Six labourers, who had been playmates with Joan in childhood, then came forward. These men, named respectively Le Cuin, Guillemeth, Waterin, Colin, Masnier, and Jacquard, were between the ages of forty-four and fifty. All these humbly born witnesses agreed in their answers to the twelve questions asked them in the following order:—

1. When and where was Joan born?

2. Who were her parents? Were they of good character and of good repute?

3. Who were her god-fathers?

4. Was she piously brought up?

5. How did she conduct herself between her seventh year up to the time she left her home?

6. Did she often frequent the churches and places of devotion of her free-will?

7. How did she occupy herself, and what were her duties?

8. Did she confess often?

9. Did she frequent the fairies' tree and the haunted well, and did she go to places with the other young people of the neighbourhood?

10. How did she leave her home, and how did she accomplish her journey?

11. Were any investigations made in her native country at the time she was taken prisoner?

12. Did Joan on one occasion escape to Neufchateau on account of a military raid, and was she then in the company of her parents?

We now arrive at a higher grade in the ranks of the witnesses, in the shape of 'l'honorable homme Nicolas Bailly.' Bailly was a man of sixty; he had been employed by the English in 1430, and by Cauchon—he was a scrivener (tabellion) by profession—to make investigations into the character of Joan in her native place.

Then came the old bell-ringer of Joan of Arc's village—Perrin le Drassier, aged sixty. He told how the maiden loved the sound of the church bells, and how she would blame him when he neglected ringing them, and of her little gifts to him to make him more diligent in his office. After the bell-ringer came three priests—all belonging to the neighbourhood of Domremy. The first—namely, the 'discrete personne Messire Henri Arnolin'—belonged to Gondrecourt-le-Chateau, near to Commercy, and was sixty-four. The next is the 'venerable personne Messire Etienne de Sionne,' curate of the parish church at Raucessey-sous-Neufchateau, aged fifty-four; and the third was named Dominic Jocab, curate of the parish church of Moutier-sur-Saulx.

Next came an old peasant from Domremy, named Bertrand Laclopsse, a thatcher by profession, ninety years of age; after him three neighbours of Joan's father—Thevenin le Royer, seventy years old; Jacquier, sixty; and John Moen, wheelwright, fifty-six. But a far more important witness than any of the preceding three-and-twenty was the uncle of the heroine, Durand Laxart, farm labourer at Burey-le-Petit, whom, it will be remembered, Joan first took into her confidence regarding her voices and her mission. Laxart was then in his sixtieth year. At the close of his evidence he states that all he had said regarding his niece he had also told Charles VII.—probably at the time of the coronation, for Laxart was then at Rheims. Laxart was followed by the couple with whom Joan of Arc lodged when living at Vaucouleurs, Henry and Joan le Royer (or le Charron). After this worthy pair appeared the two brave knights who had guarded the Maid of Orleans during her perilous journey to Chinon—John de Novelem-hont, commonly called John de Metz, aged fifty-seven, and the other, named Bertrand de Poulangy—one of the King's esquires—aged sixty-three.

Three other knights were heard after them—namely, Albert d'Ourche, from Ourche, near Commercy, aged sixty; Geoffrey du Fay, aged fifty; and Louis de Martigny, living at Martigny-les-Gerboneaux, a village near Neufchateau, aged fifty-four. These were followed by two curates and a sergeant. 'Discrete personne Messire Jean le Fumeux,' of Vaucouleurs, canon of the Church of Sainte Marie in that village, also curate of the parish church of d'Ugny, aged only thirty-eight, was, as he admitted, a mere child when Joan of Arc came to Vaucouleurs; but he remembered distinctly having seen her praying in the church at Vaucouleurs, and kneeling for a long time in the subterranean chapel of Sainte Marie's Church before an image of the Blessed Virgin.

The other priest, named John Colin, was the curate of the parish church of Domremy, and a canon of the collegiate church of Saint Nicolas de Brixey, near Vaucouleurs. His age was sixty-six. The last of these thirty-four witnesses was the sergeant, Guillot Jacquier, aged thirty-six: why he was called as a witness does not appear. As a child he had heard Joan of Arc spoken of as 'une brave fille, de bonne renommee, et de conduite honnete,' which opinion was the general one given in their evidence by all the other witnesses, whose names only we have been able to give.

Relating to the period in the life of the heroine between the time of the King's coronation and that of her capture, the facts told by the various persons examined are few and far between. In the trial for the rehabilitation of the Maid of Orleans, the story of her deeds in the field was not of much importance to the commissioners. What they principally desired to ascertain was the fact that no taint of heresy could attach to the life of the heroine. It was for this reason that all those persons who could throw any light upon Joan's early days and the actions of her childhood had been collected to give their evidence. We now come to those witnesses who were examined regarding the life of Joan of Arc after her interview with the King at Chinon and about the stirring events which immediately followed that interview. The first of these is the 'nobile et savant homme Messire Simon Charles,' Master of the Requests (Maitre des requetes) in the year 1429. He had been president of the State exchequer in 1456, and was aged sixty. Simon's evidence is of interest and importance both as regards Joan of Arc's arrival at Chinon, and also with respect to the siege of Orleans and the triumphant entry into Rheims. The next witness was one of the clergy who examined Joan when at Poitiers; this was a preaching friar from Limousin who had asked Joan of Arc in what language her saints spoke to her, and had been answered by 'In a better language than yours'—for this good friar, whose name was Brother Sequier, spoke with a strong Limousin accent. When he was giving his evidence before the commission (in 1456) he was an old man in his seventy-third year, and head of the theological college of Poitiers.

Next to him came the evidence given by the 'venerable et savant homme Maitre Jean Barbier, docteur es lois.' Barbier was King's-Advocate in the House of Parliament, and had also been one of the judges at Joan of Arc's examination at Poitiers: he was aged fifty. Barbier had been at Loches when the people threw themselves before Joan of Arc's horse, and embraced the heroine's feet and hands. Barbier reproved her for allowing them to do so. He told her that if she permitted them to act thus it would render them idolatrous in their worship of her, to which reprimand Joan answered, 'Indeed, without God's help I could not prevent them from becoming so.'

Another of the Poitiers witnesses was Gobert Thibault, also aged fifty. This Thibault had been at Chinon when Joan arrived there, and had followed her to Orleans. Among these Poitiers witnesses was Francis Garivel, aged forty. Garivel, when a lad of fifteen, had seen Joan at Poitiers, and he remembered that on her being asked why she styled Charles Dauphin, and not by his kingly title, she replied that she could not give him his regal title until he had been crowned and anointed at Rheims.

The collected testimony of the above witnesses, whose evidence covers the time passed by Joan at Poitiers, was submitted to Charles VII., and the MSS. exist in the National Library in Paris. It has been edited by the historians Bachon and Quicherat, and translated from the Latin into French by Fabre.

The next batch of witnesses' evidence concerns the fighting period of Joan of Arc's life, and consists principally of the testimony given by her companions in her different campaigns, and this appears to us by far the most interesting and curious.

Of those witnesses the first to testify was a prince of the blood, Joan of Arc's 'beau Duc,' as she loved to call John, Duke of Alencon. He is thus styled in the original document: 'Illustris ac potentissimus princeps et dominus.'

Alencon came of a truly noble line of ancestors, and was descended also from brave warriors. His great-grandfather fell at Crecy, leading the vanguard of the French host. His grandfather was the companion-in-arms of the great Du Guesclin. His father, on the field of Agincourt, after having wounded the Duke of York and stricken him to the ground, crossed swords with King Harry, and then, overwhelmed by numbers, had fallen under a rain of blows.

With Dunois (Bastard of Orleans) Alencon is one of the most prominent of the French leaders who appear in Shakespeare's play, in the first part of Henry VI. Duke John, like his illustrious forebears, had also fought and bled for his country. His first campaign was made when he was but eighteen. Alencon first saw Joan of Arc in 1429. A strong mutual regard sprang up between the prince and the Maid of Domremy. Alencon had wedded the daughter of the Duke of Orleans, and it was to her that the heroine, when she left with the Duke for their expedition against Paris, promised to bring back her husband in safety.

No one had seen more of Joan of Arc during those days of fighting than had Alencon, and no one bore a higher testimony than did the Duke to her purity, her courage, and the sublime simplicity of her character. It was the Duke of Alencon who was especially struck with the skill shown by the heroine in warlike matters; particularly in her science in the management of artillery—ridiculously rude as that branch of the service appears to us.

'Everybody,' Alencon says, 'was amazed to see that in all that appertained to warfare she acted with as much knowledge and capacity as if she had been twenty or thirty years trained in the art of war.'

Next to Alencon's evidence came that of the famous Bastard of Orleans, the Count de Dunois, one of the most engaging and sympathetic figures of the whole age of chivalry. John of Orleans was the natural son of the Duke of Orleans, and, as Fabre says of him, he 'glorified the appellation of Bastard.' Indeed, the Bastard's name deserves to be handed down in his country's annals with as much glory as that of his great English rival and foe, Talbot, in those of the English. He was a consummate soldier, who even at the early age of twenty-three had brilliantly distinguished himself, and he lived to liberate Normandy and Guyenne from the English.

Well may M. Fabre, in his book on the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, express his regret that Dunois' evidence was not set forth in the language in which it was delivered, and that it has come down to us weakened by translation into Latin. What is worse is that we have only the translation of a translation.

Dunois had, besides his high military reputation, that of being skilled in oratory. There is, however, in the translation more than a trace of the enthusiasm with which Dunois speaks of the deeds of the heroic maiden. Dunois, Bastard of Orleans as he is always called, bore the following titles, as recited by the chronicler: 'l'illustrieuse prince Jean Comte de Dunois et de Longueville, lieutenant-general de notre seigneur le roi.' He was fifty-one years old in the month of February, 1456. His deposition extends over the entire period of the life of Joan of Arc between the time of her arrival before Orleans and the period of the King's coronation.

Dunois' evidence closes thus:—'To conclude, it was habitual to Joan to speak playfully on matters relating to war, in order to cheer the soldiers, and she may have alluded to many military events which never were to take place. But I declare that, when she spoke seriously about the war, of her deeds, and of her vocation, she said her work was limited to raising the siege of Orleans, to succouring the unhappy people shut up in that town and in its suburbs, and to leading the King to Rheims for his coronation and anointing.'

Next we have the testimony of the noble knight, Raoul de Gaucourt, who had so stoutly defended Orleans during its long siege. De Gaucourt was eighty-five years old. This fine old warrior's evidence confirms all that Dunois had said in praise of Joan of Arc.

The next to appear was the heroine's page, Louis de Contes, aged fifteen when appointed to attend on Joan of Arc: at the time of the trial of her rehabilitation he was forty-two.

Next came a very interesting witness, to wit, Joan of Arc's almoner, 'venerable et religieux personne Jean Pasquerel.' This worthy priest had been formerly in a Tours monastery. We do not find his age given at this time. The clear graphic testimony of this good man is a pleasure to read. His love and admiration for the heroine appear in every line of his testimony, and although this narrative is already too long, it will not perhaps be considered tedious if some of his evidence is quoted.

'When I first had tidings,' he says, 'of Joan of Arc and of her arrival at Court, I was at Puy, where at that time were her mother and some people who had accompanied her to Chinon. Having come to me, they said, "You must come with us and see Joan; we will not allow you to leave us until you have seen her." So I went with them to Chinon, and also to Tours. At that time I was reader in a convent in that town. When she came to Tours, Joan lived in the house of John Dupuy, a burgher of that place. It was there that I first met her. "Joan," they said to her, "we have brought this good father to see you. When you know him well you will like him very much." And Joan answered them and said, "The good father pleases me much; I have heard about him already, and I will make my confession to him to-morrow."

'And I heard her confession on the day following, when I also sang the Mass before her. Since that I have always followed Joan, and I remained her chaplain till the time of her capture at Compiegne.'

It was in this good priest's evidence that the touching trait of Joan of Arc's fondness for gathering children about her was made known. 'She confessed nearly every day,' he said, 'and took the Sacrament often. When near any community of begging friars she asked me to remind her of the days on which the beggar children received the Eucharist, so that she might receive it at the same time with them. It was her delight,' he said, 'to take the Sacrament along with the poor mendicant children. She shed tears often at confession.'

Later on in his evidence Pasquerel adds to the above, 'that often at night I have seen her kneeling, praying for her King and for the success of her mission. I certainly,' he said, 'firmly believed in the divine source of her mission, for she was always engaged in good works, and she was full of every good quality. During a campaign when provisions ran short Joan would never take that which had been gained by pillage. To the wounded she was ever pitiful—to the English as well as to those of her own country, and she always tried to get them to make their confession, if badly, and even if only slightly, wounded. The fear of God was ever before her, nor would she for anything in the world do anything which she considered contrary to His will: for instance, when she was wounded in the shoulder by the dart from a crossbow, when some people wished her to allow the wound to be charmed, promising that if she had it done her hurt would be healed, Joan said that to do so would be a sin, and that she would sooner die than commit one.

'I am greatly surprised,' continued the unsophisticated old priest, 'that such great lawyers (grands clercs) as were those at Rouen could have sentenced Joan to death. How could they put to death that poor child, who was such a good and such a simple Christian, and that too, so cruelly, without a reason—for surely they had not sufficient reason at any rate to kill her!'

Pasquerel could evidently not grasp the real reason for the part played by Cauchon in the execution of the Maid of Orleans, or imagine that in order to obtain an archbishopric his beloved Joan had been condemned by the Bishop of Beauvais to the flames. Pasquerel's evidence ends thus:—

'I have nothing more to add except this. On several occasions Joan told me that if she were to die, she hoped our lord the King would found chantries in which the Almighty might be entreated in intercession for the souls of those who had been slain in the defence of the kingdom.'

The next witness is John d'Aulon, knight, Seneschal of Beaucaire, member of the King's Council. It was he who had served Joan of Arc as esquire during all her campaigns. His evidence is of importance, as it proves clearly the grounds on which the trial of rehabilitation was held—namely, to clear the King of having been crowned and anointed through the agency of one condemned by the Church as an apostate and heretic. The Archbishop thus wrote to d'Aulon on the 20th of April, 1456:—

'By the sentence pronounced against Joan the English wish it to be believed that the Maid was a sorceress, a heretic, and in league with the devil, and therefore that the King had received his kingdom by those means; and thus they hold as heretics the King and those that have served him.'

Nothing can be clearer than this declaration, or show better the real object for which that utterly selfish prince, Charles VII., had, after the lapse of a quarter of a century since the death of Joan of Arc, instituted these proceedings—not at all in order to do honour to the heroine's memory, but in order that his position as King of France should not be tainted with the heresy which had been charged to the account of Joan by and through the clergy and French doctors of theology and learning.

D'Aulon's evidence is one of the most complete of the entire set of testimonies. It was given, not at Rouen, but at Lyons, in 1456, before the Vice-Inquisitor, John Despres.

His depositions are remarkable in this, that, unlike those of the other witnesses, they are recorded in French, and not in Latin.

Next to d'Aulon succeeds, in the chain of witnesses, Simon Beaucroix, aged fifty. Simon was a youth at Chinon when Joan of Arc came there. Beaucroix's evidence is followed by that of John Luillier, a citizen of Orleans. He bore evidence to the immense popularity of the Maid during and after the siege of Orleans. At the time of the trial of rehabilitation Luillier was fifty. To the part played by the Maid at the siege of his native town he speaks thus:—

'As to the question you put me, whether I think the siege of Orleans was raised and the town saved from the enemy by the intervention and the ministration (ministere) of the Maid, even more than by the force of arms, this is my answer: All my fellow citizens, as well as I myself, believe that had the Maid not come there by the will of God to our rescue, we should very soon, both town and people, have been in the power of the besiegers. It is my belief,' he adds, 'that it was impossible for the people of Orleans and for the army present at Orleans to have held out much longer against the superior strength of the enemy.'

More people from Orleans next gave their evidence: viz. William le Charron, John Volant, William Postian, Denis Roger, James de Thou, John Canelier, Aignan de Saint-Mesmin, John Hilaire, Jacques l'Esbalny, Cosme de Commy, John de Champcoux, Peter Hue, Peter Jonqualt, John Aubert, William Rouillart, Gentien Cabu, Peter Vaillant, John Beaucharnys, John Coulon. All these men were burghers of the town, and their ages varied between forty and seventy. All agreed with Luillier in their belief that, under God, it was Joan of Arc who rescued their city from the English.

Following these men we now come to the evidence of some of the women who had seen or known the heroine. First of these is Joan, wife of Gilles de Saint-Mesmin, aged seventy. She says: 'The general opinion was and is still at Orleans that Joan was a good Catholic—simple, humble, and of a holy life.' Such, too, is the opinion of Joan, the wife of Guy Boyleau, and of Guillemette, wife of John de Coulon; also of the widow of John de Mouchy. All these agree with the first lady's testimony.

We have next the evidence of the daughter of James Boucher, the treasurer of Orleans, at whose house Joan of Arc lodged while in Orleans. Charlotte Boucher had married William Houet. When her deposition was taken in 1456 she was thirty-six years old, and consequently only nine when Joan lodged at her father's house. However, young as she was then, the visit of the Maid had left a great memory behind; she had been Joan's bed-fellow.

'Often,' she says, 'Joan said to my mother, "Hope in God, for He will deliver the town of Orleans, and drive the enemy away."'

And last we find the evidence of two good wives of Orleans, one widow of John Hure, the other Petronille, wife of Beaucharnys. After these came six clerics, canons of the Church of Saint Aignan at Orleans—Robert de Farciaux, Peter Compaing, Peter de la Censurey, Raoul Godert, Herve Bonart, and Andre Bordez. Peter Milet and his wife, Colette, were also witnesses. All had known Joan when she was at Orleans, as had Aignan Viole, an advocate of Parliament, who had been in Orleans during the siege.

The 'noble homme Guillaume de Richarville, panetier de la cour,' gave his evidence, relating to Joan of Arc's appearance at Court, as also did an old Court physician named Reginald Thierry; it is he who relates how, at the capture of Saint Pierre-le-Moutier, Joan prevented its church from being pillaged.

A doughty warrior follows, namely, 'noble et prudent Seigneur le chevalier Thibauld d'Armagnac, Sire de Thermes, Bailli de Chartres.' D'Armagnac was fifty years old; he had followed Joan of Arc all through her campaign, and, like Alencon, had a very high opinion of her military talents. At the close of his evidence, he says: 'In the manner of the conduct and ordering of troops, in that of placing them in battle array, and of animating the men, Joan of Arc had as much capacity for these things as the most accomplished captain in the art of war.'

After the soldier, the peasant. This peasant, or rather mechanic, is a coppersmith named Husson Lemaitre. Lemaitre hailed from Domremy. Being in the year 1456 at Rouen, he then and there gave his evidence. He had known Joan of Arc's family, and Joan too in her childhood; of all of them he spoke most highly.

Next comes 'honnete et prude femme demoiselle Marguerite la Tournelle,' the widow of Rene de Bouligny. It was at her house at Bourges that Joan lodged after the coronation at Rheims.

We now pass to an entirely different category of witnesses. These are the men who sat in the trial of the heroine. One can well understand the embarrassment shown by such folk in their replies to the questions they had to answer, and their wish if it were possible to turn the responsibility of their previous judgment on the heads of those who were no longer in this world to answer the charges made against them.

The first of these men is 'venerable et savante personne Maitre Thomas de Courcelles.' De Courcelles was only fifty-six in 1456, when called on to make his deposition as to the part he had played in the heroine's trial at Rouen, five-and-twenty years before. His evidence is full of the feeblest argument, and his memory appears to have been a very convenient one, as he repeatedly evades an answer by the plea of having forgotten all about the incident alluded to.

Next follows that 'venerable et circonspecte personne, Maitre Jean Beaupere'—a doctor of theology, and canon of Rouen, Paris, and Besancon. This circumspect person was now in his seventieth year. He laid most of the blame of Joan of Arc's death upon the English, and the rest on Cauchon. The English being away, and Cauchon dead, the circumspection of this doctor's evidence is evident.

We next have that of the Bishop of Noyon, John de Mailly. This bishop had been in the service of the English King, but had, when Charles became prosperous, returned to him. In 1456 he was aged sixty. An intimate of the Prince Cardinal of Winchester, and one of the foremost of the judges who condemned Joan of Arc to death, his deposition in 1456 is quite a study in the art of trying to convince people that black is white. He had shown some kind of feeling of humanity at the time of the martyrdom of the Maid, and had left that scene of horror early. To the memory of his old friend and colleague, Cauchon, he gives a parting kick by saying at the close of his examination that of one thing he was quite certain, and that was that Cauchon received money for the conduct of the trial from his friends, the English. But he might have now been reminded that he too had received some of this blood-money.

Next to appear is another French bishop, Monseigneur Jean Le Fevre, Eveque in partibus de Demetriade. This prelate was in his seventieth year. At the time of Joan of Arc's trial he was professor of theology of the order of hermit monks of Saint Augustins. The Bishop had taken an active part in the trial and condemnation. Like his brother bishop, Le Fevre enjoyed a very convenient memory, and had quite forgotten many things of importance which occurred during the trial in 1430. Nor did he even take part as a spectator in the martyrdom which he had helped to bring about—'I left before the end,' he said, 'not feeling the strength to see more.' Let that shred of humanity in the composition of priests like him be allowed before we entirely condemn them.

The next witness is also a Churchman, Peter Migiet, the prior of Longueville, aged seventy. He also had been one of Cauchon's crawling creatures. There is little of interest in his evidence, except the passage where he says that an English knight had told him that the English feared Joan of Arc more than a hundred soldiers, and that her very name was a source of terror to the foe. Although this sounds an exaggerated statement, it is not so, as is proved by an edict having been issued by the English Government in the May of 1430, in which English officers and soldiers who refused to enter France for fear of 'the enchantments of the Maid' were threatened with severe punishment. There is, moreover, an edict, bearing the date of December 1430, which was also issued by the English military authorities, describing the trial and the punishment by court martial of all soldiers who had deserted the army in France from fear of Joan of Arc.

After the above priests, on whom rests the infamy of having taken part in the death of the heroine, it is a relief to find the next witness, although a Churchman, a man of sufficient honesty and courage to have been one of those few who refused to take any part in the iniquitous proceedings connected with Joan of Arc's trial, and who suffered imprisonment owing to his unwillingness to carry out Cauchon's wishes. This worthy priest was named Nicolas de Houppeville, a doctor of theology, now in his sixty-fifth year.

The next witness is John Tiphanie, a canon of the Sainte Chapelle of Paris. He was also a doctor in medicine. Tiphanie had been compelled much against his inclination to take part in the trial of Joan. He was one of the doctors who were sent to see her when she lay ill in prison.

Then follows another doctor; this is William Delachambre, aged only forty-eight in 1456. He must have practised his vocation at a very early age. Delachambre had also joined in the trial of the Maid, from fear of Cauchon. His evidence relating to the scene at Saint Ouen is important.

'I remember well,' he says, 'the abjuration which Joan of Arc made. She hesitated a long while before she made it. At length William Erard determined her to make it by telling her that, when she had made it, she should be delivered from her prison. Under this promise she at length decided to do so, and she then read a short profession of some six or seven lines written on a piece of folded paper. I was so near that I could see the writing on the paper.'

We next come to the witness whose evidence is, next to that of Dunois, of the greatest importance; it is that of the Recorder, or judges' clerk, William Manchon. Born in 1395, he was sixty-one years of age when the rehabilitation trial took place. Manchon's evidence takes up thirty pages in M. Fabre's work, already often referred to—Le Proces de Rehabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc. Much against his will was Manchon obliged to act in the trial of the Maid, but he did not dare disobey the orders of those who formed the Council of Henry VI. All that he deposed has been made use of in the account of the heroine's life; so now we need do no more than refer to it. The other Recorder who helped Manchon to draw up the minutes of the trial was also examined; this was William Colles, called Boisguillaume. He was in his sixty-sixth year. Colles relates that, after the execution, the people used to point out the author of Joan's death with horror—'besides,' he adds, 'I have been told that the most prominent of those who took part in her condemnation died miserably. Nicolas Midi [who had preached the sermon on the day of her execution, and just before it took place] was stricken with leprosy, and Cauchon died suddenly, while being shaved.'

A third Recorder was also examined, Nicolas Taquel. Then followed the priest Massieu. During the trial of Joan he had acted as bailiff to the Court, and in that capacity had seen much of the prisoner; he had always conveyed her to and from her prison. It may be remembered that it was he who, on Joan's petition to be allowed to kneel before the chapel on her way to the hall of judgment, granted her request, and was threatened by Cauchon, should it again occur, to be thrown into prison where, as Cauchon said to him, he would not have 'the light of sun or moon.' Massieu remained till the end with Joan, and it is he who records that the executioner found, after the body had been destroyed, that the heart remained unconsumed. He also relates that the executioner was ordered to collect the ashes and all that remained, and to throw those few relics of humanity into the Seine, which was accordingly done. Martin Ladvenu followed Massieu. Ladvenu was a Dominican friar: he was one of the few priests who showed some humanity to the victim. It was to him that Joan of Arc confessed on the morning of her death, and it was also to him that the executioner came on the night of the martyrdom, and said that no execution had ever affected him as that one had done. Next to arrive was Isambard de la Pierre, a Dominican priest. He had been an acolyte of the Vice-Inquisitor, Lemaitre; he too, like Ladvenu, had shown sympathy with the sufferer, had given her advice during the trial, and had helped to soothe her last moments. De la Pierre states in his evidence regarding her supposed refusal to submit herself to the Church, that Joan of Arc, when she was told by her judges to submit herself, thought they meant themselves by the Church of which they spoke to her; but when she was told by him what the Church really signified she always said she submitted herself to it and to the Pope. It was to Isambard de la Pierre that Joan begged for a cross when on the pile and about to die. 'As I was close by the poor child,' he says, 'she begged me humbly to go to the church close at hand and bring her a cross to hold up right before her eyes, till her death, so that the cross on which God hung might as long as she lived appear before her. She died a true and good Christian. In the midst of the flames she never ceased calling on the sacred name of Jesus, and invoking the aid of the saints in Paradise. When the fire was lit she begged me to get down from off the stake with my cross, but to hold it still before her, which I did. At last, bending down her head, with a strong voice calling on the name of Jesus, she gave up the ghost.'

Yet another priest succeeds: this is 'venerable et religieux personne, frere Jean Toutmouille,' of the order of the preaching friars of Rouen. Toutmouille was quite a youth at the time of Joan of Arc's death. Another priest follows, William Daval, also one of the order of preaching friars, and belonging to the Church of Saint James at Rouen. He, too, had been, with Isambard, one of the acolytes of the Vice-Inquisitor. In his evidence, he tells of how, after Isambard had been advising Joan in her prison, he was met by Warwick, who threatened to have him thrown into the river if he continued seeing the prisoner.

We next have 'venerable et circonspecte personne Maitre Andre Marguerie'; this was one of Cauchon's most trusted creatures. His 'ame damnee,' Richard de Grouchet, canon of the collegiate Church of Sans Faye, is the next witness. There is nothing of any interest in the testimony of these Churchmen, nor in that of Nicolas Dubesert, another canon of Rouen, nor in that of Nicolas Caval. Next appears a prior, Thomas Marie, of the Church of Saint Michel, near Rouen. Four other ecclesiastics follow them—John Roquier, Peter Bouchier, John Bonnet, John de Lenozoles; but none of these men's testimony is of any interest. The evidence of no less a person than the torturer is called next. He is named—to give him his titles in full—'Honnete homme Mauger Lessarmentrer, clerc non marier, appariteur de la cour archiepiscopalle de Rouen.' The name of the chief torturer of the good city of Rouen, Mauger, has a gruesome ring about it—it reminds one of the headsman in Harrison Ainsworth's novel of the Tower of London. Aged fifty-six in 1456, Mauger had seen Joan of Arc when she was brought into the yet extant tower of the castle, and threatened by Cauchon with the torture. 'We were,' deposed Mauger, 'my companion and myself, ordered to go there to torture her. She was questioned, and she answered with much prudence, and so well, that every one was amazed. Finally, I and my companion left the tower without having laid hands upon her.' Mauger attended at the execution, and this is what he heard and saw there and then. 'As soon as the Bishop (Cauchon) had read the sentence, Joan was taken to the fire. I did not hear whether the civil judges delivered the sentence or not. Joan was placed instantly upon the fire. In the midst of the flames she called out more than six times the name of Jesus. It was when about to give the last breath that she called out with a loud voice, "Jesus!" so that every one could hear her. Nearly everybody wept, for all were overcome with pity.'

After the torturer's witness came that of a soldier, Aimonde de Macy, who was thirty years old when he met Joan in the Castle of Beaurevoir; she being then a prisoner in the charge of Ligny.

De Macy was at Rouen at the time when Lord Stafford came so nearly stabbing the Maid in her prison, and was only prevented from that dastardly act by Warwick.

We next hear the evidence of an attorney, Peter Daron: he had also seen Joan in her prison at Rouen, and had seen her die.

Next we have 'prudent homme Maitre Jean Fave, maitre des requetes du roi Charles VII.': he, too, was present at the execution.

Next appears upon the scene 'honnete personne Laurent Guesdon,' clerk and advocate to the lay court of Rouen. He also had been present at the death of Joan of Arc, and, from his office as lieutenant of the Bailiff of Rouen, he held an important position at the execution; and this is some of his evidence relating to it: 'I assisted at the last sermon preached at the old market-place. I had accompanied the Bailiff, being then his deputy. The sentence was read by which Joan was abandoned to the secular arm; after that sentence had been pronounced the executioners seized her, before either the Bailiff or myself had time to read the sentence; and she was led up to the stake—which was not as it should have been ordered.'

Next arrive as witnesses two burghers of Rouen, Peter Cusquel and John Moreaux. Both of them had been spectators of the martyrdom, but they have nothing of interest to say about it. And finally—(and doubtless the reader will be glad to come to the end of this interminable procession, as is the writer)—comes the deposition of John Marcel—'bourgeois' of Paris. Marcel had been in Rouen during the time of the Maid's trial, and was also present at the end of her life. M. Fabre, in concluding in his book the translation of the testimonies of the long list of witnesses given by him for the first time in full, makes a great point of the universal concurrence of those who knew Joan of Arc as to her undoubted purity of person as well as of mind: that fact is of the greatest importance as regarded the rehabilitation of the Maid of Orleans. That is a subject which it is not now necessary to do more than to allude to; but to the French judges in the time of the trial of the rehabilitation, the fact of Joan of Arc being proved to have been incontestably a virgin was of the highest interest. It was reserved for a countryman of Joan of Arc's (Du Bellay) to invent a legend to disprove the fact; and to the everlasting shame of French literature, Voltaire adopted the lying calumny in his licentious burlesque-heroic poem, La Pucelle d'Orleans.

The sentence of rehabilitation which fills in the translation a dozen of M. Fabre's pages, was solemnly delivered in the great hall of the archiepiscopal palace at Rouen. On that occasion one of Joan of Arc's brothers, John, was present. The sentence which was framed to wipe away the iniquity of the judgment by which the heroine had been condemned, was delivered by the Archbishop of Rheims in the presence of a vast concourse of people, among whom were the Bishops of Paris and of Coutances. Among other things ordered to honour the memory of the Martyr, it was ordained that after a sermon preached on the spot where the act of abjuration had taken place in the cemetery of the Church of Saint Ouen, and also on the site of the spot where had stood the stake and pyre, two crosses should be erected.

Crosses were placed not only there, and in Rouen, but also on other spots. It is interesting to know that one of these crosses can still be seen in the Forest of Compiegne; and it is traditionally said that this cross at Compiegne was placed there by no other than Dunois himself. Both the crosses at Rouen have disappeared centuries ago. Processions took place at Rouen, and all was done that the Church could do to wash out the indelible stain of its action four-and-twenty years before the time of the rehabilitation. In 1431, the clergy of France, to please the English, had in the name of orthodoxy, and with the tolerance of the Pope, denounced Joan of Arc as 'a heretic and idolatress.' In 1456, the same French clergy, to please Charles VII., in the name of religion and justice pronounced the memory of Joan of Arc free from all taint of heresy and of idolatry, and ordered processions and erected crosses in her honour to keep her memory fresh in the land.



APPENDIX



APPENDIX

No. I.

JOAN OF ARC IN FRENCH AND ENGLISH HISTORY.

Even in France no thoroughly satisfactory history exists of Joan of Arc, although a large number of histories have been written. Following is an enumeration of the most important.

As was natural while her countrymen were divided into two camps, those writers who belonged to the side of the English attacked the heroine, or rather her mission, with ill-placed zeal. Of them Enguerrand de Monstrelet was the most eminent.

Less well known chroniclers on the national side, such as Philip de Bergame, an Augustinian monk, on the other hand exaggerate the deeds of the Maid. None of these chroniclers' writings can be called histories of Joan of Arc. Nor in the following (the sixteenth) century, did such writers as Du Bellay and Haillon do more than allude to Joan of Arc; the first in his Instructions sur le fait de la guerre, and the second in his book on the Affaires de France.

Haillon had written disparagingly of the heroine. It had the effect of raising the ire of that learned scribe William Postel, who wrote that the actions and renown of Joan of Arc were as necessary to maintain as the Bible itself. With Postel the celebrated jurisconsult Stephen Pasquier was quite in accord, and in his work called Recherches sur la France, he writes that 'never had any one saved France so opportunely or so well as did this Maid.' In 1576 a book was published by the magistrates of Orleans relating to the siege of their town, in which all honour was given to the heroine for the part she had taken in its delivery. In the preface to that book the following sentiment is expressed:—'It is a lamentable fact that the Maid, respected by all other nations, the English alone excepted, finds amongst her countrymen writings to injure her memory by people who are greater enemies to the honour of France than those who are strangers to that country.'

It should be noted that as early as the year 1534 the famous early chronicler Polydore Virgile, Italian by origin, wrote a voluminous history of England in twenty-six books, and treated the Maid's mission as one inspired by divine influence, severely blaming her judges for their inhuman conduct towards her.

In 1610 a book was published discussing the origin of the family of the Maid of Orleans; a work of little value. In 1612 one of the descendants of a brother of Joan of Arc—Charles du Lys—published a slight work called Traite sommaire sur le nom, les armes, la naissance et la parente de la Pucelle et de ses freres. In that same year the first history of Joan of Arc was published, also by a descendant of one of her brothers, John Hordal. This book was in Latin; it was entitled 'The History of Joan of Arc, that very noble heroine.' Soon after an elaborated work, based on this book, was produced by Edmond Richer, a doctor of theology in Paris.

The next account of the Maid of any length occurs in Mezarie's huge History of France, It was published between 1643 and 1652. In 1661 appeared a work called L'Histoire du roi Charles VII., contenant les choses memorables de 1422 a 1466. It was in this work, which was compiled by Denis Godefroy, that the manuscripts of the Chronique de la Pucelle were first printed. This chronicle concerns the events which occurred between the years 1422 and 1429. Although not a complete history of the heroine, it is the earliest account. It was republished by Buchon, by Petitot, and by Quicherat; and it was consulted by Michelet when writing his account of Joan of Arc. M. Vallet de Viriville believes the Chronicle of the Maiden to have been written by G. Cousinot, Chancellor of the Duke of Orleans, who was present at the siege of Orleans. At the close of the seventeenth century was published a history of France by a Jesuit priest named David, in which there is some account of Joan of Arc; but David's history is more remarkable for being a colossal list of falsehoods than for any other merit.

We now arrive at the eighteenth century, and still find no tolerable history of Joan of Arc. In the year 1753 the Abbe Longlet Dufresnoy published a Life of Joan of Arc; it is totally devoid of any merit.

In 1790 Clement de l'Averdy published some notices relating to the trial and condemnation of Joan of Arc. These notices led up to, and were followed by the publications of Petitot, Buchon, Michaud, and Pougoulat. At length, under the protection of the Society of French History, the learned author Quicherat produced his all-important works. That distinguished historian and antiquarian began his career under Charlet. In 1847 he was appointed Professor of Archaeology, and later, Director of the Institute of the Charters. Between 1841 and 1850 he edited the original documents relating to the trials of Joan of Arc—those of her condemnation and of her rehabilitation. Of these only a few extracts had previously been published by M. l'Averdy. The series edited by Quicherat consists of five bulky tomes. Although when Michelet was writing his history of France, Quicherat's work had not yet been published, the chronicler helped the historian by lending Michelet the MSS. he was then annotating.

But to return to the earlier years of the century. In 1817, Lebrun des Charnettes published a history of Joan of Arc in four volumes; this history of the Maid was up to that time the best that had been written. In the same year there was published another history of the heroine by M. Berriat Saint-Prix. The best thing that work contains is an itinerary of the different places at which Joan of Arc passed the last three years of her short existence. It is a useful list for any one who wishes to visit the scenes connected with her wonderful history.

The list commences with her flight to Neufchateau in 1428, and the journey to Toul, and continues as follows:—

1428.

MAY.

From Domremy to Burey-le-Petit, Vaucouleurs. Return to Domremy.

1429.

FEBRUARY.

From Domremy to Vaucouleurs, Toul, Nancy, Saint Nicolas-du-Port. 13th Return to Vaucouleurs, Saint Urbain, Auxerre.

MARCH.

Gien, Sainte Catherine de Fierbois. 6th Chinon, Le Coudray en Touraine, Poitiers.

APRIL.

Chinon, Tours, Saint Florent-les-Saumur. 25th Blois. 28th Rully pres de Checy. 29th Orleans.

MAY.

2nd Reconnaissance before Orleans. 4th Sortie on the road of Blois. 10th Return to Blois from Orleans. To Tours and Loches.

JUNE.

4th Selles-en-Berri. 6th Selles to Romorantin and Orleans, 11th Jargeau. 15th Meun-sur-Loire. 16th Beaugency. 18th Patay and Jauville. 19th Orleans, Saint Benoit-sur-Loire. 22nd Chateauneuf. 24th Departure from Orleans for Gien. 27th Departure from Gien in the direction of Montargis.

JULY.

1st Before Auxerre. 2nd Saint Florentin. 4th Saint Fal. 5th Before Troyes. 10th Entry into Troyes. 14th Bussy. 15th Chalons-sur-Marne. 16th Sept Saulx. 16th Rheims. 21st Saint Marcoul de Corbeny. 22nd Vailly. 23rd Soissons. 29th Chateau Thierry.

AUGUST.

1st Montmirail-en-Brive. 2nd Provins. Sortie as far as Lamotte-de-Nangis, Bray-sur-Seine. 5th Return towards Paris by Provins. 7th Coulommiers, Chateau Thierry. 10th La Ferte Milon. 11th Crespy-en-Valois. 12th Lagny-le-Sec. 13th Dammartin and Thieux. 14th Baron, Montessilloy. 15th Crespy. 18th Compiegne, Senlis. 23rd Leave Compiegne. 26th Saint Denis.

SEPTEMBER.

5th La Chapelle, near Paris. 8th Attack on the gate Saint Honore. 9th Retreat from La Chapelle to Saint Denis. 14th Lagny-sur-Marne. 15th Provins, Bray-sur-Seine. Passage of the river Yonne at a ford near Sens Courtenay. Chateau Regnaut, Montargis. 21st Gien. Selles-en-Berri, Bourges.

OCTOBER.

Meun-sur-Yevre, Bourges.

NOVEMBER.

Saint Pierre-le-Moutier. 9th Moulins. 24th La Charite-sur-Loire, Meun-sur-Yevre.

DECEMBER.

Jargeau.

1430.

JANUARY.

18th Bourges. 19th Orleans.

MARCH.

3rd Sully. 28th Flight from Sully.

APRIL.

15th Before Melun, Lagny, Sortie against Franquet d'Arras, Senlis, Compiegne, Pont l'Eveque, Soissons, Compiegne.

MAY.

Lagny, Crecy, Compiegne. 28th Sortie from Compiegne against Margny and Clairvoix.

JUNE, JULY.

At Beaulieu-en-Vermandois.

AUGUST, SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, AND NOVEMBER.

Beaurevoir, Arras, Drugy, near Saint Riquier, Le Crotoy.

DECEMBER.

Saint Valery-sur-Somme, Eu, Dieppe, Rouen.

1431.

JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL, AND MAY.

Rouen.

Sismondi devotes a part of the thirteenth volume of his History of France, published between 1821 and 1844, to the Maid of Orleans. He sums up the action of the Church to her in these words: 'The Church was against the Maid. All persons not delegated by her who pretended to have supernatural powers were accused of using magical arts.'

Barante in his famous history of the Dukes of Burgundy, published in 1824, gives a somewhat meagre and uninteresting account of Joan of Arc. In 1821 appeared a Life of the heroine, by Jollois, under whose direction the little monument was placed at Domremy in honour of the Maid.

Alexandre Dumas has left among his numberless works a Life of Johanne la Pucelle, which is neither true history nor romance, but a jumble of both, and is a work hardly worthy the author, but there are some fine expressions in the book. Dumas christened Joan of Arc 'The Christ of France.' Michelet in the fifth volume of his Histoire de France published in 1841, has written what will probably always be considered the best account of the Maid. Although only one hundred and thirty pages are given to her life, these pages form a book in themselves, and as a separate volume Michelet's Life of Joan of Arc has gone through a large number of editions, the latest a handsome illustrated one, published by Hachette in 1888.

One cannot help regretting that so great a writer should allow his Anglophobism to appear to such an extent in some of the pages of his work. Michelet attacks the entire English nation as if they had been individually and collectively guilty of Joan of Arc's death. He even goes out of his way to abuse English literature in this amazing passage: 'De Shakespeare a Milton, de Milton a Byron leur belle et simple litterature est sceptique, judaique, satanique.' It is pitiable that so distinguished a writer as was Michelet should pen such rubbish, but when a Frenchman writes on the subject of Joan of Arc much should be forgiven him. More serious than the abuse of the English in Michelet's work are the inaccuracies in his account of Joan of Arc. For instance, he writes of the heroine watching the English coast from her prison in the castle of Crotoy. Her eyesight must have been telescopic had she been able to do so, for eighty miles of sea stretch between the site of Crotoy and the English coast.

We next come to Henry Martin's history of France. In this work a third part of the sixth volume is consecrated to Joan of Arc, whom he calls the 'Messiah of France.'

M. Wallon, however, is the writer who has given France the most complete biography of her heroine. This work, published by Hachette, had in 1879 attained its fifth edition. A most sumptuously illustrated edition appeared in 1876, one of those splendidly illustrated books in which the French press has no rival. That book is the finest monument which has appeared to honour the memory of the Maid of Orleans. Its illustrations contain views of all places and memorials connected with the heroine from the fifteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century. The text of Wallon's Life is, however, wanting in charm, and it is, as M. Veuillot writes of it, 'un livre serieuse et solide.' Sainte-Beuve has been still more severe in his judgment on Wallon's book, which he calls 'la faiblesse meme.'

Some slighter histories may be alluded to: one by Lamartine, unworthy of the author and the subject; another by M. Abel Desjardins; a third by Villaume; a fourth by M. Lafontaine. There is an interesting study by Simon Luce on Joan of Arc's early years; and last, but certainly not least, the three works by M. Joseph Fabre, relating to Joan of Arc's life, her trial, her condemnation, and her rehabilitation. In the two last works the whole of the long examination appears for the first time, translated into French from the Latin—documents invaluable to any one studying the heroine's life.

In England little has been written in prose relating to Joan of Arc that will be likely to live. The early chroniclers were monstrously unjust to her. It is enough to allude to the lying and scurrilous abuse which such writers as Robert Fabyan, in his chronicles on the history of England and of France, published in 1516, heaped upon Joan of Arc. Hall's and Holinshed's chronicles, from which the author of the First Part of King Henry VI. borrowed so largely, sinned as deeply. Hall's authorities among French writers were Monstrelet, Bouchet, Mayer, Argentan, Gile Corozet, and the annals of France and Aquitaine—and of English writers, Fabyan, Caxton, John Harding, Sir Thomas More, Basset, Balantyne, and the Chronicle of London.

The annalist Stow, Hume's 'honest historian,' is less unjust and bitter in his account of Joan of Arc than are Hall and Holinshed. Thomas Fuller appears not to have settled to his satisfaction whether Joan of Arc was a witch or a heroine.

In the seventeenth century we have only a handful of poor writers who have treated more or less badly of the Maid, such as Daniel, Martyn, and Sir Richard Baker. It is not until well into the eighteenth century that a man of letters appears capable of giving an unprejudiced and true history of the life of Joan of Arc: this historian is Guthrie, who published, between the years 1744 and 1751, a long history of England. M. Darmesteter has named this author 'a village Bossuet.'

Coming to our own days we have quite a crowd of writers who have written with enthusiasm on the Maid of Domremy. It is sufficient to name the most prominent of these—Landor, Sir James Mackintosh, John Sterling, Lord Mahon, De Quincey, and J.R. Green.



No. II.

JOAN OF ARC IN POETRY.

The Maid of Orleans (though a more poetical figure cannot be found in all history) has not been more fortunate at the hands of the poets than at those of the historians.

To begin with her own countrywoman—for the first who sang of Joan of Arc was appropriately enough a fellow-countrywoman—Christine de Pisan.

As the name indicates, this poetess was an Italian by origin, but appears to have lived most of her life in France. The latter part she passed in a convent.

In the year 1429, Christine was sixty-seven years old; she had been living in some conventual establishment for eleven years. Her verses in praise of Joan of Arc—which number several hundred stanzas—were undoubtedly written in the heroine's life-time. They are supposed to have been the last lines she wrote. These stanzas were completed shortly after the coronation of Charles VII. A manuscript copy of this poem exists in which Joan of Arc is compared to Deborah, Judith, and Queen Esther. These poems are curious and quaint in their old French expressions, but they are quite unreadable for any but French students well versed in the literature of the fifteenth century.

In 1440, Martin le France, provost of the Cathedral of Lausanne, bestows some lines on Joan of Arc in his poem called the Champion des dames. In 1487, Martial de Paris published, under the title of Vigiles du roi Charles VII., a rhymed translation of Jean Chartrier's chronicle of that monarch.

Villon has left some charming lines in which he has placed the heroine's name as it were on a string of pearls; they occur in his exquisite ballad 'Dames du temps jadis,' and, as it would be profanation to try and translate, I give them here in the original:—

'La Reine blanche comme un lys Qui chantait a voix de sirene, Berthe au grand pied, Bietris, Allis, Haremburge qui tint le Maine, Et Jeanne la bonne Lorraine Qu' Anglais brulerent a Rouen, Ou sont-ils, vierge souveraine? Mais ou sont les neiges d'antan?'

Long before those beautiful lines were written by Villon, a play called Le Mystere du Siege d'Orleans had been acted. As early as the year 1435 this performance appears to have taken place on the anniversary of the deliverance of the city, and the dramatic piece was probably acted on the return of that day for many a year after. This was one of the so-called 'Miracle Plays,' popular both in France and in England at that period. The author or authors of the play are not known.

Some one has taken the trouble to count the number of lines: they amount to 20,529, and are all in dialogue!

Whether the unfortunate audience had to sit all through this performance one does not know. One hopes, for their sake, that, like a Chinese play or a Bayreuth performance of Wagner's operas, the performance was extended over a number of days.

Joan is naturally the heroine throughout; she first appears as the bearer of the Divine mandate to drive the enemy from off the sacred soil of France. The play closes with her triumphant return to Orleans after the victory of Patay. As far as the mission is concerned the play is historically correct, and it is in this respect an improvement on Shakespeare and Schiller. There is a point of great interest concerning this piece which, so far as we know, has never been noticed—namely, the fact of one of its acts being almost identical with one in the First Part of King Henry VI. In the mystery play the scene of this act is laid before Orleans. The French are determined to defend their city to the last; the English are determined on taking it. We are in front of the besieged and the besiegers. Salisbury has entered the Tournelles, and he looks out over the city from a window in the tower. Glansdale ('Glassidas') stands beside him, and says to Salisbury, 'Look to your right, and to your left—it looks like a terrestrial paradise, all this country flowing with milk and honey; you will soon be its master.' Salisbury expresses his satisfaction at the sight of all the plunder at his feet, and gives vent to some very sanguinary sentiments about the French; he will slay every one in the place—all the men, 'et leurs femmes et leurs enfants. Personne je n'epargnerai.' But scarcely has he been able to give vent to this terrible threat when his head is carried off by a cannon ball fired from the town. The English cry out 'Ha! Hay! maudite journee!'

Earl Salisbury is carried out stiff and stark. Talbot and the other English officers now vow vengeance on the French in these words:—

'Ha, Sallebery, noble coraige! Ta mort nous sera vendue chere, Jamais un tel de ton paraige, Ne se trouvera en frontiere.'

If we turn to Scene 4 of the first act of Shakespeare's First Part of King Henry VI., we shall find almost the same scene enacted.

Enter on the turrets, Lord Salisbury, Talbot, etc. Salisbury, after welcoming Talbot, calls on Sir William Glansdale to look down into the town, and while conversing the shot is fired which kills Salisbury. After the death of Salisbury, Talbot vows vengeance on the French, and says he will

'Nero-like Play on the lute, beholding the towns burn.'

There can be little doubt that whoever wrote the First Part of King Henry VI. had seen the mystery play of the Siege of Orleans acted in that town. This brings one to the much debated question, 'Who wrote the First Part of King Henry VI.?'

There can be no doubt that Shakespeare had studied both Hall's and Holinshed's chronicles. The former styled Joan of Arc 'a monstrous woman,' and also suggested that fine passage beginning 'Why ring not the bells throughout the town?' We are of those who would wish to believe that our greatest poet had but little hand in delineating the French heroine of all time as she is described in Hall and in Holinshed, and to believe that he left the play—originally written, we think, by Greene—very much as he found it. It is not indeed till the fifth act, when Joan is represented as a magician, and when the grotesqueness of the author passes even the limits of burlesque, that we fail to see a shred of the poet's skill. Nothing in Shakespeare is at once so unpoetical as well as so untrue to history as the last scene, in which Joan repudiates her father. If it is by Shakespeare—which we cannot believe—it must have been one of the very earliest of his historical plays; and, with Ben Jonson, we could wish that the passages referring to the Maid of Orleans had been freely blotted.

The era of the Renaissance brought with it in France no poets to sing of Joan of Arc, and we only find—besides the mystery play of the Siege of Orleans—one literary work relating to her at this period; that is a five-act tragedy written by a Jesuit priest named Fronton du Duc, a gloomy piece, which was acted in 1580 at Pont-a-Mousson. In the beginning of the seventeenth century appeared another tragedy by a Norman squire named Virey: it was titled Jeanne d'Arques, dite la Pucelle d'Orleans. This very mellifluous production was published at Rouen in the year 1600.

Another tragedy on the same subject appeared in 1642, written by the Abbe d'Aubignac—a very pedantic play.

Next appears an 'heroic poem' by Chapelain, published in 1656, entitled La Pucelle. Great things had been expected of this poem, but it fell very flat after a long expectancy of thirty years when it at length saw the light. Chapelain's ridiculous poem gave the idea to Voltaire of his licentious one.

Even Voltaire was ashamed of his work, and long denied that he was its author. As a very slight reparation for his deed, he writes of Joan of Arc in his Essai sur les moeurs et l'esprit des natives, that the heroine would have had altars built in the days when altars were erected by primitive men to their liberators.

Southey, referring to Voltaire's infamous production, said, 'I never committed the crime of reading Voltaire's Pucelle.'

After all, Voltaire did infinitely more harm to himself by writing his poem La Pucelle than he did to the memory of the Maid of Orleans, for it revealed to the world what an amount of depravity was mixed up within that wonderful shrewd mind, and how it weakened its genius. The great Revolution which swept so many shams away with its terrible breath, venerated, to its honour be it said, both the spirit of humanity displayed by the poet-philosopher and the spirit of patriotism that possessed the virgin heroine and martyr.

In 1795 appeared Southey's heroic play on Joan of Arc. That drama is more a glorification of the principles of the French Revolution than of Joan of Arc. There is no attempt made to follow out her history. The play contains a love episode due entirely to the youthful poet's imagination, but it contains fine passages as well, and seems to us to have merited more praise from posterity than it has received.

Schiller's play, like Southey's, sins grievously as far as historical truth is concerned. The German poet wishes, it seems, to remove the bad impression made by Voltaire's poem. The play was first performed on the stage at Weimar in 1801; and the Jungfrau von Orleans met with considerable success. It contains noble lines, but is historically a mere travesty of the life and death of the heroine.

In 1815 Casimir Delavigne wrote, as a counterblast to the double invasion that France had just undergone, his well known Messeniennes to the honour of the French heroine. These poems had a great success, the second being the most admired; but they are now forgotten. Two other dramatic poets followed in Delavigne's steps: these were d'Avrigni and Soumet. By the former appeared, in 1819, a tragedy in five acts and in verse; it was performed at the Theatre Francais. Soumet's play was also acted; it almost equals d'Avrigni's in length and tediousness.

Besides the above tragedies which had, as the French term it, the honour of seeing the light of the footlights, Desnoyers wrote a play on Joan of Arc in 1841, and was followed by a series of other writers in verse and in prose—Caze, Dumolard, Maurin, Cramar, Hedouville, Millot, Lequesme, Crepot, Puymaigre, Porchat, Haldy, Renard, Jouve, Cozic, Daniel Stern, Bousson de Maviet, Constant Materne. All the above wrote plays and tragedies on the subject of Joan of Arc between the years 1805 and 1862. Daniel Stern was the only authoress who composed a drama in honour of the heroine.

While all this galimatias of dramas has sunk into the limbo which waits for all such work, Villon's two lines remain as bright as the day on which, four centuries ago, he wrote them:—

'Jeanne la bonne Lorraine, Qu' Anglais brulerent a Rouen.'

Some plays on the subject of the Maid of Orleans also appeared in Italy and in England, but none is likely to retain a long hold of the stage. The drama of Joan of Arc's life has inspired two of the greatest masters of music of our day. Verdi set a tragedy by Solera to music in 1845, and in 1869 Gounod wrote some music for a piece by Jules Barbier, which was performed with some success at the Gaite Theatre in Paris in 1873.

What will always remain an unfortunate fact in the history of modern literature is that the two greatest minds of England and France have written on the subject of the Maid of Orleans lines which—for their fame—it were well they had never written. Whether Shakespeare composed the First Part of King Henry VI. may for long remain a disputed point, but he is responsible for that play, and consequently for the manner in which Joan of Arc is treated in it. No genius can pardon or excuse the abuse and filth with which Voltaire bespatters the immortal memory of the glorious Maid of Orleans.

Voltaire's attack on Church and State had much to excuse them in his day; but that on Joan of Arc was entirely unwarranted, uncalled for, and unpardonable. Still, could Joan have known the offence and the offender, we have no doubt she would have forgiven the ribaldry and the ribald as freely as she forgave all her enemies.



FRENCH BIBLIOGRAPHY OF JOAN OF ARC.

Anonym, 'Chanson historique de Jeanne d'Arc et de ses hauts faits.' Orleans, 1862. 12mo. (Il n'a ete publie que 35 exemplaires de cet ouvrage.)

Attel de Lutange, J.F.D. d', 'l'Heroine d'Orleans, 15^e siecle, avec une carte de tous les lieux cites dans cet ouvrage et un plan de la ville d'Orleans a l'epoque de sa delivrance par Jeanne d'Arc.' 3 tom. Paris, 1884. 8vo.

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Barbier, Jules, 'Jeanne d'Arc.' Drame en 5 actes et en vers, musique de Ch. Gounod, rep^te. a la Gaite en Nov. 1873.

Barthelemy (E.M. de) et Kerviler (R.), 'Un tournoi de 3 pucelles en l'honneur de Jeanne d'Arc.' 1878. 8vo.

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Benserade, J. de (?), ou Tilet de la Mesnardiere (?), 'La pucelle d'Orleans.' Tragedie en 5 actes et en vers. Paris, 1642. 4to.

—— —— Autre edition. Paris, 1682. 4to.

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—— 'Jacques d'Arc, pere de la Pucelle. Sa notabilite personnelle, d'apres les documents recemment decouverts.' Orleans, 1885. 8vo.

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Bouquet, F., 'Faut-il ecrire Jeanne d'Arc ou Jeanne Darc.' 1867. 8vo.

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Bouteiller (E. de) et Braux (G. de), 'La famille de Jeanne d'Arc. Documents inedits, genealogie, lettres de J. Hordal et de Claude du Lys a Charles du Lys, publies pour la 1^e fois.' Paris, 1878. 8vo.

—— 'Nouvelles recherches sur la famille de Jeanne d'Arc.' Enquetes inedites. Genealogie. Paris, 1879. 8vo.

—— 'Notes iconographiques sur Jeanne d'Arc.' Paris (imp. a Orleans), 1879. 8vo.

Calianthe (pseud.), 'Tragedie de Jeanne d'Argues, dite la Pucelle d'Orleans, en 5 actes et en vers.' Rouen, 1611. 12mo.

Canet, V., 'Jeanne d'Arc et sa mission nationale.' Lille (imp. a Bruges), 1887. 8vo.

Carne-Marcein, Comte de, 'Les fondateurs de l'unite francaise. Etude historiques.' 2 tomes. Paris, 1856. 8vo.

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Chevalier, C.U.J., 'Jeanne d'Arc; biobibliographie.' Montbeliard, 1878. 16mo.

Chevojon, L.C., 'Panegyrique de Jeanne d'Arc.' Orleans, 1859. 8vo.

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Delisle, L.V., 'Nouveau temoignage relatif a la mission de Jeanne d'Arc, &c.' Paris (imp. a Nogent-le-Rotrou), 1885. 8vo.

Delort, Joseph, 'Essai critique sur l'histoire de Charles VII., d'Agnes Sorelle et de Jeanne d'Arc, avec portraits et facsimile.' Paris, 1824. 8vo.

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Desjardins, Abel, 'Vie de Jeanne d'Arc, d'apres les documents nouvellement publies (avec des cartes d'itineraire).' Paris, Firmin-Didot (imp. a Mesnil), 1854. 12mo.

Du Castel (Christine du Pisan), 'Jeanne d'Arc, chronique rimee publiee par H.H., (c.-a.-d. Henri Herluison). 1856. 16mo.

Dumas, Alexandre, 'Jeanne d'Arc.' 1843. 8vo.

Dupanloup, F.A.P. (Eveque d'Orleans), 'Panegyrique de Jeanne d'Arc, pron. le 8 mai 1855.' Imp. a Orleans. Paris, 1855 (?) 8vo.

—— 'Second panegyrique de Jeanne d'Arc.' Orleans, 1869. 8vo.

F...., E.G., 'Jeanne d'Arc a-t-elle existe? A-t-elle ete brulee?' Orleans, 1866. 8vo.

Fabert, L., 'Histoire populaire illustree des deux proces de Jeanne d'Arc. (Condamnation, 1431: Rehabilitation, 1456.)' Paris, 1874. 4to.

Fabre, J., 'Proces de condamnation de Jeanne d'Arc, d'apres les textes authentiques des proces verbaux officiels. Traduction (du Latin) avec eclaircissements.' Paris, 1884. 12mo.

—— 'Jeanne d'Arc, liberatrice de la France.' 1884. 18mo.

Favre, Jules, 'Quatre conference faites en Belgique. Eloge de Jeanne d'Arc.' Paris, 1874. 12mo.

Favre, L., 'Duguesclin et Jeanne d'Arc, ou la France aux xiv^e et xv^e siecles. Recits historiques d'apres les chroniques de l'epoque. Illustrations a deux teintes par V. Adam.' Niort, 1853. 8vo.

Gillis, James (Eveque de Limyre), 'Panegyrique de Jeanne d'Arc, prononce dans la cathedrale d'Orleans a la fete du 8 mai 1857.' 3^e ed. (imp. a Orleans), Londres et Edimbourg, 1857, 8vo.

Godefroy, F., 'Le livre d'or francais. La mission de Jeanne d'Arc.' Ouvrage illustre. Paris, 1878. 8vo.

Guerry, G. de, 'Eloges de Jeanne d'Arc, prononce dans l'eglise cathedrale d'Orleans les 8 mai 1816 et mai 1828.' Paris, 1856. 8vo.

Guillemin, A., 'Jeanne d'Arc, l'epee de Dieu, ouvrage posthume, revu et complete par A. Rastoul et illustre par S. Langlois.' Paris (imp. a Boulogne-sur-Seine), 1875. 8vo.

—— 'Jeanne d'Arc, poeme en douze chants. Illustrations de M. Panquet.' Paris, 1844. 8vo.

Guyon, 'La Parthenie Orleanaise.' Orleans, 1654. 8vo.

H.H. (c.-a.-d. Henri Herluison), 'Liste chronologique des orateurs qui ont prononce le panegyrique de Jeanne d'Arc depuis 1460 jusqu'a nos jour, avec la nomenclature des eloges qui ont ete imprimes.' Orleans, 1869. 8vo.

Haldat, C.H.A. de, 'Examen critique de l'histoire de Jeanne d'Arc, suivi de la relation de la fete celebree a Dom-Remi, en 1820, et de memoire sur la maison de Jacques d'Arc et sur sa descendance.' Nancy, 1850. 8vo.

Hellis, C.E., 'La prison de Jeanne d'Arc a Rouen. Memoire lu a l'Academie des Sciences, Belles-lettres et Arts de Rouen, en fevrier 1864.'

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Hubert et Mareschalle, 'Scene ajoutee a "l'Epee de Jeanne d'Arc" (par Mareschalle, v. ci-dessous) a l'occasion de la piece jouee a Feydeau.' Paris, 1821. 8vo.

Jacob, P.L., 'Chronique de la Pucelle, ou Chronique de Cousinot, suivie de la chronique normande de P. Cochon relative aux regnes de Charles VI. et Charles VII. Avec notices, notes et developpements par M. Vallet de Viriville.' (Faisant partie de la Bibliotheque gauloise publiee par Jacob.) 1857. 8vo.

Jadart, V., 'Jeanne d'Arc a Reims, ses relations avec Rheims, ses lettres aux Remois. Notice accompagnee de documents originaux.' Reims, 1887. 8vo.

Jaugey, J.B., 'Etude sur Jeanne d'Arc, sa vie, ses voix, sa saintete.' Langres (imp. a Chaumont), 1867. 8vo.

Jeanne d'Arc, 'Notice historique servant d'explication aux bas-reliefs du monument eleve sur la place du Martroi.' Orleans, 1869. 8vo.

Jollois, J.B.P., 'Histoire abregee de la vie et des exploits de Jeanne d'Arc, surnommee la Pucelle d'Orleans, suivie d'une notice descriptive d'un monument erige a sa memoire a Domremy.' Paris, 1821. Fol.

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La Roque, G.A. de (Sieur de la Lontiere), 'De la noblesse de Jeanne d'Arc et des principales circonstances de sa vie et de sa mort.' Orleans, 1878. 8vo.

Leber, J.M.C., 'Collection des meilleures dissertations, traites, &c. Tom. 17. Proces, mariage et histoire de Jeanne d'Arc.' 1826, &c. 8vo.

Lebrun des Charmettes, 'Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc.' 1817. 4 tomes. 8vo.

Lemaire, 'Vie de Jeanne d'Arc.' 1818. 12mo.

Lemann, l'Abbe J., 'Jeanne d'Arc; recompense de les croisades.' 1887. 8vo.

Lemerle, B., 'Essai d'une bibliographie raisonnee de Jeanne d'Arc.' (Chez H. Herluison.) Orleans, 1886. 8vo.

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—— 'Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc, dite la Pucelle d'Orleans.' 3 parties. Amsterdam, 1775. 12mo.

Lepage, H., 'Jeanne d'Arc est-elle Lorraine? Deux dissertations successives publiees a Nancy l'une en 1852 et l'autre en 1855.' 8vo.

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Mermillod, G., 'Panegyrique de Jeanne d'Arc, prononce dans la cathedrale d'Orleans le 8 mai 1863, etc.' Orleans, 1863. 8vo.

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—— 'Vie de Jeanne d'Arc, precedee par son panegyrique par Mgr. Dupanloup.' (Bibliotheque de la Famille.) Paris, 1869. 8vo.

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'Mirouer des femmes vertueuses.... Ensemble la patience Griselidis, par laquelle est demonstree l'obeissance des femmes vertueuses. L'histoire admirable de Jehanne Pucelle, native de Vaucouleur.' (Reprod. de l'ed^n. de 1546.) Paris, 1840. 4to.

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Mourot, V., 'Jeanne d'Arc en face de l'Eglise romaine et de la Revolution.' Lille, 1886. 8vo.

—— 'Jeanne d'Arc, modele des vertus chretiennes.' 2 tomes. Lille, 1887. 8vo.

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O'Reilly, E., 'Les deux proces de condamnation, les enquetes et la sentence de rehabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc mis en francais, avec notes et introduction.' 2 tomes. Paris, 1868. 8vo.

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Perraud A. (Eveque d'Autun), 'Panegyrique de Jeanne d'Arc, prononce dans la cathedrale d'Orleans le 8 mai 1872 en la fete du 443^ze anniversaire de la delivrance de la ville.' Orleans, 1872. 8vo.

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—— —— '3^e reponse a M. Lepage.' Paris, 1857. 8vo.

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Roux, Nicolas le, 'Cy commence le livre de la Pucelle, natifve de Lorraine, qui reduict France entre les mains du roy, enseble le iugemet et comme elle fust bruslee au Vieil-Marche de Rouen.' Rouen, 1590(?) 12mo.

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—— —— avec notes de 'M. de Morza' (c.-a.-d. Voltaire) Geneve, 1773. 8vo.

—— —— Londres (Paris?), 1779-78. 24mo. (Le 2^e vol. porte l'annee 1778 a la 1^e page.)

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ENGLISH BIBLIOGRAPHY OF JOAN OF ARC.

Bartlett, David W., 'The Life of Joan of Arc.' Auburn, New York, 1855. 12mo.

Blake, Robert, 'Joan of Arc.' A poem. London, 1876. 8vo.

Bray, Mrs., 'Life of Joan d'Arc.' London, 1874. 8vo.

Caddy, Mrs. Florence, 'Footsteps of Jeanne d'Arc: A Pilgrimage.' London, 1866. 8vo.

Charles, Mrs. E., 'Joan of Arc: A Story of the Fifteenth Century.' London, 1879. 8vo.

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Fuller, Thomas, 'The Holy State and the Profane State.' London, 1840. 8vo. pp. 341.

Guizot, F.P.G., 'The History of France from the Earliest Times to the year 1789.' Translated by R. Black. London, 1870. 8vo.

Jameson, Mrs. A., 'Lives of Celebrated Sovereigns.' London, 1834. 12mo.

'Joan of Arc: The Story of a Noble Life.' Edinburgh, 1871. 12mo.

Maceroni, Cecilia, 'Illustrations from the History of the Maid of Orleans.' London, 1854. 8vo.

Owen, Emily, 'Heroines of History.' London, 1877. 8vo.

Parr, Harriet, 'The Life and Death of Jeanne d'Arc.' London, 1866. 8vo.

Parton, James, 'The People's Book of Biography.' New York, 1869. 8vo.

Pauli, Rheinhold, 'Pictures of Old England.' Translated by E.C. Otte. London, 1861. 8vo.

Quincey, T. de, 'Miscellaneous Essays: Joan of Arc.' London, 1865. 8vo.

Russell, Wm., 'Extraordinary Women.' London, 1857. 8vo.

R., C.L., 'The Story of Joan of Arc.' London, 1860. 16mo.

Southey, Robert, 'Joan of Arc; an epic Poem.' Bristol, &c., 1796. 4to.

Stanhope, P.H. (5th Earl), 'The Life of Joan of Arc.' London, 1853. 8vo.

Sterling, J., 'Essays and Tales,' vol. i. London, 1848. 8vo.

Stothart, A.E., 'Joan of Arc.' London, 1874. 8vo.

'The Wonderful Exploits of the Maid of Orleans.' Falkirk, 1815. 12mo.

Tuckey, Janet, 'Life of Joan of Arc.' London, 1880. 8vo.

* * * * *

MAGAZINE ARTICLES ON JOAN OF ARC.

Blackwood's Magazine, vol. xlvii. p. 284 (1841).

Dublin Review, vol. lx. p. 118 (1866).

Dublin University Magazine, vol. lxxxix. p. 417 (1876).

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Article, 'Joan of Arc.'

Temple Bar, vol. xxi. p. 380 (1867).

Fortnightly Review, vol. vi. p. 632 (1866).

Harper's Magazine, vol. lxiii. p. 91 (1881).



INDEX



INDEX.

Adam, De l'Isle, commander of the Burgundian soldiers in Paris, 107

Albret, Sire d', assists Joan of Arc at the siege of Saint Pierre-le-Moutier, 115

Alencon, Duke of, entrusted with the command of the expedition on the Loire, 73, 74; his personal safety vouchsafed by Joan of Arc, 76; accompanies the King to Rheims, 85; testifies to the military talents of Joan, 95; gives evidence at the trial for her rehabilitation, 265

Alessee, John, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Alnwick, William, Bishop of Norwich, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Anjou, Duke of, his sympathy with Joan of Arc, 30

Anjou, Rene d', 111

Arc, origin of the name, 4

Arc, Isabeau d' (mother of Joan of Arc), her influence upon her daughter, 5; at the trial for rehabilitation, 256

Arc, Jacques d' (father of Joan of Arc), his social position, 4; his death, 255

Arc, Joan of. See Joan of Arc

Arc, John d' (brother of Joan of Arc), 37; at the trial for her rehabilitation, 256, 285

Arc, Peter d' (brother of Joan of Arc), 37; taken prisoner with his sister, 125; at the trial for rehabilitation, 256

Armagnac, Thibauld d', Sire de Thermes, 40; at the trial for the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 274

Arnolin, Henri, priest, 260

Arras, Bishop of, 106

Arundel, Earl of, threatens the town of Compiegne, 122

Aubert, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Aubignac, Abbe d', his tragedy on Joan of Arc, 306

Auguy, Raoul, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Aulon, John d', esquire of Joan of Arc, 37, 56, 57; rescues his mistress, 115; taken prisoner with her, 125, 134; gives evidence at the trial for her rehabilitation, 257, 271

Aunoy, Arnoult d', Celibat of the Monastery of Saint Urban-les-Joinville, 21

Averdy, Clement de l', 292

Avet, John de Saint, Bishop of Avranches, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145

Avrigni, D', dramatic poet, 308

Aymeri, William, doctor of theology, 33

Bailly, Nicolas, scrivener, 260

Baker, Sir Richard, English writer, 300

Bar, Count de, 3

Barante, historian, 297

Barbier, Robert, canon of Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Barbier, Jean, King's Advocate, 224; at the trial for the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 263

Barbier, Jules, 309

Barrey, John, godfather of Joan of Arc, 258

Basin, Thomas, Bishop of Lisieux, quoted for Joan of Arc's belief in the reality of her visions, 8

Basset, John, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Baubribosc, William de, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Baudricourt, Robert de, 9; his first interview with Joan of Arc, 12; second interview, 14; presents her with his sword, 21

Beaucharnys, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Beaucharnys, Petronille, 274

Beaucroix, Simon, at the trial for rehabilitation, 272

Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester. See Winchester.

Beaupere, John, canon at Besancon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145; examines and cross-questions her, 158; seeks to effect her abjuration, 227; at the trial for rehabilitation, 276

Bedford, Duke of, sends Fastolfe to Suffolk's assistance at Jargeau, 75; takes refuge in the fortress of Vincennes, 100; appeals for help to the Duke of Burgundy and the Bishop of Winchester, 101; advances from Paris, 103; returns there, 105; leaves for Normandy, 107; comes to terms with the Duke of Burgundy, 114; invokes the aid of the Church against Joan of Arc, 130

Bellarme, Martin, Dominican priest, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 143

Bellier, William, bailiff of Troyes, 89

Bellow, J., cited, 150

Benel, Abbot of Courcelles, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Bergame, Philip de, Augustinian monk, 289

Berwoit, John, attendant on Joan of Arc, 149, 157

Bibliography of Joan of Arc: French, 311; English, 320

Boissel, Guerold de, 225

Bonart, Herve, canon at Orleans, 274

Bonnet, John, priest, 282

Bonnet, Simon, Bishop of Senlis, 32

Bordez, Andre, canon at Rouen, 274

Boucher, Charlotte, bedfellow of Joan of Arc, at the trial for rehabilitation, 273

Boucher, James, host of Joan of Arc in Orleans, 52

Boucher, Mary le, 122

Bouchier, Peter, priest, 282

Boulogne, Count of, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85

Boussac, Marshal de (Saint-Severe), 40, 47, 58, 75

Boyleau, Joan, 273

Brullot, John, canon at Rouen, assessor at trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Buchon, 291, 292

Burgundy, Philip, Duke of, his trimming conduct after the coronation at Rheims, 102; comes to terms with Bedford, 114; intrigues to obtain possession of Compiegne, 121; hands over Joan of Arc to the English, 137

Cabu, Gentien, burgher of Orleans, 273

Cagny, Perceval de, cited, 66

Calixtus III., Pope, sanctions the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 254

Canelier, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Castiglione, Zanon de, Bishop of Lisieux, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145, 213

Cauchon, Peter, Bishop of Beauvais, 106; his early career, 131; offered preferment by Winchester, 132; ransoms Joan of Arc for the English, 133; resolves that her trial shall take place in Rouen, 141; constitution of his tribunal, 143; his policy at the beginning of the trial, 150, 151; his opening speech, 153; his examination of the Maid, 154 et seq.; fails to attach guilt to her in the public trial, 187; subjects her to a secret examination in prison, 188; contents of his letter of indictment to the University of Paris, 208; tries to extort her submission in illness, 215; decides to put her to the torture, 221; commended for his zealous conduct, 226; seeks to effect her abjuration, 227; absolves her from excommunication, 235; interviews her in prison, 238; hands her over to the secular powers, 248

Caval, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148; at the trial for rehabilitation, 282

Censurey, Peter de la, canon at Rouen, 274

Chapelain, his 'heroic poem' on the Maid, 306

Charles II., Duke of Lorraine, seeks an interview with Joan of Arc, 17

Charles V. of France, 1

Charles VI. of France, 1

Charles the Dauphin (afterwards Charles VII.), protests against the dismemberment of France, 1; his wretched condition at the beginning of 1429, 23; interview with Joan of Arc at Chinon, 28; presents her with a suit of armour, 37; meets her after the delivery of Orleans, 70; sets out for Rheims, 83; is crowned there, 91; ennobles Joan, 98; vacillating conduct, 102; marches on Paris, 104; retreats to Gien, 114; takes measures for the rehabilitation of the Maid, 253; real object in doing so, 271

Charles, Simon, Master of the Requests, 263

Charlet, 292

Charnettes, Lebrun les, historian, 292

Charron, William le, burgher of Orleans, 272

Chartres, Regnault de, Archbishop of Rheims, 32; accompanies Joan of Arc to Blois, 46; tries to thwart her mission, 55; meets Charles VII. on his entry into Rheims, 90; makes a truce with the English, 111; announces the capture of the Maid to the citizens of Rheims, 128

Chartrier, William, Bishop of Paris, appointed a commissioner for the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 255

Chatillon, Archdeacon of Evreux, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149; his sermon before Joan, 219

Chauvigny, Seigneur de, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85

Chinon, the Castle of, 22

Clermont, Count of, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85, 111

Coaraze, 40

Colin, playmate of Joan of Arc, 259

Colin, John, priest, 262

Colles, William, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 144, 151; at the trial for rehabilitation, 279

Columbel, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Compaing, Peter, canon at Orleans, 274

Compiegne, the town of, 122

Contes, Louis de, page of Joan, 37, 268

Conti, De, Abbot of Sainte Catherine, Assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Coppequesne, Nicolas, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147, 224

Cormeilles, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Coulant, 40

Coulon, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Coulon, Guillemette de, 273

Courcelles, Thomas de, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145, 150, 202, 224, 235; nature of his evidence at the trial for rehabilitation, 275

Cousinot, G., Chancellor of the Duke of Orleans, 291

Crique, Peter de, Prior of Sigy, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Crotoy, Le, importance of, to the English in the fifteenth century, 139

Crotoy, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Culan, Louis, Admiral de, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85

Cusquel, Peter, burgher of Rouen, 284

Dacier, Abbot of Saint Corneille of Compiegne, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148, 222

Daniel, English writer, 300

Darmesteter, M., cited, 300

Daron, Peter, attorney, 283

Daval, William, priest, at the trial for rehabilitation, 281

David, Jesuit priest, 291

De Champcoux, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

De Commy, Cosme, burgher of Orleans, 273

Delachambre, William, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149; at the trial for rehabilitation, 278; Joan of Arc's doctor, ib.

Delavigne, Casimir, his poems on Joan of Arc, 307

Desjardins, Abel, biographer of Joan of Arc, 299

Desnoyers, dramatist, 308

Despres, John, 257

Domremy, birthplace of Joan of Arc, 3

Du Bellay, French writer, cited, 285, 289

Dubesert, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148; at the trial for rehabilitation, 282

Duchemin, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Du Duc, Fronton, his tragedy on Joan of Arc, 306

Du Fay, Geoffrey, knight, 261

Dufresnoy, Abbe Longlet, his Life of Joan of Arc, 292

Du Lys, Charles, descendant of the Arc family, 290

Dumas, Alexandre, his Life of Joan of Arc, 297

Dunois, Bastard of Orleans, commander of the French troops in Orleans, 36, 40; interview with Joan of Arc at Reuilly, 51; goes to Blois to bring up reinforcements, 54; attacks the Tournelles, 62, 75; testifies to the military talents of Joan, 95; at the trial for rehabilitation, 266

Durement, Abbot of Fecamp, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Edward III. of England, 1

Emenyart, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149, 212

Epinal, Gerardin d', village companion of Joan of Arc, 89, 258

Epinal, Isabellette d', friend of Joan of Arc, 258

Erard, William, canon of Beauvais, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149; opposed to applying the torture to her, 224; preaches on the occasion of Joan's abjuration, 230, 232

Erault, John, 35

Esbalny, Jacques l', burgher of Orleans, 273

Estelin, Beatrix d', godmother of Joan of Arc, 258

Estivet, John d', surnamed 'Benedicite,' at trial of Joan of Arc, 143

Estouteville, Cardinal d', 254

Fabre, Joseph, historian, cited, 164, 258, 266, 284; his works on Joan of Arc, 299

Fabyan, Robert, English writer, 299

Farciaux, Robert de, canon, 274

Fastolfe, Sir John, at the siege of Orleans, 43; sent to Jargeau to reinforce Suffolk, 75; joins forces with Talbot, 78; defeated at the battle of Patay, 80; disgraced, 100

Fauconbridge, clerk of the French Parliament, quoted, 68

Fave, Jean, Master of Requests, 284

Feuillet, Gerard, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 146

Fevre, Le, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149

Fiexvet, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149

Flavigny, William de, governor of Compiegne, 121, 123, 124; his supposed treachery towards Joan, 127

Fontaine, John de la, at the trial of Joan of Arc, 143; secretly examines her in prison, 188; flies from the wrath of Couchon, 194

Fournier, Jean, priest, testifies in favour of Joan of Arc, 16

France, state of, in 1420, 1

France, Martin le, 302

Franquet d'Arras, English freebooter, captured by Joan of Arc, 120

Fremiet, sculptor, 110

Frique, Abbot of Bee, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Fuller, Thomas, 300

Fumeux, Jean le, priest, testifies to the piety of Joan of Arc, 17; at the trial for rehabilitation, 262

Gargrave, Sir Thomas, mortally wounded in the attack on Orleans, 42

Garin, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Garivel, Francis, at the trial for rehabilitation, 264

Gastinel, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148, 224

Gaucourt, Raoul de, Grand Master of the King's Household, 40; closes the Burgundy Gate at Orleans against Joan of Arc, 61, 75; at the trial for her rehabilitation, 268

Gerard, Henriette, friend of Joan of Arc, 258

Giresme, Nicolas de, knight of Rhodes, in the attack on the Tournelles, 64

Glansdale, Sir William, succeeds Salisbury in the command of the English forces before Orleans, 42, 59; drowned in the Loire, 65

Gloucester, Duke of, English Protector, 101

Godart, Raoul, canon at Rouen, 274

Godefroy, Denis, 291

'Godon,' the French sobriquet for the English, 61

Gounod, 309

Grasset, Peter, governor of La Charite, 116

Graverent, John, Dominican priest and Grand Inquisitor of France, at the trial of Joan of Arc, 143

Graville, De, 58

Green, J.R., 300

Greene, Robert, dramatist, 305

Gris, John, English knight, personal attendant on Joan of Arc, 149, 157

Grouchet, Richard de, priest, 282

Guerdon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149

Guesdon, Laurent, clerk and advocate to the lay court of Rouen, 284

Guillemeth, playmate of Joan of Arc, 259

Guthrie, his Life of Joan of Arc, 300

Haillon, French writer, 289