[1600] For a tabulation of omens and other signs and of forms of divinatory procedure see article "Divination" in La Grande Encyclopedie.

[1601] Cicero, De Divinatione, i, 1-4; Diodorus Siculus, i, 70, 81; Maspero, Dawn of Civilization, p. 216 ff.; Steindorff, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 113 ff. (cf. Gen. xliv, 5, 15, which may point to an Egyptian custom of divination by cup); Jastrow, Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens, and Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria; Hopkins, Religions of India, pp. 256, 328; De Groot, Religious System of China, i, 103 ff.; iii, chap. xii; Buckley, in Saussaye's Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, 2d ed. (China); articles "Divination" in Encyclopaedia Biblica, Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible, and Jewish Encyclopedia; Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite; articles "Divinatio" and "Haruspices" in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines; Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, chap. vii; Stengel and Oehmichen, Die griechischen Sakralaltertuemer; Wissowa, Religion der Roemer, p. 450 ff.; Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, lecture xiii; Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentumes, pp. 126 ff., 148 ff.; article "Celts" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics; Hastings, op. cit., ii, 54 ff.; Saussaye, Religion of the Teutons, Index, s.v. Divination.

[1602] Turner, Samoa, Index, s.v. Omens.

[1603] These animals were originally themselves divine, and therefore, by their own knowledge, capable of indicating the course of events; cf. Sec. 905, note.

[1604] Hollis, The Masai, p. 323 f.; id., The Nandi, p. 79.

[1605] Ellis, Tshi, p. 203.

[1606] Conolly, Journey to the North of India, 2d ed., 1838, ii, 137 ff.

[1607] Tylor, Primitive Culture, i, 78, etc. For South Africa cf. Callaway, The Amasulu, Index, s.vv. Omens, Divination, Diviners; Kidd, The Essential Kafir, Index, s.v. Divining; article "Bantu" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, p. 362.

[1608] 2 Sam. v, 24.

[1609] Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Eng. and Ger. edd.), in which references to the original documents are given.

[1610] [Greek: ornis, oionos]. Iliad, ii, 859; xii, 237; xxiv, 219; Hesiod, Works and Days, 826; cf. Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite, i, 127 ff.

[1611] Birds, 715 ff.

[1612] Iliad, xii, 243.

[1613] In Borneo, which has an elaborate scheme of omens from birds, prayer is sometimes addressed to them. Furness, Home life of the Borneo Head-hunters, Index, s.v. Omen; Haddon, Head-hunters, p. 344.

[1614] The sacrificial animal was regarded as divine, and its movements had the significance of divine counsels.

[1615] Terence, Phormio, IV, iv, 25 ff.

[1616] Frazer, Totemism and Exogamy, ii, 137; Tylor, Primitive Culture, i, 119 f.; Miss Fletcher, Indian Ceremonies, p. 278 ff.

[1617] Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 384 ff.

[1618] Turner, Samoa, p. 319; Rivers, The Todas, p. 593; Hollis, The Nandi, p. 100, and The Masai, p. 275 ff.

[1619] On the exaggerated range and importance ascribed by some modern writers to early conceptions of the divinatory function of heavenly bodies see above, Sec.Sec. 826, 866 ff.

[1620] Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, pp. 163, 180.

[1621] Jastrow, Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria, p. 240 ff.; R. F. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, p. 451 ff.

[1622] Persius, vi, 18.

[1623] Cicero, De Divinatione, ii, 42 ff.

[1624] The largest planet was brought into connection with the chief god of Babylon, Marduk; the bright star of morning and evening with Ishtar; the red planet with Nergal, god of war, and the others with Ninib and Nebo respectively. The Romans changed these names into those of their corresponding deities, Jupiter, Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Mercury.

[1625] Cumont, Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, chap. vii, and Eng. tr., The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism; id., Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans; Bouche-Leclercq, L'astrologie grecque and Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite.

[1626] Medieval belief in astral power is embodied in the English word 'influence,' properly the inflow from the stars (so in Milton's L'Allegro, 121 f., "ladies whose bright eyes rain influence"). An astrologer was often attached to a royal court or to the household of some great person, his duty being to keep his patron informed as to the future.

[1627] Odyssey, xvii, 541 ff. The fear of a sneeze (which must be followed by some form of 'God bless you!') belongs in a different category; the danger is that a hurtful spirit may enter the sneezer's body, or that his soul may depart.

[1628] Muir, The Caliphate, p. 112.

[1629] Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, ii, 362; Ellis, Tshi, p. 202; id., Yoruba, p. 97; cf. Hollis, The Masai, p. 324.

[1630] 1 Sam. xxiii, 2.

[1631] 1 Sam. xiv, 38-42 (see the Septuagint text).

[1632] Ezek. xxi, 21 [26].

[1633] Moallakat of Imru'l-Kais, ver. 22.

[1634] Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite, i, 195 ff.; iv, 153, 159; Augustine, Confessions, iv, 5: de paginis poetae cujuspiam longe allud canentis atque intendentis; if, says Augustine's friend, an apposite verse so appears, it is not wonderful that something bearing on one's affairs should issue from the human soul by some higher instinct, though the soul does not know what goes on within it.

[1635] Cf. Comparetti, Virgilio nel medio evo, i, 64 f. (Eng. tr., p. 47 f.).

[1636] As the Masai (Hollis, The Masai, p. 324).

[1637] Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite; Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines, s.v. Haruspices; Fowler, The Religious Experience of the Roman People, Index, s.v. Haruspices.

[1638] M. Jastrow, "The Liver in Antiquity" (University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin, 1908) and Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens.

[1639] Primitive Culture, i, 124.

[1640] See above, Sec. 28. The skull is employed as a means of divination (Haddon, Head-hunters, p. 91 ff.).

[1641] See above, Sec. 24.

[1642] Cf. Roscher, Lexikon, article "Oneiros," col. 904.

[1643] J. H. King, The Supernatural, i, 168 ff.; Tylor, Primitive Culture, i, 121 ff., 440 f.; Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia p. 436; Mrs. K. Langloh Parker, The Euahlayi Tribe, pp. 28, 83 f.

[1644] Dorsey, The Skidi Pawnee, Index, s.v. Dreams.

[1645] Ellis, Tshi, p. 90

[1646] Breasted, History of Egypt, p. 468, and see p. 558.

[1647] Gen. xi f.

[1648] Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 349 f.

[1649] Gen. xx, 3; xxviii, 12; xxxi, 11; xxxvii, 5.

[1650] Dan. ii, iv.

[1651] Iliad, ii, 1 ff. So Yahweh, by a lying spirit, sends Ahab to his death (1 Kings, xxii, 19 ff.) and deceives the prophet, who misleads the people (Ezek. xiv, 9). The theory of these ancient writers was that a deity, like an earthly king, had a right to use any means to gain his ends.

[1652] Cf. article "Oneiros" in Roscher's Lexikon.

[1653] 1 Sam. xxviii, 6. The other means used, it is said, were the urim (urim and thummim) and prophets. These all failing, the king had recourse to necromancy.

[1654] See article "Asklepios" in Roscher's Lexikon.

[1655] See the description in Pater's Marius the Epicurean.

[1656] A god might send a dream to a seer for the benefit of some other person. So Ishtar spoke to Assurbanipal through the dream of a seer (George Smith, History of Assurbanipal, p. 123 f.).

[1657] Jastrow, Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens; Dan. ii, 2 ff.; Deut. xiii, 1; Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, p. 258; Aust, Religion der Roemer, Index, s.v. Traum, Traumdeutung; Roscher, Lexikon, article "Oneiros."

[1658] So it was in the case of magicians and prophets generally; cf. Ezek. xxxix, 21; Isa. xiiii, 9.

[1659] Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 404, and German ed., ii, Index.

[1660] Dream-books exist at the present day. Those who believe in the predictive power of dreams regard them as messages from God or as products of telepathy.

[1661] The Nandi invoke a skull as divine witness (Hollis, The Nandi, p. 76 f.).

[1662] Ellis, Tshi chap. xviii.

[1663] Apparently because he is thus shown to be unsupported by any evil spirit.

[1664] Frobenius, Childhood of Man, p. 190 ff.

[1665] Turner, Samoa, p. 184.

[1666] Purchas, Pilgrimage, ed. Ravenstein, pp. 56 f., 59 f.

[1667] "Code of Hammurabi" (Sec.Sec. 2, 132), by C. H. W. Johns, in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible, extra volume.

[1668] Numb. v.

[1669] Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 275 ff.

[1670] She was rejected by the sacred water; cf. W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, 2d ed., p. 179; Tylor, Primitive Culture, i, 140. Cf. Ellis, Yoruba, p. 190 f.; id., Tshi, pp. 198, 201.

[1671] Turner, Samoa, p. 184.

[1672] Similarly, a blessing once uttered remains effective and cannot be recalled; so in the story of Isaac blessing Jacob and Esau, Gen. xxvii.

[1673] Westermarck, "L'ar" in Anthropological Essays presented to Tylor; cf. his Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v. Curses.

[1674] Hence the opposition (now disappearing) to lines of railway and telegraph, which were supposed to interfere with the happy influences of rivers and hills and other natural features.

[1675] De Groot, Religious System of China and Development of Religion in China; and his article "Die Chinesen" in Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte. See above, Sec. 747 ff.

[1676] Haddon, Head-hunters, pp. 42, 182 f.; on the sacredness of the head see Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., i, 362 ff.; Frobenius, Childhood of Man, chap. xiii.

[1677] Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 532.

[1678] So when Rebecca wished to obtain information about her children, soon to be born, it is said simply that she went to inquire of Yahweh (Gen. xxv, 22), as if there was, as a matter of course, a shrine in the neighborhood.

[1679] Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite, ii, 250 ff.; iii.

[1680] Cumont, Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, Eng. tr., The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, pp. 105, 124 f., 168.

[1681] Cf. Steindorff, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 113 f.

[1682] Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentumes, p. 126 ff.

[1683] 1 Sam. xiv, 36 ff.; xxiii, 2; xxx, 7 f.; Isa. lxv, 1; Ezek. xxxiii, 30 ff.

[1684] 2 Kings, i, 2. The prophet Elijah, who was a zealous Yahwist, was very angry with the king for applying to a foreign deity; but evidently the Philistine shrine enjoyed a greater reputation than any in Israel.

[1685] Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Index, s.v. Oracles.

[1686] Cf. Aust, Religion der Roemer, Index, s.v. Orakel; see below, Sec. 933 ff.

[1687] Friedlaender, Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire (Eng. tr.), p. 3, 129 ff.; Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, p. 339.

[1688] Cicero, De Divinatione, i, 34, 37 f.; Plutarch, De Pythiae Oraculis and De Defectu Oraculorum; Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, Index, s.v. Oracles; Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite, Index, and Stengel and Oehmichen, Die greichischen Sakralaltertuemer, Index; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., article "Oracle."

[1689] On the position of women in ancient religion cf. Farnell's article in Archiv fuer Relgionswissenschaft, 1904.

[1690] Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, pp. 102, 105; Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, iv, 187 ff.

[1691] See above, Sec.Sec. 362, 366.

[1692] See article "Ancestor-worship" and articles on lower tribes in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1693] Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 511.

[1694] 1 Sam. xxviii; Isa. viii, 19.

[1695] Ezek. xxi, 26 [21] (King Nebuchadrezzar divines by teraphim).

[1696] Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite, iii, 363 ff.; Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines, article "Divination," p. 308.

[1697] 1 Cor. xv, 49; 2 Cor. v, 8; Cumont, Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans, lecture vi.

[1698] Cranz, Greenland, i, 192 ff.; Rink, Danish Greenland, p. 142 f.

[1699] Brinton, Cakchiquels, p. 47.

[1700] Cf. Noeldeke, article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, i, 667, 671.

[1701] Ellis, Yoruba, p. 56 ff.; id., Tshi, p. 124 ff.

[1702] P. R. Gurden, article "Ahoms" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1703] Rivers, The Todas, p. 249 ff.

[1704] A. Bertrand, La religion des Gaulois, pp. 257, 259, 263.

[1705] Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 341.

[1706] On Hebrew divination see articles "Divination" in Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible, and in the Encyclopaedia Biblica.

[1707] Deut. xiii, 1; xviii, 10.

[1708] The Hebrew text is doubtful, and its meaning is not clear; cf. Gray, "The Book Of Isaiah," in The International Critical Commentary.

[1709] Gen. xliv, 5.

[1710] Cf. Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite, ii, 1 ff., 62 ff.

[1711] Timaeus, 72.

[1712] Xenophon, Memorabilia, i, 3, 4: [Greek: ta hypo ton theon semainomena].

[1713] Originally diviners from the flight of birds, but the area of their divinatory functions was gradually extended. See Wissowa, Religion der Roemer, p. 450 ff.; Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, lecture xiii.

[1714] Charged with the interpretation of the entrails of sacrificed animals, and also of lightning and portents.

[1715] Wissowa, op. cit., p. 474.

[1716] Cf. above, Sec. 895 f.

[1717] This story (connected with Thebes) appears to represent some sort of protest against the Dionysiac cult when it was first brought to Greece; cf. Roscher, Lexikon, article "Pentheus."

[1718] Cf. above, Sec. 927.

[1719] 1 Sam. xix, 24; cf. Mic. i, 8 ff.

[1720] Their "visions" sometimes show literary art (Ezek. xl ff.; Zech. i-viii).

[1721] Roscher, Lexikon, article "Sibylla."

[1722] That is, she was not to be tolerated as a rival of the great oracular god.

[1723] Cf. Wissowa, Religion der Roemer, pp. 239, 462 ff.

[1724] Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite, ii, Index, s.v. Cumes.

[1725] Wissowa, Religion der Roemer, p. 463; Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, p. 339.

[1726] Augustine, De Civitate Dei, x, 27 (in connection with Vergil's verses, Eclogues, iv, 13 f.); xxviii, 23 (the initial letters in Sibylline Oracles, viii, 268-309, giving a title of Christ). So Eusebius, in his report of the Oration of Constantine, xviii; cf. Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones, lib. i, cap. vi.

[1727] Oracula Sibyllina, ed. Alexandre (Greek text, with Latin tr.); ed. Friedlieb (Greek text, with German tr. and additions by Volkmann); ed. Rzack (critical Greek text); Terry, The Sibylline Oracles (Eng. tr., blank verse).

[1728] On the attitude of early Greek philosophers (Pythagoras, Democritus, Empedocles, Thales, Xenophanes) toward divination, and the relation of the latter to the idea of divine providence, see Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite, i, 29 ff.

[1729] See Chapter iii.

[1730] Cf. Barton, Semitic Origins, chap. i.

[1731] Cf. Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt.

[1732] Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, chaps. i, xvi.

[1733] Bertrand, La religion des Gaulois; Rhys, Celtic Heathendom; Usener, Goetternamen; articles "Celts" and "Aryan Religion" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1734] Cf. the sketch given above, Chapter vii; Tylor, Primitive Culture; Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., passim.

[1735] Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, and Northern Tribes of Central Australia; Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia; Quatrefages, The Pygmies; Hyades and Deniker, Mission scientifique du cap Horn; Seligmann, The Melanesians of British New Guinea.

[1736] Fritsch, Die Eingeborenen Sued-Afrika's; article "Bantu" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1737] Callaway, The Amazulu.

[1738] See above, Sec. 837.

[1739] Rivers, The Todas.

[1740] Codrington, The Melanesians; W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches; Williams and Calvert, Fiji; Turner, Samoa; Kraemer, Die Samoa-Inseln; Taylor, New Zealand; H. Ling Roth, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo.

[1741] Brinton, The Lenape; Matthews, Navaho Legends; Dorsey, Traditions of the Skidi Pawnee; Teit, Thompson River Indians; Boas, The Kwakiutl; Dixon, The Northern Maidu and The Shasta; Journal of American Folklore, passim.

[1742] Van Gennep, Tabou et totemisme a Madagascar; A.B. Ellis, Eẃe, Tshi, Yoruba; Skeat, Malay Magic; Skeat and Blagden, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula; Hopkins, Religions of India.

[1743] Aston, Shinto; Knox, Development of Religion in Japan.

[1744] The Kalevala; Castren, Finnische Mythologie.

[1745] Prescott, Conquest of Mexico and Conquest of Peru; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America; Brinton, American Hero-Myths, Index; Lang, Myth, Ritual, and Religion, Index, s.vv. Mexican Divine Myths and Peruvian Myths.

[1746] Ehrenreich, Mythen und Legenden der suedamericanischen Urvoelker.

[1747] De Groot, Religious System of China.

[1748] The Avesta; Spiegel, Eranische Alterthumskunde, vol. ii, bk. iv, chaps. i, ii; De Harlez, Avesta, Introduction, p. lxxxiv ff.; The Shahnameh.

[1749] Maspero, Dawn of Civilization, p. 155 ff.; Steindorff, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 106 ff.

[1750] Plutarch, Isis and Osiris; Steindorff, op. cit., Index, s.vv. Isis and Osiris; Roscher, Lexikon, articles "Isis," "Usire."

[1751] R. F. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature; Jastrow, Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria, Index, s.v. Myths.

[1752] Job xxvi, 12; Ps. lxxxix, 11 [10]; Isa. li, 9.

[1753] Deut. xxxii, 8 f.

[1754] Gen. iv, 17 ff.; v, vi, 4; Ezek. xxxii, 27 (revised text).

[1755] Gen. iii, 14 ff. On the loss of immortality see above, Sec. 834.

[1756] On the ceremony of mourning for Tammuz (Ezek. viii, 14) see Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 574 ff.; Pseudo-Lucian, De Syria Dea. In Babylonia the ceremony appears to have been an official lament for the loss of vegetation (the women mourners being attached to the temple); in Syria (Hierapolis) it took on orgiastic elements (perhaps an importation from Asia Minor). The women of Ezek. viii were attached, probably, to the service of the temple.

[1757] Barth, Religions of India; Hopkins, Religions of India; Macdonell, Vedic Mythology; Lang, Myth, Ritual, and Religion, Index.

[1758] This is true of all mythical and legendary creations of the thought of communities, but in an especial degree of the Greek.

[1759] Saussaye, Religion of the Teutons, Index, s.v. Myths; he distinguishes between the earlier and the later stories; R. M. Meyer, Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, chaps. iii, iv.

[1760] Folk-lore and legend mingle with the myths.

[1761] See R. M. Meyer, op. cit., p. 444 ff.

[1762] Even in great modern religions nominally monotheistic a virtual polytheism continues to exist.

[1763] See above, Sec. 683 ff.

[1764] This conception survives in the great polytheistic cults, and may be recognized in the later religions of redemption.

[1765] Compare the Brazilian Tapuyas (Botocudos); see article "Brazil" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1766] For West Africa cf. A. B. Ellis, Yoruba, p. 87; Tshi, chaps. iii-viii; Eẃe, chaps. iii-v.

[1767] Sec. 365 ff. On this attitude see the reports of the religions of particular peoples and the summaries of such reports in dictionaries and encyclopedias, and in such works as Steinmetz, Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe; Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas; also articles in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, the reports of the American Bureau of Ethnology, and similar publications.

[1768] Theoph. Hahn, Tsuni-Goam, p. 38.

[1769] Hollis, The Masai, p. 264 f.

[1770] Skeat, Malay Magic, pp. 93 ff., 320 ff.

[1771] Batchelor, The Ainu, pp. 193 f., 200.

[1772] Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentumes, p. 135 ff.; W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, Index, s.v. Jinn.

[1773] R. C. Temple, article "Andamans" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1774] For example, by Waitz, Anthropologie, iii, pp. 182 f., 330, 334 f.; Waitz expresses doubt (p. 345) as to the correctness of certain accounts of the religious ideas of the Oregon tribes.

[1775] Gatschet, Migration Legend of the Creeks, p. 215 f., Brinton, The Lenape, p. 67 f.; Dorsey, The Skidi Pawnee, p. xviii f.; Dixon, The Shasta, p. 491 ff.

[1776] On methods of accounting for the existence of death in the world see above, Sec. 834.

[1777] Brebeuf's account is given in Relation des Jesuites dans la nouvelle France, 1635, p. 34; 1636, p. 100; cf. the edition of the Relation by R. G. Thwaites, viii, 116 ff.; x, 126 f. Brebeuf appears to have followed Sagard, Canada (see Troas ed., p. 452 ff.). The story is discussed by Brinton, in Myths of the New World, 3d ed., p. 79 ff., and his criticism is adopted by Tylor, Primitive Culture, 3d ed., ii, 322.

[1778] Brinton, op. cit., p. 77.

[1779] Cf. Tylor, Primitive Culture, ii, 334 ff.; article "Algonquins" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, pp. 320, 323.

[1780] Batchelor, The Ainu, and his article in Hastings, op. cit.

[1781] Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 528 ff. The influence of Brahmanism is possible here; but cf. Hopkins, op. cit., p. 530, note 3.

[1782] Maspero, Dawn of Civilization, pp. 172, 202; Breasted, History of Egypt, p. 571; Steindorff, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 67 ff.

[1783] This myth may have trickled down to them (through the Canaanites or in some other way) in subdued form—it appears, perhaps, in the serpent of Gen. iii; but it seems to have been adopted in full form at a later time, apparently in or after the sixth century B.C.

[1784] Rohde, Psyche, Index, s.v. Erinyen; articles "Ate," "Erinys," in Roscher's Lexikon.

[1785] On the diverse elements in Loki's character, and on his diabolification, see Saussaye, Religion of the Teutons, p. 259 ff.; R. M. Meyer, Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, p. 335 ff. (Loki as fire-god developed out of a fire-demon).

[1786] Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, article "Celts," p. 289. On the anthropinizing or the distinctly euhemerizing treatment of these two personages see Rhys, Celtic Folklore, Index, s.vv.

[1787] Hopkins, Religions of India, pp. 367, 377, 414.

[1788] See above, Sec. 857.

[1789] It has been suggested that climatic conditions (sharp contrasts of storm and calm, with consequent strain and peace in life) led to this dual arrangement. But we do not know that there were specially strong contrasts of weather in the Iranian home, and there is no mention of such a situation in the early documents, in which the complaint is of inroads of predatory bands from the steppe.

[1790] See above, Sec. 742 ff.

[1791] According to Diogenes Laertius, Proem, viii.

[1792] To designate the unfriendly supernatural Powers two terms meaning 'divine beings' were available, 'asuras' and 'divas' (daevas); the Hindus chose the former, the Iranians the latter. Cf. Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman, p. 268 ff.; Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, p. 156 ff.

[1793] Zech. iii; Job i, ii; 1 Chron. xxi, 1, contrasted with 2 Sam. xxiv, 1; Enoch xl, 7; liii, 3, etc.; Secrets of Enoch (Slavonic Enoch), xxix, 4, 5; xxxi, 3, 4. The word Satan means 'adversary,' and, as legal adversary, 'accuser.' The germ of the conception is to be sought in the apparatus of spirits controlled by Yahweh, and sometimes employed by him as agents to harm men (1 Kings xxii, 19-23). The idea of an accusing spirit seems to have arisen from the necessity of explaining the misfortunes of the nation (Zech. iii); it was expanded under native and foreign influences.

[1794] 2 Cor. iv, 4.

[1795] Koran, vii, 10 ff.

[1796] So in the ceremonies of the pilgrimage to Mecca and in common life. The "satans" have in part coalesced with the jinn; see Lane's Arabian Nights, "Notes to the Introduction," note 21.

[1797] Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encyklopaedie, s.v. "Mani u. Manichaeismus."

[1798] On a lack of unity in the world see W. James, A Pluralistic Universe.

[1799] Sec. 643.

[1800] So the Zulu Unkulunkulu, the Fiji Ndengei, the Virginia Ahone, and others.

[1801] Compare Lang's sketch of the gods of the lower races in Myth, Ritual, and Religion, chap. xii f., and Making of Religion, preface and chaps. xii-xiv.

[1802] Strachey, Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannica (1612), p. 98 f. and chap. vii; Winslow, Relation (1624), printed in Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers, see chap. xxiii.

[1803] Cf. Tylor, Primitive Culture, ii, 324, 339.

[1804] Callaway, The Amazulu, p. 1 ff.

[1805] Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, Index (cf. Spencer and Guelen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 492); cf. Thomas, Natives of Australia, chap. xiii, and article "Australia" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1806] Temple, article "Andamans" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1807] Williams and Calvert, Fiji, chap. vii.

[1808] Batchelor, The Ainu, chap. xvii; Taylor, New Zealand, chaps. v-vii; Rink, Danish Greenland, p. 204 ff.; Boas, The Kwakiutl, chap. vi.

[1809] The confusion incident to savage theogonic reflection is illustrated by Zulu attempts to explain Unkulunkulu (Callaway, loc. cit.).

[1810] Lang, in the works cited in the preceding paragraph, is right in his contention that the clan god is not always derived from a spirit; but the coloring he gives to the character of this sort of god is not in accordance with known facts.

[1811] See above, Sec. 746 ff.

[1812] It is not probable that the recent abolition of the office of emperor (supposing the present revolutionary movement to maintain itself) will affect the essence of the existing cult.

[1813] In place of the emperor some high official personage will doubtless be deputed to conduct the national sacrifices.

[1814] De Groot, Religious System of China, Religion of the Chinese, and Development of Religion in China.

[1815] Prescott, Conquest of Peru; Spence, Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru.

[1816] An approach to such a system appears in the later cult of Confucius.

[1817] See Sec. 977.

[1818] So later, for example, in Plato, necessity appears as something limiting the deity. See below, Sec. 1001. Cf. Cicero, De Fato.

[1819] Cf. the Chinese conception of the supreme order of the world. Possibly this goes back to the general savage conception of mana.

[1820] Metaphysics, ix, 8; xii, 6 f.

[1821] Timaeus, 47 f.

[1822] Stobaeus, Elogae, ed. Wachsmuth, lib. i, cap. i, no. 12; Pearson, Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes; Eng. tr. in Arnold, Roman Stoicism, p. 85 ff. The quotation in Acts xvii, 28, may be from Cleanthes or from Aratus. On the Graeco-Roman Stoicism and the relation between it and Christianity see Arnold, op. cit.

[1823] Apuleius, Metamorphoses, bk. xi; Roscher, Lexikon, article "Isis"; Cumont, Mysteries of Mithra; id., Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans, Index, s.vv. Isis and Serapis and Mithra.

[1824] Metaphysics, i, 5: "The one is god."

[1825] So in Goethe, Wordsworth, and other modern poets.

[1826] In certain regions, especially in Tibet and Japan, Buddhism coalesces with popular nature-cults and shamanistic systems, and loses its nontheistic character.

[1827] Cf. Satayana, "Lucretius," in his Three Philosophical Poets.

[1828] The great exception is the resurrection of Jesus, regarded in the New Testament and by the mass of orthodox Christians as an historical fact, and one of infinite significance for the salvation of the world.

[1829] An emotional element possessing moral force may exist in any religion; cf. below, Sec.Sec. 1167, 1192, 1199.

[1830] Sec. 13 ff.

[1831] See above, Chapter iii.

[1832] See above, Sec.Sec. 128, 131, 231 ff.

[1833] Cf. article "Charms and Amulets" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1834] Cf. Marett, Threshold of Religion, p. 77 ff.

[1835] Examples are found in J. H. King, The Supernatural, Index, s.v.; Tylor, Primitive Culture, Index, s.v.; L. T. Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution, Index, s.v.; and see the references in these works.

[1836] See above, Sec. 3.

[1837] Spencer, Principles Of Sociology, i, 280 ff.; Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii, 550 al.

[1838] Dorsey, Skidi Pawnee, p. 341; article "Bantu" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, ii, 359; Rivers, The Todas, p. 393; Tylor, Primitive Culture, ii, 392; Westermarck, op. cit., ii, 518 al.

[1839] Tylor, op. cit., ii, 385, 395 al.; Gen. viii, 21.

[1840] Batchelor, The Ainu; Miss Fletcher, Indian Ceremonies; Hollis, The Nandi, p. 12; Hopkins, Religions of India, pp. 449 ff. 528; Saussaye, Religion of the Teutons, pp. 373, 383; R. M. Meyer, Altgermanische Religionsgeschte, pp. 416, 419 ff.; N. W. Thomas, article "Animals" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Cf., for the Hebrews, W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, 2d ed., p. 217 ff.; for the Greeks, Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, p. 245 f.; Miss Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, chap. x.

[1841] Batchelor, The Ainu.

[1842] A. C. Haddon, Head-hunters, p. 353 ff.

[1843] F. H. Cushing, "My Adventures in Zuni" in The Century Magazine for May, 1883.

[1844] Cf. Hubert and Mauss, "Essai sur le sacrifice" in Annee sociologique, ii (1898).

[1845] A more socially refined conception appears in the lectisternium, in which the gods sit at table with their human friends. Cf. Wissowa, Religion der Roemer, p. 355 ff.; Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, Index, s.v.

[1846] Sec. 23.

[1847] For the worshiper the blood had strengthening power.

[1848] 1 Kings, xvi, 34; article "Bridge" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1849] Cf. Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v. Human Sacrifice.

[1850] Breasted, History of Egypt, pp. 325, 411, 478.

[1851] Pietschmann, Phoenizier, p. 167; Tylor, Primitive Culture, ii, 403; 2 Kings, iii, 27; Exod. xiii; i, 13; Noeldeke, article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1852] 2 Kings, xvii, 31.

[1853] Rig-Veda, x, 18, 8; viii, 51, 2.

[1854] Sankhayan Srauta Sutra, xvi, 10-14; Weber, Indische Streifen, i, 65; Hopkins, Religions of India, pp. 196, 198.

[1855] Hopkins, op. cit., p. 326 ff. Cf. also the practice of the thugs, which has now been put a stop to by the British Government.

[1856] De Groot, in Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, 2d ed., p. 77 f.

[1857] Saussaye, Religion of the Teutons, Index, s.v.

[1858] Williams, Fiji; Turner, Samoa; Codrington, The Melanesians.

[1859] Waitz-Gerland, Anthropologie der Naturvoelker, Index; J. G. Mueller, Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen, Index; Gatschet, Migration Legend of the Creeks, p. 36.

[1860] Payne, The New World, Called America. In Mexico the victim was surrounded with luxuries (including wives) and treated as a god for one year and then sacrificed (Frazer, Golden Bough, 1st ed., ii, 218 ff.; 2d ed., ii, 342 f.).

[1861] A. B. Ellis, Tshi, Eẃe, and Yoruba.

[1862] For such substitutions in Greece see Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, p. 243 f.

[1863] Ellis, Yoruba.

[1864] Sec. 106 ff.

[1865] Alice Fletcher, Indian Ceremonies; Journal of American Folklore, vol. iv (1891), no. 15, and vol. xvii (1904), no. 64; Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, vol xiv, p. 701.

[1866] Cf. Tylor, Primitive Culture, Index, s.v. Sacrifice, and Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v. Sacrifice.

[1867] Cf. Wissowa, Religion der Roemer, p. 338 f.

[1868] Religion of the Semites, 2d ed., p. 455.

[1869] Lev. i-iv, viii, xvi, xxi; Numb. xix; Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 197 ff.; Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, Index, s.v. Priests and Sacrifices; Lippert, Geschichte des Priesterthums.

[1870] Heb. x, 3.

[1871] De Abstinentia ii, 24.

[1872] See below, Sec. 1045 ff.

[1873] Gen. iv, 3, 4; Lev. ii, al.

[1874] Primitive Culture, ii, 375 ff.; cf. Spencer, Principles of Sociology, i, 280 ff.

[1875] So often in ascetic practices.

[1876] So, for example, in the Imitatio Christi.

[1877] Euripides, Iphigeneia in Aulis, 1581 ff. (Iphigeneia); Gen. xxii (Isaac); and similar procedures in Hesiod, Theogony, 535 ff.; Ovid, Fasti, iii, 339 ff.; Aitareya Brahmana, ii, 8; Catapatha Brahmana, i, 2, 3, 5.

[1878] The expulsion of sin or evil in the person of a beast or a human being is a totally different conception. See above, Sec. 143.

[1879] Isa. liii.

[1880] Isa. xl, 2.

[1881] Cf. Sec.Sec. 128, 217 ff., 1023.

[1882] Other examples are given in Fowler, Roman Festivals, pp. 81 (shepherd sacrifice), 96 (Feriae Latinae), 194 (at the temple of Hercules), and cf. his Religious Experience of the Roman People, Index, s.v. Meals, Sacrificial.

[1883] Foucart, Des associations religieuses chez les Grecs. For the Isis ceremony cf. Apuleius, Metamorphoses, xi, 24 f.

[1884] Cumont, The Mysteries of Mithra (Eng. tr.), p. 160. On the magical element in mysteries cf. De Jong, Das antike Mysterienwesen, chap. vi.

[1885] See above, Sec. 1024.

[1886] Iliad, i, 66 f.; Odyssey, x, 518 ff.; Gen. viii, 21.

[1887] So Wellhausen, Prolegomena to the History of Israel (Eng. tr.), p. 62. In the Roman sacra gentilicia it was rather the divinized ancestors who were the guests—they were entertained by the living.

[1888] In his article "Sacrifice" in Encyclopaedia Brittanica (1886) and his Religion of the Semites (new ed., 1894).

[1889] The assumption that the victim is a totem is not necessary to his argument, which rests on the sacredness (that is, the divinity) of the victim—a fact universally admitted.

[1890] Isa. lxv, lxvi.

[1891] Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia; id., Native Tribes of Northern Australia.

[1892] On this point and on Smith's theory in general see the exposition of the theory by Jevons, Introduction to the History of Religion, chap. xii.

[1893] The Dying God (part iii of 3d ed. of The Golden Bough).

[1894] Wald- und Feldkulte, 2d ed., ii, 273 ff.

[1895] L'annee sociologique, ii, 115 ff.

[1896] Frazer, The Dying God, chap. ii, Sec. 2.

[1897] Cf. Frazer, Adonis Attis Osiris (part iv of 3d ed. of The Golden Bough); 2d ed. of The Golden Bough, ii, 365 f.

[1898] Article "Dido" in Roscher's Lexikon; Saussaye, Religion of the Teutons, p. 231.

[1899] For the view that Odin's self-sacrifice is merely an imitation of the reception into the Odin-cult see Meyer, Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, p. 241.

[1900] L'annee sociologique, ii.

[1901] Yajur-Veda, passim; Catapatha Brahmana, i, 3, 6, 8; ii, 6, 2; Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 188 al.; Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, pp. 31 ff., 215.

[1902] Elements of the Science of Religion (Gifford Lectures), ii, 144 ff.

[1903] Plato (Laws, iii, 716) says that a bad man gets no benefit from sacrifice.

[1904] Laws, i, 631, 642.

[1905] Ps. xix, 7 ff.; cxix.

[1906] Ps. xl, 7; l, 8-15; li, 18 f., al.

[1907] Amos, v, 21 ff.; Isa. i, 11 ff.; Mic. vi, 6 ff.; Jer. vii, 21 ff.

[1908] See Ellis, Eẃe (Dahomi), Tshi (Ashanti), Yoruba; Miss Kingsley, Travels; Codrington, The Melanesians; Turner, Samoa; articles "Andeans," "Bantu," "Bengal," "Brazil," al., in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1909] Rivers, The Todas, chaps. vi, xi, xiii.

[1910] Cf. also Crooke's Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, in which similar customs are mentioned.

[1911] Chapter iii.

[1912] Dixon, The Northern Maidu and The Shasta. For Korea see H. G. Underwood, Religions of Eastern Asia.

[1913] L'annee sociologique, ii; see above, Sec. 1049.

[1914] Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers. A single early detail is mentioned in 1 Sam. ii, 13 ff. For the later Jewish ceremonial see article "Sacrifice" in Encyclopaedia Biblica.

[1915] Mariette, Abydos; Maspero, Dawn of Civilization (Eng. tr.), p. 121 ff.; Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, pp. 46-49, 122, 179 f. (reports of Herodotus).

[1916] For Babylonia see Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Index, s.v. Rituals; for Mazdean, De Harles, Avesta, Introduction, pp. clxvi, clxx.

[1917] Journal of the American Oriental Society, xx, 58 ff.; cf. De Groot, in Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, p. 60 ff.

[1918] Foucart, Associations religieuses chez les Grecs; Jevons, Introduction to History of Religion, chap. xxiii; De Jong, Das antike Mysterienwesen, p. 18 ff.

[1919] Cumont, Mysteries of Mithra.

[1920] Apuleius, Metamorphoses, chap. xi.

[1921] 1 Cor. xi, 20 ff.; xiv (cf. Acts ii, 46); Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, chap. ix f.

[1922] So, for instance, postures in prayer, such as kneeling, bowing, standing.

[1923] The Amarna Letters; Records of Ancient Egypt, ed. Breasted; cuneiform inscriptions. The Egyptian king, however, was regarded as divine.

[1924] Gibbon, chaps. xiii (Diocletian), xl, year 532; cf. descriptions in Scott's Count Robert of Paris.

[1925] Daniel, Codex Liturgicus; articles "Liturgie" and "Messe" in Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encyklopaedie; articles "Liturgy" and "Liturgical Books" in Smith and Cheatham, Dictionary of Christian Antiquities.

[1926] Cf. J. Lippert, Allgemeine Geschichte des Priesterthums; Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v. Priests.

[1927] On priestly taboos see Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., Index, s.v.; these are often of the same sort as royal taboos. See above, Sec. 595 ff. For Hebrew priestly taboos see Ezek. xliv, Lev. xxi f.

[1928] Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, i, 348, 381.

[1929] Not all these conditions were to be found in any one community.

[1930] Westermarck, op. cit., ii, 406 ff.

[1931] Pausanias, ii, 33, 3.

[1932] For a possible case see Wilkinson, The Ancient Egyptians, 1st ed., i, 317.

[1933] Ellis, Eẃe, p. 141; Ward, History, Literature and Religion of the Hindoos, ii, 134; Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 660; Hos. iv, 14; Deut. xxiii, 17 f. (prohibition); Gen. xxxviii, 14 ff.

[1934] Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, pp. 72, 221, is disposed to reject the statement of Strabo (xvii, i, 46) that there was libertinage at Thebes. Cf. Wilkinson, The Ancient Egyptians, Index, s.v. Priestesses.

[1935] C. H. W. Johns, article "Code of Hammurabi" in Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible, extra volume; D. G. Lyon, "The Consecrated Women of the Hammurabi Code" in Studies in the History of Religions presented to C. H. Toy.

[1936] Strabo, p. 378.

[1937] Roscher, Lexikon, article "Aphrodite," col. 401. Cf. the practice mentioned in 1 Sam. ii, 22.

[1938] Curtiss, Primitive Semitic Religion To-day.

[1939] See, for example, 1 Sam. ii, 22.

[1940] For a description of their privileges and power in Ashanti see Ellis, Tshi, p. 121 ff.

[1941] License in festivals and mystical or symbolic marriages are excluded as not being official consecration of a class of persons.

[1942] Examples are given in Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii, 443 ff.; Frazer, Adonis Attis Osiris, chap. iv; Seligmann, Der boese Blick und Verwandies, ii, 190 ff.; and see above, Sec. 384 ff.

[1943] Inscription of Tralles; see Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, i, 94 ff.; Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, ii, 636.

[1944] Herodotus, i, 199. The correctness of Herodotus's statement has been doubted; but, though the procedure is singular, it is not wholly out of keeping with known Babylonian customs. It must be remembered, however, that Herodotus wrote long after the fall of the Babylonian empire, when foreign influence was possible. See also Epistle of Jeremias, v, 43.

[1945] Pseudo-Lucian, De Syria Dea, chap. vi.

[1946] Homosexual practices do not belong here (Westermarck, op. cit., chap. xliii). The intercourse of priests with sacred and other women is likewise excluded.

[1947] Deut. xxiii, 18 [17] f., "sodomite."

[1948] 1 Kings, xiv, 24 (tenth century), where the kedeshim seem to be described as a Canaanite institution. Cf. Deut. xxii, 3.

[1949] Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, part i, i, 86, B 10.

[1950] With allusion, perhaps, to the dog's faithfulness to his master. In the Amarna Letters a Canaanite governor calls himself the "dog" (kalbu) of his Egyptian overlord. Cf. W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, 2d ed., p. 292, n. 2. For examples of the sanctity of the dog see article "Animals" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, p. 512.

[1951] Cf. Frazer, Adonis Attis Osiris, p. 71 f., and the curious story told in Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, 3.

[1952] The Lydian method by which girls earned their dowries (Herodotus, i, 93) is economic, and had, apparently, no connection with religion.

[1953] See above, Sec. 180. Cf. Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, 1, 94 ff.

[1954] Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, chap. iii ff.

[1955] At Byblos the prostitution of the woman was required only in case she refused to offer her hair to the goddess. This offering was probably originally a substitute for the offering of her virginity, but there is no evidence that the latter was of the nature of a sacrifice.

[1956] Farnell, in Archiv fuer Religionswissenschaft, vii, 88 (see above, Sec.Sec. 182, 594, and cf. Crawley, Mystic Rose, p. 322). Farnell does not mention this suggestion in his Greece and Babylon, p. 269 ff.

[1957] Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii, 446; cf. Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., Index, s.vv. Stranger, Strangers.

[1958] Cumont, Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain (Eng. tr., Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, p. 247 f.); cf. Hartland, in Anthropological Essays presented to Tylor, p. 201 f.

[1959] On this cult see Mannhardt, Baumkultus and Antike Wald- und Feldkulte.

[1960] Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, ii, 284; Frazer, Adonis Attis Osiris, p. 33 ff.

[1961] Cf. Hartland, op. cit., p. 199.

[1962] Hartland, Primitive Paternity, chap. ii.

[1963] Frazer, Adonis Attis Osiris, p. 50 ff.

[1964] Cf. Nilsson, Griechische Feste.

[1965] Maspero, Dawn of Civilization; Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, Index, s.v.; Breasted, History of Egypt, Index, s.v.

[1966] Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Index, s.v.

[1967] Barth, Religions of India, Index, s.v.; Hopkins, Religions of India, Index, s.v.

[1968] Spiegel, Eranische Alterthumskunde, vol. III, bk. vi.

[1969] O. Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, Index, s.v. Priester; Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, Index, s.v.; Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, passim.

[1970] This remark applies to the oracles as well as to the ordinary temple-service.

[1971] Cf. Wissowa, Religion der Roemer, Index, s.v. Pontifex, Pontifices; Fowler, Roman Festivals, s.v. Pontifices; Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, 2d ed. (Roman religion).

[1972] On the other hand, the Romans have given us such fundamental terms as 'religion,' 'superstition,' 'cult,' 'piety,' 'devotion,' all theocratic and individual.

[1973] De Groot, Religious System of China; Legge, Religion of China; Doolittle, Social Life of the Chinese.

[1974] Some high official will, doubtless, now take the emperor's place.

[1975] This seems to remain true notwithstanding the present movement in China toward the adoption of Western methods of education. De Groot's estimate of Chinese religion (in op. cit.) is less favorable.

[1976] Garcilasso de la Vega, Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, ed. C. R. Markham, part i, bk. ii, chap. ix; Prescott, Peru, vol. 1, chap. iii; Payne, New World, called America, Index; A. Reville, Native Religions of Mexico and Peru, Index.

[1977] Sahagun, Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva Espana, Eng. tr. by Markham; Payne, op. cit.; Reville, op. cit.

[1978] In the political and social disorders in Judea in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. the priesthood was, probably, influential in maintaining and transmitting the purer worship of Yahweh, and thus establishing a starting-point for the later development.

[1979] Cf. Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, lecture x.

[1980] So Ezekiel's altar (probably a copy of that in the Jerusalem temple-court), over 16 feet high, with a base 27 feet square (Ezek. xliii, 13 ff.). The Olympian altar was 22 feet high and 125 feet in circumference. Cf. W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, 3d ed., pp. 202, 341, 377 ff. On the general subject see article "Altar" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1981] So in Australia (Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, Index, and Native Tribes of Northern Australia, Index), Samoa (Turner), Canaan (Genesis, Judges, passim), Greece (Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, p. 173), etc.

[1982] Gardner and Jevons, op. cit., Index, s.v. [Greek: temenos], Temple; Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentumes, Index; W. R. Smith, op. cit., Index, s.v. Temples. There is perhaps a hint of such a place in Ex. iii, 5.

[1983] K. F. Hermann, Gottesdienstliche Alterthuemer der Griechen, Sec. 18; Jevons, Introduction to the History of Religion, 1st ed., p. 137.

[1984] Cf. article "Architecture" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1985] Ps. xiii, 3 [2]; lxxxiv, 3 [2].

[1986] So in Egypt, Palestine, Greece, and probably in Babylonia and Assyria.

[1987] In Herod's temple: the Court of the Gentiles, the Court of Women, the Court of Israel (Nowack, Lehrbuch der hebraeischen Archaeologie, ii, 76 ff.).

[1988] Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopaedie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft; article "Asylum" in Jewish Encyclopedia. The right of asylum goes back to very early forms of society in all parts of the world; many examples are cited by Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v. Asylums.

[1989] Cf. above, Sec. 121.

[1990] Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, chap. xxvi.

[1991] On the supposed difference of symbolism between Greek and Gothic temples (churches) see Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture.

[1992] Sec.Sec. 15, 120, note 3.

[1993] For details see Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, p. 45 f.; Jastrow, op. cit., p. 658 ff.; articles "Ritual" and "Sacrifice" in Encyclopaedia Biblica; Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, p. 213 f.; Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 124; L'Annee sociologique, ii.

[1994] Sec. 1199.

[1995] Some hymns to Tammuz are lamentations for dying vegetation and petitions for its resuscitation.

[1996] 1 Chron. xvi; commentaries on the Psalms; works on Hebrew archaeology (Nowack, Benzinger); articles in Biblical dictionaries and encyclopedias.

[1997] Revue des etudes grecques, 1894. On savage songs and music see above, Sec. 106.

[1998] Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopaedie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft; Fowler, Roman Festivals.

[1999] Passover with the departure from Egypt; Sukkot (Tabernacles) with the march through the wilderness; later, Weeks (Pentecost) with the revelation of the law at Sinai.

[2000] Book of Esther.

[2001] 1 Macc. v, 47 ff.

[2002] 1 Macc. vii, 49.

[2003] H. H. Wilson, Religious Sects of the Hindus; Monier-Williams, Hinduism, Index.

[2004] Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, p. 289.

[2005] They sometimes degenerate into coarseness or immorality.

[2006] Christmas, New Year's Day, May Day, Midsummer, All Souls, and others.

[2007] The protest in Prov. xxvi, 2, against this whole conception shows that it existed among the Jews down to a late time.

[2008] Totemic poles, with carved figures of animals, are found in Northwest America (Boas, The Kwakiutl; Swanton, in Journal of American Folklore, xviii, 108 ff.) and in South Nigeria (Partridge, Cross River Natives, p. 219); but these figures are rather tribal or clan symbols than idols.

[2009] The situation in Egypt was exceptional; after the idolatrous stage had been reached the old worship of the living animal survived.

[2010] Aniconic representations of deities in civilized communities (like the stone representing the Ephesian great goddess) are survivals from the old cult of natural objects.

[2011] Teraphim, 1 Sam. xix, 13 al.

[2012] In the literature they are guardians of sacred places (Gen. iii, 24) and throne-bearers of the deity (Ezek. i, 26; Ps. xviii, 11 [10]).

[2013] The numerous images mentioned in the Old Testament as worshiped by the Israelites appear to have been borrowed from neighboring peoples. The origin of the bull figures worshiped at Bethel and Dan is obscure, but they appear to represent the amalgamation of an old bull-cult with the cult of Yahweh.

[2014] Possibly the civilization of China was in earliest times identical with or similar to that Central Asiatic civilization out of which Mazdaism seems to have sprung. Cf. R. Pumpelly, in Explorations in Turkestan (expedition of 1904), i, pp. xxiv, 7, chap. iv f.

[2015] The same feeling appears in the treatment of images of saints by some European peasants.

[2016] For Egyptian forms see Rawlinson, History of Ancient Egypt, vol. i; Maspero, Dawn of Civilization; for Semitic, Ohnefalsch-Richter, Kypros, the Bible, and Homer; for Indian, Lefmann, "Geschichte des alten Indiens" in Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte.

[2017] Even the Hindu women's linga-cult is said to be sometimes morally innocent.

[2018] A church is here taken to be a voluntary religious body that holds out to its members the hope of redemption and salvation through association with a divine person or a cosmic power.

[2019] Sec. 530 f.

[2020] W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, vol. i, chap. ix.

[2021] H. Webster, Primitive Secret Societies, chap. vii.

[2022] For a large definition of the term see S. Reinach, Orpheus (Eng. tr.), p.v.

[2023] For a possible influence see below, Sec. 1101.

[2024] See the histories of philosophy of Ueberweg, Windelband, Meyer, Zeller.

[2025] See the reference in the Republic (ii, 364 f.) to the mendicant prophets with their formulas for expiation of sin and salvation from future punishment, and Demosthenes's derisive description of AEschines as mystagogue (De Corona, 313).

[2026] It is not clear that the peculiar cults described in Isa. lxv, 3-5; lxvi, 3 f., are of Semitic origin. Their history, however, is obscure—they are not referred to elsewhere in Jewish literature. In part they are, like the cults mentioned in Ezek. viii, 10, the adoption of the sacred animals of neighboring peoples; Isa. lxv, 5 seems to point to a close voluntary association with a ceremony of initiation, but nothing proves that the association was of Semitic origin. For a different view see W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, 2d ed., p. 357 ff.

[2027] The Mysteries of Mithra (Eng. tr.), p. 29.

[2028] 1 Cor. ii, 7; Mk. iv, 11 al.

[2029] Barth, Religions of India, p. 76 ff.; Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 216 ff.; cf. Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, p. 282 ff.

[2030] "Die Chinesen," in Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte; R. K. Douglas, Confucianism and Taouism; De Groot, Religion of the Chinese; cf. H. G. Underwood, Religions of Eastern Asia.

[2031] Stobaeus, Eclogues, i, 30.

[2032] Porphyry, Vita Plotini, cap. 3.

[2033] Hopkins, Religions of India, chap. xii f.; Rhys Davids, Buddhism; Barth, Religions of India; Oldenberg, Buddha.

[2034] The problem of life is stated to be how to get rid of desire, which is the source of all suffering; the Buddhist answer is that desire is eliminated by moral living, for which knowledge is necessary. So the Socratic school based virtue and happiness on knowledge. Cf. also the Biblical book of Proverbs.

[2035] It does not follow that every founder of a religion will establish a church; other things than the person of the founder, such as the nature of his teaching and the character of his social milieu, enter into the problem.

[2036] On current proposed reforms of Buddhism in Japan see Underwood, Religions of Eastern Asia, p. 222 ff.

[2037] The two last of these functions ceased on the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (70 A.D.), the first remained.

[2038] Proselytes arose mostly from the general liberal tendency of the times (from about the second century B.C. and on), sometimes from lower impulses, sometimes they were made by force. See articles in Cheyne, Encyclopaedia Biblica; Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible; and Jewish Encyclopedia.

[2039] They were virtually identified with the Jewish people. On the early form of voluntary devotion to a foreign deity see W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, 2d ed., p. 75 ff.

[2040] Sec. 1115.

[2041] On attempts to discover forms of Christianity before Jesus see W. R. Smith, Der vorchristliche Jesus, and Ecce Deus; M. Friedlaender, Synagoge und Kirche.

[2042] The two passages in the Gospels (Matt. xvi, 18; xviii, 17) in which the word "church" occurs appear clearly, on exegetical grounds, to be scribal insertions of the later period.

[2043] "Elder" and "apostle" are Jewish titles, and the reading of the Scriptures, prayer, and exhortation formed part of the synagogal service; see Schuerer, The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (Eng. tr.), II, ii, 52 ff., and article "Apostle" in Jewish Encyclopedia. Other offices arose in the church out of the peculiar conditions; the eucharistic meal appears to have been developed under non-Jewish influence.

[2044] So far has the idea of the civil character of the Church been carried that in some places the keeper of a licensed brothel has been required to be a member of the State Church.

[2045] Harnack, Dogmengeschichte; articles in Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encyklopaedie, and Jewish Encyclopedia; Mansel, The Gnostic Heresies.

[2046] Cumont, Textes et monuments and The Mysteries of Mithra.

[2047] Metamorphoses, chap. xi.

[2048] Cf. article "Isis" in Roscher's Lexikon.

[2049] Cf. A. G. Leonard, Islam, her Moral and Spiritual Value.

[2050] A. Mueller, Islam, ii, 614 ff.; Coppee, Conquest of Spain; Dozy, Histoire des musulmans en Espagne; Stanley Lane-Poole, Story of the Moors in Spain.

[2051] Of these fraternities the largest and most powerful is the Senussi of North Africa, a splendidly organized body with a central administration clothed with absolute authority; see Depont and Coppolani, Les confreries religieuses musulmanes.

[2052] S. de Sacy, Expose de la religion des Druses; J. Wortabet, Researches into the Religions of Syria; C. H. Churchill, Ten Years' Residence in Mt. Lebanon.

[2053] Cf. Dr. Thomas Arnold's ideal, the identification of Church and State (A. P. Stanley, Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold).

[2054] Payne, History of the New World called America; Markham, Rites and Laws of the Incas; Prescott, Conquest of Peru, bk. i, chap. iii.

[2055] On India's fertility in the production of religions cf. Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, p. 2 ff.

[2056] This organization was first called the "Brahma-Samaj" (the Church of Brahma), later the "Adi-Samaj" (the First Church).

[2057] The Brahma-Samaj.

[2058] There are other theistic bodies in India. The Arya-Samaj (Aryan Church) derives its doctrines (monotheism and other) from the Veda (necessarily by a forced interpretation); it is a sort of protest against foreign (Christian) influence. See articles "Arya Samaj" and "Brahma Samaj" in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[2059] Gobineau, Les religions et les philosophies dans l'Asie centrale; R. G. Browne, The Episode of the Bab and The New History of the Bab; article "Bab, Babis" in Hastings, op. cit.; article "Bahaism" in the Nouveau Larousse, Supplement; Some Answered Questions, translated by Laura C. Burney (exposition of the doctrine by the son of the Bahaist founder).

[2060] Babism is fairly well represented in Persia at the present day; see R. G. Browne.

[2061] Cf. articles in Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encyklopaedie; McClintock and Strong, Biblical Cyclopaedia; New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge.

[2062] On the community founded by Pythagoras see the histories of philosophy; it appears to have embodied a suggestion of monastic life, but its origin is uncertain.

[2063] The Hebrew Nazirite vow, for example, was merely a consecration of a part of the body to the deity with the observance of old nomadic customs of food and dwellings.

[2064] Hopkins, Religions of India, Index, s.v. Monks.

[2065] Rhys Davids, Buddhism, chap. vi.

[2066] Cf. H. Weingarten, Ursprung des Moenchthums, cited with approval by Meyer, Geschichte des Alten Aegyptens, p. 401; cf. Lehmann-Haupt, in Roscher's Lexikon, article "Sarapis," col. 362 ff.

[2067] Cf. Hopkins, Religions of India, chap. xix; J. Estlin Carpenter, "Buddhist and Christian Parallels" in Studies in the History of Religions presented to C. H. Toy.

[2068] Against this view see Breastad, History of Egypt, p. 578 ff.

[2069] De Vita Contemplativa; see the edition of F. C. Conybeare. The work is probably to be considered genuine.

[2070] Philo, Quod omnis probus liber; Pliny, Historia Naturalis, v, 17; Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, 1, and War, ii, 8; Schuerer, The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (Eng. tr.), II, ii, 188 ff. (and the bibliography there given); articles in Cheyne, Encyclopaedia Biblica, and Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible.

[2071] From the geographical and historical conditions a Pythagorean origin (perhaps indirect) seems the more probable.

[2072] The earliest appearance of an Essene is in the latter part of the second century B.C. (Josephus, Antiquities, xiii, 11, Sec. 2).

[2073] Roscher, Lexikon, article "Sarapis," col. 362 f.

[2074] See references given above in Sec. 1121, note.

[2075] Rhys Davids, Buddhism; R. S. Copleston, Buddhism.

[2076] Ezekiel, early in the sixth century, and Haggai and Zechariah in the latter part of the century, show no consciousness of the existence of authoritative writings.

[2077] Cf. G. F. Moore, "The Definition of the Jewish Canon and the Repudiation of Christian Scriptures" in Essays in Modern Theology and Related Subjects ... Testimonial to C. A. Briggs.

[2078] G. Wildeboer, Het Onstaan van den Kanon des Ouden Verbonds; H. E. Ryle, Canon of the Old Testament; articles "Canon" in Encyclopaedia Biblica, "Bible Canon" in Jewish Encyclopedia, "Kanon des Alten Testaments" in Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encyklopaedie.

[2079] See the Longer Catechism of Philaret, 1839.

[2080] T. Zahn, Gesichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons, E. C. Moore, The New Testament in the Christian Church; article "Canon" in Encyclopaedia Biblica.

[2081] Historia Naturalis, xxx, chap. i, Sec. 2.

[2082] The question whether any of this material went back to Zoroaster must here be left undecided.

[2083] Spiegel, Eranische Alterthumskunde, iii, 778 ff.

[2084] Noeldeke, Sketches from Eastern History (Eng. tr.), p. 25 ff.

[2085] A creed usually contains also an affirmation of the authority of the book on which it is based. Some religious bodies do not regard any book as absolutely authoritative, and their creeds are merely expressions of their independent religious beliefs.

[2086] So among the Egyptians, Hebrews, Hindus, Greeks, Romans, and others.

[2087] Cf. Sabatier, Authority in Religion (Eng. tr.), and the bibliography therein given.

[2088] The contention that a given religion must triumph because it is divine and its triumph is divinely predicted introduces a discussion that cannot be gone into here, where the object is to consider existing facts.

[2089] Babism (or Bahaism) also claims to be universal, but its origin is so recent that this claim cannot be tested.

[2090] Rhys Davids, Buddhism.

[2091] It has been professed by a few persons in Europe and America, but the so-called "theosophy" is not Buddhism. On supposed points of contact between the New Testament and Buddhism cf. C. F. Aiken, The Dhamma of Gotama the Buddha and the Gospel of Jesus the Christ.

[2092] T. W. Arnold, The Preaching of Islam.

[2093] See Tiele, article "Religion" in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., and cf. his Elements of the Science of Religion, i, 28 ff.; R. de la Grasserie, Des religions comparees au point de vue sociologique; M. Jastrow, The Study of Religion, pp. 58 ff.; article "Religion" in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed.

[2094] Cases of adoption of alien cults bodily are here of course excluded; in such cases the cults are to be referred to the creators and not to the borrowers.

[2095] In some forms of Brahmanism, in Buddhism, and in some modern systems this Power is impersonal or undefined.

[2096] On Gautama's attitude toward divine beings cf. Rhys Davids, Buddhism, p. 87 f.; Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 333 f.

[2097] W. D. Whitney, Princeton Review, May, 1881.

[2098] Kuenen, National Religions and Universal Religions (Hibbert Lectures, 1882); Tiele, Elements of the Science of Religion, i, 43 ff.; Jastrow, Study of Religion, p. 89 ff.

[2099] Confucian China and Shintoist Japan are excluded; but in both these countries Buddhism is widespread. Pure Confucianism is not a religion, and the old Shinto is no longer believed in by educated Japanese.

[2100] Cf. Tiele, Elements of the Science of Religion, Index, s.v.

[2101] Myths, it may be remarked, are not confined to the uncivilised and the old national cults; they are found in all great religious systems.

[2102] See, in this connection, the account of the faith of the philosopher Sallustius, the Emperor Julian's friend, by Professor Gilbert Murray, "A Pagan Creed," in the English Review for December, 1909. The term 'pagan' now has a connotation that is singularly out of accord with the character of a man like Sallustius.

[2103] Sec. 14 f.

[2104] Examples are the Copernican and Newtonian theories; the magnitude of the stellar universe; Biblical criticism; the theories of evolution and the conservation of energy.

[2105] The general religious attitude may be the same whether the world be regarded as monistic or as pluralistic.

[2106] See above, Sec. 172.

[2107] Cf. L. T. Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution, part ii, chaps. v-vii.

[2108] An example is the Old-Hebrew usage respecting marriage with a half-sister or with a wife (not one's mother) of a father. Up to about the seventh century B.C. such marriages were lawful (Gen. xx, 12; 2 Sam. xiii, 13; xvi, 22); later they were forbidden (Ezek. xxii, 10 f.; Lev. xviii, 11). Maspero (in the Annuaire de l'ecole des hautes etudes, 1896) points out that in Egypt marriage between uterine brothers and sisters in the royal family was not only legal but a sacred duty, its object being to maintain the purity of the divine blood.

[2109] See above, Sec.Sec. 107, 180, 219.

[2110] Amos ii, 7; Hos. iv, 14.

[2111] The Old Testament command to exterminate the Canaanites (Deut. vii, 2; xxv, 19; Josh. vi-xi) is not historical, that is, was not given at the time stated or at any other time. The Israelites, in fact, settled down among the Canaanites and intermarried with them, and at the time when the passages just cited were written (seventh century and later) there were no such alien tribes in Canaan. But these passages show how a current barbarous custom of war could be regarded by religious leaders as pleasing to God.

[2112] See Sec. 630 ff.

[2113] So, for example, Butler's Analogy.

[2114] It is an exaggeration to say (as has been said) that the sentiment of the sacred obligation of opinion was first formulated or created in the world by the early Christian martyrs—before their time Socrates, Jews in the Antiochian persecution, and probably others, had embodied this sentiment—but the Christian devotion helped to make it a generally recognized ethical principle.

[2115] Hopkins, Religions of India, Index, s.v. Yoga; Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, Index, s.v. Baksheesh; article "Saint and Saintliness" in Jewish Encyclopedia; Christian hagiologies; Goldziher, Muhammedanische Studien; C. Trumelet, Les saints de l'Islam.

[2116] See above, Sec. 1163.

[2117] Ezek. xiv, 9.

[2118] It is this sort of insensate optimism that Voltaire ridicules in Candide—a just and useful protest against a superficial view of life.



SELECTED LIST OF BOOKS OF REFERENCE

ENCYCLOPAEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES

Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th ed., Edinburgh; 11th ed., Cambridge, England, and New York).

La Grande Encyclopedie (Paris, 1886-1902).

Le Nouveau Larousse (Paris, 1898-1904).

Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia (New York, 1893-1895).

The New International Encyclopaedia (New York, 1905).

Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh, 1908- ).

LICHTENBERGER. Encyclopedie des sciences religieuses (Paris, 1877-1882).

ROSCHER. Ausfuehrliches Lexikon der griechischen und roemischen Mythologie (Leipzig, 1884- ).

DAREMBERG ET SAGLIO. Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines (Paris, 1873-1884).

PAULY-WISSOWA. Real-Encyclopaedie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (new ed., Stuttgart, 1904).

GEIGER AND KUHN. Grundriss der iranischen Philologie (Strassburg, 1895-1904).

Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London, 1901-1906).

Encyclopaedia Biblica (London and New York, 1899-1903).

HASTINGS. Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh, 1900-1904).

HUGHES. Dictionary of Islam (London, 1896).

Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden) (in course of publication).

HERZOG-HAUCK. Real-Encyclopaedie fuer protestantische Theologie und Kirche (Leipzig, 1895-1909).

HAMBURGER. Realencyclopaedie des Judenthums (2d ed., Leipzig, 1896).

The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York, 1907-1911).

SMITH AND CHEETHAM. Dictionary of Christian Antiquities (London, 1875).

MCCLINTOCK AND STRONG. Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature (New York, 1868-1881).

MEUSEL. Kirchliches Handlexikon (Leipzig, 1887-1902).

WETZER AND WELTE. Kirchenlexikon (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1882-1903).

PERIODICALS

Revue de l'histoire des religions (Paris). Archiv fuer Religionswissenschaft (Leipzig). Le Museon et La Revue des religions (Louvain, 1882- ). Journal asiatique (Paris). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (London). Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Colombo). Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Singapore). Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Hongkong). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Calcutta). Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (Singapore). De indische Gids (Amsterdam). The Indian Antiquary (Bombay). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlaendischen Gesellschaft (Leipzig). Wiener Zeitschrift fuer die Kunde des Morgenlandes. Mitteillungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft and Der alte Orient (Leipzig). Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (Berlin). Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (Yokohama), Journal of the American Oriental Society (New Haven). Zeitschrift fuer die Mythologie (Goettingen). Journal of the Anthropological Institute (London). Transactions of the Ethnological Society (London). Man (anthropological monthly) (London). Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology (Liverpool Institute of Archaeology). Archaeological Review (London). Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (Ottawa, Montreal, and London). Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology (London). L'Anthropologie (Paris). Revue internationale de sociologie (Paris). Annales du Musee Guimet (Paris). L'Annee sociologique (Paris). Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie (Berlin). Archiv fuer Anthropologie (Braunschweig). Archaeologische Gesellschaft (Berlin). Archiv fuer slavische Philologie (Berlin, 1876- ). Jahreshefte des oesterreichischen archaeologischen Instituts (Vienna). Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Anthropos, Ephemeris internationalis ethnologica et linguistica (Salzburg, 1906- ). Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia (Florence). Internationales Archiv fuer Ethnologie (Leiden). '[Greek: Ephemeris' Archaiologike] (Athens). American Journal of Archaeology (New York and London). Transactions of the American Ethnological Society (New York). The Anthropologist (Washington). American Antiquarian Society (Worcester, Mass.). Reports of the National Museum (Washington). Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington). Reports of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington). University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology (Berkeley). Revue des questions historiques (Paris). Revue egyptologique (Paris). Zeitschrift fuer aegyptische Sprache und Altertumswissenschaft (Leipzig). Revue semitique (Paris). Revue du monde musulman (Paris). American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (Chicago). Revue d'Assyriologie (Paris). Zeitschrift fuer Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete (Leipzig). Beitraege zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (Leipzig). Revue des etudes grecques (Paris, 1888- ). Journal of Hellenic Studies (London). Revue des etudes juives (Paris). Folklore (London). Folklore Journal (London). Revue des traditions populaires (Paris). Melusine (mythology and popular traditions) (Paris). Zeitschrift des Vereins fuer Volkskunde (Berlin). Ons Volksleven (Tijdschrift voor Taal-Volks-en Oudheidkunde) (Brecht). Revue Celtique (Paris). Celtic Review (Edinburgh). Mittheilungen der Gesellschaft fuer juedische Volkskunde (Breslau). Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari (Palermo). International Journal of Ethics (Philadelphia and London). Hibbert Journal (London).



WORKS ON THE NATURE OF RELIGION

PLATO. Phaedo; Phaedrus; Republic.

HUME, DAVID. Natural History of Religion (vol. ii of Green and Grose's ed. of Hume's Essays, London, 1882); Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (ibid.).

KANT, IMMANUEL. Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft (Koenigsberg, 1793; in new ed. of his Works, Berlin, 1912).

HEGEL, G. W. F. Philosophie der Religion (Berlin, 1832; new ed., Leiden, 1890; Eng. tr., London, 1895) (cf. John Caird's Philosophy of Religion, London, 1876).

BURNOUF, E. La science des religions (3d ed., Paris, 1876; Eng. tr., London, 1888).

ARNOLD, MATTHEW. Literature and Dogma (London and New York, 1873).

PFLEIDERER, O. Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlicher Grundlage (3d ed., Berlin, 1896); Eng. tr., The Philosophy of Religion on the Basis of its History (London, 1886); Philosophy and Development of Religion (Edinburgh, 1899); Evolution and Theology, and Other Essays (Eng. tr., London and New York, 1900); Religion und Religionen (Munich, 1906); Eng. tr., Religion and Historic Faiths (New York, 1907).

GHEYN, J. VAN DEN. La science des religions (Lyon, 1886).

HARTMANN, E. VON. Religionsphilosophie (Leipzig, 1888).

MARTINEAU, J. A Study of Religion (London, 1888).

BENDER, W. Das Wesen der Religion (4th ed., Bonn, 1888).

DEUSSEN, P. Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Religionen (Leipzig, 1894; new ed., 1899-1911).

JASTROW, MORRIS, JR. The Study of Religion (London and New York, 1901).

EVERETT, C. C. The Psychological Elements of Religion (New York and London, 1902); Theism and the Christian Faith (New York and London, 1909).

JAMES, WILLIAM. The Will to Believe, and Other Essays (London and New York, 1897); Varieties of Religious Experience (London and New York, 1902); Pragmatism (London and New York, 1907); A Pluralistic Universe (New York, 1909).

ROYCE, JOSIAH. Religious Aspects of Philosophy (Boston, 1886); The World and the Individual (London and New York, 1900-1901); The Sources of Religious Insight (New York, 1912).

CAIRD, E. Evolution of Religion (London and New York, 1893).

LA GRASSERIE, RAOUL DE. De la psychologie des religions (Paris, 1899).

BOUSSET, W. What is Religion? (Eng. tr., New York and London, 1907).

HOeFFDING, H. Philosophy of Religion (Eng. tr., London and New York, 1906).

PERRY, R. B. The Approach to Philosophy, chaps. iii, iv, vii (New York, 1905).

SANTAYANA, G. Reason in Religion (vol. iii of his Life of Reason) (New York, 1905).

KING, IRVING. Development of Religion (New York, 1910).

LEUBA, J. H. A Psychological Study of Religion (New York, 1912).

KANT, IMMANUEL. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (4th ed., Riga, 1797), and see his Collected Works (Berlin, 1912- ).

MARTINEAU, JAMES. The Relations between Ethics and Religion (London, 1881).

GUYAU, J. M. Esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction (Paris, 1885; 4th ed., 1896; Eng. tr., London, 1898); L'irreligion de l'avenir (Paris, 1887).

PALMER, G. H. The Field of Ethics (Boston, 1901).

OTTO, R. Naturalism and Religion (Eng. tr., London and New York, 1909).

GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE WORKS

CICERO. De Fato and De Natura Deorum.

BROSSES, C. de. Du culte des dieux fetiches (Paris or Geneva, 1760).

DUPUIS, C. F. Origine de tous les cultes, ou religion universelle (Paris, 1794; new ed., 1870).

MEINERS, C. Allgemeine kritische Geschichte der Religion (Hannover, 1806-1807).

WALTZ, T. Anthropologie der Naturvoelker (Leipzig, 1859-1872).

BASTIAN, A. Beitraege zur vergleichenden Psychologie (Berlin, 1868).

MUeLLER, FR. MAX. Introduction to the Science of Religion (2d ed., London, 1880); Natural Religion (London, 1890); Physical Religion (London, 1891); Anthropological Religion (London, 1892); Theosophy, or Psychological Religion (London, 1893).

SPENCER, H. Descriptive Sociology (London, 1873-1881); Principles of Sociology (London, 1879-1896); vol. i (on religious phenomena) (New York, 1882).

LIPPERT, J. Religionen der europaeischen Culturvoelker (Berlin, 1881); Allgemeine Geschichte des Priesterthums (Berlin, 1883).

REVILLE, A. Prolegomenes de l'histoire des religions (Paris, 1881; Eng. tr., London, 1884); Les religions des peuples non-civilises (Paris, 1883).

KUENEN, A. National Religions and Universal Religions (London, 1882).

CLARKE, J. F. Ten Great Religions (Boston, 1883; popular ed., 1899).

D'ALVIELLA, GOBLET. Introduction a l'histoire generale des religions (Brussels, 1887); Origin and Growth of the Conception of God (London, 1892); Croyances, rites, institutions (Paris, 1911).

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. Chantepie de. Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte (Freiburg, 1887-1888; Eng. tr. of vol. i, London, 1892; 2d ed., 1897).

TYLOR, E. B. Researches into the Early History of Mankind (London, 1878); Primitive Culture (3d ed., London, 1891 and 1903).

The Hibbert Lectures (London and New York, 1878-1894).

The Gifford Lectures (London and New York, 1890-).

USENER, H. Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen (Bonn, 1889); Goetternamen (Bonn, 1896).

FRAZER, J. G. The Golden Bough (London, 1890; 3d ed., 1906-1911); Early History of the Kingship (London, 1905).

KING, J. H. The Supernatural (London, 1892).

Article "Fetishism" in Hastings's Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

TRUMBULL, H. C. The Blood-Covenant (New York, 1893); The Threshold-Covenant (New York, 1896).

MARILLIER, L. La survivance de l'lame et l'idee de justice chez les peuples non-civilises (Paris, 1894); L'origine des dieux [criticism of Grant Allen's Evolution of the Idea of God] (Paris, 1899).

STEINMETZ, S. R. Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe (Leiden and Leipzig, 1894).

TIELE, C. P. Geschichte der Religion im Alterthum bis auf Alexander den Grossen (Germ. tr., Gotha, 1895; ed. Gehrich, Gotha, 1896-1903).

MENZIES, A. History of Religion (London and New York, 1895; New York, 1906).

Religious Systems of the World (London, 1896; new ed., 1902).

CARPENTER, J. E. Place of Christianity among the Religions of the World (London, 1904).

Orientalische Religionen (in Die Kultur der Gegenwart) (Berlin and Leipzig, 1906).

BLOOMFIELD, M. The Symbolic Gods (in Studies in Honor of B. L. Gildersleeve) (Baltimore, 1902).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (London, 1896; 2d ed., 1902); Introduction to the Study of Comparative Religion (New York, 1908); The Idea of God in Early Religions (Cambridge, England, 1910).

JOHNSON, SAMUEL. Oriental Religions and their Relation to Universal Religion (1872-1885; Boston, 1897).

WHITE, A. D. Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (New York, 1897).

DURKHEIM, E. Definition des phenomenes religieux (in L'Annee sociologique, ii) (Paris, 1897-1898).

ALLEN, GRANT. Evolution of the Idea of God (London and New York, 1897).

TIELE, C. P. Elements of the Science of Religion (Edinburgh and London, 1897-1899).

BRINTON, D. G. Religions of Primitive Peoples (New York and London, 1897).

RATZEL, F. History of Mankind (Eng. tr., London, 1898).

LANG, A. Custom and Myth (London, 1884); Myth, Ritual and Religion (2d ed., 1899); The Making of Religion (2d ed., London, 1900).

ANDREE, R. Die Flutsagen (Braunschweig, 1891).

USENER, H. Die Sintfluthsagen (Bonn, 1899).

WOODS, F. H. Article "Flood" (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible) (Edinburgh and New York, 1900).

SUTHERLAND, A. The Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct (London and New York, 1898).

LA GRASSERIE, RAOUL DE. Des religions comparees au point de vue sociologique (Paris, 1899).

INGRAM, J. K. Outline of the History of Religion (London, 1900).

LORD AVEBURY (Sir John Lubbock). Prehistoric Times (6th ed., London, 1900).

HIRN, Y. Origins of Art (London, 1900).

ELLIS, HAVELOCK. Studies in the Psychology of Sex (London, 1900; and Philadelphia, 1904-1910).

MORRIS, MISS M. The Economic Study of Religion (in Journal of the American Oriental Society, xxiv) (New Haven, 1903).

REINACH, S. Cultes, mythes et religions (Paris, 1905-1908).

HOPKINS, E. W. The Universality of Religion (in Journal of the American Oriental Society, xxv) (New Haven, 1904).

JORDAN, L. H. Comparative Religion, its Genesis and Growth (Edinburgh, 1905).

DIETERICH, A. Mutter Erde, ein Versuch ueber Volksreligion (Leipzig and Berlin, 1905).

FARNELL, L. R. Evolution of Religion (London and New York, 1905).

DULAURE, J. A. Des divinites generatrices (2d ed., Paris, 1905).

REITZENSTEIN, R. Hellenistische Wundererzaehlungen (Leipzig, 1906).

CUMONT, F. Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain (Paris, 1907; Eng. tr., Chicago, 1911).

HAMILTON, MARY. Incubation (London, 1906).

HOBHOUSE, L. T. Morals in Evolution (London and New York, 1906).

Article "Art" in Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh and New York, 1908).

PERROT AND CHIPIEZ. Histoire de l'art dans l'antiquite (Paris, 1882-1911; Eng. tr., London and New York, 1883-1890).

MEYER, EDOUARD. Geschichte des Altertums (2d ed., Stuttgart and Berlin, 1907-1909).

WESTERMARCK, E. Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (London, 1908).

PREUSS, K. T. Ursprung der Religion und Kunst.

WEBSTER, H. Primitive Secret Societies (New York, 1908); Rest-Days: a Sociological Study (reprinted from University Studies) (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1911).

CONDER, C. R. The Rise of Man (London and New York, 1908).

PLOSS, H. H. Das Kind (Stuttgart, 1876); Das Weib, ed. M. Bartels (Leipzig, 1902).

HARTLAND, E. S. Primitive Paternity (London, 1909).

FRAZER, J. G. Psyche's Task [influence of superstition on the growth of institutions] (London, 1909).

REINACH, S. Orpheus (Paris, 1909; Eng. tr., revised by the author, London and New York, 1909).

FROBENIUS, L. Childhood of Man (Eng. tr., London and Philadelphia, 1909).

THOMAS, W. I. Source-Book for Social Origins (Chicago and London. 1909).

MARETT, R. R. The Threshold of Religion (London [1909]).

SELIGMANN, S. Der boese Blick und Verwandtes (Berlin, 1910).

ELWORTHY, F. T. Article "Evil Eye" (in Hastings's Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics).

BOEHMER, J. Religions-Urkunden der Voelker (Leipzig).

Article "Cosmogony and Cosmology" in Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (Oxford, 1912).

CRAWLEY, A. E. Articles "Cursing and Blessing," "Dress," and "Eating the God," ibid.

Articles "Dwarfs and Pygmies," "Dualism," "Fate," "Calendar," "Feasting," "Fasting," "Festivals and Fasts," ibid.

SCHNEIDER, H. Religion und Philosophie (Leipzig, 1912).

CARPENTER, J. Estlin. Comparative Religion (London and New York, 1913(?)).

WORKS ON TOTEMISM AND EXOGAMY

MORGAN, L. H. Ancient Society (London, 1877).

SPENCER, H. Principles of Sociology, i, Sec. 171 ff. (London and New York, 1882).

HAHN, ED. Die Haustiere (Leipzig, 1896); Demeter und Baubo (Luebeck, 1897).

TYLOR, E. B. Remarks on Totemism, Journal of the Anthropological Institute (1899).

PIKLER AND SOMLO. Ursprung des Totemismus (Berlin, 1900).

HARTLAND, E. S. Totemism and Some Recent Discoveries, Folklore (1900).

DURKHEIM, E. La prohibition de l'inceste et ses origines, L'Annee sociologique, i (Paris, 1896-1897); Sur le totemisme, L'Annee sociologique, v (1900-1901).

ZAPLETAL, V. Totemismus und die Religion Israels (Freiburg (Swiss), 1901).

HILL-TOUT, C. Origin of Totemism among the Aborigines of British Columbia, Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (2d Series, 1901-1902 and 1903-1904).

SMITH, W. R. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (2d ed., London, 1903) (criticized by Noeldeke in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlaendischen Gesellschaft, 1886).

LANG, A. Social Origins (London, 1903); Secret of the Totem (London, 1905); Australian Problems (in Anthropological Essays presented to Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (2d ed., London, 1902).

MARILLIER, L. La place du totemisme dans l'evolution religieuse [criticism of Jevons], Revue de l'histoire des religions, xxxvi, xxxvii (Paris, 1897-1898); article "Totem" (in La Grande Encyclopedie) (Paris, 1886-1902).

WUNDT, W. Mythus und Religion (in his Voelkerpsychologie, Leipzig, 1908-1910).

CRAWLEY, A. E. Exogamy and the Mating of Cousins (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).

RIVERS, W. H. H. On the Origin of the Classificatory System of Relationships (in Essays presented to Tylor, 1907).

THOMAS, N. W. La survivance du culte totemique ... dans le pays de Galles, Revue de l'histoire des religions, xxxviii (Paris); Origin of Exogamy (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).

GOMME, G. L. Totemism in Britain, Archaeological Review (London, 1889).

GOLDENWEISER, A. A. Totemism, an Analytical Study, Journal of American Folklore (Boston and New York, 1910).

FRAZER, J. G. Totemism and Exogamy (London, 1910).

WORKS ON TABOO

FRAZER, J. G. Article "Taboo" (in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed.).

CRAWLEY, A. E. Mystic Rose (London, 1902); Exogamy and the Mating of Cousins (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).

GENNEP, A. VAN. Tabou et totemisme a Madagascar (Paris, 1904).

HODSON, T. C. The Genna amongst the Tribes of Assam, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxvi (London, 1906).

MARILLIER, L. Article "Tabou" (in La Grande Encyclopedie) (Paris).

TYLOR, E. B. Early History of Mankind, p. 129 ff. (3d ed., London, 1878).

FRAZER, J. G. Lectures on the Early History of the Kingship [holds that taboo is a negative magic] (London, 1905); Taboo and the Perils of the Soul (part ii of 3d ed. of the Golden Bough) (London, 1911).

MARETT, R. R. Is Taboo a Negative Magic? (in Essays presented to Tylor) (Oxford, 1907) [reply to Frazer].

THOMAS, N. W. Article "Taboo" (in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed.).

GAIT, E. A. Article "Caste" (in Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics) (Edinburgh and New York, 1911).

TAYLOR, R. New Zealand (London, 1870).

ALEXANDER, W. D. Brief History of the Hawaiian People (New York, 1892).

The Hebrew Sabbath as a Taboo Day

TOY, C. H. The Earliest Form of the Hebrew Sabbath, Journal of Biblical Literature (Boston, 1899).

DRIVER, S. R. Article "Sabbath" (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible) (Edinburgh and New York, 1902).

PINCHES, T. G. Sapattu, the Babylonian Sabbath, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology (London, 1904).

ZIMMERN, H. Comments on Pinches's article, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlaendischen Gesellschaft (Leipzig, 1904).

MEINHOLD, J. Sabbat und Woche in Alten Testament (Goettingen, 1905).

WEBSTER, H. Rest Days: a Sociological Study, University Studies (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1911).

ON MAGIC

Articles in La Grande Encyclopedie (Paris); Encyclopaedia Britannica (London, 11th ed.); Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines (Paris).

TYLOR, E. B. Researches into the Early History of Mankind, p. 129 (3d ed., London, 1878); Primitive Culture, Index, s.v. (3d ed., London, 1891).

KING, J. H. The Supernatural, bk. ii, chap. iii f. (London, 1892).

DAVIES, T. WITTON. Magic, Divination, and Demonology (London, 1898).

TIELE, C. P. Elements of the Science of Religion, Index, s.v. (Edinburgh and London, 1899).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion, Index, s.v. (London, 1896; 2d. ed., 1902).

LANO, A. Magic and Religion (London, 1901).

HOBHOUSE, L. T. Morals in Evolution, Index, s.v. (London and New York, 1906).

HADDON, A. C. Magic and Fetishism (London, 1906).

WESTERMARCK, E. Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v. (London, 1908).

HUBERT AND MAUSS. In L'Annee sociologique, vii (Paris, 1902-1903).

REINACH, S. Orpheus, Index, s.v. (Paris, 1909; Eng. tr., London and New York, 1909).

FRAZER, J. G. Early History of the Kingship, Index, s.v. (London, 1905).

MARETT, R. R. Is Taboo a Negative Magic? (in Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).

HARRISON, MISS J. E. Chap. iv of her Themis (Cambridge, England, 1912).

Egypt

ERMAN, A. Life in Ancient Egypt (Eng. tr., London, 1894).

BUDGE, E. A. WALLIS. Egyptian Magic (London, 1899).

WIEDEMANN, A. Magie und Zauberei im alten Aegypten (Leipzig, 1905).

BREASTED, J. H. History of Egypt, Index, s.v. (New York, 1905).

Babylonia and Assyria

KING, L. W. Babylonian Magic and Sorcery (London, 1896).

JASTROW, M. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898); Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens (Giessen, 1906- ).

FOSSEY, CH. La magie assyrienne (Paris, 1902).

Jewish

Articles in Encyclopaedia Biblica (London and New York); Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh and London); Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London).

SCHUeRER, E. Geschichte des juedischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi (3d ed., Leipzig, 1901); Eng. tr., History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, Index. s.v. (New York, 1891).

BLAU, L. Das alt-juedische Zauberwesen (Strassburg, 1898).

Arabia and Modern Egypt

WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes, Index, s.v. (Berlin, 1897).

LANE, E. W. The Thousand and One Nights, Index (London, 1883).

Finnish

CASTREN, M. A. Finnische Mythologie (Germ. tr., St. Petersburg, 1853).

India

BLOOMFIELD, M. Eng. tr. of the Atharva-Veda (in Sacred Books of the East) (Oxford).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India, Index, s.v. (Boston and London, 1895).

Greek

HARRISON, MISS J. E. Themis, a Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion (Cambridge, England, 1912).

Roman

APULEIUS. Metamorphoses.

FRIEDLAeNDER, L. Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms (8th ed., Leipzig, 1910); Eng. tr., Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire, Index (London and New York, ca. 1903).

WISSOWA, G. Religion und Kultus der Roemer (Muenchen, 1902).

FOWLER, W. W. Religious Experience of the Roman People, Index (London, 1911).

Teutonic

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index, s.v. (Boston and London, 1902).

Noncivilized Peoples

ELLIS, A. B. Tshi (London, 1887); Eẃe (London, 1890); Yoruba (London, 1894).

CODRINGTON, R. H. The Melanesians, Index, s.v. (Oxford, 1891).

SPENCER AND GILLEN. Native Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1899); Northern Tribes of Central Australia [the Intichiuma ceremonies] (London, 1904).

HOWITT, A. W. Native Tribes of South-East Australia (London, 1904).

HOLLIS, A. C. The Masai, Index (Oxford, 1905); The Nandi, Index (Oxford, 1909).

WESTERMARCK, E. L'ar, or the Transference of Conditional Curses in Morocco (in Essays presented to Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).

SELIGMANN, C. G. Melanesians of British New Guinea, Index (Cambridge, England, 1910).

BROWN, G. Melanesians and Polynesians, Index (London, 1910).

DIXON, R. B. The Northern Maidu (New York, 1905); The Shasta (New York, 1907).

SKEAT, W. W. Malay Magic (London, 1900).

RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas (London. 1906).

CROOKE, W. Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, Index

(London, 1896).

TEIT, J. Traditions of the Thompson River Indians of British Columbia, Index (Boston and New York, 1898).

BELL, H. H. J. Obeah: Witchcraft in the West Indies (2d ed., London, 1893).

ON DIVINATION

La Grande Encyclopedie (Paris), article "Divination."

Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.), articles "Divination" and "Oracle."

Encyclopaedia Biblica (London and New York), article "Divination."

Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh and New York), articles "Divination" and "Soothsaying."

Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London), articles "Divination," "Astrology," "Necromancy."

CICERO. De Divinatione.

PLUTARCH. De Pythiae Oraculis; De Defectu Oraculorum.

MANILIUS. Astronomica (ed. Theod. Breiter, Leipzig, 1907-1908).

FIRMICUS MATERNUS. Matheseos Libri viii (ed. Pruckner, Basel, 1551); bks. i-iv and bk. v, proem (ed. Kroll and Skutch, Leipzig, 1897).

TYLOR, E. B. Primitive Culture, Index (London, 1891).

KING, J. H. The Supernatural (London, 1892).

ERMAN, A. Handbook of Egyptian Religion (Eng. tr., London, 1907).

JASTROW, M., JR. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston and London, 1898; and the German ed., Giessen, 1906- ); Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria (New York and London, 1911).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India, pp. 256, 328 (Boston and London, 1895).

STENGEL AND OEMICHEN. Die griechischen Sakralaltertuemer (Munich, 1890).

BOUCHE-LECLERCQ. Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquite (Paris, 1879-1882); L'astrologie grecque (Paris, 1899).

DAREMBERG AND SAGLIO. Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines, articles "Divinatio" and "Haruspices" (Paris, 1873-1884).

FARNELL, L. R. Cults of the Greek States, iv, 179 ff. (Oxford, 1896-1909) (Oracles); Greece and Babylon, Index, s.v. (Edinburgh, 1911).

GARDNER AND JEVONS. Greek Antiquities (London, 1895).

WISSOWA, G. Religion und Kultus der Roemer (Muenchen, 1902).

FOWLER, W. W. Religious Experience of the Roman People (London, 1911).

Article "Sibylla" (by Buchholz in Roscher's Lexikon).

CUMONT, FR. Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans (New York and London, 1912).

WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes (Berlin, 1897).

Article "Celts" in Hastings's Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh and New York, 1911).

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index (Boston and London, 1902).

GROOT, J. J. M. DE. Religious System of China (Leiden, 1892-1907).

Articles "Ancestor-worship," "Ahoms," "Bantu" in Hastings's Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

TURNER, G. Samoa, Index (London, 1884).

FURNESS, W. H. 3d. Home Life of Borneo Head-hunters (Philadelphia, 1902).

RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas, Index (London, 1906).

THURSTON, E. Omens and Superstitions of Southern India (London, 1912).

ELLIS, A. B. Tshi (London, 1887).

CALLAWAY, H. Religious System of the Amazulu (Natal, 1868-1870).

Article "Dreams and Sleep" in Hastings's Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

ON FOLKLORE

See periodicals mentioned above, p. 587.

FRAZER, J. G. Golden Bough (3d ed., London, 1911).

KEIGHTLY, T. Fairy Mythology (2d ed., London, 1850).

MACCULLOCH, J. A. Article "Fairy" (in Hastings's Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics).

MANNHARDT, J. W. E. Wald- und Feldkulte (Berlin, 1877).

History of the AEsopic Fable (in Caxton's AEsop, ed. Jos. Jacob) (London, 1889).

JACOBS, J. Migration of Fables (Introduction to his Fables of Pilpay) (London, 1888); Fables of AEsop (London, 1894).

HARTLAND, E. S. Science of Fairy Tales (London, 1891); Folk-lore, what is it? (London, 1897); Mythology and Folktales (London, 1900).

GOMME, G. L. Ethnology in Folklore (London, 1892); Folklore as an Historical Science (London, 1908).

GENNEP, A. VAN. La formation des legendes (Paris, 1910).

Bibliotheca Diabolica (New York, 1874).

CARUS, P. History of the Devil and of the Idea of Evil (Chicago, 1900).

Oceania

BATCHELOR, J. The Ainu and their Folklore (London, 1901).

SEIDENAGEL, C. W. Language spoken by the Bontoc-Igorot [of Luzon] (Chicago, 1909).

EMERSON, N. B. Unwritten Literature of Hawaii (Washington, 1909).