If with this intention we first of all review the interminable series of animals, consider the infinite variety of their forms, as they exhibit themselves always differently modified according to their element and manner of life, and also ponder the inimitable ingenuity of their structure and mechanism, which is carried out with equal perfection in every individual; and finally, if we take into consideration the incredible expenditure of strength, dexterity, prudence, and activity which every animal has ceaselessly to make through its whole life; if, approaching the matter more closely, we contemplate the untiring diligence of wretched little ants, the marvellous and ingenious industry of the bees, or observe how a single burying-beetle (Necrophorus vespillo) buries a mole of forty times its own size in two days in order to deposit its eggs in it and insure nourishment for the future brood (Gleditsch, Physik. Bot. Oekon. Abhandl., III, 220), at the same time calling to mind how the life of most insects is nothing but ceaseless labour to prepare food and an abode for the future brood which will arise from their eggs, and which then, after they have consumed the food and passed through the chrysalis state, enter upon life merely to begin again from the beginning the same labour; then also how, like this, the life of the birds is for the most part taken up with their distant and laborious migrations, then with the building of their nests and the collection of food for their brood, which itself has to play the same role the following year; and so all work constantly for the future, which afterwards makes bankrupt—then we cannot avoid looking round for the reward of all this skill and trouble, for the end which these animals have before their eyes, which strive so ceaselessly—in short, we are driven to ask: What is the result? What is attained by the animal existence which demands such infinite preparation? And there is nothing to point to but the satisfaction of hunger and the sexual instinct, or in any case a little momentary comfort, as it falls to the lot of each animal individual, now and then in the intervals of its endless need and struggle. Take, for example, the mole, that unwearied worker. To dig with all its might with its enormous shovel claws is the occupation of its whole life; constant night surrounds it; its embryo eyes only make it avoid the light. It alone is truly an animal nocturnum; not cats, owls, and bats, who see by night. But what, now, does it attain by this life, full of trouble and devoid of pleasure? Food and the begetting of its kind; thus only the means of carrying on and beginning anew the same doleful course in new individuals. In such examples it becomes clear that there is no proportion between the cares and troubles of life and the results or gain of it. The consciousness of the world of perception gives a certain appearance of objective worth of existence to the life of those animals which can see, although in their case this consciousness is entirely subjective and limited to the influence of motives upon them. But the blind mole, with its perfect organization and ceaseless activity, limited to the alternation of insect larvae and hunger, makes the disproportion of the means to the end apparent.

Let us now add the consideration of the human race. The matter indeed becomes more complicated, and assumes a certain seriousness of aspect; but the fundamental character remains unaltered. Here also life presents itself by no means as a gift for enjoyment, but as a task, a drudgery to be performed; and in accordance with this we see, in great and small, universal need, ceaseless cares, constant pressure, endless strife, compulsory activity, with extreme exertion of all the powers of body and mind. Many millions, united into nations, strive for the common good, each individual on account of his own; but many thousands fall as a sacrifice for it. Now senseless delusions, now intriguing politics, incite them to wars with each other; then the sweat and the blood of the great multitude must flow, to carry out the ideas of individuals, or to expiate their faults. In peace industry and trade are active, inventions work miracles, seas are navigated, delicacies are collected from all ends of the world, the waves engulf thousands. All strive, some planning, others acting; the tumult is indescribable. But the ultimate aim of it all, what is it? To sustain ephemeral and tormented individuals through a short span of time in the most fortunate ease with endurable want and comparative freedom from pain, which, however, is at once attended with ennui; then the reproduction of this race and its striving. In this evident disproportion between the trouble and the reward, the will to live appears to us from this point of view, if taken objectively, as a fool, or subjectively, as a delusion, seized by which everything living works with the utmost exertion of its strength for something that is of no value. But when we consider it more closely, we shall find here also that it is rather a blind pressure, a tendency entirely without ground or motive.

The law of motivation only extends to the particular actions, not to willing as a whole and in general. It depends upon this, that if we conceive of the human race and its action as a whole and universally, it does not present itself to us, as when we contemplate the particular actions, as a play of puppets who are pulled after the ordinary manner by threads outside them; but from this point of view, as puppets that are set in motion by internal clockwork. For if, as we have done above, one compares the ceaseless, serious, and laborious striving of men with what they gain by it, nay, even with what they ever can gain, the disproportion we have pointed out becomes apparent, for one recognizes that that which is to be gained, taken as the motive power, is entirely insufficient for the explanation of that movement and that ceaseless striving. What, then, is a short postponement of death, a slight easing of misery or deferment of pain, a momentary stilling of desire, compared with such an abundant and certain victory over them all as death? What could such advantages accomplish taken as actual moving causes of a human race, innumerable because constantly renewed, which unceasingly moves, strives, struggles, grieves, writhes, and performs the whole tragi-comedy of the history of the world, nay, what says more than all, perseveres in such a mock-existence as long as each one possibly can? Clearly this is all inexplicable if we seek the moving causes outside the figures and conceive the human race as striving, in consequence of rational reflection, or something analogous to this (as moving threads), after those good things held out to it, the attainment of which would be a sufficient reward for its ceaseless cares and troubles. The matter being taken thus, everyone would rather have long ago said, "Le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle," and have gone out. But, on the contrary, everyone guards and defends his life, like a precious pledge entrusted to him under heavy responsibility, under infinite cares and abundant misery, even under which life is tolerable. The wherefore and the why, the reward for this, certainly he does not see; but he has accepted the worth of that pledge without seeing it, upon trust and faith, and does not know what it consists in. Hence I have said that these puppets are not pulled from without, but each bears in itself the clockwork from which its movements result. This is the will to live, manifesting itself as an untiring machine, an irrational tendency, which has not its sufficient reason in the external world. It holds the individuals firmly upon the scene, and is the primum mobile of their movements; while the external objects, the motives, only determine their direction in the particular case; otherwise the cause would not be at all suitable to the effect. For, as every manifestation of a force of nature has a cause, but the force of nature itself none, so every particular act of will has a motive, but the will in general has none: indeed at bottom these two are one and the same. The will, as that which is metaphysical, is everywhere the boundary-stone of every investigation, beyond which it cannot go. We often see a miserable figure, deformed and shrunk with age, want, and disease, implore our help from the bottom of his heart for the prolongation of an existence, the end of which would necessarily appear altogether desirable if it were an objective judgment that determined here. Thus instead of this it is the blind will, appearing as the tendency to life, the love of life, and the sense of life; it is the same which makes the plants grow. This sense of life may be compared to a rope which is stretched above the puppet show of the world of men, and on which the puppets hang by invisible threads, while apparently they are supported only by the ground beneath them (the objective value of life). But if the rope becomes weak the puppet sinks; if it breaks the puppet must fall, for the ground beneath it only seemed to support it: i.e., the weakening of that love of life shows itself as hypochondria, spleen, melancholy: its entire exhaustion as the inclination to suicide. And as with the persistence in life, so is it also with its action and movement. This is not something freely chosen; but while everyone would really gladly rest, want and ennui are the whips that keep the top spinning. Therefore everything is in continual strain and forced movement, and the course of the world goes on, to use an expression of Aristotle's (De coelo ii. 13), [Greek: "ou physei, alla bia"] (motu, non naturali sed molento). Men are only apparently drawn from in front; really they are pushed from behind; it is not life that tempts them on, but necessity that drives them forward. The law of motivation is, like all causality, merely the form of the phenomenon.

In all these considerations, then, it becomes clear to us that the will to live is not a consequence of the knowledge of life, is in no way a conclusio ex praemissis, and in general is nothing secondary. Rather, it is that which is first and unconditioned, the premiss of all premisses, and just on that account that from which philosophy must start, for the will to live does not appear in consequence of the world, but the world in consequence of the will to live.

III. INVESTIGATIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. Progress and Social Research

The problem of progress comes back finally to the problem of the ultimate good. If the world is getting better, measured by this ultimate standard, then there is progress. If it is growing worse, then there is retrogression. But in regard to the ultimate good there is no agreement. What is temporary gain may be ultimate loss. What is one man's evil may be, and often seems to be, another man's good. In the final analysis what seems evil may turn out to be good and what seems good may be an eventual evil. But this is a problem in philosophy which sociology is not bound to solve before it undertakes to describe society. It does not even need to discuss it. Sociology, just as any other natural science, accepts the current values of the community. The physician, like the social worker, assumes that health is a social value. With this as a datum his studies are directed to the discovery of the nature and causes of diseases, and to the invention of devices for curing them. There is just as much, and no more, reason for a sociologist to formulate a doctrine of social progress as there is for the physician to do so. Both are concerned with specific problems for which they are seeking specific remedies.

If there are social processes and predictable forms of change in society, then there are methods of human intervention in the processes of society, methods of controlling these processes in the interest of the ends of human life, methods of progress in other words. If there are no intelligible or describable social processes, then there may be progress, but there will be no sociology and no methods of progress. We can only hope and pray.

It is not impossible to formulate a definition of progress which does not assume the perfectibility of mankind, which does not regard progress as a necessity, and which does not assume to say with finality what has happened or is likely to happen to humanity as a whole.[346]

Progress may be considered as the addition to the sum of accumulated experience, tradition, and technical devices organized for social efficiency. This is at once a definition of progress and of civilization, in which civilization is the sum of social efficiencies and progress consists of the units (additions) of which it is composed. Defined in these terms, progress turns out to be a relative, local, temporal, and secular phenomenon. It is possible, theoretically at least, to compare one community with another with respect to their relative efficiency and their relative progress in efficiency, just as we can compare one institution with another in respect to its efficiency and progress. It is even possible to measure the progress of humanity in so far as humanity can be said to be organized for social action.

This is in fact the point of view which sociologists have adopted as soon as progress ceased to be, for sociology, a matter of definition and became a matter of observation and research. Score cards for neighborhoods and for rural communities have already been devised.[347]

2. Indices of Progress

A few years ago, Walter F. Willcox, in an article "A Statistician's Idea of Progress," sought to define certain indices of social progress which would make it possible to measure progress statistically. "If progress be merely a subjective term," he admitted, "statistics can throw no light upon it because all such ends as happiness, or self-realization, or social service are incapable of statistical measurement." Statistics works with indices, characteristics which are accessible to measurement but are "correlated with some deeper immeasurable characteristic." Mr. Willcox took as his indices of progress:

1. Increase in population. 2. Length of life. 3. Uniformity in population. 4. Racial homogeneity. 5. Literacy. 6. Decrease of the divorce rate.

Certainly these indices, like uniformity, are mere temporary measures of progress, since diversity in the population is not per se an evil. It becomes so only when the diversities in the community are so great as to endanger its solidarity. Applying his indices to the United States, Mr. Willcox sums up the result as follows:

The net result is to indicate for the United States a rapid increase of population and probable increase in length of life, and increase in racial uniformity and perhaps in uniformity of other sorts connected with immigration, and at the same time a decrease in uniformity in the stability and social serviceability of family life. Some of these indications look towards progress, others look towards retrogression. As they cannot be reduced to any common denominator, the statistical method is unable to answer the question with which we started.[348]

The securing of indices which will measure satisfactorily even such social values as are generally accepted is difficult. The problem of giving each index in the series a value or weight in proportion to the value of all the others is still more difficult. This statement, at any rate, illustrates the procedure and the method.

The whole subject of numerical indices for the measurement of civilization and progress has recently been discussed in a little volume by Alfredo Niceforo,[349] professor in the School of Criminal Law at Rome. He proposes as indices of progress:

1. The increase in wealth and in the consumption of goods, and the diminution of the mortality rate. These are evidences of material progress.

2. The diffusion of culture, and "when it becomes possible to measure it," the productivity of men of genius. This is the measure of intellectual superiority.

3. Moral progress he would measure in terms of crime.

4. There remains the social and political organization, which he would measure in terms of the increase and decrease of individual liberty.

In all these attempts to measure the progress of the community the indices have invariably shown progression in some direction, retrogression in others.

From the point of view of social research the problem of progress is mainly one of getting devices that will measure all the different factors of progress and of estimating the relative value of different factors in the progress of the community.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. THE DEFINITION OF PROGRESS

(1) Dewey, John. "Progress," International Journal of Ethics, XXVI (1916), 311-22.

(2) Bury, J. B. The Idea of Progress. An inquiry into its origin and growth. London, 1921.

(3) Bryce, James. "What is Progress?" Atlantic Monthly, C (1907), 145-56.

(4) Todd, A. J. Theories of Social Progress. A critical attempt to formulate the conditions of human advance. New York, 1918.

(5) Woods, E. B. "Progress as a Sociological Concept," American Journal of Sociology, XII (1906-7), 779-821.

(6) Cooley, Charles H. The Social Process. Chap, xxvii, "The Sphere of Pecuniary Valuation," pp. 309-28. New York, 1918.

(7) Mackenzie, J. S. "The Idea of Progress," International Journal of Ethics, IX (1899), 195-213.

(8) Bergson, H. Creative Evolution. New York, 1911.

(9) Frobenius, L. Die Weltanschauung der Naturvoelker. Weimar, 1899.

(10) Inge, W. R. The Idea of Progress. The Romanes Lecture, 1920. Oxford, 1920.

(11) Balfour, Arthur J. Arthur James Balfour, as Philosopher and Thinker. A collection of the more important and interesting passages in his non-political writings, speeches, and addresses, 1879-1912. Selected and arranged by Wilfrid M. Short. "Progress," pp. 413-35. London and New York, 1912.

(12) Carpenter, Edward. Civilization, Its Cause and Cure. And other essays. New and enlarged ed. London and New York, 1917.

(13) Nordau, Max S. The Interpretation of History. Translated from the German by M. A. Hamilton. Chap viii, "The Question of Progress." New York, 1911.

(14) Sorel, Georges. Les Illusions du progres. 2d ed. Paris, 1911.

(15) Allier, R. "Pessimisme et civilisation," Revue Encyclopedique, V (1895), 70-73.

(16) Simmel, Georg. "Moral Deficiencies as Determining Intellectual Functions," International Journal of Ethics, III (1893), 490-507.

(17) Delvaille, Jules. Essai sur histoire de l'idee de progres jusq'a la fin du 18ieme siecle. Paris, 1910.

(18) Sergi, G. "Qualche idea sul progresso umano," Rivista italiana di sociologia, XVII (1893), 1-8.

(19) Barth, Paul. "Die Frage des sittlichen Fortschritts der Menschheit," Vierteljahrsschrift fuer wissenschaftliche Philosophie, XXIII (1899), 75-116.

(20) Lankester, E. Ray. Degeneration. A chapter in Darwinism, and parthenogenesis. Humboldt Library of Science. New York. 18—.

(21) Lloyd, A.H. "The Case of Purpose against Fate in History," American Journal of Sociology, XVII (1911-12), 491-511.

(22) Case, Clarence M. "Religion and the Concept of Progress," Journal of Religion, I (1921), 160-73.

(23) Reclus, E. "The Progress of Mankind," Contemporary Review, LXX (1896), 761-83.

(24) Bushee, F. A. "Science and Social Progress," Popular Science Monthly, LXXIX (1911), 236-51.

(25) Jankelevitch, S. "Du Role des idees dans l'evolution des societes," Revue philosophique, LXVI (1908), 256-80.

II. HISTORY, THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY AND PROGRESS

(1) Condorcet, Marquis de. History of the Progress of the Human Mind. London, 1795.

(2) Comte, Auguste. The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. (Translated from the French by Harriet Martineau) Book VI, chap, ii, vi. 2d ed. 2 vols. London, 1875-90.

(3) Caird, Edward. The Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte. 2d ed. Glasgow and New York, 1893.

(4) Buckle, Henry Thomas. History of Civilization in England. 2 vols. From 2d London ed. New York, 1903.

(5) Condorcet, Marie J.A.C. Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progres de l'esprit humain. 2 vols in one. Paris, 1902.

(6) Harris, George. Civilization Considered as a Science. In relation to its essence, its elements, and its end. London, 1861.

(7) Lamprecht, Karl. Alte und neue Richtungen in der Geschichtswissenschaft. Berlin, 1896.

(8) ——. "Individualitaet, Idee und sozialpsychische Kraft in der Geschichte," Jahrbuecher fuer National-Oekonomie und Statistik, XIII (1897), 880-900.

(9) Barth, Paul. Philosophie der Geschichte als Sociologie. Erster Teil, "Einleitung und kritische Uebersicht." Leipzig, 1897.

(10) Rickert, Heinrich. Die Grenzen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffsbildung. Leipzig, 1902.

(11) Simmel, Georg. Die Problems der Geschichtsphilosophie. Eine erkenntnistheoretische Studie. 2d ed. Leipzig, 1905.

(12) Mill, John Stuart. A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive. Being a connected view of the principles of evidence and the methods of scientific investigation. 8th ed. New York and London, 1900.

(13) Letelier, Valentin. La Evolucion de la historia. 2d ed. 2 vols. Santiago de Chile, 1900.

(14) Teggart, Frederick J. The Processes of History. New Haven, 1918.

(15) Znaniecki, Florian. Cultural Reality. Chicago, 1919.

(16) Hibben, J. G. "The Philosophical Aspects of Evolution," Philosophical Review, XIX (1910), 113-36.

(17) Bagehot, Walter. Physics and Politics. Or thoughts on the application of the principles of "natural selection" and "inheritance" to political society. Chap. vi, "Verifiable Progress Politically Considered," pp. 205-24. New York, 1906.

(18) Crawley, A. E. "The Unconscious Reason in Social Evolution," Sociological Review, VI (1913), 236-41.

(19) Froude, James A. "Essay on Progress," Short Studies on Great Subjects. 2d Ser. II, 245-79, 4 vols. New York, 1888-91.

(20) Morley, John. "Some Thoughts on Progress," Educational Review, XXIX (1905), 1-17.

III. EVOLUTION AND PROGRESS

(1) Spencer, Herbert. "Progress, Its Law and Cause," Westminster Review, LXVII (1857), 445-85. [Reprinted in Everyman's edition of his Essays, pp. 153-97. New York, 1866.]

(2) Federici, Romolo. Les Lois du Progres. II, 32-35, 44, 127, 136, 146-47, 158 ff., 223, etc. 2 vols. Paris, 1888-91.

(3) Baldwin, James Mark. Development and Evolution. Including psychophysical evolution, evolution by orthoplasy, and the theory of genetic modes. New York, 1902.

(4) Adams, Brooks. The Law of Civilization and Decay. An essay on history. New York and London, 1903.

(5) Kidd, Benjamin. Principles of Western Civilization. London, 1902.

(6) ——. Social Evolution. New ed. New York and London, 1896.

(7) Mueller-Lyer, F. Phasen der Kultur und Richtungslinien des Fortschritts. Soziologische Ueberblicke. Muenchen, 1908.

(8) McGee, W. J. "The Trend of Human Progress," American Anthropologist, N. S., I (1899), 401-47.

(9) Carver, Thomas N. Sociology and Social Progress. A handbook for students of sociology. Boston, 1905.

(10) Weber, L. Le Rythme du progres. Etude sociologique. Paris, 1913.

(11) Baldwin, J. Mark. Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development. Chap. xiv. "Social Progress," pp. 537-50. New York, 1906.

(12) Kropotkin, P. Mutual Aid. A factor of evolution. London, 1902.

(13) Wallace, Alfred R. Social Environment and Moral Progress. London and New York, 1913.

(14) Freeman, R. Austin. Social Decay and Regeneration. With an introduction by Havelock Ellis. Boston, 1921.

IV. EUGENICS AND PROGRESS

(1) Galton, Francis, and others. "Eugenics, Its Scope and Aims," American Journal of Sociology, X (1904-5), 1-25.

(2) Saleeby, Caleb W. The Progress of Eugenics. London, 1914.

(3) Ellis, Havelock. The Problem of Race Regeneration. New York, 1911.

(4) Pearson, Karl. National Life from the Standpoint of Science. 2d ed. London, 1905.

(5) Saleeby, Caleb W. Methods of Race Regeneration. New York, 1911.

(6) Davenport, C. B. Heredity in Relation to Eugenics. New York, 1911.

(7) Demoor, Massart, et Vandervelde. L'Evolution regressive en biologie et en sociologie. Paris, 1897.

(8) Thomson, J. Arthur. "Eugenics and War," Eugenics Review, VII (1915-16), 1-14.

(9) Southard, E. E. "Eugenics vs. Cacogenics," Journal of Heredity, V (1914), 408-14.

(10) Conn, Herbert W. Social Heredity and Social Evolution. The other side of eugenics. Cincinnati, 1914.

(11) Popenoe, Paul, and Johnson, R. H. Applied Eugenics. New York, 1918.

(12) Kelsey, Carl. "Influence of Heredity and Environment upon Race Improvement," Annals of the American Academy, XXXIV (1909) 3-8.

(13) Ward, L. F. "Eugenics, Euthenics and Eudemics," American Journal of Sociology, XVIII (1912-13), 737-54.

V. PROGRESS AND THE MORAL ORDER

(1) Harrison, Frederic. Order and Progress. London, 1875.

(2) Hobhouse, Leonard T. Social Evolution and Political Theory. Chaps, i, ii, vii, pp. 1-39; 149-65. New York, 1911.

(3) ——. Morals in Evolution. A study in comparative ethics. 2 vols. New York, 1906.

(4) Alexander, Samuel. Moral Order and Progress. An analysis of ethical conceptions. 2d ed. London, 1891.

(5) Chapin, F. S. "Moral Progress," Popular Science Monthly, LXXXVI (1915), 467-71.

(6) Keller, Albert G. Societal Evolution. New York, 1915.

(7) Dellepiane, A. "Le Progres et sa formule. La lutte pour le progres," Revue Internationale de sociologie, XX (1912), 1-30.

(8) Burgess, Ernest W. The Function of Socialization in Social Evolution. Chicago, 1916.

(9) Ellwood, C. A. "The Educational Theory of Social Progress," Scientific Monthly, V (1917), 439-50.

(10) Bosanquet, Helen. "The Psychology of Social Progress," International Journal of Ethics, VII (1896-97), 265-81.

(11) Perry, Ralph Barton. The Moral Economy. Chap, iv, "The Moral Test of Progress," pp. 123-70. New York, 1909.

(12) Patten, S. N. "Theories of Progress," American Economic Review, II (1912), 61-68.

(13) Alexander, H. B. "The Belief in God and Immortality as Factors in Race Progress." Hibbert Journal, IX (1910-11), 169-87.

VI. UTOPIAS

(1) Plato. The Republic of Plato. Translated into English by Benjamin Jowett. 2 vols. Oxford, 1908.

(2) More, Thomas. The "Utopia" of Sir Thomas More. Ralph Robinson's translation, with Roper's "Life of More" and some of his letters. London, 1910.

(3) Ideal Commonwealths. Comprising More's "Utopia," Bacon's "New Atlantis," Campanella's "City of the Sun," and Harrington's "Oceana," with introductions by Henry Morley. Rev. ed. New York, 1901.

(4) Kaufmann, Moritz. Utopias, or Schemes of Social Improvement. From Sir Thomas More to Karl Marx. London, 1879.

(5) Bacon, Francis. New Atlantis. Oxford, 1915.

(6) Campanella, Tommaso. La citta di sole e aforasmi politici. Lanciana, Carabba, 19—.

(7) Andreae, Johann V. Christianopolis. An ideal state of the seventeenth century. Translated from the Latin by T. E. Held. New York, 1916.

(8) Harrington, James. The Oceana of James Harrington. London, 1700.

(9) Mandeville, Bernard de. Fable of the Bees. Or private vices, public benefits. Edinburgh, 1772. [First published in 1714.]

(10) Cabet, Etienne. Voyage en Icarie. 5th ed. Paris, 1848.

(11) Butler, Samuel. Erewhon: or over the Range. New York, 1917. [First published in 1872.]

(12) ——. Erewhon Revisited Twenty Years Later. New York, 1901.

(13) Lytton, Edward Bulwer. The Coming Race. London, 1871.

(14) Bellamy, Edward. Looking Backward, 2000-1887. Boston, 1898.

(15) Morris, William. News from Nowhere. Or an epoch of rest, being some chapters from a utopian romance. New York, 1910. [First published in 1891.]

(16) Hertzka, Theodor. Freeland. A social anticipation. New York, 1891.

(17) Wells, H. G. A Modern Utopia. New York, 1905.

(18) ——. New Worlds for Old. New York, 1908.

VII. PROGRESS AND SOCIAL WELFARE

(1) Crozier, John B. Civilization and Progress. 3d ed., pp. 366-440. London and New York, 1892.

(2) Obolensky, L. E. ["Self-Consciousness of Classes in Social Progress"] Voprosy filosofii i psichologuii, VII (1896), 521-51. [Short review in Revue philosophique, XLIV (1897), 106.]

(3) Mallock, William H. Aristocracy and Evolution. A study of the rights, the origin, and the social functions of the wealthier classes. London, 1898.

(4) Tenney, E. P. Contrasts in Social Progress. New York, 1907.

(5) Hall, Arthur C. Crime in Its Relations to Social Progress. New York, 1902.

(6) Hughes, Charles E. Conditions of Progress in a Democratic Government. New Haven, 1910.

(7) Parmelee, Maurice. Poverty and Social Progress. Chaps. vi-vii. New York, 1916.

(8) George, Henry. Progress and Poverty. Book X, chap. iii. New York, 1899.

(9) Nasmyth, George. Social Progress and the Darwinian Theory. New York, 1916.

(10) Harris, George. Inequality and Progress. New York, 1897.

(11) Irving, L. "The Drama as a Factor in Social Progress," Fortnightly Review, CII (1914), 268-74.

(12) Salt, Henry S. Animal Rights Considered in Relation to Social Progress. New York, 1894.

(13) Delabarre, Frank A. "Civilisation and Its Effects on Morbidity and Mortality," Journal of Sociologic Medicine, XIX (1918), 220-23.

(14) Knopf, S. A. "The Effects of Civilisation on the Morbidity and Mortality of Tuberculosis," Journal of Sociologic Medicine, XX (1919), 5-15.

(15) Giddings, Franklin H. "The Ethics of Social Progress," in the collection Philanthropy and Social Progress. Seven essays ... delivered before the School of Applied Ethics at Plymouth, Mass., during the session of 1892. With introduction by Professor Henry C. Adams. New York and Boston, 1893.

(16) Morgan, Alexander. Education and Social Progress. Chaps. vi, ix-xxi. London and New York, 1916.

(17) Butterfield, K. L. Chapters in Rural Progress. Chicago, 1908.

(18) Robertson, John M. The Economics of Progress. New York, 1918.

(19) Willcox, Walter F. "A Statistician's Idea of Progress," International Journal of Ethics, XXIII (1913), 275-98.

(20) Zueblin, Charles. American Municipal Progress. Rev. ed. New York, 1916.

(21) Niceforo, Alfredo. Les Indices numerique de la civilisation et du progres. Paris, 1921.

(22) Todd, A. J. Theories of Social Progress. Chap, vii, "The Criteria of Progress," pp. 113-53. New York, 1918.

TOPICS FOR WRITTEN THEMES

1. The History of the Concept of Progress

2. Popular Notions of Progress

3. The Natural History of Progress: Evolution of Physical and Mental Traits, Economic Progress, Moral Development, Intellectual Development, Social Evolution

4. Stages of Progress: Determined by Type of Control over Nature, Type of Social Organization, Type of Communication, etc.

5. Score Cards and Scales for Grading Communities and Neighborhoods

6. Progress as Wish-Fulfilment: an Analysis of Utopias

7. Criteria or Indices of Progress: Physical, Mental, Intellectual, Economic, Moral, Social, etc.

8. Progress as an Incident of the Cosmic Process

9. Providence versus Progress

10. Happiness as the Goal of Progress

11. Progress as Social Change

12. Progress as Social Evolution

13. Progress as Social Control

14. Progress and the Science of Eugenics

15. Progress and Socialization

16. Control through Eugenics, Education, and Legislation

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. What do you understand by progress?

2. How do you explain the fact that the notion of progress originated?

3. What is the relation of change to progress?

4. What is Spencer's law of evolution? Is it an adequate generalization? What is its value?

5. Why do we speak of "stages of progress"?

6. To what extent has progress been a result (a) of eugenics, (b) of tradition?

7. What do you understand by progress as (a) a historical process, and (b) increase in the content of civilization?

8. What is the relation of progress to happiness?

9. "We have confused rapidity of change with progress." Explain.

10. "Progress is not automatic." Elaborate your position with reference to this statement.

11. What is the relation of prevision to progress?

12. Do you believe that mankind can control and determine progress?

13. "Our expectations of limitless progress cannot depend upon the deliberate action of national governments." Contrast this statement of Balfour with the statement of Dewey.

14. "A community founded on argument would dissolve into its constituent elements." Discuss this statement.

15. What is Galton's conception of progress?

16. What would you say to the possibility or the impossibility of the suggestion of eugenics becoming a religious dogma as suggested by Galton?

17. What is the relation, as conceived by the eugenists, as between germ plasm and culture?

18. Is progress dependent upon change in human nature?

19. How are certain persistent traits of human nature related to progress?

20. What is meant by the statement that progress is in the mores?

21. What are the different types of progress analyzed by Bryce? Has advance in each of them been uniform in the last one thousand years?

22. Does war make for or against progress?

23. What is the relation of freedom to progress?

24. What place has the myth in progress?

25. To what extent is progress as a process of realizing values a matter of temperament, of optimism, and of pessimism?

FOOTNOTES:

[322] Robert Flint, The Philosophy of History in Europe, I, 29-30. (London, 1874.)

[323] W. R. Inge, Outspoken Essays, i, "Our Present Discontents," p. 2. (London, 1919.)

[324] Charles Booth, Labour and Life of the People, I, 154-55, 598. 2d ed. (London, 1889.)

[325] Charles Cooley, The Social Process, p. 284. (New York, 1918.)

[326] Charles Zueblin, American Municipal Progress, pp. xi-xii. New and rev. ed. (New York, 1916.)

[327] R. Austin Freeman, Social Decay and Regeneration. With an introduction by Havelock Ellis. Pp. 16-17. (Boston, 1921.)

[328] J. B. Bury, The Idea of Progress. An inquiry into its origin and growth, p. 1. (London, 1921.)

[329] W. R. Inge, The Idea of Progress, p. 9. The Romanes Lecture, 1920. (Oxford, 1920.)

[330] Author of The Passing of a Great Race, or the Racial Basis of European History. (New York, 1916.)

[331] See Stoddard Lothrop, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York, 1920); and William McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (New York, 1921.)

[332] Thomas H. Huxley, Evolution and Ethics and Other Lectures, Lecture ii, pp. 46-116. (New York, 1894.)

[333] Adapted from F. S. Marvin, Progress and History, pp. 8-10. (Oxford University Press, 1916.

[334] Adapted from Herbert Spencer, Essays, I, 8-10. (D. Appleton & Co., 1899.)

[335] Adapted from Auguste Comte, Positive Philosophy, II, 124. (Truebner & Co., 1875.)

[336] Adapted from Leonard T. Hobhouse, Social Evolution and Political Theory, pp. 29-39. (The Columbia University Press, 1911.)

[337] From Lester F. Ward, Dynamic Sociology, II, 174-77. (D. Appleton & Co., 1893.)

[338] Adapted from John Dewey, "Progress," in the International Journal of Ethics, XXVI (1916), 312-18.

[339] From The Mind of Arthur James Balfour, by Wilfrid M. Short, pp. 293-97. (Copyright 1918, George H. Doran Company, publishers.)

[340] From Francis Galton, "Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims," in the American Journal of Sociology, X (1904-5), 1-6.

[341] Adapted from G. Santayana, Winds of Doctrine, pp. 6-8. (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913.)

[342] Adapted from W. G. Sumner, "The Mores of the Present and the Future," in the Yale Review, XVIII (1909-10), 235-36. (Quoted by special permission of the Yale Review.)

[343] Adapted from James Bryce, "War and Human Progress," in International Conciliation, CVIII (November, 1916), 13-27.

[344] From Henri Bergson, Creative Evolution, translated by Arthur Mitchell, pp. 253-71. (Henry Holt & Co., 1913.)

[345] From Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Idea, III, 107-18. (Paul, Trench, Truebner & Co., 1909.)

[346] Scientific optimism was no doubt rampant before Darwin. For example, Herschel says: "Man's progress towards a higher state need never fear a check, but must continue till the very last existence of history." But Herbert Spencer asserts the perfectibility of man with an assurance which makes us gasp. "Progress is not an accident, but a necessity. What we call evil and immorality must disappear. It is certain that man must become perfect." "The ultimate development of the ideal man is certain—as certain as any conclusion in which we place the most implicit faith; for instance, that all men will die." "Always towards perfection is the mighty movement—towards a complete development and a more unmixed good."—W. R. Inge, The Idea of Progress, p. 9. (Oxford, 1920.)

[347] "Scale for Grading Neighborhood Conditions," Publications of the Whittier State School, Research Bulletin, No. 5, Whittier, Cal., May, 1917. "Guide to the Grading of Neighborhoods," Publications of the Whittier State School, Research Bulletin, No. 8, Whittier, Cal., April, 1918. Dwight Sanderson, "Scale for Grading Social Conditions in Rural Communities," New York State Agricultural College Bulletin [in press], Ithaca, N.Y., 1921.

[348] "A Statistician's Idea of Progress," International Journal of Ethics, XVIII (1913), 296.

[349] Les indices numeriques de la civilisation et du progres. (Paris, 1921.)



INDEX OF NAMES

[Page numbers in italics refer to selections or short extracts.]

Abbott, Edith, 223, 569.

Abbott, Grace, 780.

Abraham, Karl, 857.

Abrahams, I., 943.

Abrikossof, N. A., 649.

Achelis, T., 937.

Adams, Brewster, 643, 656.

Adams, Brooks, 950, 1006.

Adams, Charles C., 218, 554.

Adams, Charles F., 760.

Adams, Franklin P., 834.

Adams, Henry, 5, 14, 15, 563.

Addams, Jane, 329, 331, 335.

Addison, Joseph, 66.

Adler, Alfred, 144, 150, 497, 501, 638, 645, 646.

Adler, H. M., 936.

Alexander, H. B., 1008.

Alexander, Samuel, 1007.

Alexander the Great, 987.

Alfred [pseud.], see Kydd, Samuel.

Alher, R., 1004.

Ambrosio, M. A. d', 566.

Ames, Edward S., 426.

Amiel, H., 151.

Ammon, Dr. O., 535.

Amsden, G. S., 152.

Anderson, Wilbert L., 334.

Andreae, Johann V., 1008.

Andrews, Alexander, 860.

Andrews, John B., 942.

Anthony, Katharine S., 151, 942.

Anthony, Susan B., 949.

Antin, Mary, 774, 782, 783.

Antony, Marc, 386.

Archer, T. A., 941.

Arcoleo, G., 649.

Aria, E., 948.

Aristotle, 11, 29, 30, 32, 61, 140, 144, 156, 223, 231, 261, 373, 640, 1000.

Aronovici, Carol, 218, 782.

Atkinson, Charles M., 949.

Aubry, P., 937, 938.

Audoux, Marguerite, 151.

Auerbach, Bertrand, 275, 660, 778.

Augustinus, Aurelius (Saint Augustine), 122, 144, 150.

Austin, George L., 949.

Austin, John, 106.

Austin, Mary, 881-83.

Avebury, Lord, 649.

Bab, Julius, 731.

Babbitt, Eugene H., 275, 754-56.

Babinski, J. F., 648.

Bachofen, J. J., 214, 220.

Bacon, Lord Francis, 66, 233-34, 1008.

Baden-Powell, H., 219.

Baer, Karl Ernst von, 967.

Bagehot, Walter, 423, 429, 495-96, 563, 564, 646.

Bailey, Thomas P., 652, 728.

Bailey, W. F., 778.

Bailie, William, 565.

Bakeless, John, 648.

Baker, Ray Stannard, 643, 651, 658, 936.

Balch, Emily G., 781.

Baldwin, J. Mark, 41, 85, 149, 150, 390, 423, 425, 429, 646, 663, 719, 725, 775, 1006.

Balfour, Arthur James, 964, 977-79, 1004.

Ballagh, James C., 728.

Bancroft, H. H., 942.

Bang, J. P., 650.

Barbellion, W. N. P. [pseud.], see Cummings, B. F.

Barclay, Robert, 944.

Baring Gould, S., 274.

Barnes, Harry E., 659.

Barr, Martin W., 935.

Barrere, Albert, 428.

Barrow, Sir John, 275.

Barrows, Samuel J., 781.

Barth, Paul, 4, 211, 1004, 1005.

Bartlett, David W., 949.

Bastian, A., 673, 787.

Bastiat, Frederic, 505-6, 552-53, 563, 573.

Bates, Jean V., 778.

Bauer, Arthur, 729.

Bauer, Otto, 777.

Bax, Ernest B., 944.

Beard, Charles A., 498, 658.

Beaulieu, P. Leroy, see Leroy-Beaulieu, P.

Bechterew, W. v, 123-25, 150, 157, 345, 408-12, 415-20, 424, 430, 433, 434, 494, 501.

Beck, von, 179.

Beddoe, Dr. John, 536.

Beecher, Franklin A., 940.

Beer, M., 566.

Beers, C. W., 152.

Beethoven, Ludwig von, 228.

Begbie, Harold, 727, 942.

Behn, 366.

Belisle, A., 946.

Bell, Alexander G., 276.

Bell, Sir Charles, 421.

Bellamy, Edward, 1008.

Bellet, Daniel, 947.

Bennett, Arnold, 216.

Bentham, Jeremy, 106, 500, 940, 949.

Bentley, A. F., 458-61, 501, 503.

Bergson, Henri, 373, 374, 422, 426, 964, 989-94, 1004.

Bernard, Luther L., 854.

Bernhard, L., 275, 770, 946.

Bernheim, A., 430.

Bertillon, Jacques, 265.

Besant, Annie, 120, 121, 559, 949.

Besant, Walter, 335.

Best, Harry, 276, 567.

Bevan, Edwyn R., 659.

Beveridge, W. H., 567.

Bhattacharya, Jogendra N., 728.

Bigg, Ada H., 948.

Binet, Alfred, 113-17, 145, 150, 154, 424, 430, 496.

Bing, Alexander M., 652.

Bismarck, 238, 239, 789.

Blackmar, F. W., 499, 779.

Blair, R. H., 362, 366.

Blanchard, Phyllis, 646.

Bloch, Iwan, 221, 333.

Blondel, H., 729.

Blowitz, Henri de, 859.

Blumenbach, J. F., 243.

Bluntschli, Johann K., 658, 858.

Blyden, Edward W., 651.

Boas, Franz, 19, 154, 332, 660, 725, 730, 770, 777, 938.

Bodenhafer, Walter B., 48.

Boehme Margarete, 650.

Bohannon, E. W., 273.

Bois, Henri, 943.

Bonger, W. A., 562, 569.

Bonnaterre, J. P., 277.

Boodin, J. E., 425.

Booth, Charles, 44, 45, 59, 212, 219, 335, 955.

Booth, William, 942.

Borght, R. van der, 427.

Bosanquet, Helen, 215, 222, 1008.

Bossuet, J. B., 906.

Botsford, George W., 940.

Bougle, C., 728, 729.

Bourde, Paul, 654.

Bourgoing, P. de, 275, 945.

Bourne, Rev. Ansel, 472, 473.

Bourne, H. R. Fox, 564, 859.

Boutmy, Emile, 940.

Boutroux, Pierre 650.

Bradford, Gamaliel, Jr., 731.

Bradlaugh, Charles, 559.

Bradley, F. H., 106.

Bradley, Henry, 941.

Braid, James, 424.

Brailsford, H. N., 651.

Braithwaite, W. C., 944.

Brancoff, D. M., 946.

Brandenburg, Broughton, 780.

Brandes, Georg, 141, 498, 778.

Braubach, Prof., 810.

Breckinridge, Sophonisba P., 222, 223, 569, 782.

Brehm, A. E., 810.

Brent, Charles H., 855.

Brentano, Lujo, 500, 658.

Breuer, J., 838.

Bridges, 368.

Bridges, Horace, 782.

Bridgman, Laura, 244, 366.

Bright, John, 447.

Brill, A. A., 273.

Brinton, Daniel G., 666, 671-74, 725, 857.

Brissenden, Paul Frederick, 566, 658.

Bristol, Lucius M., 718, 725.

Bronner, Augusta F., 152.

Broenner, W., 941.

Brooks, John Graham, 566, 658, 925, 935.

Browne, Crichton, 366.

Browne, Sir Thomas, 65, 128.

Bruhl, S. Levy, see Levy Bruhl, S.

Brunhes, Jean, 270, 274.

Bryan, William J., 734.

Bryce, James, 650, 652, 658, 726, 759, 779, 851, 852 n., 858, 861, 941, 984-89, 1004.

Brynmor-Jones, David, 149, 945.

Buchanan, J. R., 731.

Buck, Carl D., 660.

Buck, S. J., 942.

Buckle, Henry Thomas, 270, 493, 498, 912, 1005.

Buecher, Karl, 385-89, 427, 529-33, 728.

Bunyan, John, 122.

Burckhard, M., 941.

Burgess, Dr., 366, 367, 368.

Burgess, Ernest W., 426, 1007.

Burgess, John, 741.

Burgess, Thomas, 781.

Burke, Edmund, 449, 850.

Burnell, A. C., 276.

Burns, Allen T., 59, 335, 498, 773, 782.

Burns, J., 943.

Burr, Anna R., 727.

Bury, J. B., 333, 958-59, 1004.

Busch, 414.

Bushee, F. A., 1005.

Bussell, F. W., 904.

Buswell, Leslie, 649.

Butler, Joseph, 429.

Butler, Ralph, 660.

Butler, Samuel, 1008.

Butterfield, K. L., 1010.

Cabet, Etienne, 1008.

Cabrol, F., 939.

Cadiere, L., 937.

Caelius, 386.

Caesar, 144, 238, 386, 387.

Cahan, Abraham, 335, 782.

Caird, Edward, 1005.

Cairnes, J. E., 546, 547, 548.

Calhoun, Arthur W., 215, 222, 726.

Cambarieu, J., 938.

Campanella, Tommaso, 1008.

Campbell, John C., 275, 654.

Campeano, M., 941.

Canat, Rene, 273.

Cannon, Walter B., 422, 426.

Cardan, Jerome, 144.

Carlton, Frank T., 657.

Carlyle, Thomas, 494.

Carnegie, Andrew, 670.

Carpenter, Edward, 1004.

Carter, George R., 564.

Cartwright, Peter, 944.

Carver, Thomas N., 1006.

Case, Clarence M., 1005.

Case, S. J., 857.

Castle, W. E., 128-33, 147.

Caxton, William, 237.

Cellini, Benvenuto, 151.

Chabaneix, Paul, 855.

Chapin, F. Stuart, 59, 1007.

Chapin, Robert C., 215, 222.

Chapman, 298.

Charcot, J. M., 144, 415, 424.

Charlemagne, 238.

Cherrington, Ernest H., 942.

Chevillon, Andre, 650.

Chevreul, M. E., 462.

Cheysson, E., 729.

Chirol, Valentine, 936.

Chrestus, 386.

Christensen, A., 940.

Churchill, William, 275, 428.

Cicero, 386, 387.

Ciszewski, S., 775.

Claghorn, Kate H., 782.

Clarendon, Earl of, 65.

Clark, H., 940.

Clark, John B., 544-50.

Clark, Thomas A., 731.

Claudius, Emperor, 752.

Clayton, H. H., 947.

Clayton, Joseph, 855.

Clemens, Samuel L., (Mark Twain, pseud.), 152.

Clements, Frederic E., 217, 526-28, 554, 571.

Clerget, Pierre, 948.

Cleveland, Catharine C., 944.

Clibborne, 543.

Clodd, Edward, 857.

Clough, H. W., 947.

Cobb, Irvin, 735.

Cobden, Richard, 447, 949.

Coblenz, Felix, 150.

Codrington, R. H., 857.

Coe, George Albert, 235-37, 726.

Coffin, Ernest W., 779.

Cohen, Rose, 336, 774, 782.

Coicou, M., 729.

Colcord, Joanna, 223.

Coleman, Charles T., 940.

Coleridge, Samuel T., 368.

Collier, John, 732.

Commons, John R., 644, 657, 658, 776, 780, 942.

Comte, Auguste, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 24, 25, 39, 43, 44, 57, 60, 61, 68, 140, 210, 496, 716, 959, 968-69, 1005.

Condorcet, Marie J. A. C., 3, 553, 1005.

Conn, Herbert W., 1007.

Connor, Dr. Bernard, 241.

Constantin, A., 648.

Conway, M., 940.

Cook, Edward, 859.

Cooley, Charles H., 56, 58, 67, 67-68, 70, 71, 147, 154, 156, 157, 216, 285, 330, 421, 425, 430, 500, 646, 665, 708-12, 723, 729, 855, 934, 955, 1004.

Coolidge, Mary R., 781.

Corelli, Marie, 936.

Cornyn, John H., 751-54.

Corot, Jean Baptiste Camille, 126.

Cory, H. E., 731.

Coulter, J. M., 128-33, 147.

Crafts, L. W., 254-57.

Crawley, A. Ernest, 221, 291-93, 282, 330, 332, 651, 850, 856, 857, 1006.

Creighton, Louise, 779.

Crile, George W., 522-26, 562, 571, 641, 563, 564, 783.

Croly, Jane (Mrs.), 942.

Crooke, William, 276, 728, 777, 943.

Crosby, Arthur T., 648.

Crothers, T. D., 940.

Crowell, John F., 564.

Crozier, John B., 1009.

Culin, Stewart, 655, 656.

Cummings, B. F., 151.

Cunningham, William, 563.

Cutler, James E., 654.

Cutrera, A., 655.

Cuvier, Georges, i.e., J. L. N. F., 809.

D'Aeth, F. G., 729.

Damiron, J. Ph., 647.

Dana, Charles A., 859.

Dana, Richard H., Jr., 276.

Daniels, John, 781.

Danielson, F. H., 147, 254.

Dargun, L. von, 220.

Darwin, Charles, 7, 143, 165, 214, 329, 342, 361-65, 365-70, 421, 422, 426, 432, 512, 513, 514, 515-19, 519-22, 554, 557, 562, 563, 570, 571, 641, 647, 663, 768, 810, 959, 1001.

Daudet, Alphonse, 120.

Daudet, Ernest, 649.

Dauzat, Albert, 429.

Davenport, C. B., 71, 128-33, 147, 254, 568, 1007.

Davenport, Frederick M., 943.

Davids, T. W. Rhys, 943.

Davis, H., 654.

Davis, Katharine B., 570.

Davis, Michael M., 781.

Dawley, Almena, 569.

Dealey, J. Q., 222.

Deane, 238.

DeGreef, Guillaume, 58.

Delabarre, Frank A., 1009.

Delbet, E., 729.

Delbrueck, A., 273, 777.

Delesalle, Georges, 428.

Dellepaine, A., 1007.

Delvaille, Jules, 1004.

De-Marchi, A, 856.

Demolins, Edmond, 333.

Demoor, Jean, 1007.

Demosthenes, 638.

Densmore, Frances, 938.

Desagher, Maurice, 276.

Descartes, Rene, 372, 463, 465.

Despine, Prosper, 938, 940.

Devine, Edward T., 333, 491, 498, 567, 732.

Devon, J., 569.

Dewey, John, 36, 37, 38, 149, 164, 182-85, 200, 225, 424, 426, 430, 509, 964, 975-77, 1004, 1010.

Dibblee, G. Binney, 427.

Dicey, A. V., 445-51, 557, 793, 831, 851, 858.

Dilich, Wilhelm, 241.

Dinneen, P. S., 945.

Disraeli, Benjamin, 721.

Ditchfield, P. H., 334.

Dixon, Roland B., 777, 854.

Dixon, W. H., 945.

Dobschuetz, E. von, 333.

Dodge, Raymond, 837-41.

Doll, E. A., 254-57.

Dominian, Leon, 275, 645, 945.

Donovan, Frances, 569.

Dorsey, J. Owen, 655, 711.

Dostoevsky, F., 142, 273.

Down, T. C., 895-98, 942.

Downey, June E., 146, 153.

Drachsler, Julius, 774, 781.

Draghicesco, D., 729.

Draper, J. W., 641, 647.

Dubois, L. Paul, 945.

Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt, 152, 222, 781, 783.

Dugas, L., 370-75, 422, 426.

Dugdale, Richard L., 143, 147, 254.

Dugmore, H. H., 861.

Duguit, Leon, 850.

Dumas, Georges, 938.

Dunbar, Paul Lawrence, 627.

Duncan, Sara Jeannette, 652.

Durand, E. Dana, 652.

Durkheim, Emile, 18, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 58, 164, 193-96, 217, 221, 222, 267, 268, 343, 671, 714-18, 723, 729, 854, 857, 894.

Dushkin, Alexander M., 774, 781.

Dutaillis, C. E. Petit-, see Petit-Dutaillis, C. E.

East, E. M., 128-33, 147.

Eastman, R. S., 732.

Eaton, Isabel, 781.

Eddy, Arthur J., 565.

Edie, Lionel D., 498.

Edman, Irwin, 148.

Edwards, Bryan, 727.

Edwards, E., 943.

Edwards, Milne, 519.

Effertz, Otto, 563.

Egerton, Charles E., 652.

Egli, Emil, 944.

Ehrenfels, Chrn. v., 500.

Elderton, Ethel M., 566, 568.

Eliot, George, 142, 231.

Elliott, A. M., 276.

Ellis, Havelock, 148, 153, 215, 221, 223, 659, 726, 938, 957, 1007.

Ellwood, Charles A., 41, 58, 566, 846-48, 950.

Elsing, W. T., 566.

Elworthy, F. T., 332.

Ely, Richard T., 444-45, 502, 646, 855.

Empey, Arthur Guy, 429.

Engel, Ernst, 215, 222.

Engelgardt, A. N., 870.

Engels, Frederick, 565.

Espinas, Alfred, 163, 165-66, 217, 224, 225, 407.

Estabrook, A. H., 147, 254.

Eubank, Earle E., 223.

Evans, F. W., 944.

Evans, Maurice S., 643, 651, 811-12.

Faber, Geoffrey, 660.

Fadl, Said Memum Abul, 649.

Fahlbeck, Pontus, 218.

Fairfield, Henry P., 780, 781.

Faria, Abbe, 424.

Faris, Ellsworth, 147, 960-62.

Farmer, John S., 427, 428.

Farnell, L. R., 856.

Farnam, Henry W., 569.

Farquhar, J. N., 944.

Fauriel, M. C., 937.

Faust, Albert B., 780.

Fawkes, J. W., 939.

Fay, Edward A., 276.

Fedortchouk Y., 946.

Fere, Ch., 405, 430.

Ferguson, G. O., Jr., 154.

Fernald, Mabel R., 569.

Ferrari, G. O., 115.

Ferrero, Guglielmo, 935, 936.

Feuerbach, Paul J. A., von, 277.

Field, J., 949.

Field, James, A., 566.

Fielding Hall, H., 649.

Finck, Henry T., 221.

Finlayson, Anna W., 148.

Finney, C. J., 943.

Finot, Jean, 651.

Finsler, G., 937.

Fischer, Eugen, 776.

Fishberg, Maurice, 149, 271, 274, 431, 778.

Fisher, H. A., 639.

Flaten, Nils, 276.

Fleming, Daniel J., 780.

Fleming, Walter L., 730, 731, 942.

Fletcher, Alice C., 938.

Flint, Robert, 565, 953.

Florian, Eugenio, 333.

Foerster, Robert F., 781.

Foley, Caroline A., 948.

Forel, A., 169, 170.

Fornarsi di Verce, E., 569.

Fosbroke, Thomas D., 274.

Fosdick, H. E., 237.

Foster, William Z., 653.

Fouillee, Alfred, 149, 152, 461-64, 499.

Francke, Kuno, 493, 498, 660.

Frazer, J. G., 149, 221, 330, 850, 855, 856.

Frederici, Romolo, 1006.

Frederick the Great, 628, 986.

Freeman, Edward A., 3, 10, 23.

Freeman, R. Austin, 957, 1007.

Freud, Sigmund, 41, 144, 236, 329, 475, 478, 479, 482, 486, 487, 497, 501, 504, 638, 855, 858.

Friedlaender, L., 935.

Friedmann, Max, 927, 937.

Friesen, P. M., 657.

Frobenius, Leo, 640, 648, 730, 776, 1004.

Froebel, F. W. A., 82.

Froment, J., 648.

Froude, James A., 1006.

Fuller, Bampfylde, 935.

Fustel de Coulanges, 855, 860.

Gall, F. J., 145.

Galpin, Charles J., 212, 218, 247-49, 275, 724, 731.

Galton, Francis, 726, 963, 979-83, 1007, 1011.

Gardner, Charles S., 940.

Garofalo, R., 649.

Gavit, John P., 782.

Geddes, P., 153.

Gehring, Johannes, 657.

Gennep, A. van, 857.

George, Henry, 1009.

Gerland, Georg, 270, 274, 856.

Gesell, A. L., 148.

Gibbon, Edward, 711.

Gibson, Thomas, 947.

Gibson, William, 943.

Giddings, Franklin H., 32, 33, 36, 40, 58, 544, 610-16, 661, 735, 740, 1009.

Gilbert, William S., 65.

Gillen, F. J., 149, 220, 861.

Gillin, J. L. 499, 567, 657.

Ginsberg, M., 214, 220.

Gladden, Washington, 491, 498.

Glynn, A. W. Wiston-, see Wiston-Glynn.

Gobineau, Arthur de, 769.

Goddard, Henry H., 131, 143, 147, 152, 254, 568.

Godkin, Edwin L., 858.

Godwin, William, 553.

Godwin, William, 565.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 126, 909, 967.

Goldenweiser, A. A., 777.

Goltz, E. von der, 273.

Goncourt, Edward de, and Jules de, 405.

Goodhart, S. P., 468.

Goodsell, Willystine, 222.

Gordon, Anna A., 950.

Gordon, Ernest, 942.

Goring, Charles, 145, 153.

Gould S. Baring-, see Baring-Gould, S.

Gowen, B. S., 937.

Gowin, Enoch B., 855.

Graebner, F., 777.

Graetz, H., 944.

Grant, 809.

Grant, Madison, 963.

Grass, K., 943.

Grass, K. K., 657.

Grasserie, R., de la, see La Grasserie, R. de.

Gratiolet, Pierre, 421.

Gray, Thomas, 314.

Gray, W., 856.

Greco, Carlo Nardi-, see Nardi-Greco, Carlo.

Greeley, Horace, 949.

Green, Alice S. A., 334.

Green, Samuel S., 780.

Gregoire, Abbe, 451.

Gregory XV, 837.

Grierson, Sir G., 687.

Grierson, P. J. H., 564.

Griffiths, Arthur, 274.

Grinnell, G. B., 938.

Groat, George G., 657.

Groos, Karl, 426, 639, 640, 646.

Grosse, Ernst, 221, 790, 939.

Grote, George, 233, 260-64.

Grotjahn, Alfred, 566.

Groves. E. R., 941.

Grundtvig, N. F. S., Bishop, 931.

Gulick, Sidney L., 431, 782.

Gummere, Amelia M., 274.

Gummere, F. B., 939.

Gumplowicz, Ludwig, 212, 341, 346-48, 420, 425, 431, 642, 645, 649, 776.

Guyot, Edouard, 565.

Hadley, Arthur T., 658.

Haeckel, Ernst, 912.

Hagens, von, 169.

Haines, Lynn, 659.

Haldane, Viscount, 102-8.

Hall, Arthur C., 1009.

Hall, Frederick S., 652.

Hall, G. Stanley, 77, 150, 647, 648.

Hall, H., Fielding-, see Fielding-Hall, H.

Hall, W. P., 563.

Halpercine, Simon, 649.

Hammer, von, 380.

Hammond, Barbara, 334.

Hammond, John L., 334.

Haney, Levi H., 564.

Hanford, Benjamin, 653.

Hanna, Charles A., 780.

Hanna, Rev. Thomas C., 468, 469.

Hansen, F. C. C., 430, 535.

Hansen, J., 937, 938.

Hanson, William C., 568.

Hapgood, Hutchins, 152, 731, 783.

Harlan, Rolvix, 945.

Harnack, Adolf, 942.

Harper, Ida H., 949.

Harrington, James, 1008.

Harris, Benjamin, 834.

Harris, George, 1005, 1009.

Harrison, Frederic, 649, 1007.

Harrison, James A., 276.

Harrison, Jane E., 17, 18, 856, 857.

Harrison, Shelby M., 59, 219, 859.

Hart, A. B., 499.

Hart, Joseph K., 731.

Hartenberg, P., 941.

Hartmann, Berthold, 86.

Harttung, Pflug-, see Pflug-Harttung.

Hasanovitz, Elizabeth, 335, 782.

Hasbach, Wilhelm, 495.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 237.

Hayes. A. W., 731.

Hayes, Edward C., 499.

Hayes, Mary H., 569.

Hayes, Samuel P., 943.

Haynes, E. S. P., 647.

Haynes, Frederick E., 658.

Headlam, Cecil, 946.

Healy, William, 59, 152, 273, 562, 645, 935.

Hearn, Lafcadio, 938.

Heaton, John L., 859.

Hecker, J. F. C., 875, 879-81, 936.

Heckethorn, C. W., 274, 730.

Hegel, G. W. F., 69, 156, 959.

Heidenhain, 415.

Heijningen, Hendrik M. K. van, 654.

Helps, Sir Arthur, 66, 727.

Hempl, Georg, 276.

Henderson, Charles R., 566.

Henderson, Ernest L., 424, 429.

Henry, R., 946.

Hericourt, 115.

Hermann, F. B. W. v., 499.

Heron, David, 560, 566.

Herschel, Sir J. F. W., 1001.

Hertzka, Theodor, 1009.

Hess, Grete Meisel, see Meisel Hess.

Hibben, J. G., 1006.

Hichborn, Franklin, 659.

Hicks, Mary L., 732.

Higgs, Henry, 556.

Hill, Georgiana, 949.

Hinde, Sidney L., 869.

Hinds, William A., 334.

Hirn, Yrjoe, 344, 401-7, 426, 430, 433, 808, 869, 870, 938.

Hirt, Eduard, 152.

Hobbes, Thomas, 25, 29, 30, 61, 106, 140, 156, 223, 512, 642.

Hobhouse, Leonard T., 56, 190-93, 214, 220, 225, 728, 795, 796, 798 n., 849, 854, 963, 964, 969-73.

Hobson, John A., 567.

Hocart, A. M., 749.

Hoch, A., 152, 273.

Hocking, W. E., 95-97, 148, 205-9.

Hodder, Edwin, 949.

Hogarth, William, 402.

Holdsworth, W. S., 861.

Hollingworth, H. L., 149.

Hollingworth, Leta S., 152, 153.

Hollman, Anton H., 931.

Holmes (Judge), 736, 853.

Holmes, William H., 948.

Holt, Edward B., 478-82, 501, 503.

Home, H., Lord Kames, 402.

Homer, 264.

Hooper, Charles E., 332.

Horak, Jakub, 781.

Horn, Paul, 429.

Hotten, John C., 428.

Howard, G. E., 214, 222.

Howard, John, 949.

Howells, William Dean, 627.

Hoxie, Robert F., 644, 657.

Hoyt, F. C., 656.

Hubert, H., 856, 857.

Hudson, Frederic, 859.

Hudson, W. H., 245-47, 604-5, 883-86.

Hughes, Charles C., 1009.

Hughes, Henry, 429.

Humboldt, Alexander von, 673, 909.

Hume, David, 3, 429, 553, 786, 829-30.

Hunter, Robert, 653.

Huntington, Ellsworth, 328, 666, 726.

Huot, Louis, 648.

Hupka, S. von, 333.

Hurry, Jamieson B., 947.

Huxley, Thomas H., 963.

Hyde, 749.

Hyndman, Henry M., 950.

Inge, William R., 954, 959, 1001, 1004.

Ingersoll, Robert, 912.

Ingram, John K., 563, 675.

Ireland, W. W., 941.

Irving, L., 1009.

Irwin, Will, 859.

Itard, Dr. Jean E. M. G., 242, 271, 277.

Iyer, L. K. A. K., 728.

Jacobowski, L., 221.

Jakstas, A., 946.

James, B. B., 945.

James, E. O., 856.

James, William, 77, 119-23, 148, 150, 421, 426, 472, 473, 486, 598, 661, 669, 726, 736, 932.

Janes, George M., 652.

Janet, Pierre, 144, 430, 935.

Jankelevitch, S., 1005.

Jannasch, R., 726.

Jarau, G. Louis-, see Louis-Jarau.

Jarrett, Mary C., 568.

Jastrow, J., 335.

Jellinek, Georg, 725.

Jenks, Albert, 211, 219, 775.

Jenks, Edward, 861.

Jenks, Jeremiah, 780.

Jennings, Hargrave, 730.

Jennings, H. S., 147, 285, 488.

Jephson, Henry, 858.

Jevons, William S., 500, 948.

Jhering, Rudolph von, 861.

Johnson, George E., 647.

Johnson, James W., 152.

Johnson, John H., 656.

Johnson, R. H., 568, 1007.

Johnson, Samuel, 451.

Johnson, W., 777.

Johnston, C., 654.

Johnston, Harry H., 779.

Johnston, R. M., 730.

Jones, David Brynmor-, see Brynmor Jones.

Jones, Edward D., 947.

Jones, Rufus M., 944.

Jonson, Ben, 239.

Jordanes, 941.

Joseph II, of Austria, 934.

Jost, M., 944.

Jouffroy, T. S., 402.

Judd, Charles H., 381-84, 390-91.

Jung, Carl G., 144, 236, 497, 501, 857.

Junius [pseud.], 858.

Juquelier, P., 411, 412, 937

Kaindl, Raimund F., 770, 778.

Kalb, Ernst, 657.

Kallen, Horace M., 778, 782.

Kammerer, Percy G., 223.

Kan, J. van, 569.

Kant, Immanuel, 82, 108, 420, 909.

Kapp, Friedrich, 780.

Kaufmann, Moritz, 1008.

Kaupas, H., 946.

Kautsky, Karl, 333.

Kawabe, Kisaburo, 427.

Keith, Arthur 659.

Keller, Albert G., 72, 134-35, 157, 648, 719, 726, 1007.

Keller, Helen, 151, 231, 243-45.

Kellogg, Paul U., 59, 219.

Kellogg, Walter G., 731.

Kelly, J. Liddell, 778.

Kelsey, Carl, 1007.

Kelynack, T. N., 568.

Kemble, Frances A., 728.

Kenngott, G. F., 219.

Kerlin, Robert T., 660.

Kerner, R. J., 777.

Kerr, Norman S., 568.

Kerschensteiner, Georg, 87.

Key, Ellen, 214, 221, 254.

Khoras, P., 950.

Kidd, Benjamin, 1006.

Kidd, D., 149.

Kilpatrick, James A., 649.

King, Irving, 150, 950.

Kingsbury, J. E., 427.

Kingsford, C. L., 941.

Kingsley, Charles, 274.

Kingsley, Mary H., 779.

Kipling, Rudyard, 67.

Kirchhoff. G. R., 13.

Kirkpatrick, E. A., 150.

Kistiakowski, Dr. Th., 217.

Kite, Elizabeth S., 147, 254.

Klein, Henri F., 730.

Kline, L. W., 221.

Kluge, F., 428.

Knapp, G. F., 217, 563, 729.

Knopf, S. A., 1009.

Knortz, Karl, 276.

Knowles, L. C. A., 950.

Knowlson, T. Sharper, 237-39.

Kober, George M., 568.

Kobrin, Leon, 219.

Kochanowski, J. K., 649.

Kocourek, Albert, 854, 860.

Kohler, Josef, 564, 854, 856.

Kolthamer, F. W., 558.

Koren, John, 569.

Kostir, Mary S., 148, 254.

Kostyleff, N., 501, 855.

Kotik, Dr. Naum, 937.

Kovalewsky, M., 220, 729.

Kowalewski, A., 153.

Kraepehn, E., 146, 153.

Krauss, F. S., 149.

Kreibig, Josef K., 500.

Kroeber, A. L., 948.

Kropotkin, P., 1006.

Kudirka, Dr., 932.

Kydd, Samuel (Alfred, pseud.), 567.

LaBruyere, Jean de, 144, 151.

Lacombe, Paul, 498.

Lafargue, G., 729.

Lagorgette, Jean, 648.

La Grasserie, R. de, 647, 649, 729.

La Hodde, Lucien de, 731.

Laidler, Harry W., 653.

Lamarck, J. B., 143

Lamprecht, Karl, 493, 494, 498, 1005.

Landauer, G., 950.

Landry, A., 649.

Lane, W. D., 656.

Lane-Poole, S., 935.

Lang, Andrew, 277.

Lange, C. G., 421.

Langenhove, Fernand van, 819-22, 857.

Lankester, E. Ray, 1005.

Lapouge, V., 266.

La Rochefoucauld, Francois, 371.

La Rue, William, 945.

Lasch, R., 221.

Laski, Harold, 860.

Laubach, Frank C., 333.

Lauck, William J., 780.

Law, John, 947.

Lay, Wilfrid, 646.

Lazarus, Moritz, 217, 427.

Lea, Henry C., 655, 657.

Le Bon, Gustave, 33, 34, 41, 58, 154, 164, 200, 201, 213, 218, 225, 659, 858, 867, 868, 869, 871, 876, 887-93, 894, 905-9, 927, 939, 950, 952.

Lecky, W. E. H., 641, 647, 858, 875, 915-24.

Lee, James Melvin, 860.

Lee, Vernon (pseud.), 402, 878.

Le Gouix, M., 729.

Lehmann, A., 430.

Leiserson, William M., 782.

Leland, C. G., 428, 429.

Leonard, O., 654.

Leopold III, 797.

Leopold, Lewis, 807-11, 855.

LePlay, P. G. Frederic, 215, 221, 222.

Leroy Beaulieu, P., 726.

Lester, J. C., 730.

Letcher, Valentin, 1005.

Letourneau, Ch., 220, 640, 648, 727, 854.

Letzner, Karl, 276.

Levasseur, E. de, 649.

Levine, Louis, 566, 658.

Levy-Bruhl, L., 24, 332.

Levy, Hermann, 564.

Lewis, George G., 858.

Lewis, Matthew G., 677-81.

Lewis, Sinclair, 213, 219.

Lherisson, E., 939.

Lhermitte, J., 648.

L'Houet, A., 334.

Lichtenberger, J. P., 223.

Lilienfeld, Paul von, 28, 58, 566.

Lillehei, Ingebrigt, 659.

Limousin, Ch., 649, 729.

Linnaeus, 516.

Linton, E. L., 948.

Lippert, Julius, 148.

Lippmann, Walter, 148, 834-37, 851, 859, 936, 949.

Lloyd, A. H., 1005.

Lock, C. L., 649.

Lockwood, George B., 945.

Loeb, Jacques, 79, 80, 81, 147, 467, 494.

Lowenfeld, L., 153, 410.

Loisy, Alfred, 939.

Lombroso, Cesare. 145, 153, 562, 951.

Lord, Eliot, 781.

Lord, Herbert Gardiner, 648.

Loria, A., 498.

Lotze, Hermann, 420, 425.

Loughborough, J. N., 945.

Louis-Jarau, G., 946.

Loutschisky, I., 729.

Love, Albert G., 568.

Lowell, A. Lawrence, 658, 792, 826-29, 851, 858, 864.

Lowie, Robert H., 18, 19, 220, 723, 730, 777.

Lubbock, J., 180, 396.

Lucretius, 953, 965, 966.

Lummis, Charles F., 939.

Lyall, Sir Alfred, 105.

Lyell, Charles, 768.

Lyer, F. Mueller-, see Mueller-Lyer.

Lytton, Edward Bulwer, 1008.

Macauley, T. B. 139.

McCormac, E. I., 728.

M'Culloch, O. C., 143, 147.

MacCurdy, J. T., 936.

Macdonagh, Michael, 851, 859.

McDougall, William, 58, 425, 441, 464-67, 496, 501, 652, 721, 726, 963.

McGee, W. J., 211, 219, 777, 860, 1006.

Mach, Ernst, 13.

Machiavelli, 97, 140.

Maciver, R. M., 426.

McIver, J., 569.

Mackay, Charles, 947.

Mackay, R. W., 647.

MacKay, Thomas, 557, 565.

McKenzie, F. A., 775.

Mackenzie, J. S., 1004.

McKenzie, R. D., 218.

McLaren, A. D., 660.

MacLean, J. P., 944.

McLennan, J. F., 220.

McMurtrie, Douglas C., 568.

Macrosty, Henry W., 564.

Maine, Sir Henry S., 219, 220, 555, 564, 826, 852, 853, 854, 860, 862.

Maitland, Frederic W., 861.

Malinowski, Bronislaw, 220.

Mallery, Garrick, 422, 427.

Mallock, W. H., 729, 949, 1009.

Maloney, E. F., 935.

Malthus, T. R., 7, 516, 553, 554, 559, 561, 563.

Mandeville, Bernard de, 1008.

Marchi, A. De, see De Marchi, A.

Marot, Helen, 149, 657.

Marpillero, G., 335.

Marshall, Alfred, 500, 563.

Marshall, Henry R., 425, 600-3.

Martin, E. D., 940.

Martineau, Harriet, 1, 2, 57, 561.

Marvin, Francis S., 778, 965-66.

Marx, Karl, 561, 565, 567, 912.

Mason, Otis T., 302, 427, 941.

Mason, William A., 427.

Massart, J., 218, 1007.

Mathiez, Albert, 657.

Matthews, Brander, 949.

Matthews, W., 938.

Maublanc, Rene, 649.

Mauss, M., 856, 857.

Maxon, C. H., 943.

Mayer, Emile, 650.

Mayer, J. R., 768.

Mayo Smith, Richmond, 741, 776, 778.

Mead, G. H., 424, 425.

Meader, John R., 943.

Means, Philip A., 651.

Mecklin, John M., 651, 652.

Medlicott, H. B., 377.

Meillet, A., 275, 945.

Meinong, Alexius, 500.

Meisel Hess, Grete, 214, 221.

Mendel, G., 71, 143, 157.

Menger, Karl, 500.

Mensch, Ella, 936.

Mercier, C. A., 501.

Meredith, George, 142.

Merker, 240.

Merriam, Charles E., 658, 792.

Mesmer, F. A., 424.

Metcalf, H. C., 149.

Meumann, Ernst, 86.

Meyer, Adolph, 285, 488.

Meyer, J. L., 937.

Miceli, V., 939.

Michels, Robert 644, 659.

Michiels, A., 373, 374.

Miklosich, Franz, 654.

Mill, James, 451.

Mill, John Stuart, 546, 560, 850, 1005.

Miller, Arthur H., 855.

Miller, Edward, 944.

Miller, Herbert A., 335, 655, 660, 781, 782, 786-87, 870.

Miller, J. D., 949.

Miller, Kelly 137, 251, 651.

Millingen, J. G., 655.

Milhoud, Maurice, 859.

Millis, Harry A., 781.

Milmine, Georgine, 657.

Miner, Maude, 670.

Minin, 415.

Mirabeau, Octave, 151.

Mitchell, P. Chalmers, 170-73.

Mitchell, Wesley C., 947.

Moll, Albert, 85-89, 332, 412-15, 430.

Moltke, Count von, 670, 793 n.

Monin, H., 729.

Montagu, 7.

Montague, Helen, 153.

Montesquieu, 3, 270.

Montgomery, K. L., 945.

Moody, Dwight L., 943.

Moody, W. R., 943.

Mooney, James, 943.

Moore, Edward C., 778.

Moore, Henry L., 947.

Moore, William H., 778.

More, Hannah, 949.

More, Thomas, 1008.

Moreau de Tours, 938.

Morel, E. D., 779, 797.

Morgan, Alexander, 1009.

Morgan, C. Lloyd, 147, 186, 187, 342, 375-79, 494, 725.

Morgan, E. L., 731.

Morgan, Lewis H., 214, 749.

Morgan, W. T., 658.

Morley, John, 725, 949, 1006.

Morris, Lloyd R., 659.

Morris, William, 1008.

Morrow, Prince A., 223.

Morse, Josiah, 652.

Morselli, Henry, 266, 272, 273.

Mosiman, Eddison, 937.

Mouromtzeff, Mme de, 729.

Mueller, F. Max, 379-81, 395, 432.

Mueller, Fritz, 521.

Mueller-Lyer, F., 1006.

Mumford, Eben, 855.

Muensterberg, Hugo, 424, 427, 430, 668-92, 726, 936.

Murray, W. A., 939.

Myers, C. S., 89-92, 936.

Myers, Gustavus, 659.

Myerson, Abraham, 223, 936.

Napoleon I, 238, 241, 419, 628, 789.

Napoleon III, 793.

Nardi-Greco, Carlo, 861.

Nasmyth, George, 1009.

Nassau, R. H., 856.

Naumann, Friedrich, 650, 809.

Neatby, W. Blair, 945.

Neill, Charles P., 653.

Neilson, George, 655.

Nesbitt, Florence, 222.

Nesfield, John C., 218, 681-84.

Neter, Eugen, 273.

Nevinson, Margaret W., 567.

Newell, W. W., 941.

Newton, Sir Isaac, 13.

Niceforo, Alfredo, 567, 649, 1003, 1010.

Nicolai, G. F., 641.

Nieboer, Dr H. J., 674-77, 727, 733.

Nims, Harry D., 564.

Nitsch, C., 946.

Noire, L., 395.

Nordau, Max, 1004.

Nordhoff, Charles, 334, 656.

Norhe, O. M., 775.

Novicow, J., 212, 425, 642, 645, 649, 740, 741, 775, 854.

Oakesmith, John, 645, 659.

Oberholtzer, E. P., 859.

Obolensky, L. E., 1008.

O'Brien, Frank M., 859.

O'Brien, Frederick, 656.

Odin, Alfred, 855.

Oertel, Hans, 22.

Ogburn, W. F., 215.

Oldenberg, H., 856.

Older, Fremont, 659.

Olgin, Moissaye J., 950.

Oliver, Frederick S., 649.

Oliver, Thomas, 568.

Olmsted, F. L., 727.

Oncken, August, 563.

Oppenheimer, Franz, 50, 644.

Ordahl, George, 639, 646.

Ormond, Alexander T., 340, 420, 425.

Orth, Samuel P., 659.

Osborne, T. M., 562.

Osten, 413, 414, 430.

Osterhausen, Dr., 240.

Ostrogorsku, Johann K., 658.

Owen, Richard, 768.

Owen, Robert Dale, 559.

Paget, Sir James, 366.

Pagnier, Armand, 153, 333.

Paine, Thomas, 912.

Palanti, G., 940.

Pandian, T. B., 333.

Park, Robert E., 76-81, 135-39, 155, 185-89, 198-200, 218, 225, 252, 311-15, 315-17, 335, 429, 467-78, 616-23, 623-31, 655, 712-14, 756-62, 775, 781, 782, 784, 786-87, 829-33, 859, 870, 893-95, 930, 934.

Parker, Carleton H., 149, 494, 936.

Parkman, Francis, 778, 779.

Parmelee, Maurice, 217, 267, 569, 1009.

Parsons, Elsie Clews, 220.

Parton, James, 652.

Partridge, G. E., 568, 727.

Pascal, 463.

Pascoe, C. F., 779.

Pasteur, Louis, 44.

Pater, Walter, 939.

Patetta, F., 655.

Paton, Stewart, 147.

Patrick, G. T. W., 598-600, 640, 641, 647, 935, 948.

Patten, Simon N., 498, 1008.

Patterson, R. J., 727.

Paulhan, Fr., 332, 731.

Pavlo, I. P., 494, 839.

Payne, George Henry, 427.

Pearson, Karl, 13, 14, 949, 963, 1007.

Pelissier, Jean, 932, 946.

Pennington, Patience, 334.

Percin, Alexandre, 648.

Periander, 67.

Perry, Bliss, 40.

Perry, Ralph B., 1008.

Perty, M., 809.

Peter the Great, 934.

Peterson, J., 941.

Petit-Dutaillis, C. E., 649.

Petman, Charles, 276.

Petrie, W. M. F., 950.

Pfister, Ch., 275.

Pfister, Oskar, 501, 857.

Pfleiderer, Otto, 730.

Pflug-Harttung, Julius von, 941.

Pfungst, Oskar, 430.

Philippe, L., 649, 729.

Phillips, Ulrich B., 727.

Phillips, W. Alison, 793-94 n.

Phillips, Wendell, 949.

Picard, Edmond, 860.

Piderit. T., 421, 426.

Pillsbury, W. B., 645, 647, 651.

Pinet, G., 729.

Pintner, Rudolf, 568.

Pitre, Giuseppe, 939.

Place, Francis, 559.

Plato, 96, 105, 238, 261, 607, 1008.

Platt, Thomas G., 659.

Ploss, H., 221.

Plunkitt, G. W., 659.

Pollock Frederick, 861.

Pope, Alexander, 83 n.

Popenoe, Paul, 568, 1007.

Porter, W. T., 648.

Post, Albert H., 851-52.

Powell, H. Baden-, see Baden-Powell, H.

Poynting, J. H., 13.

Preuss, Hugo, 334.

Preyer, W., 84.

Price, Dr., 553.

Price, G. F., 569.

Prince, Morton, 70, 110-13, 150, 474, 477, 645, 727, 777.

Prince, Samuel H., 951.

Probst, Ferdinand, 144, 151.

Proudhon, P. J., 565.

Puchta, G. F., 677.

Puffer, J. Adams, 643, 656.

Rainwater, Clarence E., 732.

Ralph, Julian, 276.

Rambosson, J., 938.

Randall, E. O., 945.

Rank, Otto, 858.

Rastall, B. M., 653.

Ratzel, Friedrich, 148, 270, 274, 298-301, 728, 776.

Ratzenhofer, Gustav, 36, 58, 212, 421, 496, 642, 645, 775.

Rauber, August, 241, 242, 243, 277.

Ravage, M. E., 336, 782, 783.

Ray, P. O., 658.

Reclus, E., 1005.

Reed, V. Z., 939.

Regnard, P., 937.

Reich, Emil, 778.

Reinheimer, H., 218.

Reuter, E. B., 154, 770, 776.

Rhodes, J. F., 656.

Rhys, John, 149, 945.

Ribot, Th. A., 108-10, 124, 144, 150, 344, 394-97, 426, 430, 433, 496.

Ribton-Turner, Charles J., 333.

Ricardo, David, 544, 546, 558.

Richard. T., 943.

Richards, Caroline C., 305-11.

Richet, Ch., 113, 115, 430.

Richmond, Mary E., 59, 215, 491, 498.

Rickert, Heinrich, 10, 1005.

Rihbany, Abraham M., 336, 774, 782, 783.

Riis, Jacob A. 336, 567, 782.

Riley, I. W., 151.

Riordan, William L., 659.

Ripley, William Z., 264-68, 275, 534-38, 572, 725, 776.

Risley, Herbert H., 681, 684-88, 728.

Ritchie, David G., 725.

Rivarol, Antoine, 908.

Rivers, W. H. R., 211, 219, 220, 723, 729, 738, 746-50, 776, 857.

Roberts, Peter, 219.

Robertson, John M., 641, 646, 861, 1010.

Roberty, E. de, 729.

Robinson, Charles H., 779.

Robinson, James Harvey, 5, 6, 498.

Robinson, Louis, 82.

Roepke, Dr. Fritz, 650.

Rogers, Edward S., 565.

Rogers, James B., 944.

Rohde, Erwin, 657.

Romanes, G. J., 379.

Roosevelt, Theodore, 659, 776.

Rosanoff, A. J., 132.

Roscher, W., 726.

Ross, Edward A., 58, 213, 499, 725, 780, 849, 854.

Rossi, Pasquale, 557, 927, 938.

Rothschild, Alonzo, 855.

Rousiers, Paul de, 731.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 107, 139, 223, 231, 234-35, 241, 850.

Roussy, G., 648.

Routledge, Mrs. Scoresby, 275.

Rowntree, B. Seebohm, 567, 569.

Royce, Josiah, 150, 390, 425, 426, 429, 652.

Rubinow, I. M., 568.

Rudolph, Heinrich, 426.

Rudolphi, K. A., 243.

Russell, B. A. W., 565.

Russell, J. H., 727.

Ryckere, Raymond de, 569.

Sabine, Lorenzo, 655.

Sageret, J., 858.

Sagher, Maurice de, 276.

Saineanu, Lazar, 428, 429.

Saint-Simon, C. H. comte de, 3, 4.

Saleeby, Caleb W., 1007.

Salt, Henry S., 1009.

Salz, Arthur, 729.

Samassa, P., 946.

Sandburg, Carl, 654.

Sanderson, Dwight, 1002.

Sands, B., 946.

Santayana, G., 983.

Sapper, Karl, 780.

Sarbah, John M., 860.

Sartorius von Walterhausen, August, 728.

Scalinger, G. M., 941.

Schaeffle, Albert, 28, 58.

Schatz, Albert, 563.

Schechter, S., 944.

Schmidt, Caspar, 565, 830.

Schmidt, N., 943.

Schmoller, Gustav, 427, 729.

Schmucker, Samuel M. (ed.), 334.

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 964, 994-1000.

Schurtz, Heinrich, 723, 729, 948.

Schwartz, 82.

Schwittau, G., 652.

Scott, Walter D., 859.

Secrist, Frank K., 428.

Seebohm, Frederic, 219, 861.

Seguin, Edward, 277.

Selbie, W. B., 944.

Seligman, E. R. A., 563.

Seligmann, H. J., 654.

Semenoff, E., 729.

Semple, Ellen C., 268-69, 274, 289-91, 301-5.

Sergi, G., 1004.

Seton, Ernest Thompson, 886-87.

Seton-Watson, R. W., 946.

Shaftesbury, Seventh Earl of, 949.

Shakespeare, William, 238, 239.

Shaler, N. S., 148, 233, 257-59, 283, 294-98, 330, 337, 651, 948.

Shand, A. F., 150, 465, 477, 496, 497, 501.

Sheldon, H. D., 656.

Shepard, W. J., 858.

Sherrington, C. S., 838.

Shinn, Milicent W., 82-85, 150.

Short, Wilfrid M., 977-79.

Shuster, G., 730.

Sicard, Abbe, 242.

Sidis, Boris, 415-16, 424, 430, 468.

Sighele, Scipio, 41, 58, 200-205, 213, 218, 644, 722, 867, 872, 894, 927, 939.

Simkhovitch, (Mrs.) Mary K., 331.

Simmel, Georg, 10, 36, 58, 151, 217, 218, 221, 286, 322-27, 331, 332, 341, 342, 348-56, 356-61, 421, 425, 432, 433, 500, 559, 563, 582-86, 586-94, 639, 645, 670, 695-97, 697-703, 703-6, 706-8, 720, 725, 726, 730, 733, 938, 947, 1004, 1005.

Simon, Th., 145, 154.

Simons, A. M., 443-44, 502.

Simons, Sarah E., 740-41, 775.

Simpson, Bertram L., 650.

Sims, George R., 567.

Sims, Newell L., 218, 334.

Skeat, Walter W., 276.

Small, Albion W., 36, 58, 196-98, 288-89, 332, 348, 425, 427, 451-54, 454-58, 496, 499, 503, 582, 586, 645, 660, 695, 697, 703, 706, 726.

Small, Maurice H., 239-43.

Smedes, Susan D., 334, 728.

Smith, Adam, 344, 397-401, 401, 429, 431, 433, 447, 449, 495, 505, 550-51, 553, 554, 556, 558, 572.

Smith, Henry C., 945.

Smith, J. M. P., 854.

Smith, Lieut. Joseph S., 800-805.

Smith, Lorenzo N., 429.

Smith, Richmond Mayo-, see Mayo-Smith, Richmond.

Smith, W. Robertson, 16, 813-16, 822-26, 857.

Smyth, C., 654.

Socrates, 105, 140, 646.

Solenberger, Alice W., 274.

Solon, 261.

Sombart, Werner, 317-22, 335, 567, 648, 948.

Somlo, F., 728.

Sorel, Georges, 645, 816-19, 857, 959, 1004.

Southard, E. E., 1007.

Spadoni, D., 731.

Spargo, John, 909-15, 950, 952.

Speek, Peter A., 781.

Speer, Robert E., 779.

Spencer, Baldwin, 149, 220, 861.

Spencer, Herbert, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 43, 44, 58, 60, 61, 141, 210, 217, 396, 402, 495, 557, 565, 787, 805-7, 831, 849, 855, 889, 947, 959, 963, 966-68, 1001, 1006, 1010.

Spiller, G. (ed.), 89-92, 651.

Spurzheim, J. F. K., 145.

Squillace, Fausto, 948.

Stalker, James, 943.

Stanhope, Philip Henry (Fourth Earl), 240, 277.

Stanley, L. L., 569.

Stanton, Henry B., 949.

Starbuck, Edwin D., 332, 726.

Starcke, C. N., 220.

Stchoukine, Ivan, 944.

Stead, W. T., 782, 859.

Steffens, Lincoln, 331.

Stein, L., 565, 649.

Steiner, Edward A., 780, 782.

Steiner, Jesse F., 335, 616, 621, 622, 643, 651.

Steinmetz, Andrew, 655.

Steinmetz, S. R., 648, 654, 860.

Steinthal, H., 217.

Stephen, Sir Leslie, 647.

Stephenson, Gilbert T., 651.

Stern, B., 86, 87, 149, 150.

Stern, Mrs. Elizabeth G., 774, 783.

Stern, W., 152.

Stevens, W. H. S., 565.

Stewart, Dugald, 402, 429.

Stillson, Henry L., 730.

Stimson, Frederic J., 843-46.

Stirner, Max [pseud.], see Schmidt, Caspar.

Stoddard, Lothrop, 963.

Stoker, Bran, 731.

Stoll, Otto, 221, 332, 430, 926 f, 937.

Stone, Alfred H., 631-37, 651.

Stoughton, John, 949.

Stout, G. F., 344, 391-94, 424.

Stow, John, 219.

Strachey, Lytton, 721, 962.

Stratico, A., 940.

Stratz, Carl H., 948.

Strausz, A., 149.

Stromberg, A. von, 943.

Strong, Anna L., 273.

Stubbs, William, 353, 354.

Stumpf, C., 413, 414.

Sugenheim, S., 727.

Sullivan, Anne, 243, 244.

Sully, J., 150, 332, 422, 426.

Sumner, Helen L., 942.

Sumner, William G., 36, 37, 46, 97-100, 143, 147, 283, 293-94, 333, 640, 648, 759, 779, 796, 797, 831, 841-43, 849, 854, 866, 933, 948, 983-84.

Swift, Jonathan, 67.

Tabbe, P., 946.

Taft, Jessie, 942.

Taine, H. A., 141, 493, 498, 907, 935, 950.

Talbot, Marion, 222.

Talbot, Winthrop, 782.

Tannenbaum, Frank, 49, 936.

Tarde, Gabriel, 21, 22, 32, 33, 36, 37, 41, 58, 201, 202, 213, 218, 332, 390, 418, 423, 429, 562, 569, 729, 777, 794 n., 828, 858, 868, 875, 927, 933, 939, 947.

Tardieu, E., 725.

Taussig, F. W., 731.

Tawney, G. A., 727, 940.

Taylor, F. W., 149.

Taylor, Graham R., 219.

Taylor, Thomas, 939.

Tead, Ordway, 149, 494.

Teggart, Frederick J., 1006.

Tenney, E. P., 1009.

Terman, L. M., 855.

Theophrastus, 144, 151.

Thiers, Adolphe, 947.

This, G., 275.

Thomas, Edward, 935.

Thomas, N. W., 220, 856.

Thomas, William I., 47, 52, 57, 59, 144, 146, 148, 151, 153, 215, 222, 249-52, 285, 332, 335, 438, 442, 488-90, 497, 501, 579-82, 640, 651, 652, 655, 718, 729, 730, 731, 774, 778, 935, 948, 950.

Thompson, Anstruther, 402.

Thompson, Frank V., 781.

Thompson, Helen B., 153.

Thompson, M. S., 946.

Thompson, Warren S., 566.

Thompson, W. Gilman, 568.

Thomson, J. Arthur, 13, 71, 126-28, 147, 153, 218, 513-15, 563, 1007.

Thorndike, Edward L., 68, 71, 73-76, 78, 92-94, 147, 150, 152, 155, 187, 424, 429, 494, 647, 721, 726.

Thoreau, H. D., 229.

Thurston, Henry W., 656.

Thwing, Charles F., and Carrie F. B., 222.

Tippenhauer, L. G., 939.

Tocqueville Alexius de, 851, 858, 909.

Todd, Arthur J., 1004, 1010.

Tolstoy, Count Leon, 151, 789.

Toennies, Ferdinand, 100-102, 649, 740.

Toops, Herbert A., 568.

Topinard, Paul, 537.

Tosti, Gustavo, 425.

Tower, W. L., 128-33, 147.

Towns, Charles B., 569.

Toynbee, Arnold, 334, 950.

Tracy, J., 943.

Train, Arthur, 656.

Train, J., 944.

Tredgold, A. F., 152, 277.

Treitschke, Heinrich von, 988.

Trenor, John J. D., 781.

Trent, William P., 859.

Tridon, Andre, 501.

Triplett, Norman, 646.

Trotter, W., 31, 647, 742-45, 783, 784.

Tuchmann, J., 856.

Tufts, James H., 149.

Tulp, Dr., 241.

Turner, Charles J. Ribton-, see Ribton-Turner, Charles J.

Turner, Frederick J., 499.

Twain, Mark [pseud.] see Clemens, Samuel L.

Tylor, Edward B., 19, 148, 220, 674, 855.

Urban, Wilbur M., 500.

Vaccaro, M. A., 860.

Vallaux, Camille, 274, 333.

Vandervelde, E., 218, 333, 1007.

Van Hise, Charles R., 564.

Vavin, P., 729.

Veblen, Thorstein, 71, 287, 501, 644, 721, 729, 936.

Vellay, Charles, 946.

Vierkandt, Alfred, 148, 333, 723, 729, 777, 854.

Vigouroux, A., 411, 412, 937.

Villatte, Cesaire, 428.

Villon, Francois, 428.

Vincent, George E., 58, 605-10, 646.

Virchow, Rudolph, 537, 725.

Vischer, F. T., 402.

Voivenel, Paul, 648.

Voltaire, 986.

Von Kolb, 240.

Vries, Hugo de, 143.

Wace, A. J. B., 946.

Wagner, 243.

Wagner, Adolf, 563.

Waitz, Theodor, 856.

Wald, Lilian, 331.

Walford, Cornelius, 564.

Walker, Francis A., 499, 508, 539-44, 564, 572.

Wallace, 553.

Wallace, Alfred R., 562, 554, 725, 1006.

Wallace, Donald M., 333.

Wallas, Graham, 148, 162, 335, 422, 431, 494, 925, 929, 935.

Wallaschek, Richard, 938.

Walling, W. E., 653.

Wallon, H., 727.

Walter, F., 854.

Ward, E. J., 331, 732.

Ward, James, 775.

Ward, Lester F., 58, 497, 499, 513, 649, 718, 973-75, 1007.

Ward, Robert de C., 726.

Ware, J. Redding, 428.

Warming, Eugenius, 173-80, 218, 554.

Warne, Frank J., 653.

Warneck, Gustav, 779.

Warren, H. C., 777.

Warren, Josiah, 565.

Washburn, Margaret F., 147.

Washington, Booker T., 152, 607, 629, 782.

Wasmann, Eric, 169.

Watson, Elkanah, 540, 543.

Watson, John B., 81, 147, 285, 482-88, 488, 494.

Watson, R. W. Seton-, see Seton-Watson, R. W.

Waxweiler, E., 218.

Weatherly, U. G., 776.

Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, 564, 644, 657.

Weber, Adna P., 334.

Weber, John L., 727.

Weber, L., 1006.

Webster, Hutton, 274, 730.

Wechsler, Alfred, 948.

Weeks, Arland D., 646.

Wehrhan, K., 650.

Weidensall, C. J., 153.

Weigall, A., 332.

Weismann, August, 143, 515, 563.

Weller, Charles F., 732.

Wells, H. G., 151, 496, 498, 932, 935, 1009.

Wendland, Walter, 650.

Wermert, George, 654.

Wesley, Charles, 916.

Wesley, John, 151, 916 ff.

Wesnitsch, Milenko R., 654.

West, Arthur Graeme, 650.

Westermarck, Edward, 16, 17, 60, 147, 214, 215, 220, 640, 778, 849, 854.

Weygandt, W., 937.

Whately, Archbishop, 735.

Wheeler, G. C., 220.

Wheeler, William M., 167-70, 180-82, 214, 217, 554.

White, Andrew D., 647.

White, F. M., 655.

White, W. A., 500, 594-98.

Whitefield, George, 916 ff.

Whiting, Lilian, 949.

Whitley, W. T., 943.

Wigmore, John H., 854, 860, 861.

Wilberforce, William, 949.

Wilbert, Martin I., 569.

Wilde, Oscar, 151.

Willard, Frances E., 942, 950.

Willard, Josiah Flynt, 151.

Willcox, Walter F., 223, 1002-3, 1010.

Williams, Daniel J., 781.

Williams, J. M., 212, 219, 223.

Williams, Whiting, 149.

Willoughby, W.W., 565.

Wilmanns, Karl, 153.

Wilson, D. L., 730.

Wilson, Captain H. A., 637.

Wilson, Warren H., 219.

Windelband, Wilhelm, 8-10, 286-646.

Windisch, H., 775.

Winship, A. E., 147.

Winston, L. G., 117-19.

Wirth, M., 947.

Wishart, Alfred W., 274.

Wiston-Glynn, A. W., 947.

Witte, H., 946.

Wittenmyer, Mrs. Annie, 898-905, 942.

Wolff, C. F., 967.

Wolman, Leo, 653.

Wood, Walter, 649, (ed).

Woodbury, Margaret, 859.

Woodhead, 179.

Woods, A., 655.

Woods, E. B., 1004.

Woods, Frederick A., 499, 854.

Woods, Robert A., 219, 331, 335, 566, 656 (ed.), 943.

Woodson, Carter G., 941.

Woodworth, R. S., 154.

Woolbert, C. H., 941.

Woolman, John, 151.

Wordsworth, William, 66.

Worms, Emile, 649.

Worms, Rene, 28, 29, 58, 61, 425, 649 (ed.), 729.

Wright, Arnold, 653.

Wright, Gordon, 886.

Wuensch, R., 939.

Wundt, Wilhelm, 21, 421, 422, 426, 427, 775, 777.

Wuttke, Heinrich, 427.

Xenopol, A. P., 649.

Yule, Henry, 276.

Zangwill, Israel, 734.

Zeeb, Frieda B., 942.

Zenker, E. V., 565.

Ziegler, T., 942.

Zimand, Savel, 943.

Zimmermann, Johann G., 271, 273.

Zimmern, Alfred E., 660, 729, 730.

Znaniecki, Florian, 47, 52, 57, 59, 144, 151, 222, 335, 501, 774, 935, 1006.

Zola, Emile, 141, 142, 266, 334.

Zueblin, Charles, 955-56, 1010.



GENERAL INDEX

ACCLIMATIZATION: bibliography, 725-26; as a form of accommodation, 666, 671-74, 719.

ACCOMMODATION: chap. x, 663-733; bibliography, 725-32; and adaptation, 663-65; and assimilation, 735-36; and competition, 664-65; and compromise, 706-8; and conflict, 631-37, 669-70, 703-8; creates social organization, 511; defined, 663-64; distinguished from assimilation, 511; facilitated by secondary contacts, 736-37; in the form of domination and submission, 440-41; in the form of slavery, 674-77, 677-81; forms of, 666-67, 671-88, 718-20; and historic forms of the organization of society, 667; investigations and problems, 718-25; natural issue of conflict, 665; and the origin of caste in India, 681-84, 684-88; and peace, 703-63; in relation to competition, 510-11; in relation to conflict, 511; as subordination and superordination, 667-69. See Subordination and superordination.

ACCOMMODATION GROUPS, classified, 50, 721-23.

ACCULTURATION: bibliography, 776-77; defined, 135; problems of, 771-72; and tradition, 172; transmission of cultural elements, 737.

ADAPTATION, and accommodation, 663-65.

ADVERTISING. See Publicity.

AGGREGATES, SOCIAL: composed of spacially separated units, 26; and organic aggregates, 25.

AMALGAMATION: bibliography, 776; and assimilation, 740-41, 769-71; fusion of races by intermarriage, 737-38; result of contacts of races, 770. See Miscegenation.

AMERICANIZATION: bibliography, 781-83; as assimilation, 762-63; and immigration, 772-75; as participation, 762-63; as a problem of assimilation, 739-40, 762-69; Study of Methods of, 736, 773-74; surveys and studies of, 772-75. See Immigration.

ANARCHISM: bibliography, 565-66; economic doctrine of, 558.

ANARCHY, of political opinion and parties, 2.

ANIMAL CROWD. See Crowd, animal.

ANIMAL SOCIETY: bee and ant community, 742; prestige in, 809-10.

ANTHROPOLOGY, 10.

APPRECIATION: in relation to imitation, 344, 401-7; and sense impressions, 356-57.

ARCHAEOLOGY, as a new social science, 5.

ARGOT, bibliography, 427-29.

ART: as expressive behavior, 787-88; origin in the choral dance, 871.

ASSIMILATION: chap. xi, 734-84; bibliography, 775-83; and accommodation, 735-36; and amalgamation, 740-41, 769-71; Americanization as, 762-63; based on differences, 724; biological aspects of, 737-38, 740-45; conceived as a "Melting Pot," 734; defined, 756, 761; and democracy, 734; distinguished from accommodation, 511; facilitated by primary contacts, 736-37, 739, 761-62; final product of social contact, 736-37; in the formation of nationalities, 756-58; fusion of cultures, 737; of the Germans in the Carpathian lands, 770; instinctive basis of, 742-45; investigations and problems, 769-75; as like-mindedness, 735, 741; and mediation of individual differences, 766-69; natural history of, 774; in personal development, 511; popular conceptions of, 724-35; a problem of secondary groups, 761; a process of prolonged contact, 741; of races, 756-62; and racial differences, 769-70; sociology of, 735-37. See Amalgamation, Americanization, Cultures, conflict and fusion of, Denationalization.

ATTENTION, in relation to imitation, 344, 391-94.

ATTITUDES: bibliography, 501; as behavior patterns, 439-42; complexes of, 57; polar conception of, 441-42; as the social element, 438-39; as social forces, 467-78; in subordination and superordination, 692-95; and wishes, 442-43; wishes as components of, 439.

BALKED DISPOSITION, a result of secondary contacts, 287.

BEHAVIOR: defined, 185-86; expressive and positive, 787-88.

BEHAVIOR, COLLECTIVE. See Collective behavior.

BEHAVIOR PATTERNS, and culture, 72.

BLUSHING, communication by, 365-70.

BOLSHEVISM, 909-15.

BUREAU OF MUNICIPAL RESEARCH, of New York City, 46, 315.

CARNEGIE REPORT UPON MEDICAL EDUCATION, 315.

CASTE: bibliography, 728; as an accommodation of conflict, 584; defined, 203-4; a form of accommodation group, 50; interpreted by superordination and subordination, 684-88; its origin in India, 681-84; and the limitation of free competition, 620-22; study of, 722-23.

CATEGORIC CONTACTS. See Sympathetic contacts.

CEREMONY: bibliography, 855-56; as expressive behavior, 787-88; fundamental form of social control, 787.

CHARACTER: defined, 81; inherited or acquired, 127-28; and instinct, 190-93; as the organization of the wishes of the person, 490; related to custom, 192-93.

CIRCLE, VICIOUS. See Vicious circle.

CIRCULAR REACTION. See Reaction, circular.

CITY: an area of secondary contacts, 285-87; aversion, a protection of the person in the, 584-85; and the evolution of individual types, 712-14; growth of, 534-35; physical human type of, 535-38; planning, studies of, 328-29; studies of, 331.

CIVILIZATION: and historical continuity, 298-301; life of, 956-57; and mobility, 303-5; a part of nature, 3; an organization to realize wishes, 958; and permanent settlement, 529-30.

CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS, 40.

CLASSES, SOCIAL: bibliography, 728-29; defined, 204-5; as a form of accommodation groups, 50; patterns of life of, 46; separated by isolation, 230; study of, 722.

CLEVER HANS, case of, 412-15.

COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR: chap. xiii, 865-952; bibliography, 934-51; defined, 865; investigations and problems, 924-34; and the origin of concerted activity, 32; and social control, 785-86; and social unrest, 866-67. See Crowd, Herd, Mass movements, Public.

COLLECTIVE CONSCIOUSNESS: defined, 195; of society, 28.

COLLECTIVE FEELING, and collective thinking, 17.

COLLECTIVE MIND, and social control, 36-43.

COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATION: application of Durkheim's conception of, 18; contrasted with sensation, 193; in the crowd, 894-95; defined, 164-65, 195-96; and intellectual life, 193-96; and public opinion, 38.

COLLECTIVISM: and the division of labor, 718.

COLONIZATION: bibliography, 725-26; a form of accommodation, 719; and mobility, 302.

COMMON PURPOSE, as ideal, wish, and obligation, 33.

COMMUNISM, economic doctrine of, 558.

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION: bibliography, 731-32; study of, 724-25.

COMMUNICATION: bibliography, 275-76; 426-29; and art, 37; basis of participation in community life, 763-66; basis of society, 183-85; basis of world-society, 343; by blushing, 365-70; concept, the medium of, 379-81; extension of, by human invention, 343, 385-89; a form of social interaction, 36; and inter-stimulation, 37; by laughing, 370-75; in the lower animals, 375-79; as the medium of social interaction, 341-43; natural forms of, 356-75; newspaper as medium of, 316-17; role of the book in, 343; study of, 421-23; through the expression of the emotions, 342, 361-75; through language and ideas, 375-89; through the senses, 342, 356-61; writing as a form of, 381-84. See Language, Newspaper, Publicity.

COMMUNITIES: bibliography, 59, 219; animal, 26; defined, 161; local and territorial, 50; plant, bibliography, 217-18; plant, organization of, 26, 173-80; 526-28; plant, unity of, 198-99; rural and urban, 56; scale for grading, 1002 n.; studies of, 211-12, 327-29.

COMMUNITY, as a constellation of social forces, 436, 493.

COMPETITION: chap, viii, 505-65; bibliography, 552-70; and accommodation, 510-11, 664-65; biological, 553-54; changing forms of, 545-50; conscious, as conflict, 574, 576, 579-94; and control, 509-10; of cultural languages, 754-56, 771; and the defectives, the dependents, and the delinquents, 559-62; destroys isolation, 232; economic, 544-54, 554-558; and the economic equilibrium, 505-6, 511; the elementary process of interaction, 507-11; elimination of, and caste, 620-22; and freedom, 506-7, 509, 513, 551-52; history of theories of, 556-58; and human ecology, 558; and the "inner enemies," 559-62; investigations and problems 553-62; and laissez faire, 554-58; the "life of trade," 505; makes for progress, 988; makes for specialization and organization, 519-22; and man as an adaptive mechanism, 522-26; and mobility, 513; most severe between members of the same species, 517; and the natural harmony of individual interests, 550-51; natural history of, 555-56; and natural selection, 515-19; opposed to sentiment, 509; personal, as conflict, 574, 575-76; personal, and the evolution of individual types, 712-14; personal, and social selection, 708-12; and plant migration, 526-28; popular conception of, 504-7; and race suicide, 539-44; restricted by custom, tradition, and law, 513; and segregation, 526-44; and social contact, 280-81; and social control, 561-62; and social solidarity, 670-71, 708-18; and the standard of living, 543-44; and status, 541-43, 670-71, 708-18; and the struggle for existence, 505, 512, 513-15, 515-19, 522-26, 545-50; unfair, 506. See Competitive co-operation.