he would probably be there by this time, as the Pedro Primeiro sails well. I had no opportunity of learning more, as the vessel passed hastily.

We have, generally speaking, had hot winds from Africa, and there is a sultry feel in the air which the state of the thermometer hardly accounts for. I perceive that the sails are all tinged with a reddish colour; and wherever a rope has chafed upon them, they appear almost as if iron-moulded. This the captain and officers attribute to the wind from Africa. They were certainly perfectly white long after we left Rio; they have not been either furled or unbent. What may be the nature of the dust or sand that thus on the wings of the wind crosses so many miles of ocean, and stains the canvass? Can it be this minute dust affecting the lungs which makes us breathe as if in the sultry hours preceding a thunder-storm?

Dec. 3d.—We came in sight of St. Mary's, the eastern island of the Azores. I much wished to have touched at some of these isles; but this is not a good season for doing so, and the winds we have had have been unfavourable for the purpose. This afternoon, though near enough to have seen at least the face of the land, the weather was thick and rainy, so that we saw nothing.

18th.—After passing the Azores, a long succession of gales from the north-east kept us off the land. These were succeeded by three fine days; and the sea, which had been heavy, became smooth. Early the day before yesterday, however, it began to blow very hard from the northwest; and yesterday morning it changed to a gale from the south and south-west, and we lay-to under storm stay-sails, in a tremendous sea. About one o'clock the captain called to me, and desired me to come on deck and see what could not last ten minutes, and I might never see again. I ran up, as did Mrs. and Miss K——. A sudden shift of wind had taken place: we saw it before it came up, driving the sea along furiously before it; and the meeting of the two winds broke the sea as high as any ship's mast-head in a long line, like the breakers on a reef of rocks. It was the most beautiful yet fearful sight I ever beheld; and the sea was surging over our little vessel so as to threaten to fill her: but the hatches were battoned down; we were lying-to on a right tack, and a hawser had been passed round the bits in order to sustain the foremast, in case we lost our bowsprit, as we expected to do every instant. But in twenty minutes the gale moderated, and we bore up for Falmouth, which we reached this morning, having passed the cabin deck of a ship that doubtless had foundered in the storm of yesterday.—Once more I am in England; and, to use the words of a venerable though apocryphal writer, "Here will I make an end. And if I have done well, and as is fitting the story, it is that which I desired; but if slenderly and meanly, it is that which I could attain unto."[130]

M.G.

[Note 130: 2 Maccabees, chap. XV. ver. 37, 38.]



APPENDIX.

It will appear from the following TABLES of the Imports and Exports of the Province of Maranham, from 1812 to 1821, of how much importance the acquisition of that Province is to the Empire of Brazil. Some other Tables are added, which may serve to give a clearer idea of the state of the country. The amount of the duties on the importation of Slaves, paid by Maranham to the treasury at Rio de Janeiro during those ten years, was 30,239 milrees.

Nothing is wanting to the prosperity of that fine Province but a steady government, and a regular administration of justice. Without these two things, it will be in vain to expect either prosperity or tranquillity. The people are multiplying too fast to be managed by the former clumsy administration; and their intercourse with the rest of the world has taught them to wish for something better.

Although there are veins of metal in Maranham, they have never been worked; but some saltpetre-works have been established there. There are mineral and medicinal waters in some districts; but I believe they have not been analyzed: in short, little attention has hitherto been paid to any thing but the woods, and the growth of coffee, cotton, and sugar; in all of which Maranham is abundantly rich.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE IMPORTS TO MARANHAM, FROM THE YEAR 1812 TO 1820. (Continued below) - COUNTRIES WHENCE IMPORTED. 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 Rees. Rees. Rees. Rees. Rees. Brazil 244,506,690 284,211,812 416,508,747 284,418,270 271,326,160 Portuguese ports in Africa 146,817,000 181,610,811 221,219,843 371,238,250 408,590,000 Lisbon 167,431,350 256,407,277 417,018,290 458,595,340 752,051,810 Oporte 69,103,210 74,842,710 70,429,900 98,399,750 173,794,080 England 581,682,700 654,891,057 696,425,620 465,997,240 550,217,190 Gibraltar 13,848,800 3,246,400 - United States 49,729,600 12,250,600 32,906,840 Western Isles 2,964,400 France 60,662,700 55,459,000 Holland Spain Annual amount 1,273,119,340 1,454,927,667 1,824,848,800 1,751,563,150 2,244,245,080 Silk Goods Portuguese 8,694,300 9,836,200 8,880,920 11,622,780 22,217,900 Do. foreign 6,601,600 6,447,500 15,647,400 22,720,600 18,863,200 Linen Goods Portuguese 26,832,100 22,170,300 19,476,800 29,872,200 50,266,000 Do. foreign 69,031,100 125,357,220 172,292,860 74,989,100 162,170,280 Cotton Goods Portuguese 3,085,640 10,375,730 10,859,000 21,273,380 54,732,250 Do. foreign 349,295,440 324,792,020 316,213,050 377,886,820 444,593,640 Woolen Cloths Portuguese 198,720 272,000 774,000 Do. foreign 33,487,300 39,377,950 43,725,900 17,259,300 50,546,900 Fine Hats Portuguese 946 2,292 4,400 3,402 5,419 Do. foreign 4,228 5,140 8,795 3,193 7,422 Coarse Hats Portuguese 11,689 9,623 6,225 9,424 16,380 Do. foreign 3,774 2,735 4,976 17,836 14,555 Clothes and Shoes Portuguese 2,465,600 1,817,600 3,054,600 3,346,880 2,389,100 Do. foreign 1,232,000 500,000 2,200,000 1,729,200 1,080,800 Movables Portuguese 4,494,600 3,360,000 8,700,000 10,600,000 18,600,000 Do. foreign 1,244,700 2,734,000 1,120,000 1,400,000 5,000,000 Portuguese brandy Pipes 45 48 139 104 220 Do. and Gin, foreign 46 11 20 21 38 Portuguese Wines 745 645 1,427 1,320 761 Do. foreign 247 81 4 55 Wheaten Flour, arrobas 10,228 26,524 18,538 25,872 21,838 Salt Fish, quintals 401 252 296 818 938 Butter, arrobas 5,785 4,628 4,220 5,198 4,625 Cheese, arrobas 1,179 642 1,243 1,750 2,229 Balance in favour of } 190,867,692 325,175,700 1,090,305,135 Maranham } Do. against 203,167,456 30,586,797 Proceeds of the Customs 74,648,957 83,963,025 83,429,147 81,317,345 112,633,410 Portuguese Ships arrived 52 64 70 69 80 Do. foreign 34 29 12 43 58 Total Ships 86 93 82 112 138 New Slaves from Africa 992 1,221 1,592 2,692 2,615 Do. from Brazil 680 508 394 684 762 Total Slaves imported } 1,672 1,729 1,986 3,376 3,377 in the Year } - Total Number of Slaves imported, from 1812 to 1821, - - - 45,477.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE IMPORTS TO MARANHAM, FROM THE YEAR 1812 TO 1820. (Continued) 1817. 1818. 1819. 1820. Mean of first five Mean of second 1821. Years. Five Years. Rees. Rees. Rees. Rees. Rees. Rees. Rees. 635,642,720 687,505,720 616,297,520 271,501,280 300,194,336 496,454,680 293,618,720 988,100,000 759,320,000 934,069,500 326,230,200 265,895,180 685,061,940 193,583,790 743,334,230 569,961,450 527,062,435 474,282,020 410,380,813 613,338,389 331,483,280 255,289,960 149,862,520 144,499,960 149,927,240 97,313,930 175,674,752 112,652,710 878,979,730 908,004,920 562,534,950 435,639,960 589,842,761 667,075,350 442,757,290 9,491,000 77,940,200 108,261,640 92,154,390 66,430,800 75,538,774 116,099,750 20,076,200 14,947,260 7,374,460 2,325,600 102,164,290 178,041,520 75,136,180 132,282,730 108,616,744 40,091,590 13,625,600 2,320,000 12,091,000 17,169,400 3,681,451,130 3,411,828,970 2,983,022,195 1,885,250,690 1,709,760,809 2,841,179,613 1,532,612,730 27,706,200 11,797,100 6,059,565 5,392,360 12,250,420 14,634,625 33,375,120 33,161,620 13,619,060 13,838,600 14,056,060 22,571,520 57,456,520 49,855,700 23,041,480 28,261,380 29,723,480 41,776,216 307,923,950 175,888,560 111,670,680 83,702,900 120,768,112 168,261,274 89,924,400 44,665,120 49,258,310 33,272,580 20,065,200 54,370,532 506,977,320 579,338,910 359,983,900 212,115,710 362,556,194 420,601,896 1,746,000 672,000 490,000 240,000 784,400 103,453,400 96,565,780 55,042,700 46,099,960 36,879,470 70,341,748 3,663 3,966 4,579 5,263 3,292 4,578 12,826 21,868 10,196 9,219 5,755 12,186 27,552 12,180 9,324 2,876 10,668 13,662 22,686 25,224 4,961 5,122 8,775 14,509 1,254,440 3,347,040 7,002,920 7,312,400 2,614,756 4,261,180 4,886,400 6,934,300 3,305,000 1,477,000 1,348,400 3,536,700 22,220,000 24,240,000 23,590,000 4,020,000 9,150,920 18,534,000 10,800,000 17,400,000 6,600,000 9,800,000 2,298,400 9,920,000 288 265 303 221 111 259 657 76 109 132 269 27 124 2,047 694 1,879 2,226 1,179 1,921 1,620 382 442 54 204 77 227 260 40,080 53,082 52,689 45,687 20,600 42,675 82,221 2,237 5,786 1,799 1,669 541 2,485 9,624 10,453 8,187 8,751 4,891 8,328 3,398 3,621 2,717 3,541 1,427 99 257,858,230 352,145,615 1,379,412,568 132,588,568 470,596,983 150,145,175 247,213,751 219,786,377 158,517,700 87,198,376 167,659,282 115,686,300 89 79 80 61 67 77 48 63 100 57 80 35 71 56 152 179 137 141 102 149 104 5,797 3,377 4,784 2,381 1,822 3,790 1,718 2,325 3,259 1,269 483 713 1,619 8,122 6,636 6,053 2,864 2,535 5,409 1,718

GENERAL STATEMENT OF EXPORT FROM MARANAHAM FROM 1812 TO 1821. (Continued below) - COTTON RICE Y LISBON OPORTO ENGLAND FRANCE UNITED Different High TOTAL LISBON OPORTO E STATES Ports. and Low A Price. R - - - - - - 1 No. 3,305 562 36,523 150 30 2,700 to 40,570 47,780 17,150 8 Arrobas 17,591 2,997 196,154 827 135 3,400 217,754 253,890 90,080 1 Amount 56,087,050 9,298,293 598,742,727 2,317,787 519,925 666,965,782 257,719,470 94,777,080 2 - - - - - - 1 No. 8,938 1,127 50,108 3,000 to 60,173 39,728 21,211 8 Arrobas 48,003 5,960 272,730 4,600 326,693 206,787 112,453 1 Amount 188,275,184 23,515,043 1,058,815,456 1,245,605,683 206,448,300 116,376,750 3 - - - - - - 1 No. 12,144 1,204 31,236 2,087 4,100 to 46,671 45,615 24,444 8 Arrobas 65,045 6,351 166,459 10,527 5,000 248,385 242,417 125,747 1 Amount 401,063,336 36,790,539 913,032,959 63,692,999 1,414,579,833 219,802,820 111,238,700 4 - - - - - - 1 No. 18,276 1,672 30,804 5 4,400 to 50,757 51,161 20,068 8 Arrobas 100,000 8,977 168,877 25 7,000 277,879 272,607 104,738 1 Amount 577,330,200 50,109,500 1,077,256,700 160,000 1,704,856,400 229,406,200 84,260,500 5 - - - - - - 1 No. 19,040 2,082 38,835 3,570 4,500 to 63,527 57,585 24,550 8 Arrobas 105,448 10,822 214,538 19,413 8,500 350,257 293,787 123,830 1 Amount 892,691,100 93,221,455 1,857,112,006 166,226,425 3,003,250,986 248,658,750 98,699,085 6 - - - - - - 1 No. 25,830 3,788 38,369 3,145 7,000 to 71,182 31,804 19,658 8 Arrobas 144,904 20,925 218,343 17,557 10,000 401,729 168,565 103,668 1 Amount 1,106,601,700 157,833,900 1,703,908,950 132,448,300 3,100,792,850 194,752,275 130,820,437 7 - - - - - - 1 No. 16,294 3,251 49,083 4,899 33 170 7,000 to 73,730 48,252 25,037 8 Arrobas 88,488 18,595 267,164 27,488 205 853 9,000 402,793 224,263 133,167 1 Amount 680,206,400 145,041,000 2,083,879,200 233,313,800 1,599,000 6,658,400 3,150,692,800 260,115,600 158,600,400 8 - - - - - - 1 No. 16,625 2,629 40,291 5,910 8 7,500 to 65,463 41,993 22,934 8 Arrobas 91,074 14,212 222,623 31,326 45 8,600 359,280 220,562 116,184 1 Amount 517,821,500 81,745,500 1,333,142,384 203,052,350 238,833 2,136,000,537 201,039,450 104,074,950 9 - - - - - - 1 No. 12,799 2,311 48,279 2,915 315 4,900 to 66,619 43,034 21,205 8 Arrobas 67,730 12,493 268,736 16,502 1,732 5,500 367,193 214,842 106,764 2 Amount 357,766,700 66,169,900 1,406,080,282 36,508,600 9,006,400 1,925,531,882 159,720,609 79,815,814 0 - - - - - - 1 No. 10,930 873 26,364 3,655 3,900 to 41,822 42,289 13,391 8 Arrobas 58,836 4,592 143,771 18,899 4,850 226,118 212,824 68,969 2 Amount 253,675,950 18,825,000 600,658,671 85,097,600 958,257,221 161,116,775 53,557,814 1 - - - - - -

GENERAL STATEMENT OF EXPORT FROM MARANAHAM FROM 1812 TO 1821. (Continued) RICE. TANNED HIDES HIDES SKINS GUM. SUNDRIES. Dry and Green. Alqueires - Different High and Total Lisbon Oporto Different Medium Lisbon Oporto Divers Medium Lisbon Oporto Medium Lisbon Oporto Medium Divers Ports. Ports. Low Prices Ports. Price Ports. Price Price Price - - - - - - - - 2,099 600 to 67,029 1593 480 570 2100 5229 243 6811 770 3263 36 750 1903 834 2050 10,676 1,300 354,646 5,550,300 9,457,140 2,474,250 5,610,850 11,811,200 354,308,220 25,581,550 - - - 5,275 650 to 66,214 6671 300 2100 7353 1114 248 750 4769 5072 730 1752 503 3000 28,165 1,200 854,646 14,639,100 6,536,250 7,380,750 6,916,500 28,145,000 350,970,050 12,667,025 - - - 892 800 to 70,957 7380 758 2000 6785 1071 2277 900 7693 3554 900 1891 368 2400 4,088 1,000 372,252 16,276,000 9,919,700 10,122,300 5,428,600 3,536,200 334,577,720 5,585,250 - - - 50 800 to 71,279 8649 1785 2500 15288 2419 1282 1200 8235 5102 950 1743 4 1800 270 1,000 377,605 26,085,000 22,786,800 12,670,150 3,144,605 249,600 313,916,300 8,190,000 - - - - 700 to 82,135 7085 1142 2500 22133 3867 235 1200 17268 8690 950 1547 104 1300 - 1,000 417,617 20,567,500 31,482,000 24,660,100 2,971,800 - 347,317,835 4,400,000 - - - 4,921 1,000 to 56,383 7456 1406 2500 1595 4287 496 1200 31449 7397 950 2577 684 800 25,134 1,300 297,417 22,155,000 24,889,200 36,903,700 5,869,800 24,524,000 350,096,712 8,155,300 - - - 677 1,150 to 68,966 8342 720 50 2700 4531 1177 5669 1250 32460 6395 950 1994 202 1800 3,663 1,400 360,093 24,602,400 14,221,250 36,912,250 3,952,800 4,362,500 432,078,500 8,651,500 - - - - 700 to 64,927 200 1977 3411 3000 150 55 27895 950 4385 3720 875 2883 500 1950 - 1,300 336,746 16,764,000 26,695,000 19,007,625 6,596,850 - 505,114,400 2,246,800 - - - 497 700 to 64,736 9813 1394 140 2800 3620 687 13795 1500 2241 3138 1100 1771 417 2000 2,575 900 324,121 31,771,600 27,453,000 5,905,930 4,376,000 1,650,000 241,184,423 1,173,500 - - - 590 600 to 56,270 9615 678 144 2800 4226 850 22306 1800 18414 850 1000 2845 957 2000 1,428 640 284,721 28,921,600 41,073,000 49,261,000 6,404,000 1,071,000 216,765,975 33,971,279 - - -

RECAPITULATION OF EXPORTS. (Continued below) - DESTINATION. 1812. 1813. 1814. 1815. 1816. - Lisbon 329,129,250 431,910,360 657,262,706 850,902,450 1,207,011,150 Oporto 109,206,658 147,234,848 154,551,839 146,581,700 208,018,640 England 601,688,917 1,060,051,156 917,043,259 1,078,845,100 1,852,712,000 France 63,971,999 166,908,425 United States 10,304,419 - Different Ports 19,522,655 6,569,000 1,432,200 409,690 - Total of the Exports 1,069,951,894 1,645,795,359 1,794,262,003 2,076,738,850 3,434,650,215 Export Duties on Cotton 130,654,878 196,016,626 148,634,103 166,727,400 210,154,200 National Ship sailed 52 62 66 66 77 Foreign Ships sailed 35 27 14 39 54 Total Ships sailed 87 89 80 105 131

RECAPITULATION OF EXPORTS. (Continued) - - 1817. 1818. 1819 1820 Mean of First Mean of Second 1821. Five Years. Five Years. - - - - - 1,377,936,025 1,012,630,550 730,509,375 556,768,709 695,249,183 976,971,161 483,451,725 309,450,087 316,367,700 196,421,700 155,742,814 153,138,735 237,200,138 88,312,150 1,728,432,950 2,084,502,450 1,333,142,354 1,406,996,782 1,102,068,086 1,681,157,507 602,368,671 132,448,300 242,214,100 203,392,000 86,879,600 - 166,368,185 85,130,200 7,319,000 48,720,959 20,168,000 - - 43,332,000 595,200 6,653,400 238,833 9,126,400 - - 1,020,250 3,548,862,562 3,669,687,200 2,512,425,212 2,237,396,305 2,004,279,664 3,080,604,298 2,304,685,996 241,037,400 241,675,800 215,568,000 220,315,800 170,437,441 225,750,240 153,319,999 86 77 78 63 64 76 49 65 78 66 70 34 66 65 151 155 144 133 98 143 114 -

STATE OF INDUSTRY. - All the Provinces. Where. Quantity Daily Daily Total Maximum Minimum. - Commerce and National Houses City of Maranhao 54 Industry. Ditto foreign Ditto 4 Men living by their own industry All the provinces 29 580 - - - Steam engine for City of Maranhao 1 Machines, shelling rice. Machines, with mules, Ditto 22 Potteries, for shelling rice Ditto for sugar Interior 7 Furnaces, Ditto for bruising cane for distilling Ditto 115 and Forges. Hand machines for cleansing cotton Ditto 521 Manufactory of Isle of Maranhao 1 Looms for weaving cotton In the city 230 Potteries Ditto 27 Lime kilns Isle of Maranhao 26 Saw pits All the provinces 18 Forges Ditto 132 - - - Taylors. Freemen Ditto 61 1,000 320 157 Slaves Ditto 96 Ditto Ditto - - - Braziers. Freemen Ditto 4 600 320 5 Slaves Ditto 1 Ditto Ditto - - - Carpenters. Freemen Ditto 86 800 320 269 Slaves Ditto 183 Ditto Ditto - - - Woodcutters. Freemen Ditto 96 1,200 400 138 Slaves Ditto 42 Ditto Ditto - - - Ship Freemen Ditto 80 800 320 118 Carpenters. Slaves Ditto 38 Ditto Ditto - - - Smiths Freemen Ditto 5 800 400 5 Slaves Ditto Ditto Ditto - - - Blacksmiths. Freemen City of Maranhao 37 700 320 60 Slaves Ditto 23 Ditto Ditto - - - Coopers. Freemen Ditto 2 48 320 3 Slaves Ditto 1 Ditto Ditto - - - Joiners. Freemen All the provinces 30 800 400 57 Slaves Ditto 27 Ditto Ditto - - - Goldsmiths. Freemen Ditto 49 640 400 60 Slaves Ditto 11 Ditto Ditto - - - Masons and Freemen City of Maranhao 404 800 320 1,012 Stone-cutters Slaves Ditto 608 Ditto Ditto - - - Painters. Freemen All the provinces 10 640 400 15 Slaves Ditto 5 Ditto Ditto - - - Carpenters. Freemen City of Maranhao 92 800 400 235 Slaves Ditto 143 Ditto Ditto - - - Sadlers. Freemen Ditto 4 800 400 5 Slaves Ditto 1 Ditto Ditto - - - Tanners. Freemen Ditto 4 480 320 10 Slaves Ditto 6 Ditto Ditto - - - Workwomen and Free 1,800 Female Slaves Ditto 1 800 240 160 Servants. - - - Servants Whites All the provinces 560 Variable Variable 760 and Factors. Free blacks All the provinces 200 Variable Variable -

STATEMENT OF PRODUCE. - In the whole province. Produce. Consumption Medium Value. - - New Cotton arrobas 225518 11600 3900 Spirits pipes 385 405 60000 Rice alqueires 570079 380945 570 Sugar arrobas 417 20000 3200 Oil canadas 68386 30018 600 Potatoes arrobas 2420 8600 1200 Currie ditas 83 32 2500 Coffee ditas 1020 880 3200 Dry Beef ditas 48924 64200 2000 Wax ditas 37 500 3200 Hides numero 28876 2578 1800 Beans alqueires 3128 3500 1400 Fruits number 36 todas variable Ginger arrobas 28 6 2400 Mandioc alqueires 207899 198810 900 Treacle barrels 6988 2381 170 Maize alqueires 77172 todo 700 Salt Fish arrobas 15254 todo 1000 - STATEMENT OF AGRICULTURE. - In the whole Employed Existing. Mean Worth. Daily. Province - - - - Persons Freemen 19960 35618 - de 240 a 326 Slaves 69534 84434 200000 de 160 a 240 - - - - Oxen 8811 130640 10000 Asses 28 20000 Goats 7400 1200 Sheep 1800 2000 Cattle. Horses 600 12240 20000 Mares 9400 10000 Mules 1100 3200 45000 Ewes 890 1200 Cows 20400 12000 Total Amount of Agriculture 1,897,271,846 Capital employed 27,813,600,000 Number of Farms 4,856 Number of Proprietors 2,683 -

Note.—The worth is calculated in rees, the 1,000, or milree, being worth 5s. 2d. sterling.

THE END

LONDON:

Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode, New-Street-Square.

ERRATA. (already corrected)

Page 30. line 20. for hopes read losses.

41. 21. for 1817 read 1807.

45. in the list of ships that remained at Lisbon, last line but one, for Ferlao read Tritao.

47. line 12. for Ponta read Ponte.

57. 4. for ambassader read ambassador.

59. 17. for sodier read soldier.

61. 4. for government read governments.

64. in the first line of note + for not read most.

65. line 13. for Custovao read Cristovao.

69. 6. for Cauler read Caula.

79. 21. for fuchsia read fuschia.

126. 16. for impotation read importation.

130. 23. for nove read nova.

141. 4. from bottom, for Pinja read Piraja.

THE END