And now, gentlemen, I should like to say a few words on the subject of that unfortunate submarine campaign which was undoubtedly the beginning of the end, and to set forth the reasons which in this case, as in many other instances, forced us to adopt tactics not in accordance with our own convictions. Shortly after my appointment as Minister the idea of unrestricted submarine warfare began to take form in German minds. The principal advocate of this plan was Admiral Tirpitz. To the credit of the former Reichskansler, Bethmann-Hollweg, be it said that he was long opposed to the idea, and used all means and every argument to dissuade others from adopting so perilous a proceeding. In the end he was forced to give way, as was the case with all politicians who came in conflict with the all-powerful military party. Admiral Holtzendorff came to us at that time, and the question was debated from every point of view in long conferences lasting for hours. My then ministerial colleagues, Tisza and Clam, as well as myself were entirely in agreement with Emperor Charles in rejecting the proposal, and the only one who then voted unreservedly in favour of it was Admiral Haus. It should here be noted that the principal German argument at that time was not the prospect of starving England into submission, but the suggestion that the Western front could not be held unless the American munition transports were sunk—that is to say, the case for the submarine campaign was then based chiefly on a point of technical military importance and nothing else. I myself earnestly considered the question then of separating ourselves from Germany on this point; with the small number of U-boats at our disposal it would have made but little difference had we on our part refrained. But another point had here to be considered. If the submarine campaign was to succeed in the northern waters it must be carried out at the same time in the Mediterranean. With this latter water unaffected the transports would have been sent via Italy, France and Dover to England, and the northern U-boat campaign would have been paralysed. But in order to carry on submarine war in the Adriatic we should have to give the Germans access to our bases, such as Pola, Cattaro and Trieste, and by so doing we were de facto partaking in the submarine campaign ourselves. If we did not do it, then we were attacking Germany in the rear by hindering their submarine campaign—that is to say, it would bring us into direct conflict with Germany. Therefore, albeit sorely against our will, we agreed, not convinced by argument, but unable to act otherwise.

And now, gentlemen, I hasten to conclude. I have but a few words to say as to the present. From time to time reports have appeared in the papers to the effect that certain gentlemen were preparing disturbances in Switzerland, and I myself have been mentioned as one of them. I am doubtful whether there is any truth at all in these reports; as for myself, I have not been outside this country for the last nine months. As, however, my contradiction on this head itself appears to have given rise to further misunderstandings, I will give you my point of view here briefly and, as I hope, clearly enough. I am most strongly opposed to any attempt at revolt. I am convinced that any such attempt could only lead to civil war—a thing no one would wish to see. I am therefore of opinion that the Republican Government must be maintained untouched until the German-Austrian people as a whole has taken its decision. But this can only be decided by the German people. Neither the Republic nor the Monarchy is in itself a dogma of democracy. The Kingdom of England is as democratic as republican Switzerland. I know no country where men enjoy so great freedom as in England. But it is a dogma of democracy that the people itself must determine in what manner it will be governed, and I therefore repeat that the final word can only be spoken by the constitutional representative body. I believe that I am here entirely at one with the present Government. There are two methods of ascertaining the will of the people: either each candidate for the representative body stands for election on a monarchical or a republican platform, in which case the majority of the body itself will express the decision; or the question of Monarchy or Republic can be decided by a plebiscite. It is matter of common knowledge that I myself have had so serious conflicts with the ex-Kaiser that any co-operation between us is for all time an impossibility. No one can, therefore, suspect me of wishing on personal grounds to revert to the old regime. But I am not one to juggle with the idea of democracy, and its nature demands that the people itself should decide. I believe that the majority of German-Austria is against the old regime, and when it has expressed itself to this effect the furtherance of democracy is sufficiently assured.

And with this, gentlemen, I have finished what I proposed to set before you. I vainly endeavoured to make peace together with Germany, but I was not unsuccessful in my endeavours to save the German-Austrians from ultimately coming to armed conflict with Germany. I can say this, and without exaggeration, that I have defended the German alliance as if it had been my own child, and I do not know what would have happened had I not done so. Andrassy's "extra turn" at the last moment showed the great mass of the public how present a danger was that of war with Germany. Had the same experiment been made six months before it would have been war with Germany; would have made Austria a scene of war.

There are evil times in store for the German people, but a people of many millions cannot perish and will not perish. The day will come when the wounds of this war begin to close and heal, and when that day comes a better future will dawn.

The Austrian armies went forth in the hour of war to save Austria. They have not availed to save it. But if out of this ocean of blood and suffering a better, freer and nobler world arise, then they will not have died in vain, all those we loved who now lie buried in cold alien earth; they died for the happiness, the peace and the future of the generations to come.

FOOTNOTES:

[11] Translated from the German text given by Count Czernin, no English text being available.



INDEX

Adler, Dr. Victor, a discussion with, 27 and the Socialist Congress at Stockholm, 168 and Trotski, 234, 235

Adrianople, cession of, 268

Aehrenthal, Franz Ferdinand and, 40 policy of expansion, 5

Air-raids on England, cause of, 16 their effect, 167

Albania, and the Peace of Bucharest, 6 Queen Elizabeth of Roumania and, 92

Albrecht von Wuertemberg, 39

Alsace-Lorraine, Bethmann on, 74 cession of, demanded by Entente, 165 conquest of, a curse to Germany, 15 Emperor Charles's offer to Germany, 75 France insists on restoration of, 170 Germany and, 71, 158, 159

Ambassadors and their duties, 97, 110

America and the U-boat campaign, 116, 119, 120 enters the war, 17, 148 rupture with Germany, 127 shipbuilding programme of, 291 unpreparedness for war, 122 (Cf. United States)

American Government, Count Czernin's Note to, 279 et seq.

Andrassy, Count, and Roumanian peace negotiations, 260 declares a separate peace, 24, 25 German Nationalist view of his action, 25

Andrian at Nordbahnhof, 219

Anti-Roumanian party and its leader, 77

Arbitration, courts of, 171, 176, 177

Arion, Roumanian Foreign Minister, 322

Armaments, pre-war fever for, 3

Armand-Revertera negotiations, the, 164, 169

Asquith, a warlike speech by, 181

Austria-Hungary, a rejected proposal decides fate of, 2 and Albania, 6 and cession of Galicia, 145 and question of separate peace, 27, 164, 170 and the U-boat campaign, 124, 125, 149, 334 ceases to exist, 179 consequences of a separate peace, 24 death-blow to Customs dues, 168 declaration on submarine warfare, 279 democratic Parliament of, 306 enemy's secret negotiations for peace, 141, 162 food troubles and strikes in, 238, 239, 241, 314 her army merged into German army, 21 her position before and after the ultimatum, 13 heroism of her armies, 336 impossibility of a separate peace for, 19, 21 et seq. maritime trade obstructed by blockade, 280 mobilisation and its difficulties, 8, 9 obstinate attitude after Sarajevo tragedy, 8 parlous position of, in 1917, 188 peace negotiations with Roumania, 259, 318 peace terms to, 179 policy during war, Count Czernin on, 325 racial problems in, 190 separatist tactics in, 164 Social Democracy in, 21, 31 terms on which she could make peace, 29 the Archdukes, 22 views on a "tripartite solution" of Polish question, 201

Austrian Delegation, Count Czernin's speech to, 298 et seq.

Austrian Government and the Ukrainian question, 242, 245

Austrian Navy, the, Franz Ferdinand and, 50

Austrian Ruthenians, leader of, 247

Austro-Hungarian demands at Bucharest negotiations, 319

Austro-Hungarian army, General Staff of, 22 inferiority of, 21

Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the, and foreign policy, 134 peace idea of, 174

Austro-Polish question, the, and the Ukrainian demands, 242 no bar to peace, 331 solution of, 200 et seq.

Avarescu, interview with, 263 retirement of, 323

B

Baernreither, his views of a separate peace, 230

Balkan Wars, the, 6

Balkans, the, troubles in: attitude of German Emperor, 68

Baralong episode, the, 133

Bathurst, Captain, and consumption of breadstuffs, 295 on an "un-English" system, 296

Bauer, Dr., German-Austrian Secretary of State, 18

Bauer, Herr, houses Trotski's library, 235

Bavarian troops enter into the Tyrol, 27

Belgian neutrality violated by Germany, 14

Belgian question, the, Germany ready for negotiations with England on, 180

Belgium, England's promise to, 14 German entry into, 14 Germany's views regarding, 157, 158

Belgium, invasion of, changes England's policy, 2

Benckendorff, Count, at London Conference, 275

Benedict XV, Pope, Austria's answer to peace Note of, 175 German reply to, 333 proposals for peace by, 167, 177

Berchtold, Count, and Franz Ferdinand, 43, 44 and the Roumanian question, 77 criticised by pro-war party at Vienna, 33 ultimatum to Serbia, 7 vacillation of, 10

Berlin, Byzantine atmosphere of, 62, 66 the English Ambassador demands his passport, 14

Bessarabia, Bolshevism in, 265

Bethmann-Hollweg, and Austria's willingness to cede Galicia, 146 and the Supreme Military Command, 156 draws up a peace proposal, 139 opposes U-boat warfare, 115, 334 optimistic view of U-boat campaign, 151 et seq. replies to author's expose, 150 requests Vienna Cabinet to accept negotiations, 8 visits Western front, 73

Bilinski, Herr von, and the future of Poland, 205

Bismarck, Prince, and the invincibility of the army, 17 and William II., 52 dealings with William I., 65 heritage of, becomes Germany's curse, 15 his policy of "blood and iron," 15

Bizenko, Madame, murders General Sacharow, 220

Blockade, enemies feeling the grip of, 297 of Germany, 280 why established by Great Britain, 281

Bohemia as a possible theatre of war: author's reflections on, 24

Bolsheviks and the Kieff Committee, 245

Bolsheviks, dastardly behaviour of, 249 destruction wrought in Ukraine, 252 enter Kieff, 248, 249

Bolshevism, Czernin on, 216, 221 in Bessarabia, 265 in Russia, 211, 216, 229 terrorism of, 226 the Entente and, 273

Bosnia, as compensation to Austria, 207

Bozen, proposals for cession of, 170, 173

Bratianu, a tactless proceeding by, 112 apprises author of Sarajevo tragedy, 86 collapse of, 99 Ministry of, 88 on Russia, 263 reproaches author, 96

"Bread peace," origin of the term, 257

Brest-Litovsk, a dejected Jew at, 225 a victory for German militarism, 193 answer to Russian peace proposals, 224 arrival of Trotski at, 232 conflict with Ukrainians at, 235 episode of Roumanian peace, 260 evacuation of occupied areas: difficulties of, 312 first peace concluded at, 249 frontier question, 208 further Ukrainian representation at, 300 heated discussions at, 228 object of negotiations at, 305 peace negotiations at, 218 et seq., 311 Russians threaten to withdraw from, 227 territorial questions at, 235, 236, 245 Ukrainian delegation and their claims, 208, 231, 314

Briand, peace negotiations with, 182

Brinkmann, Major, transmits Petersburg information to German delegation, 230

British losses by submarines, 290 trade, and result of submarine warfare, 291

Bronstein and Bolshevism, 211

Brotfrieden ("Bread peace"), 257

Bucharest, fall of, 99 report of peace negotiations at, 318 Zeppelin attacks on, 101 et seq.

Bucharest, Peace of, 6, 82, 100, 258 et seq., 270

Budapest, author's address to party leaders at, 174 demonstrations against Germany in, 233

Buftea, Treaty of, 323

Bulgaria, a dispute with Turkey, 268 and the Dobrudsha question, 263, 323 her relations with America, 125 humiliation of, 6 negotiations with the Entente, 162, 163, 269 question of her neutrality, 10 secession of, 183

Bulgarian representatives at Brest, 223

Buelow, Prince, exposes William II., 54

Burian, Count, 106, 200 and the division of Galicia, 244 draws up a peace proposal, 139 his Red Book on Roumania, 98, 114 succeeded by author, 114 visits German headquarters, 210

Busche, von dem, and territorial concessions, 107

C

Cachin, his attitude at French Socialist Congress, 214

Cambon, M., attends the London Conference, 275

Capelle and U-boats, 132

Carmen Sylva (see Elizabeth, Queen of Roumania)

Carol, King, a fulfilled prophecy of, 88 and Serbia, 12 last days of, 90 peculiar policy of Government of, 81 tactfulness of, 79 Tsar's visit to, 88 urges acceptance of ultimatum, 90 visited by Franz Ferdinand, 79

Carp, 82, 87, 94

Catarau, and the crime at Debruzin, 89

Central-European question, the, 209 the terror of the Entente, 172

Central Powers and the Bratianu Ministry, 97 enemy blockade of, 132 favourable news in 1917, 143 why they adopted submarine warfare, 281 et seq.

Charles VIII., Emperor, and Franz Ferdinand, 41 and problem of nationality, 192 and the principle of ministerial responsibility, 56 and the Ukrainian question, 244 apprised by author of critical condition of food supply, 237, 239 cautions the Kaiser, 321 communicates with King Ferdinand on Roumanian peace, 260 confers a title on eldest son of Franz Ferdinand, 45 correspondence with Prince Sixtus, 164 frequent absences from Vienna, 61 his ever friendly demeanour, 57, 58 invites Crown Prince to Vienna, 75 opposes U-boat warfare, 334 reinstates Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, 61 rejoices at peace with Ukraine, 249 submits author's expose to William II., 146, 332 suggests sacrifices for ending World War, 75 visits South Slav provinces, 59

Clam-Martinic, Count, and the customs question, 168 and U-boat campaign, 121 attends conference on Polish question, 206 opposes submarine warfare, 334

Clemenceau, M., and Germany, 182 and the Peace of Versailles, 272 dominant war aim of, 184, 186

Colloredo-Mannsfield, Count, at Brest-Litovsk, 236 attends conference on U-boat question, 121 meets author, 219

Compulsory international arbitration, 171, 176, 177

Conrad, Chief of the General Staff, 44

Constantinople, an Entente group in, 163

Corday, Charlotte, cited, 227

Cossacks, the, 212

Courland demanded by Germany, 249

Crecianu, Ambassador Jresnea, house damaged in Zeppelin attack on Bucharest, 103

Csatth, Alexander, mortally wounded, 89

Csicserics, Lieut. Field-Marshal, 219 at Brest-Litovsk, 236

Czechs, the, attitude of, regarding a separate peace, 24

Czernin, Count Ottokar, a candid chat with Franz Ferdinand, 43 a hostile Power's desire for peace, 141 a scene at Konopischt, 39 abused by a braggart and brawler, 83 acquaints Emperor of food shortage, 237, 239 activities for peace with Roumania, 258 et seq. ambassador to Roumania, 7 an appeal for confidence, 310 and American intervention, 123 and the reinstatement of Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, 61 and the Ukrainian question (see Ukrainian) answers explanation of an American request, 128 appeals to Germany for food, 238, 239, 329 appointed Ambassador to Bucharest, 77 apprises Berchtold of decision of Cabinet Council, 12 attends conference on U-boat warfare, 121 avoided by Pan-Germans, 160 becomes Minister for Foreign Affairs, 114 breakfasts with Kuehlmann, 230 confers with Tisza, 27, 28 conflicts with the Kaiser, 335 conversation with Trotski, 248 converses with Crown Prince, 74 criticises Michaelis, 160 decorated by King Carol, 88 disapproves of U-boat warfare, 115 dismissal of, 183, 194, 266 extracts bearing on a trip to Western front, 72 friction with the Emperor, 210, 215 his hopes of a peace of understanding, 20 et seq., 174, 209, 217, 331, 333 imparts peace terms to Marghiloman, 266 informs Emperor of proceedings at Brest, 229 interviews King Ferdinand, 264 issues passports for Stockholm Conference, 168, 333 journeys to Brest-Litovsk, 218 learns of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, 86 loss of a dispatch-case, 98 loyalty to Germany, 327 lunches with Prince of Bavaria, 222 meets the Emperor William II., 54 misunderstandings resulting from a speech by, 19, 23 nominated to the Herrenhaus, 46 note to American Government, 279 obtains a direct statement from William II., 57 on a separate peace, 327 on Austria's policy during war, 325 on Bolshevism, 216, 221 on President Wilson's programme, 192 on U-boat warfare, 148, 179, 334 passages of arms with Ludendorff, 247 peace programme of, 299 persecution of, 208 Polish leaders and, 205 President Wilson on, 193 private talk with the Emperor, 124 sends in his resignation, 23 sets interned prisoners at liberty, 95, 96 speech to Austrian Delegation, 298 et seq. threatens a separate peace with Russia, 228 unfounded charges against, 162 urges sacrifice of Alsace-Lorraine, 71 William II.'s gift to, 64 with Emperor Charles visits Eastern front, 57

D

Danube Monarchy, the, a vital condition for existence of Hungarian State, 202 dangers of a political structure for, 202

Debruzin, sensational crime at, 88

Declaration of London, the, 280

D'Esperey, General Franchet, and Karolyi, 260

Deutsch, Leo, and the Marxian Social Democrats, 211

Devonport, Lord, on the food question, 296

Disarmament, negotiations respecting, 4 international, 171, 176, 177, 308 question of, 181

Divorces in Roumania, 85

Dobrudsha, the, acquisition of, 82 assigned to Bulgaria, 268, 269 cession of, at peace with Roumania, 323 King Ferdinand and, 265 Marghiloman's view on, 266 question discussed with Avarescu, 263 Turkish attitude concerning, 268

Dualism, the curse of, 137

E

East Galicia, cession of, demanded by Ukrainians, 240 et seq.

"Echinstvo" group, the, 211

Edward VII., King, and Emperor Francis Joseph, 1, 2 and William II., 63 encircling policy of, 1, 63

Elizabeth, Queen of Roumania, a word-picture by, 91 an operation for cataract, 93 her devotion to King Carol, 92

Ellenbogen, Dr., and Socialist Conference at Stockholm, 168 plain speaking by, 26

England, an effort at rapprochement with Germany and its failure, 180 and dissolution of military power in Germany, 184 and the elder Richthofen, 246 attitude of, at beginning of World War, 15, 16 blockade of, by U-boats, 142, 151 bread shortage in, 295 declares war on Germany, 14 discards Declaration of London, 280 distress in, from U-boat warfare, 145 distrust of Germany's intentions in, 185 dread of gigantic growth of Germany in, 1 Flotow's tribute to, 120 food supply of, 293 freedom in, 335 her desire to remain neutral at opening of war, 2 negotiates with Germany on naval disarmament, 4 public opinion in, after Sarajevo tragedy, 8 refusal to restore German colonies, 166, 170 shortage of potatoes in, 296 the Pacifist party in, 167 "unbending resolve" of, to shatter Germany, 31, 32, 71

English mentality, a typical instance of, 4

English Socialists, 214

Entente, the, adheres to Pact of London, 209, 217 and arming of merchant vessels, 286 and Italy, 27 and the trial of William II., 66 answers President Wilson, 118, 120 as instruments in a world revolution, 273 Austria pressed to join, 2 demands abolition of German militarism, 165, 170, 171, 173 desire of final military victory, 164 exterminates Prussian militarism, 273 impression on, of author's speech at Budapest, 178 mine-laying by, 130 peace proposals to, 19, 20 rejects first peace offer, 115 suspicious of Germany's plans, 3 their "unbending resolve" to shatter Germany, 31, 326 views as to peace, 170

Enver Pasha, his influence in Turkey, 233, 269

Erzberger, Herr, agrees with "Czernin scheme", 185, 333 and author's secret report to the Emperor, 155 (note)

Espionage in Roumania, 97

Esterhazy succeeds Tisza, 136

Esthonia demanded by Germany, 249, 317

Eugen, Archduke, 22

Europe after the war, 175

European tension, beginnings of, 1

F

Fasciotti, Baron, and Austro-Hungarian action in Belgrade, 12

Fellowes, Sir Ailwyn, admits success of U-boats, 295

Ferdinand, King of Roumania, author's interview with, 264 German opinion of, 260 Queen Elizabeth's fondness for, 93

Ferdinand of Bulgaria, King, anti-Serbian policy of, 51

Filippescu, Nikolai, a proposal by, 80

Fleck, Major, at Nordbahnhof, 219

Flotow, Baron, interview with Hohenlohe, 117 reports on German attitude on U-boat warfare, 118

Fourteen Points, Wilson's, 190 et seq., 271, 305, 306, 323 et seq.

France, and Austria: effect of Vienna troubles, 250 Bethmann's tribute to, 153 distrust of Germany's intentions in, 185 insists on restoration of Alsace-Lorraine, 170 opening of war a surprise to, 2 the Pacifist party in, 167

Francis Joseph, Emperor, a tribute to, 47 advised to accept negotiations, 8 and Franz Ferdinand, 42, 46 and the principle of ministerial responsibility, 56 author's audience with, 12 death of, 48 gives audience to author, 47 King Edward VII. and, 1, 2 on the Peace of Bucharest, 6 opposes Filippescu's scheme, 81

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, a fortune-teller's prediction concerning, 44 anti-Magyar point of view of, 38, 50 antipathy to Hungary, 35, 37, 38 as gardener, 35 as husband and father, 44, 45 dislike for the Germans of, 50 false rumours concerning, 43 fearlessness of, 45 friendships of, 39 Goluchowski and, 36 Great-Austrian programme of, 41, 49 his high opinion of Pallavicini, 5 his sense of humour, 41 makes advances to the Kaiser, 42 marriage of, 41, 44 mentality of, 35 personality of, 34 pro-Roumanian proclivities of, 77, 78, 79 tragic end of, 49 (see also Sarajevo tragedy) views on foreign policy of, 51

Freedom of the seas, 177 attacked by Entente, 280, 281 neutrals and, 284 President Wilson on, 281, 307

French Socialistic Congress, 214

Freyburg, Baron von, attends conference on U-boat question, 121

Friedrich, Archduke, a tribute to, 22 tact of, 72

Frontier rectifications, Hungary and, 258, 266, 319, 330

Fuerstenberg, Karl, a request of, refused at Vienna, 112 report on Roumanian question by, 77

G

Galicia, proposed cession of, 20, 75, 145, 159, 173, 332 partition of, 209 Tisza and, 135

Gas attacks, reason for Germany's use of, 16

Gautsch, Baron, a code telegram from, 229 at Nordbahnhof, 219

George, Lloyd, admits grave state of grain supplies, 295 and the Peace of Versailles, 272 author in agreement with, 177-8 confers with Orlando, 164 Dr. Helfferich's allusions to, 290 his desire to crush Germany, 186 influence of, 184 on disarmament, 184

George V., King, his telegram to Prince Henry of Prussia, 9

German army, the General Staff, 22

German-Austria, 179 population of, 31

German Empire, the, creation of, 15, 66

German Government, versus German Diplomacy, 10

German mentality, a typical instance of, 4 military party refuse peace, 32

German Nationalists and Count Andrassy, 25, 26

German policy founders on heritage left by Bismarck, 15

German-Russian differences as to occupied areas, 304

German Supreme Command and evacuation question, 312

Germans and a friendly attitude towards America, 122 at Brest conference, 224 attitude of, towards Poland, 203 inferior mentality of, 69 "insatiable appetite" of, 267 Lenin and, 216 oppose peace negotiations with Roumania, 260 refuse to renounce occupied territory, 226 the dynastic fidelity of, 52

Germany, a moral coalition against, 3 advocates unrestricted U-boat warfare, 115 et seq. and Alsace-Lorraine, 71 and Austro-Hungarian military action in Ukraine, 254 answers the Papal Note, 177 blind faith in invincibility of her army, 17 blockade of, and her retaliatory measures, 16 confident of victory, 23, 71 culpability of, in matter of peace, 185 decides on U-boat campaign, 124 declares Armistice with Russia at an end, 318 disillusionment of, 31 dissatisfaction in, over peace resolution in Reichstag, 156 England declares war on, 14 evil times in store for, 336 her dream of a victorious peace, 326, 331 her hopes of food shortage in England, 145 Michaelis on internal economic and political situation in, 157 military party of, 19, 327, 330, 331 negotiations respecting naval disarmament, 4 post-war intentions of, 185 restricts building of U-boats, 131 revolution in, 328 rupture with America, 127 unsuccessful effort at rapprochement, 180 violates neutrality of Belgium, 14

Goluchowski, Count, vacillation of, 36

Goerlitz, battle of, 96, 107, 329

Gratz, Dr., a good suggestion by, 248 author's discussion with, 219 on Austro-Polish solution of Polish question, 244

Great-Roumania, question of, 80

Great War, the, psychology of various cities, 197 (See World War)

Grey, Sir Edward, an interview with Lichnowsky, 7 at London Conference, 275 proposes negotiations, 8

H

Habsburgs, Empire of, the Treaty of London and, 21, 29, 33

Hadik, apathetic attitude of, 238

Hague Convention, the, 280

Haus, Admiral, favours submarine warfare, 334 in Vienna, 121

Hauser, and the question of separate peace, 230

Hebel, appointment for, 154

Helfferich, Dr., disclosures by, 161 (note) on attitude of William II. during Balkan troubles, 68 speech on submarine warfare, 151, 288 et seq.

Henry of Prussia, Prince, a telegram from King George to, 9

Hertling, Count, advised to suppress "Der Kaiser im Felde," 64 becomes Imperial Chancellor, 198 President Wilson on, 193 succeeds Michaelis, 161

Herzegovina as compensation to Austria, 207

Hindenburg, Field-Marshal, modesty of, 126 popularity of, in Germany, 17

Hoffmann, General, an unfortunate speech by, 237 and plans for outer provinces, 226 high words with Kuehlmann, 235 received by the Kaiser, 230 receives a telegram from Petersburg, 229 visited by author, 219

Hohenberg, Duchess of, 41 welcomed in Roumania, 79

Hohendorf, General Conrad von, and his responsibility for the war, 18 (note)

Hohenlohe, Prince, and settlement of Wedel's request, 127 free speech with William II., 65 report on U-boat campaign, 116, 126

Holtzendorff, Admiral, and submarine campaign, 149 arrives in Vienna, 121 guarantees results of U-boat campaign, 122, 334

Hungarian Ruthenians, Wekerle on, 243 Social Democrats, 168

Hungary and cession of her territory, 106 and Roumanian intervention, 77, 106, 107 and the alliance with Roumania, 77 et seq. demands of, at Bucharest, 319 frontier rectification question, 258, 266, 319, 330 her influence on the war, 138 indignation in, at author's appointment to Bucharest, 77 "just punishment" of, 97 opposes economical alliance with Roumania, 266, 320 question of a separate peace, 27 repellent attitude of, 107 struggle for liberty in, 202 why her army was neglected, 22

I

Imperiali, Marchese, points submitted to London Conference by, 275

International arbitration (see Arbitration)

International disarmament, 171, 176, 177

International law, Germany's breach of, in adoption of U-boat warfare, 280, 281

Internationalists, Russian, 211

Ischl, an audience with Emperor Francis Joseph at, 12

Iswolsky, 11

Italy, Allied defeat in, 183 and Albania, 6 and the Peace of Versailles, 272 Czernin on, 308 declares a blockade, 281 points submitted to London Conference, 275 stands in way of a peace of understanding, 188 ultimatum to, 12 why she entered the war, 3

J

Jaczkovics, Vicar Michael, tragic death of, 89

Jagow, Herr von, a frank disclosure by, 14

Joffe, Herr, a circular letter to Allies, 300 conversation with, at Brest, 220 criticisms on the Tsar, 227

Jonescu, Take, and the Sarajevo tragedy, 86

Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke, 22 appointed Chief of Air Force, 62 reinstatement of, 61 relinquishes his command, 62 the Luck episode, 61

K

Kameneff at Brest, 220, 316

Karachou, Leo, secretary of Peace Delegation, 303

Karl, Emperor, peace proposals to the Entente, 20

Karl of Schwarzenberg, Prince, Franz Ferdinand and, 39, 40

Karolyi and Roumanian peace negotiations, 260 his attitude before the Roumanian declaration of war, 28

Kerenski and the offensive against Central Powers, 211 newspaper report of condition of his health, 212

Kiderlen-Waechter, a satirical remark by, 63

Kieff, a mission to, 251 entered by Bolsheviks, 248, 249 in danger of a food crisis, 252 peace conditions at, 208

Kieff Committee and the Bolsheviks, 245

Kiel Week, the, 62

Kienthaler (Internationalists), 211

Konopischt and its history, 34 et seq.

Kreuznach, a conference at, 145

Kriegen, Dr. Bogdan, a fulsome work by, 64

Kuehlmann, Dr., and the food shortage, 238, 239 author's talk with, 222 difficult position of, 313 high words with Hoffman, 235 his influence, 198, 199 informed of Roumanian peace overtures, 260 on the Kaiser, 228 returns to Brest, 230

L

Lamezan, Captain Baron, at Brest-Litovsk, 233

Landwehr, General, and the food shortage, 238, 240

Lansdowne, Lord, conciliatory attitude of, 184

Larin and Menshevik Socialists, 211

League of Nations, the, 308

Lenin, author on, 216 opposed to offensive against Central Powers, 211

Leopold of Bavaria, Prince, a day's shooting with, 231 chats with author, 219

Lewicky, M., 240

Lichnowsky interviews Sir Edward Grey, 7

Liege taken by Ludendorff, 22

Lithuania, Germany and, 249

Livonia demanded by Germany, 249, 317

London, Declaration of, discarded by England, 280

London, Pact of, 20, 170, 172, 179, 328 desired amendments to, 146 text of, 21, 275 et seq.

Lublin, German demand for evacuation of, 204, 205, 206

Luck episode, the, 22, 106 Archduke Joseph Ferdinand and, 61

Ludendorff and Belgium, 186 and the Polish question, 207 candid admission by, 247 compared with enemy statesmen, 19 confident of success of U-boat warfare, 126 congratulates Hoffmann, 237 displays "a gleam of insight", 230 dominating influence of, 79, 115, 126 German hero-worship of, 17 his independent nature, 60 how he captured Liege, 22 personality of, 331

Lueger and Franz Ferdinand, 50

Luxembourg, German invasion of, 16

M

Mackensen, a fleet of Zeppelins at Bucharest, 101 failure at Maracesci, 261 headquarters at Bucharest, 105

Magyars, the, and Franz Ferdinand, 38, 50 author and, 78

Majorescu and Austria's policy, 330 and territorial concessions, 97, 206 forms a Ministry, 81

Mandazescu, arrest and extradition of, 89

Maracesci, attack on, 261

Marghiloman and co-operation of Roumania, 106 forms a Cabinet, 266, 320

Marie, Queen of Roumania, English sympathies of, 98, 99

Marne, the, first battle of, 17

Martow and the Menshevik party, 211

Martynoz, and the Russian Internationalists, 211

Medwjedew, J.G., Ukrainian delegate to Brest, 301

Mennsdorff, Ambassador, interviews General Smuts, 169

Menshevik party, the, 211

Meran, the Entente's proposals regarding, 170, 173

Merchant vessels, arming of, author on, 285

Merey meets Czernin at Brest, 219

Michaelis, Dr., appointed Imperial Chancellor, 156 defines Germany's views regarding Belgium, 157 on peace proposals, 157 Pan-Germanism of, 160

"Might before Right," Bismarckian principle of, 15

Miklossy, Bishop Stephan, marvellous escape of, 89

Militarism, German faith in, 17 England's idea of German, 166

Monarchists v. Republicans, 52

Monarchs, hypnotic complacency of, 58 et seq.

Moutet, attitude of, at French Socialist conference, 214

N

Nationality, problem of, 190 Franz Ferdinand and, 191

Naval disarmament, negotiations on, 4

Nicholas, Grand Duke, and the military party in Russia, 2

Nicolai, Tsar, Joffe on, 227

North Sea, the, blockade of, 280

Noxious gas, why used by Germany, 16

O

Odessa, in danger of a food crisis, 252

Orlando confers with Ribot and Lloyd George, 164

Otto, Archduke, brother of Franz Ferdinand, 36

P

Pallavicini, Markgraf, discusses the political situation with author, 5

Pan-Germans, 330 conditions on which they would conclude peace, 160

Pan-Russian Congress, the, 212, 213, 214

Papal Note, the, 167, 177 Austria's reply to, 175 German reply to, 333

Paris, negotiations in camera at, 271

Peace by sacrifice, 327

Peace Congress at Brest-Litovsk, 218 et seq.

Peace movement, real historical truth concerning, 186

Peace negotiations, Count Czernin on, 298 et seq. deadlock in, 182 the Pope's proposals, 167, 175, 177, 333

Peace resolution, a, and its consequences, 156

Penfield, Mr., American Ambassador to Vienna, 131

People's Socialists, the, 212

Peschechonow, Minister of Food, 212

Petersburg and the Ukraine, 309

Plechanow, Georgei, and the Russian Social Patriots, 211

Poklewski, Russian Ambassador to Roumania, 86

Poland, a conference on question of, 205 becomes a kingdom, 200 conquest of, 106 Count Czernin on, 304 Emperor Charles's offer regarding, 75 future position of, 203 German standpoint on, 203 Michaelis on, 159 re-organisation of, 145 the German demands, 244 unrepresented at Brest, and the reason, 304, 315

Poles, the, and Brest-Litovsk negotiations, 208 party divisions among, 204

Polish question, and the Central-European project, 209 difficulties of, 200

Popow, Bulgarian Minister of Justice, 223

Pro-Roumanian party and its head, 77

Prussian militarism, England's idea of, 166 extermination of, 273 fear of, 174 (See also German military party)

Q

Quadruple Alliance, the, dissension in, 250 Germany as shield of, 183 peace terms to Roumania, 262

R

Radek, a scene with a chauffeur, 237

Radoslawoff, ignorant of negotiations with Entente, 162

Randa, Lieut.-Col. Baron, a telling remark by, 104 and Roumanian peace overtures, 260, 262, 319

Reichstag, the, a peace resolution passed in, 156 demands peace without annexation, 156, 160

Renner and the Stockholm Congress, 168

Republicans v. Monarchists, 52

Ressel, Colonel, 264

Revertera negotiates for peace, 164, 169

Revolution, danger of, 147

Rhondda, Lord, British Food Controller, 151

Ribot confers with Orlando, 164 statement by, 152

Richthofen brothers, the, 246

Rosenberg meets author at Brest, 219

Roumania, 77 et seq. a change of Government in, 81 a land of contrasts, 84 affairs in, after Sarajevo tragedy, 86 and the Peace of Bucharest, 6 author's negotiations for peace, 258 between two stools, 261 declares war, 100, 279 espionage in, 97 freedom of the Press in, 84 Germany and, 262, 267 her treachery to Central Powers, 262 how news of Sarajevo tragedy was received in, 86 Marghiloman forms a Cabinet, 266 negotiations for peace, 318 out of action, 23 peace concluded with, 323 question of annexations of, 159, 207 question of her neutrality, 12, 95 Russian gold in, 111 social conditions in, 85 ultimatum to, 12, 262 why she entered the war, 3

Roumanian invasion of Transylvania, 108

Roumanians, mistaken views of strength of, 261 their love of travel, 85

Rudolf, Crown Prince, and Franz Ferdinand, 37

Russia, a contemplated peace with, 211 abdication of the Tsar, 142 an appeal to German soldiers, 249 begins military operations without a declaration of war, 3 Bolshevism in, 211, 216, 229 declares for cessation of hostilities, 318 differences of opinion in, as to continuance of war, 211 et seq. enters the war, 7 Francis Joseph's inquiry as to a possible revolution in, 105 her responsibility for Great War, 10 incites German army to revolt, 317 negotiations for peace, 298 out of action, 23 peace treaty signed, 318 prepared for war, 112 the military party in, 2, 9 ultimatum to Roumania, 262

Russian Revolution, the, 142, 147, 211 et seq.

Russians, their fear of Trotski, 237

Ruthenian districts of Hungary, Ukrainian demands, 242

S

Sacharow, General, murder of, 220

St. Mihiel, author at, 73

St. Privat, reminiscences of, 74

Salzburg negotiations, the, 210

Sarajevo, the tragedy of, 6, 49 sounds death knell of the Monarchy, 32

Sassonoff, a momentous statement by, 88 attitude of, after declaration of war, 8 visits Bucharest, 112

Satonski, Wladimir Petrowitch, 302

Schachrai, W.M., at Brest, 301

Schonburg, Alvis, and the Emperor Charles, 61

Schoenerer, Deputy, Franz Ferdinand and, 50

Secret diplomacy, abolition of: author's views, 306-7

Sedan, a house with a history at, 74

Seidler, Dr. von, a faux pas by, 56 and the food shortage, 240 and the partition of Galicia, 209 and the Ukrainian question, 208, 242, 243 apathetic attitude of, 238, 239 author's meeting with, 230 visits South Slav provinces, 59

Seitz, and the Stockholm Conference, 168

Serbia, arrogance of, 6 ultimatum to, 7

Sewrjuk, M., 240

Sixtus, Prince, letters from Emperor Charles to, 164

Skobeleff and the Mensheviks, 211

Skrzynski, Herr von, 250

Slapowszky, Johann, tragic death of, 89

Slav provinces, a visit by the Emperor to, 59

Smuts, General, interview with Mennsdorff, 170

Social Democrats and the question of peace, 26, 30 and the Stockholm Conference, 168, 333 Hungarian, 243 opposed to sacrifice of Alsace-Lorraine, 71

"Social Patriots," Russian, 211

Social Revolutionary Party, the, 212

Socialists and offensive against Central Powers, 211

Spanish reports of war-weariness in England and France, 143

Stirbey, Prince, 263

Stockholm, a Socialist Conference at, 168, 333 Russians ask for a conference at, 229

Stockholm Congress, negative result of, 169

Strikes and their danger, 310

Stumm, von, on Ukrainian claims, 241

Sturdza, Lieut.-Col., extraordinary behaviour of, 83

Stuergkh, Count, 18 (note) recollections of, 46

Submarine warfare, author's note to American Government on, 279 Czernin on, 334 destruction without warning justified, 283 enemy losses in, 290 enemy's "statistical smoke-screens" as to, 289 question of safety of passengers and crew, 282 speech by Dr. Helfferich on, 288 why adopted by Central Powers, 281 et seq. (See also U-boats)

Suedekum, Herr, and Austria-Hungary's peace proposals, 155, 333

Supreme Military and Naval Command, conditions of, for peace negotiations, 159

Switzerland, reported disturbances in: author's disclaimer, 335

Sycophancy in high places, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64

Sylvester, Dr., and the German-Austrian National Assembly, 26

T

Talaat Pasha arrives at Brest, 233 influence of, 143 threatens to resign, 269

Talleyrand, a dictum of, 174

Tarnowski, Count, author's opinion of, 110 German Ambassador to Washington, 127

Thomas, M., war speech on Russian front, 214

Tisza, Count Stephen, 18 (note) a characteristic letter from, 200 advocates unrestricted U-boat warfare, 115, 334 and American intervention, 123 and author's appointment to Bucharest, 78 and cession of Hungarian territory, 135 and control of foreign policy, 134 and the Stockholm Conference, 168 assassination of, 137 at a U-boat campaign conference, 121 author's conference with, 27, 28 defends Count Czernin, 108 dismissal of, 136, 203 Franz Ferdinand and, 38 his influence in Hungary, 27 leads anti-Roumanian party, 77 lively correspondence with author, 128 on dangers of pessimism, 154 on the Treaty of London, 28 opposes annexation of Roumania, 207 opposes the war, 10 opposes U-boat warfare, 131, 334 peace proposal of, 139 pro-memoria of, on Roumanian peace negotiations, 258 question of frontier rectifications, 319 refuses cession of Hungarian territory, 107 speech at conference on Polish question, 206 tribute to, 137 views regarding Poland, 200 visits the Southern Slavs, 30

Transylvania, 173 opposition to cession of, 107 proposed cession of, 28, 50 Roumanian invasion of, 108

Trentino, the, offered to Italy, 75

Trieste, Entente proposals regarding, 170, 173

"Tripartite solution" of Polish question, Tisza on, 201

Trnka and the Customs dues, 168

Trotski, a tactical blunder by, 236 accepts the German-Austria ultimatum, 235 and the Internationalist party, 211 arrives at Brest, 232 declines to sign, 250 his brother-in-law Kameneff, 220 his library, 235, 236 negotiations with, 247 opposed to ill-treatment of war prisoners, 236 ultimatum to, 234

Trudoviks, the, 212

Tscheidse, and the Mensheviks, 211, 213

Tschernow, speaks at Peasants' Congress, 212

Tschirsky, Herr von, a momentous communication to Berchtold, 7 and a telegram from King George, 9 his desire for war, 32 untactful diplomacy of, 10

Tseretelli and the Menshevik party, 211

Turkey, a dispute with Bulgaria, 268 asks for munitions, 95 how the Sultan was deposed, 233 probable secession of, 269

Turkish Grand Vizier arrives at Brest, 233

Turks, a reported advance by a hostile Power for a separate peace, 143 at Brest Conference, 223

Tyrol, the, German troops in, 24

U

U-boat warfare, 114 et seq. a conference in Vienna on, 121 "a terrible mistake", 126 and America's entry into the war, 126 and why adopted by Germany, 16 Czernin on, 148 political arguments against, 117, 118 what it achieved, 178 (See also Submarine warfare)

Ugron, Herr von, and the "tripartite" solution of Polish question, 201

Ukraine and Petersburg, 309 Bolshevik destruction in, 252 food supplies from, 251 et seq., 315 military action in, and the consequences, 253 peace concluded with, 249 revolution in, 253 survey of imports from, 255 treaty signed, 317

Ukrainian Army General Committee appointed, 214 delegates at Brest, 231, 300 Workers' and Peasants' Government, a declaration from, 301

Ukrainians and their demands, 208, 240, 314 dictatorial attitude of, 241 negotiations with, 315

United States, the, scarcity of supplies in, 294 (See also America)

V

Versailles, opening of Peace Congress at, 196 the Council of Four at, 271 the Peace of, 18, 19, 271 terrible nature of, 273 triumph of Entente at, 186

Vienna, a council in, 121 differences of opinion in, 77 disastrous effects of troubles in, 250 disturbances in, 58 food shortage and strikes in, 238, 239, 241, 314 politicians' views on peace proposals, 230 psychology of, 197 warlike demonstrations at, after Sarajevo tragedy, 33

Vredenburch, Herr von, Dutch Ambassador to Roumania, 104

W

Wales, Prince of (see Edward VII., King)

Wallachia, occupation of, 99, 105

Wallhead, Mr., 295

Washington Cabinet, and Austria-Hungary's attitude to submarine warfare, 279

Wassilko, Nikolay, leader of Austrian Ruthenians, 247, 249

Wedel, Count, calls on Count Czernin, 127 disclosures of, 161 (note) revelations of, 155 (note)

Weisskirchner, Burgemeister, coins the term "bread peace," 257

Wekerle, Dr., and the Polish question, 203 author and, 136, 230 on the Ukrainian question, 242 standpoint of, on Roumanian peace negotiations, 260, 319

Western front, an Entente break-through on, 183

Western Powers, the, and Germany's ambitions, 2

Wiesner, Ambassador, von, and a Pan-German, 161 at Brest-Litovsk, 236 author discusses Russian peace with, 219

Wilhelm, Crown Prince, and Franz Ferdinand, 43 anxious for peace, 72 author's conversation with, 74 his quarters at Sedan, 74

William I. and Bismarck, 65

William II., Emperor, and Bismarck, 52 and Franz Ferdinand, 42 and the German Supreme Military Command, 17 as causeur, 66 as the "elect of God," 52, 53 cause of his ruin, 62 et seq. demonstrations against, in the Reichstag, 54 desires to help deposed Tsar, 70 difficulties of his political advisers, 60 fails to find favour in England, 63 his projected division of the world, 67 impending trial of: author's protest, 66 informed of serious nature of situation for Allies, 332 instructions to Kuehlmann, 249 long years of peaceful government, 68 longs for peace, 70 on food troubles in England, 145 on impending attack on Italian front, 71 presents author with "Der Kaiser im Felde," 64 Prince Hohenlohe and, 65 question of his abdication, 75 the Press and, 65 warlike speeches of, 68

Wilson, President, advantages of his "Fourteen Points," 188 as master of the world, 192 author on his Message, 305 Count Andrassy's Note to, 25 Count Czernin on, 192 Entente's reply to his peace proposal, 118, 120, 123 his Fourteen Points and the Peace of Versailles, 271 on the freedom of the seas, 281 ready to consider peace, 250 reopens hopes of a peace of understanding, 189 speech to Congress, 193 text of the Fourteen Points, 323

Wolf, K.H., a scene in the "Burg," 169

World-domination, Germany's dream of, 1, 2

World organization, a new, principles of, 174 et seq.

World War, the, an important phase of, 107 attempts at peace, 134 et seq. author's impressions and reflections on, 195 et seq., 271 et seq. by whom started, 18 (note) causes of, 3 President Wilson and, 188 et seq. questions of responsibility for outbreak of, 2

World War, the, U-boat warfare in, 114 et seq. (see also Submarine warfare and U-boat) violent measures adopted by Germany in, 16

Z

Zeppelin raids on Bucharest, 100

Zimmermann, Herr, and author's peace proposals, 146 opposes unrestricted U-boat warfare, 115, 120

Zimmerwalder (Russian Internationalists), 211



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Typographical errors corrected in text: Table of Contents: Appendix is listed as 257, changed to 275 Page 47: 'and and in doing so' replaced with 'and in doing so' Page 81: 'to made room' replaced with 'to make room' Page 107: session replaced with cession Page 196: perdera replaced with perdra Page 201: Nr 63 replaced with Nr. 63 Page 251: official replaced with officials Page 286: 'Les navir' replaced with 'Les navires' Page 293: persumably replaced with presumably Page 333: Sudekum replaced with Suedekum Page 334: 'would have have been' replaced with 'would have been' Page 343: Gouluchowski replaced with Goluchowski Page 344: Gorlitz replaced with Goerlitz Page 346: Lubin replaced with Lublin The surname Colloredo-Mannsfield/Colloredo-Mannsfeld appears once each way, on page 121, and in the index

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THE END