Engle, the, their early home, i. 9, 10; settle in East Anglia and the north, 36; conquer Bernicia, 52. See English, Mercians, South-Engle

English people, their life in Old England, i. 10-22; religion, 22-24; temper, 24-26; love of the sea, 27; character of their conquests, 39-44; of their settlement, 44-48; changes in organization after the conquest, 48-52; tendencies towards unity, 53-55, 61, 83, 130; union under Ecgberht, 103; fusion of northmen with, 126, 127; effects of struggle with the northmen on, 129, 130; tendencies towards disintegration, 133, 134; effects of foreign rule on, 176-178; fusion of Normans with, 200, 281; support William Rufus, 191, 192; support Henry I., 201, 202; revival of national feeling, 280, 281; attitude under George III., vii. 312-314; new life in America, viii. 43, 44. See England

Episcopacy abolished in Scotland, v. 140; restored, 143, 166, 167; again abolished, 335; proposal to abolish it in England, 354

Erasmus, Desiderius, iii. 193, 194; his relations with Warham, 196, 212; teaches Greek at Cambridge, 201; protests against war, 211; his Praise of Folly, 199, 219; edition of St. Jerome, 212, 213; of the New Testament, 213, 215; his theology, 214; defends the New Learning against Luther, 256

Eric, king of Sweden, i. 128

Essayists, the English, vii. 158-160

Essex settled by the East Saxons, i. 35; submits to Wulfhere, 85; peasant revolt in, ii. 321; Protestantism in, under Mary, iv. 144; royalist rising in, vi. 59

Essex, Arthur Capel, first earl of, commissioner of the Treasury, vi. 301; supports Shaftesbury and the Exclusion, 315, 319; plots with Monmouth, etc., 336; death, 337

Essex, Robert Devereux, second earl of, v. 43, 62, 63

Essex, Robert Devereux, third earl of, marries Frances Howard, v. 190; divorced, 191; resists a forced loan, 255; captain-general of the Parliamentary army, vi. 1; movements in 1642, 2, 3; captures Reading, 5; his inactivity, 6, 8-10; retires to Uxbridge, 12; relieves Gloucester, 13, 14; movements in 1644, 19, 22, 23; retires, 35

Essex, Earls of. See Fitz-Peter, Mandeville

Essex, Frances, Countess of. See Howard

Estates of the realm, various groupings of, in Parliament, ii. 202, 203

Etherege, Sir George, vi. 157

Eugene of Savoy, Prince, vii. 118, 120, 121, 131, 134

Euphuism, v. 5

Eustace, Count of Boulogne, i. 152, 167

Eustace, son of King Stephen, i. 226, 227

Eustace the Monk, ii. 2

Eva, daughter of Dermod of Leinster, i. 252

Evelyn's Diary, vi. 157

Evesham founded, i. 86; battle of, ii. 77, 78

Evreux, Charles of, ii. 315

Exchange, the Royal, founded, iv. 280

Exchequer, Court of, i. 206; ii. 109; Richard Fitz-Neal's Dialogue on, i. 174, 244; closed, vi. 261

Excise, Walpole's scheme of, vii. 195, 201, 202; revived by Pitt, viii. 77

Exeter, northmen at, i. 106; Welsh driven from, 120; subdued by William I., 167, 168; tailors' gild at, 318; William of Orange received at, vii. 40

Exeter, Henry Holland, duke of, iii. 140, 142

Exeter, John Holland, duke of (Earl of Huntingdon), iii. 7, 8

Exeter, Edward Courtenay, marquis of, iii. 322, 348, 350

Exton, Sir Piers, iii. 8

Exclusion Bill, the, vi. 307, 308, 319, 320

Eylau, battle of, viii. 175

Fabyan's Chronicle, ii. 179

Fairfax, Edward, his version of Tasso, v. 2

Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Lord, vi. 4

Fairfax, Sir Thomas, his victory at Nantwich, vi. 18; commander-in-chief of the New Model army, 35, 36; victory at Naseby, 40, 41; in the west, 41; marches on Oxford, 46; suppresses royalist rising in Kent, 61; Colchester surrenders to, 64; marches on London, 65; suppresses mutiny, 75; superseded by Cromwell, 79; joins Monk, 151

Falaise, birthplace of William the Conqueror, i. 157; treaty of, ii. 140; reduced by Henry V., iii. 33

Falconberg, William Neville, Lord, iii. 113

Falkirk, battles of, ii. 168, 169; vii. 229

Falkland, Lucius Cary, second viscount, his plans of Church reform, v. 354; abandons Strafford's impeachment, 356; his political position, 368; becomes Charles's minister, 375; joins Charles at York, 378; death, vi. 14; influence on religious thought, 133

Family Compact, the, vii. 215

"Farm" of a borough, ii. 152

Farmer, Anthony, vii. 25

Farmers, rise of, ii. 240

Farne, islet of, i. 71

Fastolfe, Sir John, iii. 46, 162

Fawkes, Guido, v. 158, 159

Feckenham, Abbot of Westminster, iv. 106

Felton, John, v. 264, 265

Ferdinand (I.), Archduke of Austria, iii. 208, 243; iv. 19; Emperor, 98; v. 174, 175

Ferdinand (II.), Archduke of Austria, v. 213; king of Bohemia, 216; Emperor, 217

Ferdinand V., king of Aragon, iii. 186, 187, 207; forms the Holy League, 209; seizes Navarre, ib.; dies, 234

Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, viii. 185

Ferrar, Bishop of St. David's, iv. 91

Ferrars, Robert, fourth earl of Derby, i. 254

Ferrars, Robert, eighth earl of Derby, ii. 87

Feudalism, tendency to, in England after Danish wars, i. 133, 135, 136; the Conqueror's dealings with, 181-185; antagonism of the universities to, 289-291; revives under Henry III., ii. 4, 5; its military basis, 239; ruin, iii. 92-94

Fielding, Henry, vii. 297

Fifth-monarchy men, vi. 182

Filmer, Sir Robert, vi. 171

Finance, early English, ii. 103; William I.'s system of, i. 186

Finch, Sir John, Chief-Justice, v. 331; Lord Keeper, 351

First of June, battle of the, viii. 111

Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 201; his reply to Luther, 257: quarrel with the Commons, 290; sent to the Tower, 319; beheaded, 321

Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, viii. 121, 128

Fitzgerald, Lord Thomas, iii. 328

Fitz-Hamo, Robert, ii. 48

Fitzharris, Edward, vi. 323

Fitz-Maurices, the, Earls of Desmond, ii. 377

Fitz-Maurice, James, iv. 315

Fitz-Neal, Richard, bishop of London and treasurer, i. 174, 223; his Dialogue on the Exchequer, 174, 244

Fitz-Osbern, Roger, i. 189

Fitz-Osbern, William, i. 167, 168, 183

Fitz-Peter, Geoffry, Earl of Essex and justiciar, i. 267, 338, 339, 341

Fitz-Ralf, Richard, Chancellor of Oxford, ii. 295

Fitz-Stephen, Robert, i. 252

Fitz-Urse, Reginald, i. 241

Fitz-Walter, Robert, captain of the Londoners, i. 305; conspires against John, 335; leader of the barons, 343; "Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church," 346; counsels alliance with France, 355; besieges Lincoln, ii. 2

Fitz-Warenne or Fitz-Warin, Fulk (the third), i. 343; ii. 42

Fitz-Warenne, Fulk (the fifth), ii. 116

Fitzwilliam, William, fourth Earl, viii. 104, 120

Five Boroughs, the, i. 117, 120

"Five members," the, v. 373-376

Flambard, Ranulf, i. 192, 199.

Flamsteed, John, vi. 166

Flanders, its wool trade with England, ii. 107, 226; interdict in, 219, 224; alliance with Edward III., 226, 227; civil strife in, 233; joins Edward again, 244; struggle with France, 349; English gild of Merchant Adventurers in, iii. 155; decay of its trade, iv. 281; refugees from, in England, 305, 323; attacked by France, vi. 124

Flanders, Lewis le Male, Count of, ii. 244, 286

Flanders, Margaret of, ii. 286

Fleet, English, created by AElfred, i. 116; successes under John, 333, 337; under Hubert de Burgh, ii. 2, 3; repulsed from Abermenai, 54; reduces Anglesea, 109; victory at Sluys, 228; defeated by Spaniards, 313; harries the coast of Britanny, iii. 16; Henry VIII.'s, iv. 28, 29; Elizabeth's, 360; its fight with the Armada, 361, 362; declares for Charles I., vi. 59; re-created by Vane, 78; increased under William III., vii. 105, 107; blockades Cadiz and threatens Naples, 223; its share in the war with France, viii. 111, 127, 133; blockades Malta, 162, 165; attacks Copenhagen, 163, 180

Fleetwood, General, vi. 121, 145, 150

Flemings in Pembrokeshire, ii. 48, 55; settle in England under Edward III., 226; besiege Bouvines, 234; attack France, 244

Fletcher, Giles, v. 304

Fletcher, Phineas, v. 304

Fleurus, battles of, vii. 75; viii. 109

Flint, Richard II. taken prisoner at, ii. 381; castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11

Flodden, battle of, iii. 210

Flood, Henry, viii. 37

Florence, revival of letters at, iii. 189; commercial treaty with, iv. 282

Florence of Worcester, i. 6, 173, 280

Florida, Huguenot colony in, iv. 330; ceded to England, vii. 307; to Spain, viii. 41

Flushing pledged to Elizabeth, iv. 349

Foliot, Gilbert, his letters, i. 173

Folk, the, i. 19

"Folk-land," i. 47

Folk-moot, the, i. 19, 20.

Fontenoy, battle of, vii. 227

Ford, John, v. 303

Forests, Assize of the, i. 267; Charter of the, ii. 165, 166, 170; Law of the, 34; commission of, under Charles I., v. 277; New, disafforested by Great Charter, i. 352

Forster, Thomas, vii. 184

Fort St. George (Madras), vii. 232

Fort William (Calcutta), vii. 232

Fort William (Inverness-shire), vii. 52

Fortescue, Sir Faithful, vi. 3

Fortescue, Sir John, iii. 86

Fotheringay, Mary Stuart beheaded at, iv. 352

Fougeres sacked by the English, iii. 62

Fourmigny, battle of, iii. 62

Four Masters, Annals of the, i. 7

Fox, Edward, Bishop of Hereford, iii. 336

Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 202, 216, 230, 285

Fox, Charles James, leader of the Whigs, viii. 63, 64; his jealousy of Shelburne, 65; his India Bill, 67, 68; his joy at the capture of the Bastille, 84; supports the Prince's claim to the Regency, ib.; his Libel Act, 92; supports Pitt in giving self-government to Canada, 92; Burke's quarrel with him, ib.; returns to office, 174; death, 178

Foxe's Book of Martyrs, iv. 3

France, war of William the Conqueror with, i. 190; invaded by Otto of Germany, 338; regency offered to Simon of Montfort, ii. 40; relations with Scotland, 141, 170, 171, 197, 213; treaty with Edward I., 170; claim of Edward III. to the throne, 208; Edward III. declares war with, 213; greatness at opening of Hundred Years' War, 215, 216; relations with the papacy, 217, 224; condition after battle of Poitiers, 264; ravaged by Edward III., 265; Edward III. renounces his claims on, 266; renewal of war with, 285; invaded by John of Gaunt, 287; relations with Scotland and Flanders, 349; truces with Richard II., 354, 368; relations with Henry IV., iii. 6; with the Percies, 12, 14; with Owen Glyndwr, 15, 18; civil war in, 16; relations with the Council of Henry IV., 23, 24; truce with, 26; Henry V.'s claims on, 28, 29; treaty with him, 35, 36; political position at close of Hundred Years' War, 119; relations with Maximilian and England, 170, 171; growth of its power, 205, 206; attacked by English, Germans, and Spaniards, 247; Mary Tudor's war with, iv. 108; relations with Scotland under Mary of Guise, 169-173; growth of the Huguenots in, 174, 206-208; Huguenot rising in, 209; massacre of Protestants in, 299; parties in, on death of Henry III., 369; re-united under Henry IV., 373; league with England and the Netherlands, v. 60; alliance with Holland, 316; growth of its power, vi. 113, 114; treaty with Cromwell, 117; its growing prosperity, 187-189; alliance with England and Holland, vii. 187; alliance with England and Prussia, 199; position after Treaty of Utrecht, 212; union with Spain, 213, 214; supports her against England, 219; alliance with Prussia, 221; claims on America and India, 232; war with England, 248, 249, 264, 265; withdraws from India and America, 307; policy in American war, viii. 28; league with America and Spain, 30; Pitt's treaty of commerce with, 79; condition in the eighteenth century, 81, 82; volunteers from, in Washington's army, 83; revolution in, ib., 86, 95, 96, 101; attitude towards England, 97-100; attacked by the Coalition, 101; royalty abolished in, ib.; attacks Holland, 102; declares war on England, 103; reverses in 1793, 107; successes, 109, 110; Directory in, 113; dealings with Ireland, 121, 123-125; attacks Austria and Italy, 122; conquers Switzerland, 134, 135; takes Rome, 136; relations with Russia, ib., 137; conquers Italy, 139; forced to evacuate it, 140; Consulate in, 142; position after the Peace of Luneville, 144, 145; driven from Egypt, 165, 166; invaded by the Allies, 202; the Bourbons return to, 203; Napoleon's last struggle in, 206; literature of, its influence on Chaucer, ii. 359, 360

Franchise, restriction of, iii. 99-102

Francis of Assisi, St., ii. 9, 12, 13

Francis II., Emperor, viii. 96

Francis I., king of France, iii. 232; campaign in Italy, 233; treaties with Maximilian and Charles, 234; with Henry VIII., 235; meeting with Henry, 241; struggle with Henry and Charles, 247; defeats in Italy, 248, 250; prisoner, 250; treaties with Henry, 266, 270; released, 267; intrigues with Lutherans and Papacy, iv. 22; attacks Charles, 24; negotiations with Scotland, ib.; treaty with Charles, 32; with Henry, 33; sends explorers to America, 330

Francis (II.), of France, marries Mary Stuart, iv. 53, 169; king, 174; treaties with Elizabeth and the Scots, 176; death, 188

Franciscans (Grey Friars) in England, ii. 11

Frankfort, English Protestants at, iv. 118, 119; their "troubles," 127, 128

Franklin, Benjamin, his plan for the defence of the American colonies, vii. 243; sent as their agent to England, 326; counsels submission to the Stamp Acts, 330; relations with Chatham, viii. 20; mission to France, 28

Frank-pledge, i. 238, 322

Frederick II., Emperor, i. 293; ii. 7, 27

Frederick III., Emperor, iii. 146, 147

Frederick, Elector Palatine, marries Elizabeth of England, v. 210; king of Bohemia, 217; driven out, 220, 226

Frederick II., king of Prussia, vii. 220; alliance with France, 221; victory at Chotusitz, 223; Silesia ceded to, ib.; seizes Prague, 225; driven from Bohemia, ib.; victory at Hohenfriedburg, 227; treaty with England, 247, 248; seizes Dresden, 248; victory at Prague, ib.; defeated at Kolin, ib.; victories at Rossbach, Leuthen and Zorndorf, 263; defeated at Hochkirch and Kunersdorf, ib.; at Plauen, 264; campaign of 1760, 302; share in partition of Poland, viii. 85; death, ib.

Frederick, Prince of Wales, vii. 218

Free Companies, the, ii. 281, 282

Freeholders succeed the villeins, ii. 333

Freeman, the English, i. 11, 12; sinks into the villein, 133, 321

Freteval, Henry II. and Thomas reconciled at, i. 240; Richard I. surprises Philip's treasure at, 263

Friars, the, ii. 10-14; Lord Bacon's comment on, 21; their political influence, 22, 23; character and effect of their preaching, 24; attempt conversion of Jews, 127; oppose Wyclif, 335

Friedland, battle of, viii. 175

Frisians in AElfred's fleet, i. 116

"Frith" of Wedmore, i. 107

Frobisher, Martin, iv. 331, 361

Froissart, Jean, ii. 178

Fuentes d'Onore, battle of, viii. 191

Fyrd, the, i. 116, 161, 257; ii. 103, 122, 240

Gage, General, viii. 19

Gaimar, Geoffrey, i. 174, 247

Gainsborough, Swein dies at, i. 143

Gall, St., i. 68

Gardiner, Stephen, iii. 272, 279; Bishop of Winchester, 298; expelled from the Council, 348; supersedes Norfolk in the king's counsels, iv. 24; excluded from the regency, 46; imprisoned, 54; Chancellor, 74; proposes Mary's marriage with Courtenay, 78; his aversion to the Spanish match, 80; attitude towards Rome, 87; tract On True Obedience, ib.; change in his attitude, 88; threat to the Protestant refugees, 119; desires "to go roundly to work" with Elizabeth, 137; death, 98

Garnet, Henry, Provincial of the Jesuits, v. 159

Garter, Order of the, founded, ii. 252

Gascony, Simon of Montfort's rule in, ii. 38-40; seized by Charles IV., 197; restored to Edward III., 266; resists the hearth-tax, 285; barons appeal to France against the Black Prince, ib.; its final loss, iii. 70, 71

Gates, General, viii. 26

Gauden, Dr., vi. 72

Gaunt, Elizabeth, vii. 11

Gaunt, John of. See John

Gavel-kind, i. 324

Gaveston, Piers, ii. 186-188, 190

Gay, John, vii. 161

Gemblours, battle of, iv. 312

Geneva, Calvin at, iv. 126

Genoa annexed by Napoleon, viii. 172

Genoese at battle of Crecy, ii. 236, 238

Geoffry, Archbishop of York, i. 330

Geoffry of Britanny, son of Henry II., i. 247, 254, 257

Geoffry of Monmouth, i. 246; ii. 57

George I., King, vii. 146; his temper, 173; foreign policy, 187-189; death, 200

George, Duke of Cambridge (George II.), vii. 144; his character, 173; King, 200; his foreign policy, 221, 223, 226, 247; victory at Dettingen, 224; death, 283

George III., King, vii. 283; his character and aims, 284, 285; importance of his action, 285, 286; his power, 300; relations with Pitt, 305, 316, 328, 331, 339; with the Whigs, 305, 316, 328, 339; with Parliament, 309; urges the expulsion of Wilkes, viii. 6; renews the quarrel with America, 13; his personal government, 16, 17; his rejoicing at the quarrel with America, 19; madness, 84, 196; refuses emancipation to Catholics, 154, 155, 179

George, Prince of Wales (George IV.), Regent, viii. 84, 196

Georgia, colony of, vii. 236, 237

Gerald of Wales, i. 174, 245, 246, 275, 285

Germany, its relations with the Papacy, ii. 218; growth of Protestantism in, iv. 31; v. 175; Catholic reaction in, 176; attacked by Lewis XIV., vii. 38, 48, 118

Gervase of Canterbury, i. 174

Gesta Stephani, i. 173

Gesith, the, i. 50

Gewissas, i. 34

Ghent, Charters confirmed at, ii. 166; revolt at, 233; John of Gaunt born at, 293; reduced by the French, 349; Pacification of, iv. 310, 311

Gibbon, Edward, viii. 46

Gibraltar ceded to England, vii. 142; besieged by the Spaniards, 199; Elliott's defence of, viii. 31, 41

Gifford, Bonaventure, vii. 26

Gilbert, Sir Humphry, iv. 345

Gilbert, William, discovers terrestrial magnetism, vi. 131

Gilbert, William, papal emissary in Ireland, iv. 317

Gildas, i. 3

Gilds, i. 298-300, 304; of English Merchant Adventurers in Flanders, iii. 155; of St. John at Bruges, 154; of the Staple, ii. 304; of tailors, i. 318; of weavers, 317; Ordinances of, 274; suppression of, iv. 54. See Craft-gilds, Merchant-gild

Ginkell, General, vii. 73

Giraldus Cambrensis. See Gerald

Girondists, viii. 96

Glamis, Patrick Lyon, Master of, v. 124

Glamorgan conquered by Robert Fitz-Hamo, ii. 48; by Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, 58

Glamorgan, Edward Somerset, Earl of, vi. 16

Glanvill, Ranulf de, i. 255, 259; his treatise on law, 174, 244

Glastonbury, St. Dunstan at, i. 121, 123; Arthur's tomb at, 247; ii. 57

Glastonbury, Richard Whiting, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350

Glencoe, massacre of, vii. 53, 54

Glendower. See Glyndwr

Gloucester, northmen at, i. 106; Henry III. crowned at, ii. 1; seized by Edward, 76; besieged by Charles I., vi. 13; relieved, 14; Parliament at, ii. 289, 315

Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, iii. 33; his marriage with Jacqueline, 38, 42; Regent of England, 40; set aside, 41; Protector, ib.; his love of literature, 40, 41; character, 41; recovers Hainault, 42; struggle with Beaufort, 44; represses Lollard risings, 96; retires, 58, 59; arrest and death, 61; his library, 161

Gloucester, Richard, Duke of. See Richard

Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of, ii. 351, 352; head of Continual Council, 353; struggle with Richard II., ib., 354; withdraws from Court, 370; arrested, ib.; dies, 371

Gloucester, Richard de Clare, Earl of, ii. 64-66

Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of, supports Simon de Montfort, ii. 67, 70, 71; quarrels with him, 75; his policy after Evesham, 81, 85, 86, 88; occupies London, 89; marries Johanna of Acre, 123

Gloucester, Robert, Earl of. See Robert

Gloucester, Thomas Spenser, Earl of, iii. 7

Godolphin, Sidney, vi. 315; takes office, vii. 98; Lord Treasurer, 112, 113; supports Occasional Conformity, 123; dismissed, 139

Glyndwr, Owen, iii. 9-12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22

Godfrey, Sir Edmondsbury, vi. 294, 295

Godwine, Earl of Wessex, i. 146-153

"Goliath, Bishop," i. 248

Gondomar, Count of, v. 226, 229

Goodman, Godfrey, Bishop of Gloucester, v. 298

Goodman, Christopher, iv. 130, 131

Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, iii. 336

Gorm, king of Denmark, i. 128

Government, Act of, vi. 122; Instrument of, 99, 102, 105

Gower, Caxton's edition of, iii. 157

Gowrie, William Ruthven, first Earl of, v. 128, 138

Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, third Duke of, vii. 170, 340; viii. 4, 15

Grafton's Chronicle, iii. 83

Grammont, Count, Memoirs of, vi. 157

Granby, John Manners, Marquis of, viii. 15

Grantmesnil, Ivo of, i. 201

Granville, John Carteret, second Earl (see Carteret), vii. 225, 226

Grasse, Admiral de, viii. 40

Grattan, Henry, demands repeal of Poynings' Act, viii. 37; leads the Protestants in the Irish Parliament, 79; strives for its reform, 117, 118, 120

Gravelines, battle of, iv. 108

"Greater and lesser folk," i. 318

Greek, study of, at Canterbury, i. 92; revival of, in fifteenth century, iii. 189, 190, 194, 195, 200

Greene, General, viii. 32

Greene, Robert, v. 8, 25, 26, 30, 31

Greenvil, Sir Bevil, vi. 5, 6

Greenway, Oswald, v. 159

Greenwich, AElfheah martyred at, i. 142

Gregory the Great (Pope), his interview with English slaves, i. 53; sends Augustine to England, 57; his Pastoral Book translated by AElfred, 114

Gregory VII., Pope, i. 187

Gregory IX., Pope, ii. 27

Gregory XIII., Pope, iv. 299; urges Philip to attack Elizabeth, 301; heads the Catholic movement, 306; plans a descent on Ireland, 315; sends Jesuits to England, 317

Grenada conquered by England, vii. 307

Grenville, William Wyndham, Lord, viii. 155; leader of the Old Whigs, 156; refuses office, 171; accepts it, 174; his Orders in Council, 178; fall of his ministry, 179

Grenville, George, adherent of Pitt, vii. 247, 250; deserts him, 303, 328; head of the Admiralty, 311; prime minister, 314; character and policy, 316, 317, 320; death, viii. 16

Grenville, Sir Richard, iv. 370, 371

Gresham, Sir Thomas, iv. 280

Gresham College, meetings of the Royal Society at, vi. 165

Grew, Nehemiah, vi. 167

Grey, John de, Bishop of Norwich, i. 329

Grey of Ruthin, Reginald, third Lord, iii. 10

Grey of Wilton, William, thirteenth Lord, iv. 175

Grey of Wilton, Arthur, fourteenth Lord, v. 12

Grey, Lady Catharine, iv. 70, 238; v. 121

Grey, Lady Jane, iv. 69; proclaimed queen, 70; imprisoned, 71; trial, 75; beheaded, 84; Chronicle of, 3

Grey, Lord Leonard, iii. 330

Grey, Sir John, iii. 124

Grey, Sir Thomas, iii. 30

Grimbald, Abbot of Winchester, i. 113

Grimston, Sir Harbottle, v. 324

Grindal, Edmund, Protestant exile, iv. 119, 132; tutor of Elizabeth, 134; Archbishop of Canterbury, 290; v. 17; Strype's Life of, iv. 4

Grindecobbe, William, ii. 330, 332

Grocyn, William, iii. 190, 197, 256

Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, his letters, i. 274; his Constitutions, ii. 8; lectures at Oxford, 14; friendship with Bacon, 18; remonstrates against policy of Henry III., 34; friendship with Simon de Montfort, 41

Grouchy, Marshal, viii. 208, 210

Gruffydd ap Llewelyn, prince of Wales, ii. 47

Gruffydd ap Conan, prince of North Wales, ii. 54

Guader, Ralf de, i. 189

Gualchmai, ii. 52, 54

Gualo, legate, ii. 1

Guesclin, Bertrand du, ii. 281, 283-287

Guienne seized by Philip the Fair, ii. 142; restored to Edward III., 266; the Black Prince's ravages in, 259; attacked by Du Guesclin, 285; attacked by Armagnac, iii. 16; conquered by Charles VII., 68, 69. See Aquitaine

Guineas, the first, vi. 223

Guise, Francis, Duke of, iv. 108, 174, 208, 210, 216

Guise, Henry, Duke of, iv. 355, 356, 367

Guise, Mary of. See Mary

Guisnes ceded to Edward III., ii. 266; meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis I. at, iii. 241; surrendered to France, iv. 108

Gunpowder, effects of its introduction, iii. 95

Gunpowder Plot, the, v. 158, 159

Gurdon, Sir Adam, ii. 86, 87, 94

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, v. 275, 276

Guthlac, St., i. 86

Guthrum, king of East Anglia, i. 104, 106

Guy, Bishop of Amiens, i. 6

Gwent, the, i. 34

Gwent (in Wales) rises against Eadward the Elder, i. 118

Gwynn, Nell, vi. 176; vii. 5

Gyrth, son of Godwine, i. 164

Gyrwas, i. 117

Gytha of Hordaland, i. 128

Hainault, Jacqueline, Countess of, iii. 38, 42, 43

Hainault, William I., Count of, ii. 198, 217

Hainault, William II., Count of, ii. 220

Hakluyt's Voyages, v. 10

Hale, Sir Matthew, vi. 85, 96, 200

Hales, Sir Edward, vii. 15

Hales, John, theologian, vi. 134, 136, 137

Hales, John, leader of Peasant Revolt, ii. 319

Halidon Hill, battle of, ii. 211

Halifax (Nova Scotia), its foundation, vii. 242

Halifax, George Savile, first Viscount, Earl, and Marquis of, vi. 280; correspondence with Barillon, 298; takes office, 301; against the exclusion of James, 307; plans for the succession, 308; throws out the Exclusion Bill, 320; his Bill of Securities, ib.; his Limitation Bill, 323; advises calling a new Parliament, 334; dismissed from the Privy Council, vii. 14; joins William III., 43; prays him to accept the Crown, 47; Lord Privy Seal, 67; opposes the war and the Bank, 88; death, 182

Halifax, George Montague, second Earl of, vii. 242-244

Hall, Joseph, Bishop of Norwich and satirist, v. 303

Halle's Chronicle, iii. 83

Halley, Edmund, vi. 166

Hamilton, James, third Marquis and first Duke of, v. 275, 334-336, 364; supports Charles I., vi. 58, 59; defeated at Preston, 62; executed, 72

Hamilton, William, second Duke of, vi. 82, 84

Hamilton, James, of Bothwellhaugh, iv. 271; v. 122

Hamilton, General Gustavus, vii. 58

Hamilton, Colonel, vii. 53

Hammond, Colonel, vi. 59

Hampden, Griffith, v. 320

Hampden, John, his youth, v. 320; in Parliament of 1621, 321; resists forced loan, ib., 255; in Parliament of 1628, 321; his home, 321, 322; character, 322; friends and kindred, ib.; refuses to pay ship-money, 323; trial of his case, 324, 330, 331; judgement against him annulled, 352; one of the "five members," 373; urges the abolition of Episcopacy, vi. 14; member of Committee of Public Safety, 1; his "Greencoats," 6, 7; his services in the war, 6-8; fight at Chalgrove, 10; death, 11; burial, 12

Hampden, John, the younger, vi. 336

Hampton Court, Wolsey's palace at, iii. 236, 253; treaty of, iv. 209; conference on religion at, v. 152

Hanover, convention of, vii. 231

Harald Fairhair, king of Norway, i. 128, 129

Harald Hardrada, king of Denmark, i. 161, 162

Harald Harefoot, king of England, i. 147

Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, first Earl of, vii. 203, 245

Hardyng's Chronicle, ii. 179

Harfleur taken by Henry V., iii. 30

Hargreaves, John, viii. 59

Harley, Robert, vii. 102; Secretary of State, 124; intrigues against Marlborough, 132; dismissed, 138; returns to office, 139; rivalry with Bolingbroke, 143; countenances the South Sea bubble, 192. See Oxford

Harold, son of Godwine, Earl of East Anglia, i. 150; governor of the realm under Eadward, 153; campaign in Wales, ib., ii. 47; his oath to William, i. 159; king, 160; struggle with Tostig and Harald Hardrada, 161, 162; slain at Senlac, 165

Harrington's version of Ariosto, v. 2

Harrison, General, vi. 90, 91, 195

Harry, Blind, i. 275

Harthacnut, king, i. 147, 148

Harvey, Gabriel, v. 11, 12

Harvey, William, v. 52, 55; vi. 131

Haselrig, Arthur, one of the Five Members, v. 373; charges against him, vi. 85; opposes the dissolution of the Rump, 89; in Parliament of 1654, 101; denies the legality of the government, 102; demands the dismissal of Fleetwood and Lambert, 150

Hasting, i. 116, 117

Hastings, battle of, i. 162-165

Hastings, John, second Lord, claimant of Scotland, ii. 136

Hastings (of Ashby), William, first Lord, iii. 163, 164

Hastings, Henry, Lord, iv. 70. See Huntingdon

Hastings, Warren, viii. 31, 50, 51

Havana conquered by England, vii. 307

Havre surrendered to Elizabeth, iv. 210; capitulates to France, 217

Hawarden Castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11

Hawke, Admiral, vii. 265

Hawkesbury, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Lord, viii. 157. See Liverpool

Hawkins, John, iv. 283, 361

Hawley, General, vii. 229

Haxey, Sir Thomas, ii. 370

Hayward's Life of Edward VI., iv. 3; his Annals, ib., 4

Heathenism, its struggle with Christianity in England, i. 65, 66, 70-73

Heathfield, battle of the, i. 66

Heaven's Field, battle of, i. 67

Hebrides, Northmen in the, i. 129

Hemingford or Heminburh, Walter of, ii. 177

Hengest, i. 31, 49

Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I., v. 241, 376; vi. 4

Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans, vi. 192, 257

Henry I., King, i. 198; charter and marriage, ib., 199; relations with the English people, 198, 200-202; with the barons, 202; conquers Normandy, ib.; dealings with Wales, ii. 48; his rule, i. 203-205; administration, 205, 206; death, 214; literature at his court, 246; his charter produced by Langton, 340; his charter to London, 304; to Oxford, 309; "Laws" of, 339

Henry (II.) Fitz-Empress, i. 226; comes to England, 227; treaty with Stephen, ib.; king, 228; person and character, 229-231; results of his rule, 231; first measures, 232; Welsh war, ib.; ii. 53, 54; extent of his continental dominions, i. 232, 233; war of Toulouse, 233; relations with the barons, ib.; with the Church, 235-237, 253; struggle with Thomas, 236, 237, 239, 240; penance at his shrine, 255; legal reforms, 235-239, 255, 256; reforms of the King's Court, ii. 110, 111; visits Arthur's tomb at Glastonbury, i. 247; ii. 57, 58; dealings with Ireland, i. 250, 251, 253; rebellions against him, 254, 255; receives homage of Scotland, i. 255; ii. 134; reorganizes the fyrd, 257; revolt of his sons, ib.; introduces taxation of personal property, ib.; death, 258; charter to Oxford, 309

Henry III., King, crowned, ii. 1; crowned again, 5; character and policy, 25, 26; relations with Rome, 26, 27, 59; campaigns in Britanny and Poitou, 29; quarrel with Hubert de Burgh, ib.; personal government, 31; marriage, 32; foreign favourites, ib., 33; misrule, 34; confirms Charter, ib.; second campaign in Poitou, 35; quarrels with Simon of Montfort, 39, 40; contributes to Matthew Paris's Chronicle, 44; goes to France, 64; forbids summoning of Parliament, ib.; gets the Provisions of Oxford annulled by the Pope, 65; tries to surprise Simon at Southwark, 69; prisoner, 71; vengeance after Evesham, 79, 83; dies, 90

Henry (IV.), Earl of Derby, son of John of Gaunt, ii. 351; one of the Lords Appellant, 353; position and policy, 369; supports Richard II., 370; Duke of Hereford, 372; quarrel with Norfolk, ib.; exiled, ib.; returns, 373, 379; captures Richard II. at Flint, 381; king, iii. 2; relations with Parliament, 3, 4; with the Church, 4; with France, 6; with the lords, 7; plot against him, 8; marches against Scotland, 9; against Owen Glyndwr, 10, 11; imprisons James of Scotland, 15, 16; epilepsy, 22; struggle with council and Parliament, 23-25; vow of crusade, 25; death, ib.

Henry (V.), son of Henry of Lancaster, ii. 378; his campaigns in Wales, iii. 10, 17, 18, 22; person and character, 17, 18; friendship with Oldcastle, 20, 27; policy, 22; struggle with the council, 24, 25; king, 25; coronation, 26; first measures, ib.; action against Lollards, 27; claims French crown, 28; plot against him, 30; takes Harfleur, ib.; victory at Agincourt, 30-32; alliance with Burgundy, 32; conquers Normandy, 33, 34; marriage and treaty with France, 35; enters Paris, 36; captures Dreux, ib.; repulsed from Orleans, ib.; besieges Meaux, ib.; his plans, 37, 38; death, 36; Life of, by Titus Livius, iii. 41; authorities for his reign, ii. 179

Henry VI., king, iii. 39; crowned at Paris, 55; his court at Rouen, ib.; struggle with York, 68-70; idiotcy, 71; recovers, 72; prisoner, 74, 75; escapes to Scotland, 80; recaptured, 123, 127; sent to the Tower, 127; restored, 139; imprisoned again, 142; death, 145; library, 161; authorities for his reign, ii. 179, 180

Henry (VII.) Tudor, iii. 145; early life, 165, 166; expedition to England, 167; goes to France, 171; lands at Milford Haven, ib.; victory at Bosworth, 172; person and character, 173; title to the crown, 174, 175; marriage, 175; his government, 176-178; expedition to France, 179, 180; dealings with Ireland, 181, 182; with Scotland, 184, 185; with Spain, 186-188; patronage of Caxton, 161; chapel at Westminster, 174; death, 198; Lives of, 83

Henry (VIII.), son of Henry VII., betrothed to Catharine of Aragon, iii. 187; king, 198; person and tastes, ib., 199; protects the New Learning, 202, 204; temper, 204; policy towards France, 205, 207; marries Catharine, 207; relations with Ferdinand, ib.; attempt on France, 209, 210; treaty with Lewis XII., 232; with Charles, 233; relations with Charles, 235; treaty with Francis, ib.; seeks the Empire, 240; designs on France, ib.; interview with Charles, 241; with Francis, ib.; league with Charles and the Pope, 243; financial difficulties, ib., 244, 251, 252; new alliance with Charles, 250; supports the Papacy, 255; his Assertion of the Seven Sacraments, ib.; named "Defender of the Faith," ib.; protects Latimer, 263, 265; treaties with France, 266, 270; joins the Holy League, 266; seeks a divorce, 268, 272; relations with Anne Boleyn, 267, 270, 273, 274, 276; with Parliament, 288; forbids the circulation of Tyndale's Bible, 290; appeals to the Universities about his divorce, 292; claims to be "Head of the Church," 296; banishes Catharine from his house, 298; league with France, 302; threatened with excommunication, ib.; marries Anne Boleyn, 303; takes title of "Supreme Head of the Church," 306; Cromwell's hold over him, 313, 314; marries Jane Seymour, 326; dealings with Ireland, 327, 328, 330-333; turns to the Lutherans, 335, 336; his Articles of Religion, 337, 338; attitude towards Protestantism, 345; excommunicated, 350; marries Anne of Cleves, 351; divorces Anne and marries Catharine Howard, iv. 17; marries Catharine Parr, 24; dealings with Scotland, 25-29; alliance with Charles, 27; campaign in France, 30; treaty with Francis, 33; financial difficulties, 34; offers aid to the League of Schmalkald, 36; drift of his religious policy, 37; address to Parliament in 1545, 38; his scheme for union of England and Scotland, 52; death, 45; will, 46, 69

Henry V., Emperor, i. 208

Henry VI., Emperor, i. 262

Henry II., king of France, iv. 53, 65, 174

Henry III., king of France (see Anjou), iv. 301, 348, 356, 367, 368

Henry, king of Navarre, iv. 348, 355, 367; king of France (Henry IV.), 368; victory at Ivry, 369; besieges Paris, ib.; besieges Rouen, 371; conversion, 372; assassinated, v. 178

Henry, son of Henry II., betrothed to Margaret of France, i. 233; crowned, 240; rebels, 254, 257; dies, 257

Henry of Almaine, ii. 87

Henry, Bishop of Winchester, i. 224, 225

Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, i. 264

Henry, son of David I. of Scotland, ii. 134

Henry of Essex, ii. 54

Henry of Trastamara, ii. 282-284, 287

Herbert, Arthur, carries the invitation to William III., vii. 35; Earl of Torrington, 68, 75

Herbert, George, v. 113, 303

Herbert, Philip, Lord, vi. 101

Herbert, Sir Thomas, v. 72

Hereford, Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of. See Bohun

Hereford, Henry, Duke of. See Henry IV.

Hereward, i. 170

Herford, Nicholas, ii. 336, 339, 341, 343

Herrick, Robert, v. 303

Herrings, battle of the, iii. 46

Hertford, Edward Seymour, Earl of, iv. 41; expedition to Scotland, ib., 29; head of the "new men," 45, 46; sends aid to the German Protestants, 50. See Somerset

Hertford, Edward Seymour, first Earl of, v. 121

Hertfordshire, royalist rising in, vi. 59

Hexham, battle of, iii. 123; chroniclers of, i. 173, 243

Heywood, Thomas, v. 42

Heyworth Moor, meeting of Yorkshire freeholders at, v. 378

Higden, Ralph, ii. 356; Caxton's edition of, iii. 157

Highlands, rising in, under Montrose, vi. 23; under Dundee, vii. 52; under Mar, 183; under Charles Edward, 228; conquest of, 230, 231

Hild, abbess of Streoneshealh, i. 77

Hilsey, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 336

History, English, its beginning, i. 31; compilation of, under AElfred, 115; new school of, under Henry II., 173, 174, 244; revival under Elizabeth, v. 3, 4; municipal, materials for, i. 274

Hoard, the, at Winchester, i. 180, 188

Hobbes, Thomas, vi. 138-141, 170

Hoby, Sir Edward, v. 57

Hoche, General, viii. 121, 123, 124

Hochkirch, battle of, vii. 263

Hohenfriedburg, battle of, vii. 227

Hohenlinden, battle of, viii. 143

Holinshed's History, iii. 83

Holland, its alliance with France, v. 316; recognizes Charles II., vi. 70; relations with the Commonwealth, 81; war with England, 86, 88; alliance with Cromwell, 116; relations with Charles II., 186, 187; quarrel with England, 223, 224; war, 225, 226, 238, 239, 242; policy of Lewis XIV. towards, 251; war with England, 261, 268; attacked by Lewis, 268; declares war against him, vii. 49; acknowledges Philip V. as king of Spain, 101; alliance with England, 102, 105; with England and France, 187; with England and Prussia, viii. 85; attacked by France, 102; conquered, 110; made a kingdom for Louis Buonaparte, 185; annexed by Napoleon, 199

Holland, Henry Rich, first Earl of, vi. 62, 72

Hollis, Denzil, v. 373; member of Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1; his policy in 1646, 48, 49; ecclesiastical policy, 50; his expulsion demanded, 54; takes office under Charles II., 301; his Memoirs, v. 72

Holmby House, Charles I. seized at, vi. 53

Holy Island (Lindisfarne), i. 69

Homildon Hill, battle of, iii. 12

Homilies, Book of, iv. 59

Honorius III., Pope, ii. 1

Hood, Samuel, first Baron and Viscount, viii. 109

Hooke, Robert, vi. 166

Hooker, Richard, v. 110-112

Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, iv. 61, 91, 120

Hopton, Sir Ralph, vi. 5, 6

Horder (treasurer), the, i. 132

Horne, Robert, iv. 119

Horsa, i. 31

Horse-thegn (constable), i. 132

Hospitals, suppression of, iv. 34

Hotham, Sir John, v. 378

Hough, John, President of Magdalen College, Oxford, vii. 25, 26

Hounslow, camp at, vii. 16

Howard of Effingham, Charles, second Lord, iv. 358, 360, 361

Howard of Escrick, Edward, first Lord, v. 343

Howard of Escrick, William, third Lord, vi. 336

Howard, John, viii. 48-50

Howard, Catharine, iv. 17, 24

Howard, Frances, Countess of Essex, v. 190-193; of Somerset, 193, 205-207

Howard, Sir Robert, iii. 286

Howards, the, iii. 286

Howe, Richard, first Earl, viii. 111

Howe, John, vi. 210; refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22

Howe, General Sir William, viii. 23, 25

Howel Dda, Laws of, ii. 46

Howden, Roger of, i. 174, 244

Hrolf the Ganger, i. 154, 155

Hubert Walter, Bishop of Salisbury, i. 262; Archbishop of Canterbury and justiciar, ib.; his administration, 264; puts down tumult in London, 320; resigns justiciarship, 267; opposes John, 328; dies, 329

Hubertsberg, treaty of, vii. 306

Huddleston, Father John, vii. 4

Hugh, St., Bishop of Lincoln, i. 174, 267

Hugh, St. (martyr), of Lincoln, ii. 127

Hugh the Wolf, Earl of Chester, ii. 47

Huguenots, iv. 174-176; supported by Elizabeth, 189; growth of their power, 206-208; rising of, 209; treaty with Elizabeth, ib., 210; with Catharine, 217; defeated at Jarnac, 267; at Montcontour, 268; massacre of, 299; refugees at Canterbury, 306; settle in Florida, iv. 330; persecuted by Lewis XIV., vi. 317, 335; vii. 13; fly to England, 14

Hull, Charles I. refused admittance to, v. 378

Humbert, General, viii. 130

Hundred, the, i. 19, 47

Hundred-court, the, i. 20; preserved by William I., 185, 186; grand jury elected in, 264

Hundred-Rolls, ii. 117

Hundred Years' War, its beginning, ii. 213; change in its character, iii. 29; its effects, ii. 214, 215; iii. 103, 104

Huntingdon reduced by Eadward, i. 119; granted to David of Scotland, ii. 134

Huntingdon, Henry Hastings, third Earl of (see Hastings), iv. 268

Huntingdon, John Holland, Earl of (Duke of Exeter), iii. 7, 8

Huntingdon, Henry of, i. 4, 173, 243

Huntly, Alexander Gordon, fourth Earl of, iv. 199, 205

Huntly, George Gordon, fifth Earl of, iv. 226

Huntly, George Gordon, sixth Earl of, v. 139, 140

Huntly, George Gordon, second Marquis of, v. 336, 337

Hus-carls, Cnut's, i. 144, 146; Harthacnut's, 148; Harold's, 163, 164

Huss, John, ii. 349

Hussey, John, Lord, iii. 322, 325

Hutchinson, Colonel, v. 81, 97; Memoirs of, 72

Hutten, Ulrich von, iii. 256

Hwiccas, i. 66

Hyde, Anne, vi. 221

Hyde, Edward, v. 362; organizes the Royalist party in Parliament, 367; joins Charles I. at York, 378; Chancellor of the Exchequer, vi. 205. See Clarendon

Hyde, Lawrence, vi. 315, 334

Hyder Ali, viii. 131

Iceland colonized by Northmen, i. 129

Ida the Flame-bearer, i. 52

Impositions of James I., v. 160

Income-tax, viii. 137

Independents, v. 308; emigrate to America, ib., 310; return, vi. 28; their petition to Charles II., 200

India, AElfred's intercourse with, i. 109, 113; English settlements in, vii. 232; French attack on, 233; Portuguese settlements in, 232; French withdraw from, 307; Warren Hastings' rule in, viii. 31, 32, 50; Fox's scheme for its government, 67, 68; Buonaparte's designs on, 131, 132

Indulgence, first Declaration of, vi. 219, 220; second, 262, 273; third, vii. 22; fourth, 29, 30

Ine, king of Wessex, i. 89, 90

Ingelger of Anjou, i. 209

Innocent III., Pope, quashes elections to Canterbury, i. 329; appoints Stephen Langton, 330; lays England under interdict, ib.; sentences John to deposition, 333; annuls the Charter, excommunicates the barons, and suspends Langton, 354

Interdict in England, i. 330, 331; in Flanders, ii. 219, 224

"Interim," the, iv. 51

Inquisition, the, iv. 31, 101

Inverlochy, battle of, vi. 38

Iona, i. 69

Ireland, materials for early history of, i. 7, 8; its condition after the Danish invasions, 249, 250; slave-trade with Bristol, 250; bull for conquest of, 251; Anglo-Norman invasion of, 252; Henry II. in, 253; Gerald de Barri's treatises on, 245, 285; students from, at Oxford, 291; condition after the Norman invasion, ii. 373-375; barons of, rise against John, i. 332, 333; John in, ii. 375, 376; Gaveston in, 187; Edward Bruce's expedition to, 376; condition under Edward III., 377; Richard II. in, 367, 378; Henry VII.'s dealings with, iii. 181, 182; condition under Henry VIII., 326, 327; conquest of, 328-330; Henry's government of, 330-333; effects of Cromwell's ecclesiastical policy in, 339-342; attempts to force the Reformation on, iv. 62, 63; condition under Mary, 109-111; trade with Bristol, iv. 282; condition under Elizabeth, 314, 315; rising in, 315, 316; condition after the fall of Smerwick, v. 61; rising in, under Hugh O'Neill, 62; condition under James I., 287, 288; Wentworth's rule in, 290-292, 364; rising in, 365; Charles I.'s dealings with, vi. 16; success of Ormond's diplomacy in, 71; Royalist successes in, 75; Cromwell's campaign in, 76, 77, 79; proposal for its union with England, 84, 86; its first representation in the English Parliament, 99; Cromwell's conquest and settlement of, 109, 110; first union with England, 110; union dissolved, 180; condition under Charles II., 181, 182; under James II., vii. 17, 55-59; war in, between James and William, 70-72; William's conquest of, 73, 74; relations with England, viii. 33; condition in eighteenth century, 34-36; demand for independence, 37, 38; made independent, 39; Pitt's dealings with, 78, 117, 118; peasant risings in, 119; Hoche's descent on, 124; panic in, ib., 125; revolt in, 129; second union with England, 139

Ireton, Henry, supports the Independents, vi. 45; his influence with the army, 51; policy, 54, 56, 57, 81; Irish campaign and death, 109; his corpse outraged, 201

Irishmen, United, viii. 118-120, 127, 128

Iron, manufactures of, iv. 279; mines, i. 30; ii. 107; trade in eighteenth century, viii. 54, 57

Isabel I., queen of Castille, iii. 186, 187

Isabella of Angouleme, wife of King John, ii. 33

Isabella of France, wife of Edward II., ii. 186, 197, 198, 207, 208

Isabella of France, wife of Richard II., ii. 368

Isabella, daughter of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372; v. 121

Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 290

Italy, the Renascence in, iii. 189, 190; northern, conquered by Charles VIII. of France, 206; by Francis I., 233; by Buonaparte, viii. 122, 123, 125

Itinerarium Cambriae, i. 274

Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, i. 174

Ivar the Boneless, i. 104

Ivry, battle of, iv. 369

"Jack the Carter," ii. 318

"Jack the Miller," ii. 318

"Jack Trewman," ii. 318

Jackson, General, viii. 205

Jacobins, viii. 96

Jacobites, vii. 68; their plots, 102, 103, 105; relations with the Tories, 166-168; rise in 1715, 183, 184; in 1745, 228-230

Jacquerie, the, ii. 265

Jamaica conquered by the English, vi. 117

James (I.), son of Robert III. of Scotland, iii. 15; prisoner in England, 16; king, ib., 183; murdered, 184

James IV., king of Scots, iii. 184, 185, 210

James V., king of Scots, iii. 248; iv. 23, 25, 26

James (VI.) of Scotland, born, iv. 231; crowned, 259; relations with Lennox and the Guises, 346; alliance with Elizabeth, 350; relations with Essex and Robert Cecil, v. 63; king of England, 122; his early life, 122-124; character and purpose, 124, 125; struggle with the nobles, 128; with the Kirk, 133, 134, 139-143; his Basilikon Doron, 143; enters London, 146; person and character, 146-148; policy, 144, 149, 150; gives relief to the Catholics, 150; refuses Puritan demands, 152, 153; proposes union with Scotland, 154; takes title of King of Great Britain, 155; his impositions, 160, 161; struggle with the Assembly and the Kirk, 164-166; with English law, 168; his True Law of Free Monarchy, 169; his theory of monarchy, ib., 170; financial straits, 172; struggle with Parliament, 179-182; his own minister, 185, 186; sets aside the council, 187; his favourites, 188, 189; backs the divorce of Lady Essex, 190, 191, 193; immorality of his court, 193, 194; summons Parliament, 195; dissolves it, 196; revives benevolences, 197, 198, 229; checks the growth of London, 198, 199; increases the peerage, 200; relations with the judges, 201, 202; dismisses Coke, 202; policy towards Spain, 211, 212; towards Germany and Bohemia, 218, 219; revives monopolies, 222; quarrel with Parliament, 228, 229; tears its Protestation, 229; overborne by Buckingham, 235; death, 239; letters of, iv. 4; authorities for his reign, v. 71

James, duke of York (King James II.), vi. 182; Lord Admiral, 193; marries Anne Hyde, 221; fight with Opdam off Lowestoft, 225; conversion, 255; fight with De Ruyter, 268; owns himself a Catholic and resigns his office, 274; second marriage, 278; exempted from the act excluding Catholics from Parliament, 297; sent to Brussels, 300; plans for excluding him from the succession, 306; recalled, 310; goes to Scotland, ib.; again recalled, 315, 335; king, vii. 5; his character, ib., 6; first measures, 6, 7; increases the army, 11; relations with France, 12; refuses to let William visit England, ib.; dealings with the Catholics and the Parliament, 14, 15; with the judges, 15; establishes a camp at Hounslow, 16; restores the High Commission, 18; struggle with the Tory nobles, 19-21; issues Declarations of Indulgence, 22, 29; attempts to pack Parliament, 23, 29; dealings with the Universities, 24-26; relations with William of Orange, 26-28; struggle with the seven bishops, 30, 31; reinforces his army with Irish troops, 33; sides with Lewis against the Empire and Holland, 36; reverses his policy, 39; flight, 42-44; received as king by Lewis, 49; policy in Ireland, 55; lands at Kinsale, 56; his rule at Dublin, 58, 59; returns to France, 71; his plans, 77; death, 106; his Autobiography, vi. 157, 158

James, William, ii. 340

Jamestown, foundation of, v. 308

Jarnac, battle of, iv. 267

Jarrow, i. 91, 92; plundered by northmen, 101

Jeanne d'Arc, iii. 46-55; Proces de, ii. 179

Jeffreys, George, Chief-Justice, vii. 10, 19; Lord Chancellor, 31

Jehan le Bel, ii. 178

Jemappes, battle of, viii. 101

Jena, battle of, viii. 174

Jenkins's ear, vii. 217

Jenkinson, Charles (first earl of Liverpool), vii. 311

Jenkinson's Travels, v. 9

Jersey, Charles II. in, vi. 78

Jerusalem, AElfred's intercourse with, i. 113; taken by Saladin, 257

Jervis, Admiral, viii. 127

Jesuits, Order of, founded, iv. 31, 101; missionaries in England, 317-320, 353; banished, v. 156; return, vii. 16; in England, materials for their history, iv. 5

Jewel, John, iv. 119, v. 106

Jews in England, i. 187, ii. 125, 130, 284, 307; expelled, ii. 131; return, vi. 112

Joan of Arc. See Jeanne

Joan, daughter of Edward II., ii. 206

Joan of Kent, wife of the Black Prince, ii. 293, 306

Jocelin of Brakelond, i. 174

Johanna, daughter of King John, ii. 54

Johanna, daughter of Edward I., ii. 123

John of Beverley, St., i. 77

John, son of Henry II., i. 258; Lord of Ireland, ii. 374; struggle with Longchamp, i. 260, 261; with Hubert Walter, ib.; king, 268; victory at Mirebeau, ib.; loses his French dominions, 269; his character, 326-328; prepares for war with France, 328; Welsh rise against him, 333; his continental alliances, ib., 334; campaigns in Wales, ii. 54, 55; struggle with the Church, i. 329-331; relations with the baronage, 332, 338; sentenced by the Pope to deposition, 333; becomes the Pope's vassal, 337; absolved, 338; struggle with Langton, 340, 341; goes to France, 342; defeat and return, 343; struggle with the barons, 344-347; assents to Great Charter, 348, 353; gets it annulled by the Pope, 354; takes Rochester and marches on the north, ib.; struggle with Lewis of France, 355; divides the Pale into counties, ii. 376; charter to Oxford, i. 309; death, 356; his submission to the Pope repudiated by Parliament, ii. 275

John, king of Bohemia, ii. 236, 239

John, duke of Normandy, ii. 234, 235; king of France, 258; Normandy rises against, 259; campaign against the Black Prince, 260, 261; prisoner, 262, 263; death, 281

John of Austria, Don, iv. 310-312

John of Cambridge, prior of St. Edmund's, ii. 329

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, ii. 287, 293, 294; position and policy, 302, 303; corrupt administration, 303; opposed by the Good Parliament, 305-307; action after its dismissal, 307; attacks Wykeham, 308; supports Wyclif, 309; withdraws from court, 311; expedition to St. Malo, 315; turns against Wyclif, 337, 341; goes to Spain, 350; intercedes for the Lords Appellant, 354; patron of Chaucer, 359; Aquitaine granted to, 369; death, 373

John the Litster, ii. 325, 331

John of London, pupil of Roger Bacon, ii. 16

John of Northampton, mayor of London, ii. 345, 350

John the Old Saxon, i. 113

John of Salisbury, i. 173, 174, 250, 282, 283, 285

Johnson, Samuel, vii. 204, 217; viii. 11

Jonson, Ben, v. 42

Joseph II., emperor, viii. 81, 85, 86

Journalism, developement of, in the eighteenth century, vii. 298

Juana of Castille, wife of Philip of Austria, iii. 186, 208

Judges, limitations of their powers, ii. 110, 111; circuits of, i. 207; organized by Henry II., 256; regulated by the Great Charter, 350

Julius II., Pope, iii. 187, 188, 209, 274

Julius III., Pope, iv. 86

Junius, viii. 9

Junto, the, vii. 85

Jurors, two classes of, i. 238; their functions in the Shire Court, ii. 149

Jury, trial by, its origin, i. 238; the Grand, ib.; mode of its election, 264; petty, 239

Justice in Old England, i. 12, 13, 49; Henry II.'s organization of, 256; administration of, in towns, 297; provisions for, in Great Charter, 350, 352

Justices of the Peace, ii. 123

Justiciar, the, i. 206; barons claim right of electing, ii. 38, 60; made responsible to Permanent Council, 61

Jutes, the, their early home, i. 10; land in Thanet, 31, 32; their victories in Kent, 33; settlements in Wight and along Southampton Water, 85

Juxon, bishop of London and treasurer, v. 298

Ken, Thomas, bishop of Bath and Wells, vii. 4

Kenilworth, the younger Simon de Montfort defeated at, ii. 76; Richard of Cornwall prisoner at, 80: its garrison refuse to surrender, 86; surrender, 89; Edward II. in ward at, 199; Henry VI. at, iii. 66; Ban of, ii. 87-89; "Round Table" of, 95

Kent, conquest of, i. 33; its rise under AEthelberht, 56; conversion, 59; relations with Eadwine, 64; conquered by Ine, 90; submits to Mercia, 91, 98; revolts against Offa, 98; against William I., 167; risings in, ii. 319; iii. 64; Complaint of the Commons of, iii. 65, 66; resists benevolences, 251; Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96; iron manufactures in, 279; royalist rising in, vi. 59, 61

Kent, West, kingdom of, i. 83

Kent, Edmund, earl of, son of Edward I., ii. 206, 207

Kent, Joan of, ii. 293, 306

Kent, Thomas Holland, earl of (duke of Surrey), iii. 7, 8

Kent, the Nun of, iii. 319

Kerry, rising in, iv. 315

Ketel of St. Edmund's, i. 313

Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, eighth Earl of, iii. 175, 181, 182

Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth Earl of, iii. 328

Killiecrankie, battle of, vii. 52

Killigrew, Tom, vi. 175

Kilmarnock, William Boyd, fourth Earl of, vii. 230

Kilsyth, battle of, vi. 41

King, the, i. 48; nature and limits of his power, 49, 132; his "comrades," 50-52; increase of his importance through struggle with northmen, 131; his household officers become officers of state, 132; relations with England after loss of Normandy, 326; his revenue, ii. 103; relations with Parliament, 181-183; position at opening of Wars of the Roses, iii. 85, 86; the Convention's settlement of his position, vi. 197; in Council, i. 256; ii. 110, 111. See Monarchy

King's Bench, court of, ii. 109

King's County, English settlement of, iv. 111

King's Court, the, i. 186; its organization under Henry I., 206; under Henry II., 255; ii. 110, 111; regulated by Great Charter, i. 350; divided into three tribunals, ii. 109

Kirk, the Scottish, its organization, v. 131, 132; relations with the people and the king, 132-136; its triumph, 140; new struggle with James, 164-166; dealings of Charles I. and Laud with, 326, 328, 330, 331; re-established, 335; vii. 54

Kirk o' Field, iv. 244

Knighthood, compulsory, under Edward I., ii. 118, 164; under Charles I., v. 277

Knights, their complaint against the barons, ii. 62; right of attendance at the Great Council, 145; growth of their importance after the Barons' War, 147; relations with the Crown, ib., 148; of the shire, summoned to Parliament, 66, 71, 73, 150, 151; result of their election in county court, 151, 152; relations with the Lords, 202; grouped together with the burgesses as "the Commons," 203; petition for due election of, 300

Knolles's History of the Turks, v. 4

Knollys, Sir Francis, iv. 119, 215

Knox, John, iv. 113-115, 119, 128; denounces Mary Tudor, 130; resists Mary Stuart, 201, 212, 218; breaks with Murray, 218; defies Mary, 220; calls for her death, 259; his character and influence, v. 130, 131; his Liturgy, 327; his History of the Reformation, iv. 4

Knyghton, Henry, ii. 177, 179

Kolin, battle of, vii. 248

Kunersdorf, battle of, vii. 263

Labour-rents, i. 322, 323; commutation of, 324; attempts to revive, ii. 257, 266, 267

Labourdonnais besieges Madras, vii. 233

Labourers, their position after the Black Death, ii. 255; condition under Richard II., 314; in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, iii. 109-111; under Elizabeth, iv. 275, 276

Lacy, Henry de, ii. 188

Lacy, Robert de, i. 201

Laet, the, i. 14, 15

Lafayette, Marquis de, viii. 83

Lagos, battle off, vii. 273

La Hire, iii. 49

La Hogue, battle of, vii. 78

Lake, Gerard, first viscount, viii. 130

Lambert, General, his campaign against Hamilton, vi. 62; pursuit of Charles II., 83; resigns his command, 121; relations with Monk, 150, 151; escape and defeat, 152; exempted from pardon, 195

Lambeth, Harthacnut dies at, i. 148; treaty of, ii. 3; the archbishop's chapel at, its transformations, v. 90; Laud's restoration of, 299, 300

Lancashire, reluctance of its boroughs to send members to Parliament, ii. 155

Lancaster, Blanche of, ii. 287

Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of. See Edmund

Lancaster, Henry, Earl of, ii. 199, 203, 206

Lancaster, Henry, first Duke of (see Derby), ii. 258-260, 266

Lancaster, Henry of (King Henry IV.) See Henry

Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, ii. 188, 191, 193-195

Lancelot, legend of, i. 247

Land-tenure in Old England, i. 14; after Norman Conquest, 322-324; Edward I.'s legislation concerning, ii. 124, 125

Land-tax, i. 186, 207, 350; ii. 103

"Landless man," the, i. 322, 323

Lanercost, Chronicle of, i. 273

Lanfranc, abbot of Bec, i. 159; Archbishop of Canterbury, 187; crowns William II., 191

Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, vi. 40

Langland, William, ii. 178, 179, 269-272

Langport, battle of, vi. 41

Langside, battle of, iv. 261

Langton, Simon, i. 355

Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 330; comes to England, 338; relations with John and the Charter, 340, 341; suspended, 354; goes to Rome, ib.; returns, ii. 3; supports Hubert de Burgh, 5; his care for the Charter, 6; death, 26

Langton, Thomas, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 196

Language, English, its literary revival in thirteenth century, i. 174; effects of Norman Conquest on, 278; Henry III.'s proclamation in, ii. 62; first used in opening Parliament, 300, 356; ordered to be used in law courts, 356; vii. 201; supersedes French, ii. 356, 357; changes in, in Caxton's time, iii. 159, 160; replaces Latin in church service, iv. 49; Welsh, ii. 50

Lansdowne, William Fitzmaurice, first marquis of (see Shelburne) viii. 115

Lansdowne Hill, battle of, vi. 6

Lathom House, siege of, vi. 19

Latimer, William Latimer, fourth Lord, ii. 304, 306

Latimer, George Neville, first Lord, iii. 114

Latimer, John Neville, third Lord, iii. 323

Latimer, Hugh, iii. 262-265; Bishop of Worcester, 336; imprisoned, 347; forced to resign, ib.; denounces Warwick's government, iv. 57; sent to the Tower, 74; burnt, 92

Latimer, William, iii. 201

Latitudinarians, the, vi. 133-137, 168

Laud, William, Bishop of St. David's, v. 293; his views and character, 245, 292-294; Bishop of London, 266; Archbishop of Canterbury, 295; dealings with the Puritans, 295-297; revives the Bishops' Courts, 298; restores Lambeth Chapel, 299, 300; revives ritual, 300; dealings with Prynne, 306, 329; relations with Wentworth, 318; dealings with Scotland, 325-327; arrested, 351

Lauderdale, John Maitland, second Earl and first Duke of, vi. 181, 245, 259

Lauffeld, battle of, vii. 231

Lauzun, Count of, vii. 71, 72

Law, common, ii. 110, 113; ecclesiastical, new code of, iv. 60; English, Glanvill's treatise on, i. 174, 244; of the Forest, ii. 34; Roman, revived study of, i. 282; in England, 283; influence of its imperial theories, ii. 95, 96

"Lawmen" of the Five Boroughs, i. 118

Laws, Old English, two classes of, i. 5; first put in writing, 59; of AEthelred, i. 138; of David of Scotland, ii. 171; of Eadgar, i. 144; of Eadward the Confessor, 150, 199, 340; of Henry I., 339; of Howel Dda, ii. 46

Layamon, i. 174, 279

League of Cambray, iii. 206; the Catholic, in Germany, v. 177, 232; the Holy, iii. 209, 210, 266; in France, iv. 348, 355, 356; of Neutrals, viii. 162-164; of Schmalkald, iii. 336; iv. 36, 50; of the Public Weal, iii. 122, 125, 126

Learning, the New, iii. 194-198, 201, 202; its protest against war, 210; attitude after Wolsey's fall, 289, 291

Leicester, one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117; surrenders to AEthelflaed, 118; condition under its earls, 297; regains right of compurgation, 313-315; stormed by Charles I., vi. 38

Leicester, Robert de Beaumont, Earl of, i. 254

Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of (see Dudley), iv. 205, 349, 357; v. 58, 63

Leighton, John, v. 305

Leinster, kingdom of, i. 251, 252

Leipzig, battle of, viii. 202

Leith sacked by the English, iv. 29; siege of, 175, 176

Leland, John, v. 4

Lennox, Esme Stuart, Duke of, iv. 346; v. 123

Lennox, Matthew Stuart, Earl of, iv. 227, 244; v. 123

Lennox, Margaret, Countess of, iv. 220, 221

Leo X., Pope, iii. 249, 253, 254

Leofa, slayer of Eadmund the Magnificent, i. 123

Leofric, Earl of Mercia, i. 150, 152

Leopold II., Emperor, viii. 95, 96

Leopold V., Duke of Austria, i. 261

Lepanto, battle of, iv. 297

Leslie, Alexander, v. 335, 337. See Leven

Leslie, David, vi. 79, 80, 83, 84

"Lesser barons." See Knights

Levant Company, v. 161

Leven, Alexander Leslie, first Earl of (see Leslie), vi. 18

Lever, Thomas, iv. 119, 128, 132

Lewes, battle of, ii. 70, 71; Mise of, 71; Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96

Lewis of Bavaria, Emperor, ii. 217-219, 221, 229, 235, 248

Lewis d'Outremer, king of France, i. 210

Lewis VII., king of France, i. 233, 254

Lewis (VIII.) of France, the English crown offered to, i. 355; successes in England, ib.; defeated, ii. 2; withdraws, 3

Lewis IX., king of France, ii. 35, 40, 68, 90

Lewis XI., king of France, iii. 119; relations with Edward IV., 120, 121; with Burgundy, ib.; with Margaret of Anjou, 121; negotiations with Warwick, 122, 123; struggle with League of the Public Weal, 126, 127; again seeks treaty with Edward, 128; Edward's negotiations with, 129; league against, 130; attacks Britanny, 132; captured and released by Charles, ib.; stirs Warwick against Edward, 136; reconciles Warwick and Margaret, 137; alliance with Henry VI., 139; treaty with Edward, 150; seized Picardy, Artois, etc., ib.; war with Maximilian, 151; treaty with him, 170; refuses to recognize Richard III., 169; death, ib.

Lewis XII., king of France (see Orleans), iii. 206, 232

Lewis XIII., king of France, v. 256

Lewis XIV., king of France, vi. 188-189; his policy, 190, 191; alliance with Charles II., 192; relations with England and Holland, 227; sends his fleet to join the Dutch, 239; attacks Flanders, 247; his offers to Spain, 249; treaty with her, 250; policy towards Holland, 251; treaties with Charles, 257, 258; attacks Holland, 268; position after Peace of Nimeguen, 291, 316; persecutes the Huguenots, 317, 335; new agreement with Charles, 323; seizes Strassburg, Casale, and Luxemburg, 335; relations with James II., vii. 12; revokes the Edict of Nantes, 13; relations with James and Holland, 36, 38; attacks Germany, 38, 48; receives James II. at St. Germain, 49; war declared against, by England and Holland, ib.; his fleet, 68; sends troops to Ireland, 71; his successes, 75, 76; turn of his fortune, 79, 80; treaty with William, 90, 91; seizes the Dutch Barrier, 102; acknowledges James's son as king of England, 106; attacks Germany again, 118, 119; his losses, 131, 134; offers terms, 134, 135; death, 183, 185

Lewis XV., king of France, vii. 185, 225

Lewis XVI., king of France, viii. 28; summons the States-General, 83; a Constitution forced on, 86; attempts flight, 95; imprisoned, 101; executed, 103

Lewis XVIII., king of France, viii. 206, 211

Lexington, skirmish at, viii. 22

Leyva, Alonzo da, iv. 363

Liber Albus of London, i. 274

Liber de Antiquis Legibus, i. 274

Liber Custumarum of London, i. 274

Lichfield, diocese of, i. 83

Liege taken by Marlborough, vii. 117

Liegnitz, battle of, vii. 302

Ligny, battle of, viii. 207

Lilburne, John, vi. 28, 75, 78

Lille reduced by Marlborough, vii. 134

Lillibullero, vii. 33

Lilly, William, iii. 200

Limerick, siege of, vii. 72, 73

Limitation Bill, vi. 323

Limoges welcomes Du Guesclin, ii. 285; stormed by the Black Prince, 286

Limousin restored to Edward III., ii. 266

Linacre, Thomas, iii. 190, 197, 256

Lincoln, one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117; battles of, 219; ii. 2; relieved by John, i. 356; Jews at, ii. 126, 127

Lincolnshire surrendered to Ecgfrith by Wulfhere, i. 86; rising in, iii. 323

Lindesay of the Byres, Patrick, sixth Lord, iv. 225, 228, 230

Lindisfarne, i. 69, 79, 87, 97

Lindiswaras, i. 73, 117

Linen manufacture, Irish, its foundation, v. 291

Lisbon, Drake's and Norris's expedition to, iv. 367, 368

Lisle, Alice, vii. 11, 66

Lisle, John Dudley, Lord, iv. 41, 46. See Warwick

Litany, the English, iv. 40

Literature, English, its beginnings, i. 77, 93, 96; decay during struggle with Danes, 113; AElfred's influence on, 114, 115; after Norman Conquest, 242, 243, 246, 278; under Henry II., 174, 244-249; under John, 278, 279; popular, during Peasant Revolt, ii. 318, 319; Wyclif's influence on, 338; revival in fourteenth century, 357, 358; effects of the Renascence on, v. 1-3; developement under Elizabeth, 3-11; after the Revolution, 154; in poetry, 156, 157; in prose, 157-161, 292, 293; beginning of a new developement with Dryden, 333; Welsh, ii. 49-54. See Drama

Lithsmen of London, i. 300

Liturgy, the English, iv. 49; Knox's, v. 327; the Scottish (Laud's), of 1636, ib.; rejected, 328. See Prayer-Book

Liverpool, its rise, vii. 196

Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, second Earl of, viii. 196. See Hawkesbury

"Livery," ii. 311, 355; iii. 105

Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, prince of North Wales, ii. 58; alliance with Montfort, 67, 76; raid upon Chester, 85; defeats Mortimer at Brecknock, 88; submits, 89; refuses homage to Edward I., 108; submission and marriage, 109; last revolt and death, 119, 120

Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, prince of North Wales, ii. 5, 54-58, 108

Llywarch Hen, ii. 49, 53

Loans, forced, under Richard II., ii. 372; demanded by Wolsey, iii. 244; by Charles I., 254, 255

Loch Ce, Annals of, i. 7

Lochleven, Mary Stuart imprisoned at, iv. 257, 258

Locke, John, vi. 170, 171, 259

Logic, study of, at Oxford, i. 288

Lollardry, ii. 339; suppressed at Oxford, 341; its later phases, 344-348; influence in Bohemia, 349; attitude under Henry IV., iii. 19, 21; sympathy of the Commons with, 21; rising under Oldcastle, 27; suppression of, 27, 28; its lingering existence, 96, 258; legal prohibitions of, rescinded, iv. 48; its influence in Scotland, 111

Lodi, battle of, viii. 122

London, Middle-Saxons settle round, i. 54; subject to the East-Saxons, 59; to Mercia, 85; beginnings of its commercial greatness, 138; resists Swein, 142; submits to him, 143; to the Conqueror, 165; its election of Stephen, 215; expels Matilda, 219; its share in religious revival, 222, 223; Normans in, 303; Henry I.'s charter to, 304; relations with Oxford, 308, 309; strife of classes in, 318-320; meeting of barons at, 340; joins the barons against John, 346; its liberties secured by Great Charter, 352; barons blockaded by John in, 355; defies the Pope, ib.; ii. 8; Franciscans settle in, 12; Archbishop Boniface driven from, 32; supports Earl Simon, 67, 69, 70; its charter annulled, 82; its mayor imprisoned, 83; occupied by Gilbert of Gloucester, 89; supports Wyclif, 309, 310; threatened by revolted peasants, 321, 322; its Lollardry, 345; welcomes Henry of Lancaster, 379; Richard II. brought captive to, 381; betrayed to Edward IV. by Archbishop Neville, iii. 142; its petition to Richard III., 168; evades Wolsey's demand for a benevolence, 251; Protestants in, 347; Walloons in, iv. 51; unfavourable to Jane Grey's succession, 71; its Protestant sympathies, ib., 75; attitude in Wyatt's rising, 83-85; Protestant martyrs in, 96, 144; supplies sent from, to refugees abroad, 119; its commerce under Elizabeth, 280; Flemish settlers in, 281; traders of, send help to the Prince of Orange, 324; its contribution for defence against the Armada, 358; its advance under Elizabeth, v. 77; its increase checked, 198, 199, 277; its welcome to Prince Charles, 233; colonizes Derry, 289; sides with the Parliament against Charles I., 372, 375, 376; fortified by the Parliament, vi. 4; train-bands of, at battle of Newbury, 14; Independents and Baptists in, 28; petitions against toleration, 37; rises against the Parliament, 56; Plague at, 226; Fire at, 239; supports the Exclusion Bill, 308; riots in, 322, 323; supports Shaftesbury, 334; turns against him, 335, 336; Huguenot refugees in, vii. 14; Methodists in, 208; supports Pitt, 256, 305; supports Wilkes, 319; viii. 6, 8, 12; petitions to George III., 16, 20; supports the younger Pitt, 69; riot in, 113; "barons" of, i. 319; "boatmen" of, 308; St. Paul's Cathedral in, 223; Dooms of, 300; Gilds of, 299; "lithsmen" of, 300; merchants of, ib.; Merchant Adventurers of, iv. 283, 284; materials for its municipal history, i. 274; portreeves of, i. 303; first theatres in, v. 22, 23; Tower of, i. 166; weavers of, 317, 318; Witenagemots at, i. 152, 153

Londonderry colonized, v. 289; siege of, vii. 57, 58

Longchamp, William, Bishop of Ely and justiciar, i. 260, 261, 264

"Lord" and "man," their mutual relations, i. 133; and villeins, i. 323-325

Lords, House of, origin of its judicial character, i. 256; its composition under the Houses of Lancaster and York, iii. 94, 99; under Henry VIII., iv. 13, 14; rejects proposals of the Commons to confiscate Church property, iii. 15, 22; its dealings with the Duke of York's claim to the Crown, 77; assents to bills for Church reform, 291; its address to the Pope, 297; increase in its numbers under the Stuarts, v. 199, 200; relations with Crown and Commons in 1641, 360; charges Cromwell with treason, vi. 63; rejects the ordinance for the trial of Charles I., 66, 67; abolished, 67, 69; Cromwell's substitute for, 144; the Bishops restored to, 204; rejects the Exclusion Bill, 320; proposal to limit its numbers, vii. 190, 191; its dealings with Wilkes, 318; rejects Chatham's bill for repeal of the Stamp Acts, viii. 19, 20; refuses Catholic emancipation, 196

Lorne, Archibald Campbell, Lord, v. 326. See Argyle

Lorraine annexed by France, vii. 215

Lorraine, the Cardinal of, iv. 267

Lothian ceded to Malcolm I., i. 147

Loughborough, Alexander Wedderburn, first Lord, viii. 154

Louisburg, capture of, vii. 266

Louisiana, French settlement in, vii. 242; ceded to England, 307

Louviers captured by Henry V., iii. 33

Lovat, Simon Fraser, thirteenth Lord, vii. 230

Lovelace, John, third Lord, vii. 42

Lowestoft, battle of, vi. 225

Lowlands, alleged grant of, by Cnut to the Scots, ii. 132

Lucy, Geoffrey de, i. 345

Lucy, Richard de, i. 343, 344

Luddite riots, viii. 194

Ludlow, General, vi. 109; his Memoirs, v. 72

Lumley, John, Lord, iv. 267, 268

Lumley, Richard, second Viscount, vii. 35, 37

Luneville, Peace of, viii. 143

Luther, Martin, iii. 253-257

Lutherans in England, iii. 262; their progress on the Continent, 275; importation of their books forbidden, 304; Henry VIII.'s alliance with, 336; growth in Germany, iv. 31; refuse to send representatives to Trent, 35, 36; reject Henry VIII.'s advances, 36; defeated at Muhlberg, 50; take refuge in England, 51; again invited to Trent, 193; position after Peace of Passau, v. 176

Lutterworth, Wyclif at, ii. 343, 344

Luttrell, Colonel, viii. 8

Luttrell's Diary, vi. 158

Lutzen, battle of, viii. 201

Luxemburg seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335; restored to Spain, vii. 91

Luxemburg, Francis Henry de Montmorency, Duke of, vii. 75, 79, 80

Luxemburg, Jacquetta of, iii. 124

Lydgate, John, iii. 17, 40; Caxton's edition of, 157

Lyly, John, v. 5

Lymne, its fall, i. 33

Lynn, King John at, i. 356; its charter annulled, ii. 79

Lyons, Richard, ii. 304, 306, 323

Lyttelton, Lord Keeper, v. 378

Lyttelton, George, first Lord, vii. 249

Mabinogion, i. 7; ii. 50, 51

Macclesfield, Fitton Gerard, third Earl of, vii. 37

Machyn's Diary, iv. 3

Mackay, General, vii. 52

Madison, James, President of the United States, viii. 198

Madras, its origin, vii. 232; razed by Labourdonnais, 233

Magdalen of Valois, queen of Scots, iv. 23

Magdeburg, siege of, iv. 64

Magesaetas, i. 66

Magna Carta. See Charter, the Great

Mahrattas, vii. 234, 235; viii. 31

Maidstone, Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96

Maine conquered by counts of Anjou, i. 212; by William of Normandy, 158, 213; by Philip Augustus, 269; ceded to France, ii. 63

"Maintenance," ii. 311; iii. 105

Mainwaring, Dr. Roger, v. 254, 267

Major-Generals, Cromwell's, vi. 107, 118, 119

Malcolm I., king of Scots, i. 123

Malcolm II., king of Scots, i. 146

Malcolm III., king of Scots, i. 170, 197

Maldon, battle of, i. 139

Malet, Robert, i. 201

Malet, William, i. 343

"Malignants," vi. 47, 83, 99, 194, 201

Malmesbury, James Harris, first Lord, viii. 121, 123

Malmesbury, William of, i. 4, 6, 173, 243, 244

Malplaquet, battle of, vii. 136

Malta conquered by Buonaparte, viii. 132; blockaded by a British fleet, viii. 162; surrenders, 165

"Maltote," ii. 166

Man, Isle of, conquered by Eadwine, i. 63

Manchester seized by Eadward the Elder, i. 119; its rise, vii. 196

Manchester, Edward Montagu, second Earl of (see Mandeville), head of the Association of the Eastern Counties, vi. 8, 13, 18; quarrels with Cromwell, 24, 34; retires, 35

Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Earl of Essex, i. 343

Mandeville, Edward Montagu, Viscount, v. 354, 358. See Manchester

Manor, the, i. 322-323

Mans, Le, seized by Geoffrey Martel, i. 212; rebels against William Rufus, 197; Henry II. besieged in, 258; surrendered to Charles VII., iii. 62

Mansel, John, ii. 8

Mansfield, Count, v. 239

Mansfield, William Murray, first Earl of, vii. 259

Mansion, Colard, iii. 155

Mantes, William the Conqueror wounded at, i. 190

Manton, Thomas, vi. 252

Mantua, siege of, viii. 123; surrenders to Buonaparte, 125

Manufactures, growth of, under Elizabeth, iv. 278-280; in Yorkshire, their rise, v. 281; English, in eighteenth century, viii. 53, 54, 59, 60; altered conditions of, 193, 194; of linen, in Ireland, v. 291; of silk, at Spitalfields, vii. 14

Manumissions, sale of, to the king's serfs, i. 325

Map, Walter, i. 174, 247-249

Mar, John Erskine, sixth Earl of, vii. 145, 183

March, Edward, Earl of. See Edward IV.

March, Roger Mortimer, first Earl of. See Mortimer

March, Roger Mortimer, fourth Earl of, ii. 378

March, Edmund Mortimer, fifth Earl of, iii. 2, 13, 14, 28, 30

Marchers, the Lords, ii. 67, 75, 80-82, 85

Mardyke, capture of, by the French, vi. 124

Mare, Sir Peter de la, ii. 306, 307, 311

Marengo, battle of, viii. 142

Maria Theresa of Austria, vii. 199; queen of Hungary, 220; her struggle with Frederick the Great, 221, 223, 225, 246

Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI., iii. 61; her policy, 72, 74; flies to Scotland, 75; victory at St. Albans, 79; defeated at Towton, 80; appeals to Lewis XI., 121; defeated at Hexham, 123; reconciled with Warwick, 137; lands at Weymouth, 143; captured at Tewkesbury, 145

Margaret, wife of Malcolm III., king of Scots, i. 170

Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., wife of James IV. of Scotland, iii. 185; her second marriage, 231; strife with Albany, 232, 235, 247, 248; with her husband, iv. 22

Margaret, the "Maid of Norway," ii. 135

Margaret of York, schemes for her marriage, iii. 128-130; marries Charles the Bold, 131; patroness of Caxton, 155; supports Lambert Simnel, 176; supports Perkin Warbeck, 180

Margaret Beaufort. See Beaufort

Marignano, battle of, iii. 233

Marisco. See Marsh

Marlborough, Parliament at, ii. 89

Marlborough, John Churchill, Earl of (see Churchill), vii. 50, 110; campaign in Ireland, 72, 73; plans of treason, 77; relations with William III. and Anne, 111, 112; Captain-General, 112; relations with the allies, 113, 114; his temper, 115, 116; his military genius, 117; campaign in 1702, ib.; difficulties with the Dutch, 118; Duke, ib.; campaign of 1704, 119-122; supports Occasional Conformity, 123; relations with the Tories, ib., 124; with the Whigs, 125; troubles with the Allies, 125; campaign of 1706, 126, 127; difficulties at home, 131-133; campaign of 1708, 134; of 1709, 136; attacked by the Tories, 138, 140; his fall, 141; imbecility, 182

Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, Duchess of, vii. 110, 111, 133, 136, 138

Marlowe, Christopher, v. 26, 27, 29, 31, 35

Marmont, General, viii. 199

"Marprelate, Martin," iv. 5, 342, 343

Marseilles besieged by Charles V., iii. 248, 249

Marsh, Adam, i. 274; ii. 14, 40, 41

Marshal, William, first Earl of Pembroke, opposes John, i. 328, 329; character and position, 345; counsels John to accept the Charter, 347; his fidelity to John, ii. 1; "governor of king and kingdom," 2; death, 3

Marshal, William, second Earl of Pembroke, i. 343; ii. 36

Marshal, Richard, third Earl of Pembroke, ii. 33, 34

Marshall, Stephen, v. 354

Marston, John, v. 42

Marston Moor, battle of, vi. 19

Martinengo, Papal nuncio, iv. 193

Martinico conquered by England, vii. 307; restored to France, ib.

Marvell, Andrew, vi. 329

Mary, daughter of Henry VIII., betrothed to the Dauphin, iii. 235; to Charles V., 242, 250; refuses to conform to Protestantism, iv. 58; proclaimed queen, 71; enters London, 74; person and character, ib.; her aim, 75, 76; schemes for her marriage, 78-80; relations with Parliament, 81, 85; revolt against her, 82-84; marriage, 86; persecutions, 91, 95, 96, 144; disappointment, 98; relations with Paul IV., 102, 103, 106; refounds abbeys, 106; war with Franco, 108; dealings with Ireland, 109, 111; effect of her persecutions, 118; Protestant denunciations of, 130, 131; death, 145

Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, vi. 282; plan for her marriage, 283; married, 290; refuses to reign alone, vii. 46; declared queen, 47; death, 88

Mary Stuart born, iv. 25; proposal for her marriage with Edward VI., 26, 28; crowned, 28; marries the Dauphin, 53, 169; her claims to the English crown, 79, 153; treaties with Elizabeth and the Lords, 176; returns to Scotland, 196, 201; person and character, 196-198; policy, 199-201, 208, 211, 212; relations with Elizabeth, 205; scheme of marriage with Leicester, ib.; with Don Carlos, 206, 213, 221; relations with Knox and the Calvinists, 218; turns to the Lennoxes, 222; proposes to marry Darnley, 223; expels Murray, 225; demands to be recognized as Elizabeth's successor, 226; her plans for Scotland and England, ib.; quarrel with Darnley, 227; captured, 229; escapes to Dunbar, ib.; returns, 230; birth of her son, 231; relations with Darnley and Bothwell, 242, 243; sanctions the establishment of Protestantism, 245; marries Bothwell, ib.; captured by the Lords, 246; prisoner at Lochleven, 257, 258; forced to resign, 259; escapes, 260; defeated at Langside, 261; flies to Carlisle, ib.; refuses to clear herself, 262; plans for her marriage with Arran, 263; for her marriage with Norfolk, ib., 265; plots with Norfolk, 265, 271, 272; given in charge to Lord Huntingdon, 268; imprisoned at Coventry, 269; scheme of marriage with Don John, 310; joins Babington's plot, 351; trial and death, 352; bequeaths her claims to Philip, 353; materials for her history, 4

Mary of Guise, queen of Scotland, iv. 23, 25, 28; Regent, 112; relations with the Protestants, 118, 168; with France, 170; death, 176

Mary of Modena, wife of James II., vi. 278; vii. 29, 34

Mary, daughter of Henry VII., iii. 232; iv. 46

Maserfeld, battle of the, i. 71

Masham, Mrs., vii. 132

Massachusetts, first settlement in, v. 310; first charter granted to, 311; protests against English taxation, vii. 326; proposes a congress, 330; its assembly dissolved, viii. 14; resists the tea-duty, 15; its charter altered, 18; takes up arms against England, 19; repudiates English government, 23; refuses to join in war against England, 203, 204

Massena, General, viii. 140, 189-191

Massey, Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, vii. 25

Massinger, Philip, v. 303

Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror, i. 159

Matilda or Maud (Edith), wife of Henry I., i. 198-200, 246

Matilda or Maud, daughter of Henry I., i. 208, 213, 219, 220

Matthias, Emperor, v. 177, 213, 217

Maud. See Matilda

Maunay, Sir Walter, ii. 234, 246, 253

Maurice, Bishop of London, i. 223

Maurice, Prince, vi. 13, 19, 22

Maximilian I. of Austria, iii. 147; marries Mary of Burgundy, 151; war with Lewis XI., ib.; treaty with him, 170; supports Perkin Warbeck, 180; relations with France, 232-234; death, 239; policy towards Luther, iv. 18

May's History of the Long Parliament, v. 72

Mayenne, Charles of Lorraine, Duke of, iv. 367, 372

Mayflower, the, v. 309

Mayne, Cuthbert, iv. 309

Maynooth stormed, iii. 328, 329

Mayor of a town, successor of portreeve, i. 303; right of electing, 315; of Oxford, 310

Mazarin, Cardinal, vi. 114, 117, 190

Measures, uniformity of, enacted by Great Charter, i. 352

Meaux taken by Henry V., iii. 36

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, iv. 360, 362

Medway, the Dutch in the, vi. 242

Melfort, John Drummond, first Earl of, vii. 17

Melrose, Cuthbert at, i. 75; Chronicle of, 273; English raid on, iv. 29

Melville, Andrew, v. 133, 136, 138, 164, 165

Menou, General, viii. 164, 166

Meonwaras, i. 85

Merchade, i. 265

Merchant Adventurers, English, in Flanders, iii. 155; of London, iv. 283, 284

Merchant Associations, iv. 233, 283

Merchant-gild, the, i. 297, 300; struggle with craft-gilds, 316-318; of London, 319

Mercia under Penda, i. 66, 70-73; submits to Oswiu, 73; becomes Christian, ib.; its revival under Wulfhere, 78, 85; struggle with Wessex, 90-91; greatness under Offa, 97, 98; struggle with Wales, ii. 46; civil strife in, i. 101; conquered by Ecgberht, 102; attacked by northmen, 104; conquered by them, 105; English, under ealdorman AEthelred, 117; annexed to Wessex, 118; revolts against Eadwig, 137; submits to Cnut, 143; earldom of, 146

Mercians, their settlement, i. 37

Meres, Francis, v. 32, 41, 42

Merlin, legend of, i. 247; prophecies of, ii. 57, 119

Merton, school of, i. 225

Methodists, vii. 204-207, 210, 211; their influence, viii. 46

Meulan captured by John of Bedford, iii. 39

Meulan, Robert, count of, i. 201

Mexico conquered by Cortes, iv. 329

Michiel, Giovanni, iv. 3

Middle English settle round Leicester, i. 37; become Christian, 72

Middle Saxons, i. 54

Middlesex elects Wilkes, viii. 5, 7

Middleton, Thomas, v. 42

Milan Decree, Napoleon's, viii. 181

Mile-end, meeting of Richard II. and the Kentishmen at, ii. 322

Milford Haven, Richard II. lands at, ii. 380

Millenary Petition, v. 151

Milton, John, his early life, v. 98-101; life at Horton, 302, 303; early poems, 304; Comus, 305, 306; Lycidas, 332; views on Church reform, 355; change in his ecclesiastical views, vi. 32; his sonnet on the Vaudois, 123; his Defence of the English People, 231; his later life, 232, 233; Paradise Lost, 234-237; Areopagitica, 305

Minden, battle of, vii. 264

Mines in England, i. 30; ii. 107; viii. 57

Minorca ceded to England, vii. 142; lost, 248; restored, 307; ceded to Spain, viii. 41

Mirebeau, Arthur of Britanny captured at, i. 268

Mise of Amiens, ii. 68; of Lewes, 71

Model, New. See Army

Modus Tenendi Parliamentum, i. 275

Mogul Empire, the, vii. 234

Monaco, soldiers of, at Crecy, ii. 236

Monarchy, growth of its strength, iii. 88, 89; new policy, 89; causes of its power, 111; its position at Thomas Cromwell's death, iv. 7; changes in its system under Elizabeth, 232; James I.'s theory of, v. 169-171; change in its relations to the country, 183, 184; abolished, vi. 68; proposal to restore it, 119-121; restored, 152; character after the Restoration, 172, 173, 183, 184; character since the Revolution, vii. 60; its insignificance under the House of Hanover, vii. 172-175. See King

Monasteries, suppression of, iii. 310, 311, 346; iv. 13

Monasticism, revival of, under Henry I. and Stephen, i. 222; its condition in the sixteenth century, iii. 309-310

Monk, George, subdues the Highlands, vi. 108; commander in Scotland, 150; gathers a Convention at Edinburgh, ib.; leads his army to London, 151; restores Charles II., 152; Duke of Albemarle, 193; fight with De Ruyter, 238

Monmouth, James, Duke of, vi. 176, 309; schemes for his succession, 309, 310; comes to court, 312; ordered to leave London, ib.; returns, 314; his progresses, 316, 322; arrested, 335; flight, 337; finds refuge at the Hague, vii. 8; his attempt on England, 9; defeat and death, 10

Monmouth, Humfrey, iii. 258

Monopolies, sale of, by Edward III., ii. 291; abolished by Elizabeth, v. 58; revived by James I., 222; by Charles I., 279

Mons surprised by Lewis of Nassau, iv. 298; captured by Lewis XIV., vii. 76

Montacute, Henry Pole, Lord, iii. 349, 350

Montagu, John Neville, first Lord, iii. 113; victory at Hexham, 123; relations with Edward IV., 137, 138; joins Warwick and Clarence, 139; joins Warwick again, 142; slain, ib.

Montagu, Ralph, vi. 299

Montague, Anthony Browne, first Viscount, iv. 267

Montague, Charles, vii. 85; founds the Bank of England, 86; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 88; reforms the currency, 89; dismissed, 98; impeached, 105

Montague, Dr. Richard, v. 245, 246; bishop of Chichester, 267, 298

Montcalm, Marquis of, vii. 244, 268, 269

Montcontour, battle of, iv. 268, 298

Monteagle, William Parker, fourth Lord, v. 159

Montereau, Duke John of Burgundy assassinated at, iii. 35

Montfort, Amaury of (brother of Earl Simon), ii. 35

Montfort, Amaury of (son of Earl Simon), ii. 83

Montfort, Eleanor of, ii. 109

Montfort, Henry of, ii. 81

Montfort, John of, Duke of Britanny, ii. 233

Montfort, Richard of, ii. 83

Montfort, Simon IV. of, earl of Leicester, ii. 35

Montfort, Simon V. of, ii. 35; marriage, 36; earl of Leicester, ib., 37; relations with the barons, ib.; heads reforming party, 37, 38; protests against papal exactions, 38; Seneschal of Gascony, 38-40; quarrel with Henry III., 40; regency of France offered to, ib.; character, 40-42; returns to England, 59; swears to Provisions of Oxford, 63; negotiations with France, ib.; breach with Gloucester, 64; goes to France, 66; returns, 67; alliance with Llewelyn, ib.; heads the barons in arms, ib.; rejects the Mise of Amiens, 68, 69; victory at Lewes, 70, 71; his rule, 71; summons the commons to Parliament, 73, 153; quarrel with Gloucester, 75; last campaign, 76, 77; death, 78; his corpse mutilated, 80; his adherents disinherited, 82, 83; miracles at his tomb, 83

Montfort, Simon, the younger, taken prisoner, ii. 70; defeated by Edward, 76; advances to Alcester, 77; falls back to Kenilworth, 80; releases his prisoners, ib.; goes to Axholme, 84; surrenders to Edward, 85; flies over sea, 86

Montgomery, Roger of, ii. 47

Montreal taken by Amherst, vii. 269

Montreuil besieged by the English, iv. 30

Montrose, James Grahame, fifth earl and first marquis of, v. 337, 342; relations with Charles I., 359, 364; raises the Highlands for the king, vi. 23; his victories, ib., 38, 41; defeat at Philiphaugh, ib.; executed, 78

Moore, Sir John, viii. 186, 187

Moot, the, i. 17, 18

Morat, battle of, iii. 150

Moray, Thomas Randolph, Earl of, ii. 213. See Randolph

More, Hannah, vii. 170; viii. 47

More, Thomas, his person and character, iii. 216, 217; first appearance in Parliament, 218; his home-life, ib., 219; returns to court, 219; his lectures on "The City of God," 197; Life of Edward the Fifth, 83, 218; Utopia, 189, 220-228; Speaker of the Commons, 245; his reply to Luther, 257; Chancellor, 286, 289; resigns, 299; summoned to take the oath of succession, 317; refuses, 318; sent to the Tower, 319; beheaded, 321; his reverence for Parliament, iv. 9; Roper's Life of, iii. 83

More, Thomas de la, ii. 177

Moreau, General, viii. 122, 142, 143

Moriae Encomium, iii. 219

Morice, Sir William, Secretary of State, vi. 194

Morkere, Earl of Northumbria, i. 160, 165, 167, 170

Mornington, Richard Wellesley, second Earl of, viii. 132. See Wellesley

Morrison, Robert, vi. 167

Mortemer, battle of, i. 158

Mortimer, Anne, iii. 56

Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of March. See March

Mortimer, Sir Edmund, iii. 13

Mortimer, Roger, supporter of Henry III., ii. 64, 72, 85; defeated by Llewelyn, 88; head of regency, 102

Mortimer, Roger, conspires against Edward II., ii. 198; Earl of March, 206; fall, 207

Mortimer's Cross, battle of, iii. 78

Morton, John, Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of Canterbury, iii. 167, 285; his "fork," 177

Morton, James Douglas, fourth Earl of, iv. 114; Chancellor of Scotland, 224; aids Darnley against Mary, 228; flies, 230; recalled, 243; joins Argyle against Mary, 245; beheaded, 346

Morton, Dr. Nicholas, iv. 265, 268

Moscow, Napoleon's expedition to, viii. 200

Mount Badon, battle of, i. 34

Mountjoy, Charles Blount, eighth Lord, v. 62

Mountnorris, Francis Annesley, Lord, v. 290

Moveables, taxation of, under Henry II., i. 257; under Richard I., 350

Mowbray, Robert, Earl of Northumberland, i. 192

Mowbray, Roger, i. 254

Muhlberg, battle of, iv. 50

Munster, the Fitz-Maurices in, ii. 377; English conquest of, iii. 329; revolt in, v. 62

Muenster, Bernard van Galen, Bishop of, vi. 227

Murimuth, Adam of, i. 274; ii. 177

Murray, James Stuart, first earl of (see Stuart), iv. 199; his policy, ib., 200, 201, 205; opposes the Darnley marriage, 223; plots with Elizabeth, 224; rises against Mary, ib.; defeated, 225; returns, 229; pleads for Morton's recall, 243; goes to France, 244; Regent of Scotland, 259; defeats Mary at Langside, 260, 261; his charges against Mary, 262; murdered, 271; v. 122

Murray, Sir Robert, vi. 166

Mysore, sultans of, viii. 131

Nalson's historical collections, v. 72

Namur surrendered to Lewis XIV., vii. 79; taken by the Allies, 88

Nanci, battle of, iii. 150

Nantes, Edict of, revoked, vii. 13

Nantwich, battle at, vi. 18

Naples threatened by an English fleet, vii. 223; attacked by Austria, 224

Napoleon, Emperor of the French (see Buonaparte), his scheme for invading England, viii. 170, 171; victories at Ulm and Austerlitz, 173; at Jena, 174; at Eylau and Friedland, 175; his Berlin Decree, 176; Milan Decree, 181; masters Spain, 185; military successes there, 187; victory at Wagram, 188; seeks the alliance of America, 192; marches on Russia, 198, 200; retreats, 200, 201; last victories, 201; fall, 203; at Elba, 205; re-enters France, 206; raises an army, 207; victory at Ligny, ib.; defeat at Waterloo, 208-210; exile to St. Helena, 211

Narbonne sacked by the Black Prince, ii. 260

Naseby, battle of, vi. 40

Nash, Thomas, v. 8

Nassau, Lewis, Count of, iv. 298

Navarete, battle of, ii. 284

Navarre, Anthony of Bourbon, king of, iv. 206

Navy. See Fleet

Nectansmere, battle of, i. 89

Neerwinden, battles of, vii. 80; viii. 107

Nelson, Horatio, viii. 133, 172, 173

Nennius, i. 3

Netherlands, their importance to Philip II., iv. 255; rise against him, 256, 297, 298; alliance with Elizabeth, 311; English sympathy with, 323, 324; choose the Duke of Anjou for their sovereign, 336-338; Parma's successes in, 347; prevent Parma joining the Armada, 359; league with France and England, v. 60; submit to Philip V. of Spain, vii. 101; Marlborough's campaigns in, 117, 126, 127; invaded by Lewis XV., vii. 225; war in, 227, 231; conquered by France, viii. 109

Neufmarche, Bernard of, ii. 47

Neuss besieged by Charles the Bold, iii. 147-149

Neville, Alexander, Archbishop of York, ii. 353

Neville, Anne, iii. 137, 140

Neville, Cecily, Duchess of York, iii. 73

Neville, George, Chancellor, iii. 113, 123; Archbishop of York, 113; deprived of the seals, 130; betrays London to Edward, 142

Neville, Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, ii. 379

Neville, house of, iii. 73, 112, 113

Neville's Cross, battle of, ii. 243

New Amsterdam, vi. 243

Newark, king John dies at, i. 356; siege of, vi. 19

Newburgh, William of, i. 174

Newbury, battles of, vi. 14, 23, 24

Newcastle-on-Tyne founded, i. 189; occupied by the Scots, v. 342; besieged by the Scots, vi. 23; Charles I. and the Scots at, 48; Parliament at, ii. 160

Newcastle, William Cavendish, first Earl, Marquis and Duke of, vi. 4, 18, 19

Newcastle, John Holies, Duke of, vii. 134

Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of, vii. 218; head of the ministry, 246; refuses subsidy to Russia, 247; jealous of Pitt, 250; resigns, ib.; joins Pitt in forming a ministry, 251; opposes Pitt, 304; retires, 305

New England, its settlement, v. 310-314; return of Independents from, vi. 28; its progress, vii. 237, 238

New Forest, William the Red slain in the, i. 198

Newgate, Friars at, ii. 12

New Holland, vii. 277

New Jersey, vii. 236

"New men," the, i. 325

New Orleans, English attempt on, viii. 205

New River, the, v. 77

New South Wales, vii. 278

Newton, Isaac, vi. 167

Newton, John, viii. 47

Newtown Butler, battle of, vii. 58

New York, vi. 243, vii. 236; its Assembly suspended, viii. 4, 14

New Zealand, vii. 278

Ney, Marshal, viii. 208, 210

Niagara, Fort, vii. 243, 244, 267

Nicholas, Sir Edward, vi. 194, 244

Nigel, Bishop of Ely and treasurer, i. 218, 219

Nile, battle of the, viii. 133

Nimeguen, Peace of, vi. 291

"Nithing," i. 151, 192

Noailles, Duc de, vii. 224

Nonconformity, rise of, vi. 27

Nonconformists, their position after 1662, vi. 212, 213; attitude in 1665, 229; persecution of, ib., 230; the Cabal's dealings with, 251, 252; renewed persecution of, 335; position under James II., vii. 22; under William III., 64; under Anne, 123; under Walpole, 198

Nonjurors, vii. 65

Nootka Sound, dispute about, viii. 88

Norfolk, rising of John the Litster in, ii. 325, 331

Norfolk, John Howard, first Duke of, iii. 286

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, second Duke of (see Surrey), iii. 287

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third Duke of (see Surrey), iii. 270, 287; his policy, 291, 294; puts down Pilgrimage of Grace, 324; arrests Cromwell, 352; returns to power, iv. 17; hostility to Protestants, ib.; marches against Scotland, 23, 24; sent to the Tower, 45; leads the royal guard against Wyatt, 83

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of, iv. 173; plots with Mary Stuart, 265, 266; sent to the Tower, 268; released, 271; again plots with Mary, ib., 272; arrest and death, 274

Norfolk, Henry Howard, seventh Duke of, vii. 21, 42

Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, first Duke of (see Nottingham), ii. 372, 378

Norfolk, John Mowbray, third Duke of, iii. 80

Norfolk, Thomas, Earl of, son of Edward I., ii. 206, 207

Norfolk, Earls of. See Bigod

Norham, Parliament at, ii. 136

Norman, prior of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, i. 223

Normandy, its relation to English history, i. 154; settlement of northmen in, 127, 141, 155; relations with France, 155, 156; with English kings, 156; AEthelred II. in, 143, 156; condition under William the Conqueror, 158, 159; pledged by Robert to William Rufus, 197; conquered by Henry I., 202; invaded by Lewis VII., 254; by Philip Augustus, 263; laid under interdict, 263; conquered by Philip, 269; ceded by Henry III., ii. 63; invaded by Edward III., 235; conquered by Henry V., iii. 33, 34; Bedford's rule in, 55; regained by Charles VII., 62; historians of, i. 6

Normans, their settlement, i. 155; temper, ib., 158; in England under Eadward the Confessor, 151; their flight, 153; fusion with the English, 200, 281; settlers in London, 303; in Wales, ii. 48

Norris, Sir John, iv. 367, 368

North, Francis, Lord Keeper, vii. 10

North, Frederick, Lord, viii. 16, 28, 33

Northallerton, battle of, i. 217

Northampton reduced by Eadward the Elder, i. 119; John's deposition proclaimed at, 333; John and Langton at, 340; Essex musters the Parliamentary army at, vi. 2; Assize of, i. 255; battle of, iii. 75; councils at, i. 237; ii. 120; treaty of, ii. 205

Northampton, William Bohun, Earl of, ii. 237

Northampton, George Compton, fourth Earl of, vii. 23

Northampton, Henry Howard, Earl of, v. 191

Northampton, William Parr, first Marquis of, iv. 47

North folk, i. 42

North Foreland, battles off the, vi. 238, 239

Northmen, their temper, i. 100; attack Britain, 101; settle in Ireland, 103; victorious at Charmouth, ib.; defeated at Aclea, ib.; conquer Northumbria and East Anglia, 104; attack Wessex, 105; defeated at Ashdown, ib.; invade Mercia, ib.; Alfred's struggle with, 106, 107, 116, 117; attack Wessex, 118; character of their attack, i. 125, 126; fusion with English, 126, 127; their work in England, 129; settle in Iceland, the Orkneys and Hebrides, ib.; again threaten England, 139; victory at Maldon, ib.; bought off by AEthelred, 140; mercenaries in England, massacred, 141; settlement in Gaul. See Normandy, Normans

Northumberland granted to Henry of Scotland, ii. 134; lead-mines in, i. 30

Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of (see Warwick), iv. 65, 67-69, 71

Northumberland, Henry Percy, first Earl of, ii. 378, 380; iii. 12-14, 18, 19

Northumberland, Henry Percy, second Earl of, iii. 28, 73, 74

Northumberland, Henry Percy, third Earl of, iii. 80

Northumberland, Henry Percy, fourth Earl of, iii. 138, 172

Northumberland, Thomas Percy, seventh Earl of, iv. 268, 269, 274

Northumberland, Henry Percy, ninth Earl of, iv. 353, 358

Northumbria, kingdom of (Bernicia and Deira), i. 53, 60; greatness under Eadwine, 62-63; accepts Christianity, 64-65; greatness under Oswald, 67; Irish missionaries in, 69; struggle with Penda, 70-73; Cuthbert's mission-work in, 75, 76; monasteries in, 76, 77; religious strife in, 78-80; its power under Ecgfrith, 86, 87; struggle with the Picts, 88, 89; with Mercia, 89; schools and learning in, 91; repulses AEthelbald, 96; anarchy in, 97; submits to Ecgberht, 102; conquered by northmen, 104; submits to Eadward the Elder, 119; incorporated with Wessex and Mercia by AEthelstan, ib.; rises against him, 120; against Eadmund, ib.; against Eadwig, 137; earldom of, 146; revolts against Tostig, 160; against William I., 168; northern, conquered by the Scots, 146